Tesis sobre el tema "Croissance foliaire"
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Auzanneau, Jérôme. "Etudes d’association dans des variétés synthétiques : Cas du gène GAI et de la croissance foliaire chez le ray-grass anglais". Rennes, Agrocampus, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARC091.
Texto completoIdentification of genes or of genome regions which explain variationin quantitative traits is generally obtained from QTL analyses using F1 hybrids derived populations. However, these population exhibit a low variability and are sometimes difficult to obtain. An alternative would be association studies using collections of individuals, built to be highly variable. Howevre, these collections are often structured which could lead to detection of spurious associations between markers and traits. So, an ideal plant material for association studies would be multi-allelic and unstructured populations. It is the case of perennial forage varieties which are synthetics, obtained after several panmictic multiplication generations, from a variable number of parents. The objective of this thesis was to test whether synthetic varieties could be used for association studies to identify genes or genome regions responsible for variation in quantitative traits
Oughou, Mohamed Said. "Quantification et modélisation de la morphogenèse foliaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA005/document.
Texto completoPlant leaves are important for the production of biomass in nature, because they are the main site of photosynthesis, They have various shapes and it has been shown that their morphology influences photosynthesis efficiency. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for morphogenesis, i.e. the genesis of the shape during development, is therefore a matter of interest. To be analyzed, morphogenesis must be apprehended throughout the whole growth because the leaf final form is the result of coordinated mechanisms in space and time. To understand this type of complex processes, modeling is an approach of choice. Consequently, the objective of this thesis was to develop strategies for the quantification and modeling of morphogenesis to better understand leaf development. To quantify morphogenesis, my first contribution was to develop methods to precisely date the appearance of the leaves on the plant, and of the serrations at the leaf margin, allowing to register in time and to compare different growing leaves. Besides, based on mean growth trajectories, it is possible to specify where and when the developments of different leaves differ, at global and serration scales, during growth.By analyzing the development of leaves of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana that have different shapes, in wild type or in mutants, it has been shown that, despite significant differences in leaf size and shape, there is a similarity in the development of all serrations. These results suggest that there are identical processes that control the appearance and growth of serrations. I proposed two leaf development models, based on biological mechanisms that have been identified, in the literature, as important for the leaf shaping, and also on the quantification of leaf morphogenesis performed in this work. The simulation module, that generates growth trajectories from the model, makes it possible to compare simulated and real developments. To parameterize the model, an optimization approach has been proposed to determine optimal parameters, which minimizes the differences between simulation and real growths. The results showed that the sequential appearance of the teeth as well as important morphological characteristics can be well reproduced by the models
Pantin, Florent. "Ontogenèse des déterminismes hydrauliques et métaboliques de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20145.
Texto completoIn plants, leaf growth is the central process allowing energy capture and space colonization. The literature suggests that leaf growth is predominantly determined by metabolic and hydraulic limitations. Here, we test the original hypothesis that the relative importance of metabolics and hydraulics on the control of leaf growth is organized according to leaf ontogeny in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that leaf carbon balance limits growth of the young leaves which therefore grow at a slower rate in the nighttime, while a hydraulic limitation gradually establishes in the daytime, when growth and transpiration competes for water. This gradual hydraulic limitation is underlain by a deterioration of leaf venation and probably aquaporins capacity to supply water to the leaf, despite an ontogenetic decrease in transpiration. This decline in transpiration occurs because stomata acquire throughout leaf ontogeny their sensitivity to the major closure signals, including darkness and abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone induced by drought. Finally, we discover a novel component of stomatal sensitivity to ABA, conserved in mutants described as insensitive to ABA in isolated epidermis: ABA induces a decrease in leaf hydraulic conductance which lowers leaf water potential and stomatal conductance according to a hydraulic cascade. Decreasing leaf hydraulic conductance through ABA action in fully expanded leaves would contribute to redirect water flow to the young leaves under water stress. More generally, controlling stomata by ABA-induced hydraulic mechanisms could be a crucial component of the coordination between water supply and water demand in plants under water challenging conditions
Dignat, Grégoire. "Dissection génétique de la croissance foliaire et de ses composantes écophysiologiques chez le maïs". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0041.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis was to analyze the genetic control of the Leaf Elongation Rate (LER) of maize (Zea mays L.). We combined approaches that (i) summarize the QTL information of three mapping populations (one tropical, two temperate), (ii) tested the impact of the introgression of allelic diversity at most promising QTLs, (iii) test to what extent QTLs of LER affect different traits (iv) dissect QTLs of interest by fine mapping or local association mapping.The first part of this document focuses on the genetic control of maximum LER (LERmax) measured in near-optimal conditions during the night. LERmax, as measured in a phenotyping platform, shares an appreciable proportion of its genetic control with the growth abilities of other organs. QTLs affecting LERmax and/or the growth of other organs were therefore dissected. One genomic region was fine-mapped with 23 Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs), sequentially introgressed in the bins 1.10-11, resulting in a reduction of the confidence interval by a factor 3. A second genomic region was analysed after the development of an innovative method of local association mapping on a collection of NILs, introgressed with 62 donor parents from historical populations from different altitude and latitudes in Latin America. This relatively small region harbors more causal polymorphisms than expected (six associated markers in low linkage disequilibrium vs three cQTLs).The second part focuses on the sensitivities of LER to evaporative demand or to soil water deficit. The two sensitivities share a large part of their genetic control as demonstrated by a metaQTL analysis on three mapping populations and the test of NILs. Eight metaQTLs in four genomic regions were tested with 6 to 17 different alleles to find the NILs that best impact the phenotype. We started a fine mapping on one genomic region by using one population of NILs involving a tropical donor
Simorte, Valérie. "Approche de la nutrition azotée du noyer à bois dans les associations agroforestières". Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT104G.
