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Li, Jiang, Xiyun Jiao, Hongzhe Jiang, Jian Song, and Lina Chen. "Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Maize in an Arid Oasis Based on Simulation–Optimization Model." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070935.
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In arid regions, irrigation scheduling optimization is efficient in coping with the shortage of agricultural water resources. This paper developed a simulation–optimization model for irrigation scheduling optimization for the main crop in an arid oasis, aiming to maximize crop yield and minimize crop water consumption. The model integrated the soil water balance simulation model and the optimization model for crop irrigation scheduling. The simulation model was firstly calibrated and validated based on field experiment data for maize in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Then, considering the distribution of soil types and irrigation districts in the study area, the model was used to solve the optimal irrigation schedules for the scenarios of status quo and typical climate years. The results indicated that the model is applicable for reflecting the complexities of simulation–optimization for maize irrigation scheduling. The optimization results showed that the irrigation water-saving potential of the study area was between 97 mm and 240 mm, and the average annual optimal yield of maize was over 7.3 t/ha. The simulation–optimization model of irrigation schedule established in this paper can provide a technical means for the formulation of irrigation schedules to ensure yield optimization and water productivity or water saving.
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Lopez, Gina, Thomas Gaiser, Frank Ewert, and Amit Srivastava. "Effects of Recent Climate Change on Maize Yield in Southwest Ecuador." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030299.
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In recent years, evidence of recent climate change has been identified in South America, affecting agricultural production negatively. In response to this, our study employs a crop modelling approach to estimate the effects of recent climate change on maize yield in four provinces of Ecuador. One of them belongs to a semi-arid area. The trend analysis of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and solar radiation was done for 36 years (from 1984 to 2019) using the Mann–Kendall test. Furthermore, we simulated (using the LINTUL5 model) the counterfactual maize yield under current crop management in the same time-span. During the crop growing period, results show an increasing trend in the temperature in all the four studied provinces. Los Rios and Manabi showed a decreasing trend in radiation, whereas the semi-arid Loja depicted a decreasing precipitation trend. Regarding the effects of climate change on maize yield, the semi-arid province Loja showed a more significant negative impact, followed by Manabi. The yield losses were roughly 40 kg ha−1 and 10 kg ha−1 per year, respectively, when 250 kg N ha−1 is applied. The simulation results showed no effect in Guayas and Los Rios. The length of the crop growing period was significantly different in the period before and after 2002 in all provinces. In conclusion, the recent climate change impact on maize yield differs spatially and is more significant in the semi-arid regions.
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Unami, Koichi, Osama Mohawesh, and Masayuki Fujihara. "Prototype and model of solar driven desalination plant in arid environment." Thermal Science 24, no. 2 Part A (2020): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180604097u.
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Water shortage and salinity are crucial factors affecting plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions, where irrigation water shortage and capillary rise from shallow saline water tables are often encountered. The objectives of this study are to construct a prototype of solar driven desalination plant in an arid area of Jordan Rift Valley, to develop a mathematical model predicting thermal dynamics in the prototype, to calibrate model parameters with measured physical parameters, and to discuss the performance of the prototype as well as its applicability to other areas under different environment. Results of measurement and numerical simulation show that the model is capable to reproduce the thermal dynamics of the desalination plant and to predict dew yield. Overall, the developed model provides a sound basis for describing and explaining the mass and energy balance mechanisms in the developed desalination plant. This study offers also a useful tool for analysis and assessment of the dew yield and thermal dynamics of such a desalination plant in general. Using the constructed prototype, performance analysis based on crop cultivation is ongoing.
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Littleboy, M., AL Cogle, GD Smith, KPC Rao, and DF Yule. "Soil management and production of alfisols in the semi-arid tropics. IV.* Simulation of decline in productivity caused by soil erosion." Soil Research 34, no. 1 (1996): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960127.
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Maintenance of a productive soil base by minimizing soil erosion is vital to long-term crop production. In this study, a modelling approach is used to estimate the effects of soil erosion on productivity for a sorghum cropping system on an Alfisol in the semi-arid tropics of India. Predictions of erosion, runoff and yield decline due to erosion, for variations in initial soil depth, slope, tillage strategy and amendment treatment, are presented. On average, soil depth decreased by 0.91 cm/year at Hyderabad for a 10% slope, 80 cm initial soil depth, shallow tillage at planting and no surface amendment. Rates of soil removal and subsequent yield decline were higher for shallower soils, steeper slopes and if management practices provided less surface cover during the crop. The productive life of the soil was less than 91 years for some soil depths, slope and management combinations. For other combinations, significant yield decline was predicted after 91 years of cropping. The quantification of erosion-productivity relationships allows us to identify regions with a higher risk of degradation from soil erosion and to estimate the impact of various management options on long-term sustainability. Models provide a basis to focus research and a means of assessing alternative management strategies to preserve long-term production.* Part III, Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34, 113–125.
