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1

Rieger, Mary A., Chris Preston, and Stephen B. Powles. "Risks of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) to weedy relatives in southern Australian cropping systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97138.

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It is likely that transgenic canola expressing genes encoding resistance to glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium will be introduced into the Australian cropping system in the next few years. One risk associated with the introduction of such cultivars is the release of herbicide resistance genes into weedy relatives of canola. This review examines the currently available experimental information regarding the possibility of gene flow from canola to weedy relatives. Three species are identified as having the potential to outcross with canola, Brassica juncea, B. rapa, and Raphanus raphanistrum. T
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2

Chapman, AL, JD Sturtz, AL Cogle, WS Mollah, and RJ Bateman. "Farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics-a recent history." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960915.

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The recent history of dryland farming in the Australian semi-arid tropics is discussed briefly against the background of national and state policies, established following World War II, aimed at increasing the population and development of northern Australia. Some reference is also made to irrigation as a means of overcoming limitations imposed by rainfall and to complement dryland farming systems. The environmental and socio-economic constraints whch have so far limited commercial agriculture in the Australian semi-arid tropics are highlighted. Efforts, particularly in north-west Australia, t
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3

Russell, JS, and PN Jones. "Continuous, alternate and double crop systems on a Vertisol in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960823.

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Three cropping systems using 5 crop species were compared over a 10-year period on a cracking clay soil (Vertisol) in the sub-humid subtropics of eastern Australia. The 3 cropping systems were continuous (the same crop every year), alternate (the same crop every second year) and double (a winter and summer crop in the one year). There were 2 cereal crops (sorghum and wheat) and 3 grain legumes (chickpea, green gram and black gram). The effect of cropping system was measured in terms of grain and protein yields and changes in soil organic carbon (surface 0-10 cm) and nitrogen concentrations. Su
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4

Cogle, AL, RJ Bateman, and DH Heiner. "Conservation cropping systems for the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910515.

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A farming systems project was commenced in the semi-arid tropics of north-eastern Australia to assess the cropping potential and reliability of a newly developing region. Emphasis was placed on evaluation of conservation cropping systems, since it was expected that these would be the most successful and protective uses of the land. This paper discusses the agronomy of peanuts, maize and sorghum grown under different conservative cropping practices (reduced tillage, no tillage, ley) on the soil (red earth) most likely to be developed for large-scale cropping in the region. Crop yields with all
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5

Thomas, Dean T., Roger A. Lawes, Katrien Descheemaeker, and Andrew D. Moore. "Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13436.

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Pasture cropping is an emerging farming-systems practice of southern Australia, in which winter grain crops are sown into an established stand of a winter-dormant, summer-growing perennial pasture. There is a pressing need to define times, locations and climates that are suitable for pasture cropping. To evaluate effects of management interventions, agro-environment, and possible interactions on crop and pasture productivity associated with pasture cropping, an AusFarm® simulation model was built to describe a pasture-cropping system based on annual crop and subtropical grass. The model was pa
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6

Speirs, Simon D., Doug J. Reuter, Ken I. Peverill, and Ross F. Brennan. "Making Better Fertiliser Decisions for Cropping Systems in Australia: an overview." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13034.

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Australian grain production depends on applied fertiliser, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and to a lesser extent potassium (K) and sulfur (S). Despite this dependence, soil testing is used sparingly as a tool to underpin fertiliser decisions. Some grain producers typically conduct soil tests at least once every 3 years on a selection of individual fields, but it is broadly understood that many grain producers use soil testing rarely or not at all. The choice by many grain producers not to support fertiliser decisions by soil testing relates to several factors. One key factor has
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7

Lefroy, Edward, and Torbjörn Rydberg. "Emergy evaluation of three cropping systems in southwestern Australia." Ecological Modelling 161, no. 3 (March 2003): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00341-1.

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8

Rovira, AD. "Dryland mediterranean farming systems in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920801.