Texto completoParent, Boris. "Développement foliaire chez le riz et le maïs : cadre d'analyse, réponses comparées à la température et régulation de la croissance en déficit hydrique". Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0015.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of models of growth responses to environmental conditions in maize and rice, two species considered as drought sensitive, which would explicitly take into account the genetic variability. The first task was to reconsider the physiological bases of the compensation of time by temperature, usually carried out viacalculations of thermal time. This calculation is not valid in rice that has a curvilinear response on the whole range of growing temperatures. We compared maize and rice, both from tropical origins, with Arabidopsis thaliana, from temperate origins. (i) Different processes linked to plant development have a common response to temperature within each species. (ii) Differences between species were lower than expected. In particular, the responses of enzyme activities were similar between species. The species differed more by the “windows” in which their growth is possible than by the response itself in these windows. (iii). A general expression of temperature-compensated rate was proposed and used all along this thesis. Rice leaf development differs markedly than that of other monocotyledonous, with a much shorter period of steady state growth during which leaf elongation and cell divisionrates are constant. We have established a specific framework of analysis for rice, which determines the temporal changes and spatial distribution of cell division and cell elongation during leaf development. The responses of growth and gas exchanges to soil water deficit and to evaporative demand were analysed in 7 rice genotypes from various origins, and compared to that of maize. An important result is that both stomatal conductance of rice and the low response of its growth to evaporative demand conferit a low sensitivity to high evaporative demand. Sensitivity to soil water deficit were similar in rice and maize, but with a slightly higher sensitivity in genotypes adapted to aerobic conditions than those adapted to flooding. Overall the high sensitivity usually described for rice is probably more linked to its root system than to the physiological characteristics of shoot growth and gas exchanges. The last part of the thesis consisted in clarifying the role of abscisic acid (ABA)in the response of leaf growth to soil water deficit. We used for that a set of maize lines affected on ABA biosynthesis. The concentration of ABA in the xylem sap had a non-hydraulic negative effect on leaf growth but could not entirely account for the decrease in leaf growthwith soil drying. ABA contributed to maintain leaf water status during the day by increasing root hydraulic conductivity via an increase in aquaporin content, and via its effect on stomatal closure. Leaf growth was therefore better maintained during theday in plants that accumulated ABA, while it was higher during the night in plants that under-accumulated ABA. An important result is that leaf water potential appeared as a major determinant of changes in leaf growth as affected by both environmental conditions and genotypes, while ABA had a lower intrinsic effect than expected
Serra, Léo. "Cellular events and regulations during leaf margin morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS102.
Texto completoHow a shape arises from the coordinated behavior of cells is one of the most fascinating questions in developmental biology. Here we used the early stages of development of serrated leaves in Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study the tight relation between cellular behaviour and morphogenesis. During Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development the fine control of cell proliferation and cell expansion sustains differential growth at the margin required for the formation of leaf outgrowth named teeth. In this model, differential growth is the result of interplay between auxin signaling and CUC transcription factors that are involved in the maintenance of boundary domain identity. To clarify the interconnected relations between patterns of CUC TFs and auxin responses as well as the cellular events behind serrations we used time-lapse experiments on vegetative primordia of lines expressing developmental and/or auxin response reporters. Our results revealed a tight and dynamic control of differential growth at the leaf margin and the critical involvement of CUC3 in the local repression of cell growth in combination with low auxin responses
Davi, Hendrik. "Développement d'un modèle forestier générique simulant les flux et les stocks de carbonne et d'eau dans le cadre des changements climatiques". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112303.
Texto completoA model simulating CO2 and H2O stocks and fluxes is described, parameterised, validated and improved at forestry stand scale and up scaling to the region is set about. The effect on simulated fluxes of the uncertainty on key input parameters is estimated. Each process implemented in the model is then separately evaluated. After that, the model is adapted to various forest ecosystems and validated from hours to decals by comparison with carbon fluxes and wood growth measurements. To improve the carbon water coupling and the response of foliar photosynthesis to irradiance, the mésophylle resistance for CO2 flux between stomata and chloroplasts is incorporated in the photosynthesis model. To improve the aerial wood growth simulation, an allocation scheme is developed for deciduous trees using two kinds of functional constraints: the carbohydrates homeostasis and the hydraulic equilibrium. Two models, one simulating the Leaf Area Index from carbohydrates content, the other simulating the Leaf mass per Area from absorbed irradiance by leaves, are also developed and validated. After that, the spatial aggregation effect of the key input parameters, spatially varying, on the simulated fluxes, is quantified using a sensitivity analysis and three study cases at three different scales (from 1 ha to 1000 ha). Lastly, at regional scale, a linear relationship between the average LAI and the logarithm of the standard deviation of NDVI measured by remote sensing is highlighted and the theoretical basis of this relationship is studied
Kindomihou, Missiako V. "Silicification des graminées tropicales: variation entre espèces, influence des conditions de croissance et relations avec la structure foliaire". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210932.
Texto completoThe present study examines the variation of the silica accumulation of tropical grass species on the ecological and evolutionary point of view. The review of works examining the extent of the variation of the silica content in grasses identifies three groups of factors influencing the grass silicification, in particular the genetic factors (difference in the capacity of root absorption, anatomy and foliar ecophysiological features), endogenous factors (phenology, organs) and the growth conditions. The experimental approach focused the influence of certain conditions of growth on the silica content (defoliation, moisture, substrate fertility). The results confirm the influence of the defoliation and the substrate fertility on the silica accumulation, but underline well the complexity of the action of these factors which results in particular in differences in response between species. These results suggest that contradiction between published works with regard to the inducible character or not of the silica accumulation are due to some extent to the species*defoliation interaction, and a great sensitivity of the results to the conditions for application of defoliation. Variations of the silica content (intrinsic and induced by the growth conditions) relating to the variations of structural and functional characters (specific leaf area, water content, foliar anatomy, etc.) showed correlations which are not entirely constant through all the tests. They are significantly positive with soluble ashes under all the examined conditions, but negative with carbon in condition of defoliation. With the water content, they are positive in conditions of defoliation, but change sign in conditions of phospho-nitrogenized fertilization. This negative correlation with the water content is consistent at the same time in blades and sheaths in interspecific comparison. This difference in the structure of the correlations results at the same time from the effects of sampling and the more or less large extent of the range of the silica contents swept by the various examined species. Pennisetum unisetum is richest in silica and sclerenchyma and which weighs disproportionately in the analysis of correlations. The results do not give a very clear support for the assumption according to which silica can replace the carbonaceous compounds like material of support.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ehlert, Christina. "Importance de la conductivité hydraulique racinaire pour le contrôle de la croissance foliaire chez le maïs (Zea mays L. )". Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0007.