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Ai, Pengrui, and Yingjie Ma. "Estimation of Evapotranspiration of a Jujube/Cotton Intercropping System in an Arid Area Based on the Dual Crop Coefficient Method." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030065.
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An accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in intercropping is critical for a theoretical basis for formulating an intercropping irrigation system of fruit trees and improving the soil moisture condition of orchards in arid regions of Southern Xinjiang. Herein, observational data such as soil moisture and plant physiological indicators were measured in jujube/cotton intercropping in the Aksu region from 2015 to 2017. The evapotranspiration of single-crop jujube and cotton was estimated using the modified dual crop coefficient method. Then, based on the proportion of intercropping crops, the soil water stress coefficient was introduced to estimate the evapotranspiration of the jujube/cotton intercropping. The results show that the model has good applicability to simulate single-crop jujube and cotton, and jujube/cotton intercropping. However, compared with single cropping, the accuracy of simulated daily evapotranspiration was decreased. In addition, adjusting the cotton irrigation amount caused the simulation accuracy to further decrease. From the perspective of interspecies complementarity and competition, cotton dominated the intercropping system and had better tolerance to external environmental changes than jujube trees. Intercropping had negative effects on jujube trees in general, and very obvious positive effects on cotton. Based on the 3-year crop yield, 5-year-old jujube trees are recommended for intercropping. During this time, the yield of cotton under the effect of interspecific complementation increased by 26.47%, and the yield of intercropping jujube was similar to that of single crop. As the jujube tree age increases, the effect of increasing cotton production gradually diminishes. The jujube trees also had a significant reduction in yield due to interspecific competition. Our research supports the dual crop coefficient method as appropriate to estimate crop ETc in intercropping and may be further used to improve irrigation scheduling for jujube/cotton intercropping.
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Pathak, Rakesh, Sunil Kumar Singh, Alkesh Tak, and Praveen Gehlot. "Impact of Climate Change on Host, Pathogen and Plant Disease Adaptation Regime: A Review." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2658.
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An aberrant and harsh climate of arid and semi-arid regions of the world coupled with a continuous rise in temperature and CO2 concentration has adversely affected production and productivity of crops, livestock and fisheries in the region. Some of the minor pest species have acquired serious status due to fluctuating environmental conditions in the recent years revealing higher numbers of pest occurrences that may result up to 40% loss in agriculture yield by the year 2100 in South Asia including India. The global average temperatures are expected to arise around 1–2°C by the year 2100. Consequently, more frequency of high temperatures, storms, or drought, a quantum jump in use of insecticides, change in virulence pattern, the emergence of pathogens in new areas has been anticipated. Simulation models have been advocated to be a better approach for the evaluation of the upcoming climate change impact on agriculture and forest plant disease. New gene discovery and their deployment would be a better approach to combat the effect of climate change. Abiotic stress tolerant varieties and integrated pest management (IPM) have increased yield and productivity under climate change scenario. A new innovation in pest management and commitment in anticipatory research against emerging pathogens through multidisciplinary techniques may be better strategies under climate change.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif, Muhammad Ashraf, and Arif A. Anwar. "Soil Erosion and Sediment Load Management Strategies for Sustainable Irrigation in Arid Regions." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063547.