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The mediterranean region of Australia extends from Geraldton in Western Australia across southern Australia into western and northern Victoria. This region experiences hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, with 300-600 mm annual rainfall. In the dryland farming zone, the cereal-livestock farming system dominates and produces 30-35% of Australia's total agricultural production. The major soils in the region are deep, coarse-textured sands and sandy loams, duplex soils with coarse-textured sands over clay (generally low in nutrients and organic matter), and fine-textured red-brown earths of lo
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9

Brackin, Richard, Scott Buckley, Rhys Pirie, and Francois Visser. "Predicting nitrogen mineralisation in Australian irrigated cotton cropping systems." Soil Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18207.

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Cotton cropping systems in Australia have poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency, largely due to over-application of N fertiliser. The N mineralisation from soil organic N reserves is often overlooked, or underestimated despite recent studies indicating that it may contribute the majority of N exported with the crop. Predicting N mineralisation is a major challenge for agricultural industries worldwide, as direct measurements are time-consuming and expensive, but there is considerable debate as to the most reliable methods for indirect estimation. Additionally, laboratory incubations assess potentia
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10

Owen, Mechelle J., and Stephen B. Powles. "The frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) populations remains stable in Western Australian cropping fields." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 5 (2016): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15295.

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Avena is a problematic weed of cropping regions of southern Australia and many areas of the world. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to monitor the change in herbicide resistance levels by comparing resistance frequency results with a survey conducted in 2005. Screening Avena populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that 48% of Avena populations displayed resistance to the commonly used acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, which was lower than that found in 2005 (71%). The broad-spectr
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11

Shabbir, Asad, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, and Michael J. Walsh. "Biology and management of Echinochloa colona and E. crus-galli in the northern grain regions of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 11 (2019): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19261.

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Echinochloa colona and E. crus-galli are two important annual grass weeds distributed throughout the summer cropping regions of Australia. Both species are highly problematic weeds, responsible for yield losses of up to 50% in summer grain crops. The success of Echinochloa species as weeds is attributed to their rapid growth, prolific seed production, seed dormancy and adaptability to a wide range of environments. Importantly, E. colona has evolved resistance to glyphosate in Australia, with resistant populations now widespread across the summer cropping regions. Fallow management of E. colona
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12

Moore, Joseph R., James E. Pratley, Leslie A. Weston, Wade J. Mace, John C. Broster, and Karen A. Kirkby. "Epichloë occultans infection in Australian Lolium rigidum is associated with cropping history and environment but not with herbicide resistance status of host plant." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 6 (2018): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17455.

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Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) is a troublesome invasive plant in southern Australian cropping systems and is typically infected with a fungal endophyte, Epichloë occultans. Potential links between herbicide resistance and endophyte infection were investigated in this study. We surveyed 391 ryegrass populations from geographically distinct, naturalised pasture and cropping areas across southern Australia and compared frequencies of seed-borne endophyte infection in the collected seed samples from mature annual ryegrass. Data on herbicide resistance from similar seedlots were cross-refe
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13

McNeill, A. M., and C. M. Penfold. "Agronomic management options for phosphorus in Australian dryland organic and low-input cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 2 (2009): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp07381.

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Maintenance of available phosphorus (P) is a problem faced by both conventional and organic systems but it is exacerbated in the latter given that manufactured inorganic sources of P fertiliser are not permitted under the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements certification guidelines. The focus of this paper is a discussion of potential agronomic strategies to assist in sustainable management of the soil P resource in organic and low-input broadacre farming systems within the Australian rain-fed cereal–livestock belt. The paper considers three broad strategies for agronomic
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14

Poole, M. L., Neil C. Turner, and J. M. Young. "Sustainable cropping systems for high rainfall areas of southwestern Australia." Agricultural Water Management 53, no. 1-3 (February 2002): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(01)00165-2.

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15

Bajwa, Ali Ahsan, Sajid Latif, Catherine Borger, Nadeem Iqbal, Md Asaduzzaman, Hanwen Wu, and Michael Walsh. "The Remarkable Journey of a Weed: Biology and Management of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Conservation Cropping Systems of Australia." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081505.

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Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favoured by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit. The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass has made its management within these systems extremely difficult. The negative impacts of this weed on grain produc
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16

Dalal, R. C., and K. Y. Chan. "Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99042.