Texto completoIn maize, leaf growth reduction by increased evaporative demand appeared to depend on either plant water status (Hsiao et al. , 1998) and/or soil-to-root hydraulic conductivity (Bouchabke et al. , 2006). Difficulties in controlling soil-to-root characteristics has hindered to evaluate their role in plant responses to evaporative demand. The discovery of aquaporins and the recent insights into their gating properties offered the possibility to assess the role of root water uptake characteristics, in particular hydraulic conductivity of the roots (Lpr) for leaf growth rate and water flow in intact plants. In this thesis, Lpr reductions were induced by a range of treatments which affected Lpr by aquaporin down-regulation such as acid root loading, anoxia and hydrogen peroxide. These treatments were combined with a range of evaporative demands, and short term responses of leaf elongation rate, water flow and water potentials were followed. It was concluded that, firstly, aquaporins controlled an important part of the water transport across maize roots with primary impacts on water potential gradient rather than on water flow. Secondly, the Lpr controlled the responsiveness of leaf elongation rate to fluctuating evaporative demand. Thirdly, turgor pressure of growing cells responded like leaf elongation rate to combined changes in root hydraulic conductivity and plant transpiration rate, and could therefore explain the interactive effects of water availability and evaporative demand on leaf growth. A modelling approach was developed to further support this conclusion. Lastly, on a short term time scale, anoxia inhibited maize leaf growth following the same hydraulic signalling cascade as induced by pharmacological treatments targeting root aquaporin inactivation. We conclude that environmental conditions affecting Lpr, such as anoxia, class this variable as a putative strong determinant for whole plant adaptation to environmental stresses
Tisné, Sébastien. "Bases écophysiologiques et génétiques de la plasticité de la croissance foliaire en réponse à une contrainte hydrique édaphique chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0033.
Texto completoBoudin, Manon. "Identification des modules de la signalisation auxinique impliqués dans la morphogenèse foliaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS463/document.
Texto completoAuxin is essential for plant development, more particularly by participating in cellular division andexpansion. Transcription of auxin response genes is allowed by the auxin signaling pathway involving the F-boxTIR1/AFBs proteins associated to ubiquitin ligase E3, which can interact with the AUX/IAA repressors in thepresence of auxin to trigger their degradation and activate transcription of early auxin response genes involvingthe Auxin Response Factors (ARF). At the leaf margin, an auxin maximum resulting from the transport of auxinmediated by the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 is required for teeth formation. The transcription factor CUC2 thatdefines boundary domains, somehow redirects PIN1 to create a convergent flux to the apex of the tooth. Auxinrepresses CUC2 thus limiting its expression to the sinus. In Arabidopsis, the actors of the auxin signalingpathway involved in leaf serration are unknown.In this thesis, the expression profiles of ARFs genes have been investigated in young leaves of Arabidopsis, morespecifically during teeth formation and a detailed map was built. Three ARFs acting as putative repressors ARF1,ARF3 and ARF18 and three activators ARF5, ARF6 and ARF8 were identified as been expressed in thesinus/teeth area. Their expression profiles were also studied in leaves exhibiting modified shapes as a result ofvariations in CUC2 expression. To determine if these ARFs are involved in leaf morphogenesis and moreparticularly in tooth initiation, the arf5-2 null mutant and the double null mutants arf6-2 arf8-3, arf1-5 arf3-1,arf1-5 arf18-2 and arf3-1 arf18-2 were generated and serration was analyzed. Length of arf5-2 mature leaves islonger than the wild type, suggesting that ARF5 could be involved in cell expansion
Al, Haj Khaled Raouda. "L' évaluation des caractéristiques agronomiques d'espèces prairiales par leurs traits de vie comme étape préalable au diagnostic des communautés à flore complexe". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_AL_HAJ_KHALED_R.pdf.
Texto completoTechnical advising in management of native meadows deal for a long time with the difficulty of stake in work of the generic methods of diagnosis based on the floristic study of plant communities. Time consuming and needing botanical expertise these methods are actually little applied by the farming consultants. An alternative method, based on the identification of dominant plant functional types (TFPs) in the meadow, allows a simple reading and diagnosis of the vegetation without appealing to botanic skills. TFPs can be define response or effect groups of species established according respectively to the response of the species towards gradients of environment factors or to their effect on the productive or environmental functions of the meadow ecosystem. Leaf traits such as Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) and Leaf Life Span (LLS) have been proposed to identify the growth strategy of species, principally according to their use of soil available nutrients. However, their relation with the agronomic characteristics defining the value of use of the communities has not been studied. The application of this approach to riche species communities requires a preliminary study at the species level. The objective of this work is to asses the relevance of the plant traits (particularly the leaf traits) to classify the species according to their phenology, their nutritive value and their growth. In this purpose, at the INRA research centre of Auzeville, Toulouse mini plots of pure stands of 37 species (21 grasses and 16 dicotyledonous which 3 legumes) were sowed in a 3 replicates split-split plot design in which the species and the level of N availability were respectively the principal and the secondary factors. N treatments were considered as levels of N availability limiting or not limiting the grass growth. Levels of phosphorous, potassium and water were not limiting during the experimental time. Contrarily to SLA and LLS, the LDMC allows separating grasses from the others species. Values of LDMC and SLA vary according to the periods of measures. These same traits and the LLS vary in response to the availability in nitrogen. In spite of the temporal variability and the plasticity of trait values in response to N availability, the rank of the species remained similar for every of three leaf traits characterizing the strategies of growth. These observations were also observed when the analysis was only done on the grass populations. As regards the phenology of the species, the classification established by the LDMC was closer to that established by the flowering stage, the seed ripening stage and principally the start of the stem elongation. The comparative study of grass growth under not limiting conditions confirmed an efficiency of conversion of the radiation significantly higher in species having a resource capture strategy. These species show an earlier development of the leaf area index, higher values of the digestibility of the organic matter, lower contents in fibbers and its components, shorter LLS and an earlier phenology. A discussion on the possibility to extent this specific approach at the level of the community is done. The only knowledge of the LDMC of grasses populations (measured or provided by a traits data-base) inform about the phenology, the growth and the nutritive value of the community an it could be used to asses meadow and grassland value of uses
Béchard-Dubé, Steffi-Anne. "Effets de l'environnement lumineux et de l'âge foliaire sur la croissance, la capacité photosynthétique et la production protéique chez Nicotiana benthamiana". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26972.