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Soil erosion is a serious environmental issue in the Gomal River catchment shared by Pakistan and Afghanistan. The river segment between the Gomal Zam dam and a diversion barrage (~40 km) brings a huge load of sediments that negatively affects the downstream irrigation system, but the sediment sources have not been explored in detail in this sub-catchment. The analysis of flow and sediment data shows that the significant sediment yield is still contributing to the diversion barrage despite the Gomal Zam dam construction. However, the sediment share at the diversion barrage from the sub-catchment is much larger than its relative size. A spatial assessment of erosion rates in the sub-catchment with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) shows that most of the sub-catchment falls into very severe and catastrophic erosion rate categories (>100 t h−1y−1). The sediment entry into the irrigation system can be managed both by limiting erosion in the catchment and trapping sediments into a hydraulic structure. The authors tested a scenario by improving the crop management factor in RUSLE as a catchment management option. The results show that improving the crop management factor makes little difference in reducing the erosion rates in the sub-catchment, suggesting other RUSLE factors, and perhaps slope is a more obvious reason for high erosion rates. This research also explores the efficiency of a proposed settling reservoir as a sediment load management option for the flows diverted from the barrage. The proposed settling reservoir is simulated using a computer-based sediment transport model. The modeling results suggest that a settling reservoir can reduce sediment entry into the irrigation network by trapping 95% and 25% for sand and silt particles, respectively. The findings of the study suggest that managing the sub-catchment characterizing an arid region and having steep slopes and barren mountains is a less compelling option to reduce sediment entry into the irrigation system compared to the settling reservoir at the diversion barrage. Managing the entire catchment (including upstream of Gomal Zam dam) can be a potential solution, but it would require cooperative planning due to the transboundary nature of the Gomal river catchment. The output of this research can aid policy and decision-makers to sustainably manage sedimentation issues in the irrigation network.
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Arriagada, Osvin, Ilaria Marcotuli, Agata Gadaleta, and Andrés R. Schwember. "Molecular Mapping and Genomics of Grain Yield in Durum Wheat: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 7021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197021.
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Durum wheat is the most relevant cereal for the whole of Mediterranean agriculture, due to its intrinsic adaptation to dryland and semi-arid environments and to its strong historical cultivation tradition. It is not only relevant for the primary production sector, but also for the food industry chains associated with it. In Mediterranean environments, wheat is mostly grown under rainfed conditions and the crop is frequently exposed to environmental stresses, with high temperatures and water scarcity especially during the grain filling period. For these reasons, and due to recurrent disease epidemics, Mediterranean wheat productivity often remains under potential levels. Many studies, using both linkage analysis (LA) and a genome-wide association study (GWAS), have identified the genomic regions controlling the grain yield and the associated markers that can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Here, we have summarized all the current studies identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and/or candidate genes involved in the main traits linked to grain yield: kernel weight, number of kernels per spike and number of spikes per unit area.
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MASON, STEPHEN C., NOURI MAMAN, and SIÉBOU PALÉ. "PEARL MILLET PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN SEMI-ARID WEST AFRICA: A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 51, no. 4 (February 11, 2015): 501–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479714000441.
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SUMMARYPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucumL.) is an important grain crop for millions of poor farmers and consumers in the semi-arid region of West Africa. During the past 40 years, much research on pearl millet production practices and adoption in this region has been conducted, but an attempt to summarize these results has not been previously completed and these research results are not readily available to many West African scientists. This review was completed to address this need and integrate knowledge, and at the same time identify research needs for the future and extension priorities for semi-arid West African agro-ecological zones. Research has shown that selection of improved varieties and cropping systems, appropriate cultural practices, and recommended integrated soil, nutrient, residue and pest management can greatly increase grain and stover yields of pearl millet. However, adoption by farmers has been minimal due to limited profitability, high risk and labour demand, limited input supply, market availability and appropriate public policy. This review has 196 articles included as in-text citations (Table 1) compared to 149 articles in the reference list, indicating that only one in four articles integrated two or more topics in the research. The obvious conclusion is that most of the past research has not addressed the ‘system’ but rather one or two management practices. In addition, most studies have interpreted responses in terms of yield without addressing other important considerations for farmer adoption. Recent conservation agriculture research moves closer to addressing the larger integrative types of research needed. Such research is complex and requires sustained funding for field and laboratory activities, but also for computer simulation modelling and economic assessment.
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Ruiz, Jorge, María Bielza, Alberto Garrido, and Ana Iglesias. "Dealing with drought in irrigated agriculture through insurance schemes: an application to an irrigation district in Southern Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): e0106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-6941.