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The Australian cereal belt stretches as an arc from north-eastern Australia to south-western Australia (24˚S–40˚S and 125˚E–147˚E), with mean annual temperatures from 14˚C (temperate) to 26˚C (subtropical), and with annual rainfall ranging from 250 mm to 1500 mm. The predominant soil types of the cereal belt include Chromosols, Kandosols, Sodosols, and Vertosols, with significant areas of Ferrosols, Kurosols, Podosols, and Dermosols, covering approximately 20 Mha of arable cropping and 21 Mha of ley pastures. Cultivation and cropping has led to a substantial loss of soil organic matter (SOM) f
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17

Drummond, Frank, and Beth Choate. "Ants as biological control agents in agricultural cropping systems." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4, no. 2 (2011): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498311x571979.

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AbstractAnts positively impact agricultural systems by rapidly consuming large numbers of pest insects, disturbing pests during feeding and oviposition, and increasing soil quality and nutrients. The ability of ants to control pest species has been recognized since the year 300 A.D. and farmers continue to conserve and promote ant populations in agricultural systems worldwide. Naturally occurring ant species in milpas, mango, citrus, coconut, cashews, and cotton control many pest insects. Through judicious insecticide application and changes in management practices such as tillage, and other m
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18

Fisher, James, Peter Tozer, and Doug Abrecht. "Livestock in no-till cropping systems - a story of trade-offs." Animal Production Science 52, no. 4 (2012): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11123.

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The trade-offs of incorporating livestock into no-till cropping systems were examined with respect to ground cover, water balance, nutrient cycling, pest management, whole-farm economics and farmer preferences. The hypothesis that livestock and no-till cropping enterprises may co-exist was investigated using a review of scientific literature and technical reports, information from farmer focus groups and an economic analysis based on case study data from farm consultants. The scientific review focussed on work from Australia, especially western and southern Australia, but also included researc
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19

French, RJ. "Changes in Cropping Systems at the Boundaries of the Pastoral and Cropping Zones in Southern Australia." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 1 (1993): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930117.

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A history of cropping at the margins between arable and pastoral lands is examined. Assessment is made of the climatic factors that caused the abandonment of cropping. These criteria are then used to assess the likelihood that future cropping will persist along the present pastoral margins in different states of Australia. A minimum requirement is that the ratio of water use to evaporation in the growing season should exceed 0.3. An analysis of past climatic data should also be made to identify sequences of years when rainfall was both above and below average. Periods of above-average rainfall
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20

Horne, Paul A. "Carabids as potential indicators of sustainable farming systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 4 (2007): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05265.

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Carabid beetles are important biological control agents in a range of agricultural crops throughout the world. This paper outlines the history of carabid research in Australia to provide a point of reference with European and USA studies. The ecological and applied agricultural knowledge of the Australian fauna lags far behind that of Europe and the USA but we are now at the point of using the available knowledge to assess agricultural ecosystems. This paper describes how aspects of the biology and ecology of the Australian carabid fauna differ from that described in published work on other ca
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21

Gupta, V. V. S. R., M. M. Roper, and D. K. Roget. "Potential for non-symbiotic N2-fixation in different agroecological zones of southern Australia." Soil Research 44, no. 4 (2006): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05122.

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Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria can be a significant source of nitrogen in cropping systems. However, contributions from non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation (NSNF) are dependent on available carbon in the soil and environmental conditions (soil moisture and temperature). In Australia, measurements of NSNF have been made in the field by quantifying nitrogenase activity. These studies have included determinations of the moisture and temperature requirements for NSNF and for crop residue decomposition that supplies carbon to NSNF bacteria. Other studies have determined the N
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22

Robertson, Fiona, Doug Crawford, Debra Partington, Ivanah Oliver, David Rees, Colin Aumann, Roger Armstrong, et al. "Soil organic carbon in cropping and pasture systems of Victoria, Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 1 (2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15008.

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Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in agricultural soils through changes to management may help to mitigate rising greenhouse gas emissions and sustain agricultural productivity and environmental conditions. However, in order to improve assessment of the potential for increasing SOC storage in the agricultural lands of Victoria, Australia, further information is required on current SOC levels and how they are related to environmental conditions, soil properties and agricultural management. Therefore, we measured stocks of SOC at 615 sites in pasture and cropping systems in Victoria,
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23

Smith, Chris J., Val O. Snow, Ray Leuning, and David Hsu. "Nitrogen Balance of Effluent Irrigated Silage Cropping Systems in Southern Australia." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.335.