Texto completoCette étude visait à caractériser la croissance, la capacité photosynthétique, la concentration en azote et protéines totales solubles, la production de protéines recombinantes (HA) ainsi que la quantité de lumière interceptée à différents stades de développement de plants de Nicotiana benthamiana afin d’optimiser la production de vaccins. L’évolution des réponses physiologiques étudiées fut similaire chez toutes les feuilles primaires, suggérant que le processus de sénescence s’initie et progresse de façon semblable indépendamment de leur ordre d’initiation. Toutefois, la superposition des patrons temporels de sénescence et de croissance foliaire a mené à un rendement HA maximal se situant invariablement dans la partie médiane du plant lorsqu’exprimé sur une base foliaire. À l’échelle du plant entier, nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est possible d’augmenter la production de vaccins en récoltant les plants à un stade de développement plus tardif, ou en augmentant la densité de culture et en récoltant ces plants plus tôt.
Nicotiana benthamiana is a wild relative of tobacco increasingly used as a plant protein expression platform to produce recombinant vaccine antigens against the influenza virus. Investigation on the physiological determinants of this production is essential to optimize and regulate vaccines production following a new flu outbreak. We examined the photosynthetic photon flux density, growth, light-saturated photosynthesis, total soluble protein, nitrogen content and recombinant protein production at different phenological stages. The similar evolution of the studied physiological responses suggested that the senescence process is initiated and progresses in a similar way in all primary leaves, regardless of the order of initiation. In contrast, the superposition of the time pattern of senescence with that of leaf growth shows that maximal HA yield expressed on a leaf basis is invariably located in the middle part of the plant. At the whole plant scale, our results suggest that it is possible to increase the production of antigens by harvesting plants at a later developmental stage, or by increasing plant density and harvesting these plants earlier.
Tallieu, Clara. "État sanitaire et croissance radiale des arbres : Analyse spatiale et temporelle des données du réseau systématique de suivi des dommages forestiers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0185.
Texto completoFor the past 30 years, annual visual assessments of crown condition, on the French part of the transnational monitoring network (ICP Forests, level 1), was essential for monitoring forest health. However, the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health is regularly questioned for methodological reasons but also because of the lack of knowledge on the determinism of crown condition and its functional impact on the tree. In this context, and through the records of 9 tree species’ crown condition (deciduous and coniferous) spread over more than 300 plots in France, we have 1) described and interpreted the spatial and inter-annual variations of leaf loss, in addition to 2) discussing the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health status based on the joint analysis of inter-annual variations of leaf loss and radial growth. The analysis of spatial variations in crown condition between plots showed multiple relationships with edaphic and climatic factors, but with relatively moderate explanatory power. The study of inter-annual variations in crown condition confirmed that the climatic factors of the previous year control crown condition of the current year. However, compared to radial growth, crown condition presents a less dynamic and inconsistent response to climate between trees in the same plot. The joint analysis of the two signals showed the existence of a weak link between growth and crown condition. We only observed a decrease in tree growth in the case of important leaf loss during years of extreme climatic hazards (dry or cold). However, the introduction of leaf loss as a predictor of radial growth had little or no significant effect for beech and fir. Finally, the evidence of the major influence of age on leaf loss precludes the interpretation of raw crown condition as an indicator of tree health
Morand, Dominique. "Relations entre la croissance et l'alimentation azotée de quelques populations d'Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Et d'Arrhenatherum elatius (L. ) et C. Presl. Var. Vulgare Koch, du bassin Parisien". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112512.
Texto completoNIEBLA, HERNANDEZ MERCEDES. "Initiation foliaire et interaction auxine-acide triiodobenzoique chez lycopersicum esculentum mill (solanacees)". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066556.
Texto completoCOMBAUD, SANDRINE. "Croissance foliaire d'un couvert de pois (pisum sativum l. ) soumis a un deficit hydrique : consequences sur le rendement et la consommation en eau". Montpellier, ENSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENSA0023.
Texto completoDelagrange, Sylvain. "Influence de la disponibilité en lumière et de la taille sur les attributs fonctionnels et le bilan de carbone de l'arbre". Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0111_DELAGRANGE.pdf.
Texto completoAt the individual tree scale, species shade tolerance abilities are govemed by the sum of numerous traits, which, in tum, define tree carbon balance. Ln this study, contrasting scales of processes (leaf physiology, crown morphology and biomass partitioning) as weIl as the individual integrated functioning (light interception efficiency, above- and below-ground gas exchanges) were studied on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. , a shade tolerant species) and yellow birch (Betula allghaniensis _ritt. , a mid shade tolerant species). Results showed the additional importance of individual size, alone or in interaction with light availability, in the variation of seedling performance. Thus, species shade tolerance may not be constant during whole tree life span and may be highly dependent on the size reached by an individual under any given light environment
Bouchabke, Oumaya. "Rôle de la pression de turgescence dans la réponse de la croissance foliaire du maïs aux déficits hydriques édaphiques et atmosphériques : analyse comparée chez cinq génotypes". Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0016.