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<p class="Abstract">Hydrological drought is expected to have an increasing impact on both crop and fruit yields in arid and semi-arid regions. Some existing crop insurance schemes provide coverage against water deficits in rain-fed agriculture. The Prevented Planting Program in the USA covers against drought for irrigated agriculture. However, drought insurance for irrigated agriculture is still a challenge for companies and institutions because of the complexity of the design and implementation of this type of insurance. Few studies have attempted to evaluate the risk of loss due to irrigation water scarcity using both stand-alone production functions and crop simulation models. This paper’s contributions are that it evaluates the suitability of AquaCrop for calculating drought insurance premiums for irrigated agriculture and that it discusses contract conditions and insurance design for hydrological drought risk coverage as part of a traditional insurance product, with on-field loss assessment in combination with a trigger index. This method was applied to an irrigation district in southern Spain. Our insurance premium calculation showed that it is feasible to apply this method provided that its data requirements are met, such as a large enough set of reliable small-scale yield and irrigation time series data, especially soil data, to calibrate AquaCrop. The choice of a trigger index should not be underestimated because it proved to have a decisive influence on insurance premiums and indemnities. Our discussion of the contract conditions shows that hydrological drought insurance must comply with a series of constraints in order to avoid moral hazard and basis risk.</p>
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Molto, J. Eldon, Joe D. Stewart, and Paula J. Reimer. "Problems in Radiocarbon Dating Human Remains from Arid Coastal Areas: An Example from the Cape Region of Baja California." American Antiquity 62, no. 3 (July 1997): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282167.
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Three AMS radiocarbon dates on bone collagen from Las Palmas culture human skeletons from the cape region of Baja California are analyzed. Carbon derived from both terrestrial and marine sources necessitates correcting the radiocarbon ages for reservoir effects. Complicating this, however, are (a) the uncertain percentage of carbon of marine origin in the samples and (b) the convergence of the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California, which differ markedly in reservoir values. Computer program CALIB 3.0.3c is used to correct and calibrate the conventional radiocarbon dates in a simulation using varied values for marine carbon and reservoir effects for each sample. This produces substantial variance in the results and, therefore, difficulties for chronological interpretation. For example, reasonable input values for dR and percent marine carbon yield dates that overlap the first European contact (A.D. 1533), despite the absence of historic documentation of the Las Palmas mortuary complex. Further research on reservoir effects and paleodiet is needed in order to interpret radiocarbon determinations on cape region human remains. Moreover, our findings have serious implications for the proper application of radiocarbon dating to samples from other regions subject to reservoir effects.
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Shen, Hongzheng, Fangping Xu, Rongheng Zhao, Xuguang Xing, and Xiaoyi Ma. "Optimization of Sowing Date, Irrigation, and Nitrogen Management of Summer Maize Using the DSSAT-CERES-Maize Model in the Guanzhong Plain, China." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13654.
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HighlightsGood applicability of DSSAT was validated in simulating summer maize yield in the Guanzhong Plain, China.Optimal sowing dates of summer maize were obtained for different climatic years.The optimal irrigation and nitrogen management strategy conserved water and nitrogen. Abstract. Agricultural system models play an important role in simulating crop growth processes and water and fertilizer regulation in arid regions. To solve the current problems of optimizing the sowing date in different climatic years and the fertilizer application in low-precipitation conditions in the Guanzhong Plain, China, this study used two years (2016-2017) of experimental summer maize field data to calibrate and validate Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) model parameters. The validated DSSAT model was then used to simulate and optimize sowing dates, irrigation, and fertilization of summer maize crops in the Guanzhong Plain. The relative root-mean-square error (nRMSE) between the measured and simulated values of summer maize crop yield was 8.57%, proving that the established DSSAT model and crop parameters were highly reliable. The nRMSE values for soil water content and nitrate-nitrogen were 7.86% and 8.72%, respectively, which indicated better simulation results. The optimal sowing date for summer maize in the Guanzhong Plain were mid- to late June, mid-June, and early to mid-June in wet, general, and dry years, respectively. The irrigation and nitrogen strategies for summer maize in the climatic years were as follows: 60 mm and 180 kg ha-1 in wet years, 60 mm and 180 kg ha-1 in general years, and 150 mm and 150 kg ha-1 in dry years. This study provides a scientific decision-making method for the production of summer maize to conserve water and fertilizer. Keywords: . Climatic year, DSSAT, Guanzhong Plain, Sowing date, Summer maize.
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Tararico, Yu O., R. V. Saidak, and Yu V. Soroka. "RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION AND RATIONAL USE OF AGRO-RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-194.
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Relevance of research. In order to ensure energy independence and food security of the state in the context of current climate change trends, the importance of reclaimed territories is increasing. By objectively assessing the agro-resource potential of individual regions and developing a strategy for its rational use, it is possible to significantly improve the productivity, stability, environmental balance and economic efficiency of agro-ecosystems. Objective of research. The objective of the research is to assess the water supply of the territory of Ukraine under changing climate and establish the mechanism of its influence on the bioproductivity of agricultural lands, theoretically substantiate and elaborate perspective options for the development of bioenergy reclaimed agroecosystems and specify the research areas on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production in a rapidly changing climate. Research methodology. The estimation and forecasting of the conditions of water supply were carried out on the basis of the climate water balance (CWB). Spatial analysis of climate data and crop yields was performed by IDW interpolation using QGIS3 software. To determine the promising areas for the development of agricultural production systems the results of stationary field experiments were used, which were processed by conventional methods of system analysis. Promising scenarios for the development of reclaimed agroecosystems were created using multivariate computer simulation in the “Agroecosystem” software package.