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The nitrogen (N) balance in a double-cropped, effluent spray irrigation system was examined for several years in southern Australia. The amounts of N added by irrigation, removed in the crop, and lost by ammonia (NH3) volatilisation, denitrification, and leaching were measured. Results from the project provide pig producers with the knowledge necessary to evaluate the efficiency of such systems for managing N, and enable sustainable effluent reuse practices to be developed. Oats were grown through the winter (May to November) without irrigation, and irrigated maize was grown during the summer/
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24

Bell, Lindsay W., Andrew T. James, Mary Ann Augustin, Artur Rombenso, David Blyth, Cedric Simon, Thomas J. V. Higgins, and Jose M. Barrero. "A Niche for Cowpea in Sub-Tropical Australia?" Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081654.

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Pulses have emerged as important rotation crops in Australia. Some are in demand in agricultural production systems due to their high potential market value, because of their roles as grain or forage crops, their nitrogen fixation capability, and because they provide a disease break or improve soil health. While several pulse crops have been identified for winter-season cropping, there are few adapted legumes apart from mungbean that are appropriate for dryland summer cropping. Currently, short-duration crops of mungbean are commonly used, but yields are highly variable and susceptible to drou
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25

Malik, Raj S., Mark Seymour, Robert J. French, John A. Kirkegaard, Roger A. Lawes, and Mark A. Liebig. "Dynamic crop sequencing in Western Australian cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14097.

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During the last two decades in Western Australia, the traditional mixed farming system has been increasingly displaced by intensive crop sequences dominated by wheat. Intensive wheat sequences are usually maintained by using suitable breaks, including pasture, fallow, or alternative cereal, oilseed and legume crops, to control weeds and disease, or maintain the supply of nitrogen to crops. New cereal fungicide options may also assist to maintain intensive cereal systems by suppressing soilborne cereal diseases. To guide the successful diversification of intensive cereal systems, we evaluated t
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26

Young, R. R., B. Wilson, S. Harden, and A. Bernardi. "Accumulation of soil carbon under zero tillage cropping and perennial vegetation on the Liverpool Plains, eastern Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08104.

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Australian agriculture contributes an estimated 16% of all national greenhouse gas emissions, and considerable attention is now focused on management approaches that reduce net emissions. One area of potential is the modification of cropping practices to increase soil carbon storage. Here, we report short–medium term changes in soil carbon under zero tillage cropping systems and perennial vegetation, both in a replicated field experiment and on nearby farmers’ paddocks, on carbon-depleted Black Vertosols in the upper Liverpool Plains catchment. Soil organic carbon stocks (CS) remained unchange
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27

Cogle, A. L., M. A. Keating, P. A. Langford, J. Gunton, and I. S. Webb. "Runoff, soil loss, and nutrient transport from cropping systems on Red Ferrosols in tropical northern Australia." Soil Research 49, no. 1 (2011): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10069.

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Runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss were assessed on a Red Ferrosol in tropical Australia over 3 years. The experiment was conducted using bounded, 100-m2 field plots cropped to peanuts, maize, or grass. A bare plot, without cover or crop, was also instigated as an extreme treatment. Results showed the importance of cover in reducing runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss from these soils. Runoff ranged from 13% of incident rainfall for the conventional cultivation to 29% under bare conditions during the highest rainfall year, and was well correlated with event rainfall and rainfall energy. Soi
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28

Walsh, Michael J., John C. Broster, and Stephen B. Powles. "iHSD Mill Efficacy on the Seeds of Australian Cropping System Weeds." Weed Technology 32, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.95.