Texto completoMaize leaf elongation rate is affected by soil water deficit and high evaporative demand with a high genetic variability in these responses. The first aspect of this work showed, that in a cultivated hybrid, turgor measured directly in growing tissues varied like leaf elongation rate with water deficit. The second aspect extended to five inbred lines, showed contrasting responses of turgor to water deficit which can explain, to a large extent, the genetic differences in the response of leaf elongation rate. Globally, these results support a major role of turgor in the response of leaf elongation rate to evaporative demand, and challenge an exclusive control of growth responses to water deficits by the onlymodification of wall rheologic properties
Faivre, Robert. "Éléments de modélisation de la structure d'un peuplement de blé d'hiver avant installation de la compétition : étude des variations inter-plantes du mécanisme de tallage et de développement foliaire et modélisation de la croissance des talles". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112367.
Texto completoThe modelling of wheat growth and development, before competition among plants occurs, is considered by means of the evolution of the stand structure. In chapter 1, we compare some simulation models. There are too much directed to model a mean behavior to be used here. In chapter 2, a data base is built after analyzing two DBMS. The management system is chosen with respect to the relational and partially hierarchical structure of our data. The tillering and the foliar development mechanisms are studied in chapter 3. An automatic clustering of plants is proposed. The robustness of the classes is computed. We cannot determine time-robust clusters. We define three types of plants according to the abortion of tillers T1 or T1p. The first leaf length, observed just after the emergence, discriminate quite well these groups. Except when tillers abort, the pattern of appearance of the leaves and tillers fits in well with the evolution of the foliar system. The deviations between observed and predicted foliar stages are lower than 1/2 leaf. The differences between types are small, except for tiller T1. In chapter 4, the potential growths in dry weight of successive tillers are compared for two types of plants. Several growth models were tried: the best one corresponds to a simple expression y=a exp(b T), whatever the tiller. Two methods for modelling the variance are compared; one in which the variance does not depend on the parameters a and b, another in which the variance is a function of the expectation. The main conclusions are : - b, the relative growth rate, increases with the rank of the tiller, and for homologous tillers, is slower for the plants whose tiller T1 has not developed - a is relatively stable for the first four primary tillers. - both methods for modelling the variance lead to similar results
PIQUERY, LAURENT. "Implication du cycle ascorbate-glutathion dans la croissance foliaire et la repousse apres defoliation du ray-grass (lolium perenne l. ) : relations avec le metabolisme carbone et la nutrition soufree". Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN2060.
Texto completoONILLON, BERTRAND. "Effets d'une contrainte hydrique édaphique sur la croissance de la fétuque élevée soumise à différents niveaux de nutrition azotée : étude à l'échelle foliaire et à celle du couvert végétal". Poitiers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993POIT2267.
Texto completoBerger, Pascale. "Les composés phénoliques foliaires de l'hévéa et leur implication dans la résistance à "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides" Penz. Et "Microcyclus ulei" Henn". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20062.
Texto completoAgnusdei, Monica. "Analyse de la dynamique de la morphogenèse foliaire et de la défoliation de plusieurs espèces de graminées soumises à un pâturage continu dans une communauté végétale de la pampa humide (Argentine)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_AGNUSDEI_M.pdf.
Texto completoThe effect of sward state and stocking rate upon leaf growth, senescence and consumption rates per tiller and upon the efficiency of herbage utilization in Lolium multiflorum (C3 annual grass), Paspalum dilatatum and Cynodon dactylon (C4 perennial grasses) within a native grassland continuously grazed by cattle under natural mineral and hydrie conditions was analyzed. Data of two complementary studies, one on leaf morphogenesis and the other on the effect of N fertilization on the dynarnics of herbage growth and utilization, are also presehted. Results demonstrated that leaf length (LL) and number of living leaves (NLL) per tiller can be adequately predicted by the association between leaf morphogenesis dynamics and temperature. However, canopy structure modified leaf appearance as weil as LL and NLL, the consideration of this plastic response being postulated as central to extend morphogenetic models of leaf growth to field conditions. Growth and senescence rates were generally not linked along the experimental cycle, this phenomena being particularly marked in the C4 grasses. The importance of such dynamics to optirnize the defoliation regime in complex plant communities under fluctuating temperatures is discussed. Results confirm that while the probability of defoliation (PDf) during the leaf life span (LLS) depends on stocking rate, the intensity of each defoliation is relatively constant. This supports that PDf and LLS constitute the main components that define the leaf proportion that will senesce and, hence, the efficiency of herbage utilization. Species selectivity analysis suggests that defoliation pattern results can be general to a wide range of species abundance. Evidences are presented on the positive effect of herbage growth increase upon the carrying capacity and the efficiency of herbage utilization. On this basis, the role of LAI and stocking rate as determinants of leaf tissue flows dynamics under continuous grazing are discussed
Sainte-Marie, Julien. "Contribution à l'intégration des cycles biogéochimiques dans les modèles de croissance forestier à base phénoménologique. Dynamique saisonnière du couvert forestier et décomposition de la matière organique du sol". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0118/document.
Texto completoThe scientific community, in collaboration with forestry managers, developed decision support tools since thirty years. However, current modelling approaches do not allow simultaneous estimations of global changes impact management policies on forests. The design of a new generation of models dedicated to soil-plant coupling is necessary to help forest managers to adapt forestry practices to face global changes. Phenomenological models arising from dendrometry estimate forest growth \& yield and take into account of silvicultural practices. Their use is limited by their dependence to a fertility index, which combines implicitly the influence of climate and biogeochemical cycles. A re-examination of fertility index concept is necessary to take advantage of concepts developed in ecophysiological and biogeochemical models. Modelling the monthly dynamics of foliar renewal with the Stand Leaf Canopy Dynamics model permited: i) to estimate leaf area index dynamics, ii) to model foliar litter production. This probabilistic model takes into account climate influence, ecosystem water availability and lies on strong ecological hypothesis on mechanisms involved in leaf longevity. This model, associated with an ecophysiological model, permits to integrate water cycle to dendrometric models. The soil organic matter decomposition along a vertical soil profile model introduced by Bosatta et Ågren (1996) was analyzed to study the future of litterfall in forest soil. We proposed: i) a proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions to the integro-differential transport equation of the model, ii) convergent implicit-explicit finite differences schemes estimating model solutions and iii) a discussion on hypothesis underlying a model truncation introduced by Bosatta et Ågren. These two modelling steps are essential to consider biogeochemical cycle with a dendrometric approach. Climate and phenology influence on water cycle, litterfall decomposition and soil chemistry are the elements of a future modelling phase
Lievre, Maryline. "Analyse multi-échelles et modélisation de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana : mise au point et test d’un pipeline d’analyses permettant une analyse intégrée du développement de la cellule à la pousse entière". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0051/document.