 Research results and main conclusions. It was established that, compared to 1961-1990, the area with a water supply shortage increased from 56 to 60%, and the area of sufficient and excessive humidity, on the contrary, decreased from 33 to 24%. Provided that the general trend of increasing temperature in the territory of Ukraine continues, the share of agricultural lands with scarce water balance by 2050 may increase up to 67%, and by 2100 – up to 80% of their total area. It was found that grain production remains at the level of 1990 in the steppe zone due to almost annual lack of moisture while in the forest-steppe and Polissia regions it increased up to 80-90%. It is important that, even in the humid zone, the risks of adverse water and air conditions for soils increased significantly, particularly as regards the soils of light texture. Consequently, sustainable high-yield agriculture without the development and implementation of effective regional measures on improving water supply is becoming problematic in most of Ukraine. Based on computer simulation, it was proved that the transition of domestic agricultural production to the principles of balanced organic food production, industrial raw materials and bioenergy resources will dramatically increase the profitability of agricultural enterprises, improve the ecological state of the environment and create a comfortable living environment for rural population and substantially strengthen the food security and energy independence of the state. Prospects. To achieve high efficiency and competitiveness of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production under rapidly changing climate. On this scientific basis, it is advisable to create a unified system of water management for the effective use of the state's land fund, in particular the reclaimed areas.
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Nozari, Hamed, and Saeed Azadi. "System dynamics simulation of crop yield under different irrigation water quality and quantity." Water Practice and Technology, November 25, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.109.
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Abstract Agricultural products are one of the major sources of food for people in many countries. So, increasing crop yield is a major challenge for governments as increasing the population. On the other hand, agricultural improvement needs to take into consideration the type of land and water available. The decrease of water availability and soil salinity are two major limiting factors in sustainable agriculture in the arid and semiarid regions. In this study, the combined effect of salinity and water stress on crop yield was simulated by developing a computer model based on a system dynamics approach. Model calibration and validation were performed using data collected from the Abshar Irrigation Network located on the hydrological Zayandehrud River. For each individual run of the model, two statistics were calculated: Root Mean Square Error and Standard Error. The averages of these indices were estimated as 2,777 kg·ha−1 and 0.07 for sugar beet yield, 0.026 and 0.09 for soil moisture and finally 0.54 dS·m−1 and 0.08 for salinity of the root zone, respectively. The result showed a good agreement between the simulation model and the actual data. Therefore, the model can be calibrated and used to estimate the crop yield with reasonable accuracy.
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"Drainage Water Reuse under Water Scarcity." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b4254.029320.
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Water resources management in arid regions and semi-arid such as Egypt is a continuous process for the achievement of rational use of the scarce water resources for the benefit of the national economy. Water scarcity in Egypt is a major challenge, which is annually increasing due to the high water demand of different sectors, while the share of Egypt from the Nile is fixed at 55.5 billion cubic meter (BCM). Non-conventional water resources, such as drainage water, are essential alternatives to improve the water use efficiency. In Nile Delta, a considerable number of reuse pump stations (RPSs) are distributed along the drains network already decades ago. But farmers are unofficially using small pumps to divert drainage water directly to their fields. The major concern in the reuse of agricultural drainage water is the build-up of salts. This research aims to assess the water balance in El-Behira governorate to reduce the negative impacts of water scarcity on the crop yield, soil deterioration, evapotranspiration. The model was calibrated using the water and agriculture data of the year 2014 which was used as a base year then it was validated using the data of year 2015. Two statistical goodness-of-fit coefficients [Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) and ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR)] were used to assess the re-calibration and validation of the model; where the results of the model showed good and very good performance with the observations. In addition; the water allocation of the study area was simulated by the SIWARE Model during the studied two years to assess the current water uses and soil conditions, while the results are visualized using Geographical Information System (GIS) as an essential tool for a decision support system. The simulation results indicated that the study area suffers from water stress that forces the farmers to unofficially reuse the drainage water. Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the unofficially reused water ranged between Medium and high hazard salinities that gives restrictions on the crop pattern, causes hygienic risks, and increases the pollution in the shallow aquifer.