Texto completoThis study is based on the observation of a lack of methods enabling the integrated analysis of the processes controlling the vegetative development in Arabidopsis thaliana during multi-scale phenotypic studies. A preliminary leaf growth phenotyping of 91 genotypes enabled to select 3 mutants and different variables of interest for a more in depth analysis of the shoot development.We developed a pipeline of analysis methods combining image analysis techniques and statistical models to integrate the measurements made at the leaf and shoot scales. Semi-Markov switching models were built for each genotype, allowing a more thorough characterization of the studied mutants. These models validated the hypothesis that the rosette can be structured into successive developmental phases that could change depending on the genotype. They also highlighted the structuring role of the ‘abaxial trichomes' variable, although the developmental phases cannot be explained entirely by this trait. We developed a second pipeline of analysis methods combining a semi-automatic method for segmenting leaf epidermis images, and the analysis of the obtained cell areas using a gamma mixture model whose parameters of gamma components are tied by a scaling rule. This model allowed us to estimate the mean number of endocycles. We highlighted that this mean number of endocycles was function of the leaf rank.The multi-scale pipeline of analysis methods that we developed and tested during this PhD should be sufficiently generic to be applied to other plant species in various environmental conditions
Leroy, Céline. "Rôle de l'architecture dans l'interception lumineuse des couronnes de "Tectona grandis" et "Acacia mangium" : utilisation pour la simulation des bilans radiatifs dans les systèmes agroforestiers". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012166.
Texto completoBergez, Jacques-Eric. "Influence de protections individuelles à effet de serre sur la croissance de jeunes arbres : interprétations physiologiques et perspectives d'amélioration des protections". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20045.
Texto completoTouraine, Bruno. "Régulation de l'absorption racinaire de NO3̄ par les parties aériennes". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20206.
Texto completoMartinez, Jean-Michel. "Estimation de la biomasse forestière et caractérisation de la structure verticale des peuplements de conifères par radar VHF et radar sondeurs aéroportés". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000036.
Texto completoFaivre, Robert. "Eléments de modélisation de la structure d'un peuplement de blé d'hiver avant installation de la compétition étude des variations inter-plantes du mécanisme de tallage et de développement foliaire et modélisation de la croissance des talles". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597498d.
Texto completoGombauld, Pascal. "Variabilite de la phyllophagie par les insectes chez deux arbres de la foret guyanaise, eperua falcata et e. Grandiflora (caesalpiniaceae) : impact des diminutions de surface foliaire et du microclimat sur la croissance et la survie des plantules". Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066573.
Texto completoAbadie, Cyril. "Exploration de la variabilité phénotypique d'Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh et caractérisation de l'effet d'un déficit hydrique sur la photosynthèse et le contenu glucidique foliaire des écotypes Col-0, Mt-0 et Shahdara". Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2280/document.
Texto completoConsidering the predicted climate changes, plants are likely to face, in the future, severe and frequent droughts. In order to evaluate the impact of such stress on productivity and crop yield, the effect of water shortage on photosynthetic activity, sugar transport and accumulation was investigated. Firstly, growth, development, biomass and photosynthesis of eight Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes have been characterised. Secondly, three of them (Col-0, Mt-0 and Shahdara) were subjected to drought stress. The relative water content (RWC), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the net assimilation (AN) decreased early in rosette leaves of Mt-0 which was initially characterized by a very low water use efficiency (AN/E). In response to drought, AN/Ci curves analysis for each ecotype showed that stomatal limitation was quickly related with metabolic limitations (lower Vcmax). At the end of the stress, reduced starch content always led to a sucrose accumulation in leaves. The expression of genes encoding the main leaf sugar carriers (polyols, hexoses and sucrose) was differently impaired by the water shortage. Shahdara, that managed to maintain a relatively high RWC, was the most tolerant ecotype to water stress. In contrast, at the end of the stress, Mt-0 exhibited an AN inhibition together with significant and irreversible photosystem II alterations (drop of both qP and Fv/Fm)
Poulet, Lucie. "Développement de modèles physiques pour comprendre la croissance des plantes en environnement de gravité réduite pour des apllications dans les systèmes support-vie". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC026/document.
Texto completoChallenges triggered by human space exploration of the solar system are different from those of the International Space Station because distances and time frames are of a different scale, preventing frequent resupplies. Bioregenerative life-support systems based on higher plants and microorganisms, such as the ESA Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project will enable crews to be autonomous in food production, air revitalization, and water recycling, while closing cycles for water, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, during long-duration missions and will thus become necessary.The growth and development of higher plants and other biological organisms are strongly influenced by environmental conditions (e.g. gravity, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, partial pressure of O2 or CO2). To predict plant growth in these non-standard conditions, it is crucial to develop mechanistic models of plant growth, enabling multi-scale study of different phenomena, as well as gaining thorough understanding on all processes involved in plant development in low gravity environment and identifying knowledge gaps.Especially gas exchanges at the leaf surface are altered in reduced gravity, which could reduce plant growth in space. Thus, we studied the intricate relationships between forced convection, gravity levels and biomass production and found that the inclusion of gravity as a parameter in plant gas exchanges models requires accurate mass and heat transfer descriptions in the boundary layer. We introduced an energy coupling to the already existing mass balance model of plant growth and this introduced time-dependent variations of the leaf surface temperature.This variable can be measured using infra-red cameras and we implemented a parabolic flight experiment, which enabled us to validate local gas transfer models in 0g and 2g without ventilation.Finally, sap transport needs to be studied in reduced gravity environments, along with root absorption and leaf senescence. This would enable to link our gas exchanges model to plant morphology and resources allocations, and achieve a complete mechanistic model of plant growth in low gravity environments
Didier, Anne. "Modélisation de la croissance, des relations sources-puits et du rendement en sucre de la betterave sucrière (Beta vulgaris L.) sous des régimes contrastés de nutrition azotée". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00949047.
Texto completoBeyer, Robert. "Modélisation téléonomique de la dynamique de croissance des plantes à partir du concept de densité foliairé". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC037/document.
Texto completoFunctional-structural plant growth models (FSPMs) have emerged as the synthesis of mechanistic process-based models, and geometry-focussed architectural models. In terms of spatial scale, these models can essentially be divided into small-scale models featuring a topological architecture – often facing data-demanding parametrisations, parameter sensitivity, as well as computational heaviness, which imposes problematic limits to the age and size of individuals than can be simulated – and large-scale models based on a description of crown shape in terms of rigid structures such as empirical crown envelopes – commonly struggling to allow for spatial variability and plasticity in crown structure and shape in response to local biotic or abiotic growth conditions.In response to these limitations, and motivated not least by the success-story of spatial density approaches in theoretical populations ecology, the spatial distribution of foliage in plants in this thesis is characterised in terms of spatial leaf density, which allows for a completely local description that is a priori unrestricted in terms of plasticity, while being robust and computationally efficient. The thesis presents dynamic growth models specifically developed for crops and trees, exploring different mathematical frameworks in continuous and discrete time, while critically discussing their conceptual suitability and exploring analytical simplifications and solutions to accelerate simulations.The law of Beer-Lambert on the passing of light though an absorbing medium allows to infer the local light conditions based on which local biomass production can be computed via a radiation use efficiency. A key unifying mechanism of the different models is the local expansion of leaf density in the direction of the light gradient, which coincides with the direction most promising with regard to future biomass productivity. This aspect falls into the line of teleonomic and optimization-oriented plant growth models, and allows to set aside the otherwise complex modelling of branching processes. The principle induces an expansive horizontal and upward-directed motion of foliage. Moreover, it mechanistically accounts for a slow-down of the horizontal expansion as soon as a neighbouring competitor's crown is reached, since the appropriate region is already shaded, implying a corresponding adaptation of the light gradient. This automatically results in narrower crowns in scenarios of increased competition, ultimately decreasing biomass production and future growth due to lesser amount of intercepted light. In an extension, the impact of water availability is incorporated into the previously light-only dependency of biomass production by means of a novel hydraulic model describing the mechanistic balancing of leaf water potential and transpiration in the context of stomatal control. The allocation of produced biomass to other plant compartments such as roots and above-ground wood, e.g. by means of the pipe model theory, is readily coupled to leaf density dynamics.Simulation results are compared against a variety of empirical observations, ranging from long-term forest inventory data to laser-recorded spatial data, covering multiple abiotic environmental conditions and growth resources as well as stand densities and thus degrees of competition. The models generate a series of complex emergent properties including the realistic prediction of biometric growth parameters, the spontaneous adaptability and plasticity of crown morphologies in different competitive scenarios, the empirically documented insensitivity of height to stand density, the accurate deceleration of height growth, as well as popular allometric relationships – altogether demonstrating the potential of leaf density based approaches for efficient and robust plant growth modelling
Konaté, Nianguiri Moussa. "Diversité interspécifique de l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau des acacias sahéliens et australiens". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10044/document.
Texto completoThe main objective of this work was to compare water use efficiency (WUE) among various Australian and Sahelian acacia species using isotope discrimination at leaf level (Δ13Cf) and various methods of measurement. Acacia species exhibited a large inter-specific variability of Δ13Cf. This variability was confirmed by direct leaf gas exchange measurements (intrinsic water use efficiency, Wi) and by measurement at the whole plant level (transpiration efficiency, TE). A large interspecific variability of leaf traits (stomatal density DS, leaf nitrogen concentration %N, specific leaf area SLA, net CO2 assimilation of the saturation Asat, stomatal conductance for water vapor of the saturation gssat) and growth characteristics (root shoot biomass ratio R/S) has also been reported. WUE was controlled for gssat. The hypothesis that the species from arid areas exhibit higher WUE was not confirmed. In contrast, the species from semi-wet area exhibited a higher WUE than those from semi-arid and arid zones
Trontin, Charlotte. "Decoding the complexity of natural variation for shoot growth and response to the environment in Arabidopsis thaliana". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998373.
Texto completoNicco, Chantal. "Quelques aspects de la physiologie du tournesol soumis à une contrainte hydrique : approche enzymatique et hormonale". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30051.
Texto completoParveaud, Claude-Eric. "Propriétés radiatives des couronnes de Noyers (Juglans nigra x J. regia) et croissance des pousses annuelles - Influence de la géométrie du feuillage, de la position des pousses et de leur climat radiatif". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00087909.
Texto completoJordan, Marie-Odile. "Mise en place du systeme racinaire du mais : definition et caracterisation au champ et en conditions controlees des parametres descriptifs du systeme racinaire, construction de l'organigramme d'un modele cinetique". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13329.
Texto completoBouteillé, Marie. "Control of shoot and root growth by water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana : a parallel analysis using artificial and natural mapping populations". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0017/document.
Texto completoGrowth maintenance under water deficit mainly results from the maintenance of water uptake at the root level,and assimilates production by leaves. To optimize both processes, plant need to adjust organ growth and biomassallocation patterns between roots and shoots (root/shoot ratio), but also within the organs, through specific leaf areaand specific root length variations. The main objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the impact of growth andbiomass allocation patterns modifications on growth maintenance under drought conditions, (ii) to rely the genotypicresponses to water deficit conditions and the climatic features of the natural environment in which they evolved, and(iii) to identify the key genetic regions responsible for shoot and root growth variation in response to water deficitconditions. We used different sets of genotypes, a population of recombinant inbred lines, and different sets ofaccessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, collected in a wide range of environments. An analysis of the allometricrelationships between shoot and root growth related variables under both well watered and water deficit conditionsallowed to highlight the importance of specific leaf area plasticity to maintain plant growth under water deficit. Adetailed climatic characterization of the natural habitats of the accessions studied, combined to the evaluation ofgrowth response to water deficit in these accessions allowed connecting low climatic water balance to better toleranceto water deficit conditions in specific regions, suggesting that this climatic feature could have shaped the evolution ofgenotypes in certain regions. Finally, using these two sets of genotypes, joint linkage and linkage disequilibriumanalysis were performed on growth related traits under well watered and water deficit conditions. Some genetic regionsinvolved in the control of root and shoot related traits were strongly coupled, especially in well watered experiments,but we managed to identify root specific regions using calculated variables that takes global plant growth as a cofactor.Under water deficit, the regions controlling root and shoot growth were less associated, and very strong QTL weredetected, specifically associated to one or the other part. Genomic regions associated to growth response to waterdeficit were also detected, and the accuracy of association mapping enabled to identify target genes that could be playa role in growth maintenance under drought
Bourgeon, Marie-Aure. "Conception et évaluation d'un dispositif d'imagerie multispectrale de proxidétection embarqué pour caractériser le feuillage de la vigne". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS066/document.
Texto completoMutispectral imaging systems are widely used in remote sensing for Precision Viticulture. In this work, this technique was applied in the proximal sensing context to characterize vine foliage. A mobile terrestrial experimental system is presented, composed of a GPS receiver, a multi-spectral camera acquiring visible and near infrared images, and a Greenseeker RT-100 which measures the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This optical system observes vine foliage in the trellis plan, in natural sunlight. The experimental field is planted with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier cultivars in a latin squared pattern. In 2013, six datasets were acquired at various phenological stages.Spectral properties of the vegetation are accessible on images when they are calibrated in reflectance. This step requires the use of a MacBeth colorchart as a radiometric reference. When the chart is hidden by leaves, the calibration parameters are estimated by simple linear interpolation using the results from resembling images, which have a visible chart. The performance of this method is verified with a cross-validation technique (LOOCV).To validate the data provided by the experimental system, the NDVI given by the Greenseeker was compared to those computed from the calibrated images. The assessment of the versatility of the system is done with the images where several indices were determined. It allows an innovative follow-up of the vegetative growth, and offering phenotyping applications. Moreover, the characterization of the sanitary state of the foliage prove that this technique is versatile and accurate
Bouyer, Laure. "Impact de la disponibilité en nutriments sur le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné de peupliers dans des contextes de sécheresse variés". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3100.
Texto completoThe availability of water and nutrients are two main factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. Despite the strong legacy of research on forest nutrition, the role of nutrients in modulating tree drought responses remains largely unknown. This thesis aimed to evaluate the role of nutrient availability on key traits related to water and carbon relations such as growth and its determinants, water-use efficiency (WUE), vulnerability to cavitation, or non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, in poplars under contrasting drought intensities. Research experiments relied on two complementary experimental designs, one in a greenhouse and the other in an outdoor common garden, and considered a maximum of four genotypes primarily selected for their contrasting growth and stomatal regulation. The main findings are as follows: 1) a higher nutrient availability increases growth and WUE under moderate drought, 2) a higher nutrient availability does not necessarily increase the risk of xylem hydraulic failure, 3) NSC depletion, in particular starch, co-occurs with massive xylem embolism under lethal drought, and 4) a higher nutrient availability reduces NSC storage, especially under moderate drought. This study shows for the first time the temporal covariance between the dynamics of xylem hydraulic failure and carbon starvation in a fast-growing but highly vulnerable tree species, and gives an example of how these relationships are modulated by nutrient availability
Miquel, Jean-Charles. "Épandage de biosolides papetiers et de boues de chaux dans une plantation de peuplier hybride : effets sur la nutrition foliaire et la croissance". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19094.
Texto completoThe use of fertilizing residual materials (FRM) in hybrid poplar (HP) plantations in Quebec could maximize yields and merchantable volumes. It would also have the advantage of minimizing the burial (landfill) or incineration of FRM. However, applications rates of FRM must be calibrated for an optimal response of the trees. The study was conducted in a PEH plantation in the Eastern Townships. An experimental design comprising two blocks (repetitions) of five plots - one control and four combinations of papermill biosolids and lime sludge - was established in fall 2012/spring 2013 and sampling was conducted three years later (summer 2015). The treatments represented the following application rates: 140 and 15 t ha-1 (wet), 140 and 30 t ha-1, 240 and 15 t ha-1 and 240 and 30 t ha-1 of biosolids and lime, respectively. Soil properties as well as morphology and nutrition of HP were evaluated. We observed a highly significant treatment effect on HP growth compared to untreated plots. The height of HP trees in the treated plots increased by 1.6 to 2 times, diameter by 2.5 to 4 times, leaf area by 3 to 8 times and the foliar weight by 2.7 to 9 times compared to the trees in the untreated plots. However, there was no significant difference among the various treatments. Foliar nutrition analyses showed that fertilization with FRM was sufficient to compensate for the low availability of nutrients in the soil. Thus, with FRM application, the macronutrients N, P, K and Ca in the leaves were within the optimal concentration ranges, whereas without FRM, the leaves showed concentrations below these thresholds. Despite the small differences observed among the four amendments, the treatment combining 240 t ha-1 of biosolids and 15 t ha-1 of lime was the one the closest to the optimal nutrition for HP. Papermill biosolids in combination with lime sludge provide very encouraging results in regard to foliar nutrition and yields of HP plantations.