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AbstractIn Australia, widespread evolution of multi-resistant weed populations has driven the development and adoption of harvest weed seed control (HWSC). However, due to incompatibility of commonly used HWSC systems with highly productive conservation cropping systems, better HWSC systems are in demand. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the integrated Harrington Seed Destructor (iHSD) mill on the seeds of Australia’s major crop weeds during wheat chaff processing. Also examined were the impacts of chaff type and moisture content on weed seed destruction efficacy. Initially, the iH
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29

Swarts, Nigel, Kelvin Montagu, Garth Oliver, Liam Southam-Rogers, Marcus Hardie, Ross Corkrey, Gordon Rogers, and Dugald Close. "Benchmarking nitrous oxide emissions in deciduous tree cropping systems." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15326.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions contribute 6% of the global warming effect and are derived from the activity of soil-based microorganisms involved in nitrification and denitrification processes. There is a paucity of greenhouse gas emissions data for Australia’s horticulture industry. In this study we investigated N2O flux from two deciduous fruit tree crops, apples and cherries, in two predominant growing regions in eastern Australia, the Huon Valley in southern Tasmania (Lucaston – apples and Lower Longley – cherries), and high altitude northern New South Wales (Orange – apples and Young – che
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30

Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, L. A. Finlay, and V. Heimoana. "Soil organic carbon concentrations and storage in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 8 (2013): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12374.

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Long-term studies of soil organic carbon dynamics in two- and three-crop rotations in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems under varying stubble management practices in Australian Vertosols are relatively few. Our objective was to quantify soil organic carbon dynamics during a 9-year period in four irrigated, cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage near Narrabri in north-western New South Wales, Australia. The experimental treatments were: cotton–cotton (CC); cotton–vetch (Vicia villosa Roth. in 2002–06, Vic
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31

Yeates, S. J., G. R. Strickland, and P. R. Grundy. "Can sustainable cotton production systems be developed for tropical northern Australia?" Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13220.

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This article reviews research coordinated by the Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) that investigated production issues for irrigated cotton at five targeted sites in tropical northern Australia, north of 21°S from Broome in Western Australia to the Burdekin in Queensland. The biotic and abiotic issues for cotton production were investigated with the aim of defining the potential limitations and, where appropriate, building a sustainable technical foundation for a future industry if it were to follow. Key lessons from the Cotton CRC research effort were: (1) limitations though
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32

Baker, Jeanine, and Christopher Preston. "Canola (Brassica napus L.) seedbank declines rapidly in farmer-managed fields in South Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 8 (2008): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07436.

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Canola is an important crop in southern Australia, where it is used as part of the crop rotation to manage cereal diseases, improve wheat yields, and assist in integrated weed management programs. The potential release of herbicide-tolerant transgenic cultivars into Australia has raised concerns that volunteer canola may itself become an uncontrollable weed. This study examined the persistence of the canola seedbank in farmer-managed fields in 3 geographical areas of the South Australian cropping region for up to 3.5 years after the last canola crop was grown. In total, 66 fields from minimum-
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33

Nachimuthu, G., M. J. Bell, and N. V. Halpin. "Carbon losses in terrestrial hydrological pathways in sugarcane cropping systems of Australia." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 109A—113A. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.5.109a.

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34

Nachimuthu, Gunasekhar, Michael J. Bell, and Neil V. Halpin. "Nitrogen losses in terrestrial hydrological pathways in sugarcane cropping systems of Australia." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72, no. 2 (2017): 32A—35A. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.2.32a.

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35

Chauhan, Yashvir, Samantha Allard, Rex Williams, Brett Williams, Sagadevan Mundree, Karine Chenu, and N. C. Rachaputi. "Characterisation of chickpea cropping systems in Australia for major abiotic production constraints." Field Crops Research 204 (March 2017): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.008.

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36

Connor, David J. "Designing cropping systems for efficient use of limited water in southern Australia." European Journal of Agronomy 21, no. 4 (December 2004): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.07.004.

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37

Siddique, K. H. M., and J. Sykes. "Pulse production in Australia past, present and future." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96068.

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Summary. Several cool- and warm-season pulse crops (grain legumes) are grown in rotation with cereals and pasture forming sustainable farming systems in Australia. Australian pulse production has increased rapidly over the past 25 years to about 2 x 106 t/year, mainly because of the increase in the area and yield of lupin production for stockfeed purposes. Pulses currently comprise only 10% of the cropping areas of Australia and this could be expanded to 16% as there are large areas of soil types suitable for a range of pulse crops and new better-adapted pulse varieties are becoming available.
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38

Kleemann, Samuel G. L., and Gurjeet S. Gill. "Population Ecology and Management of Rigid Brome (Bromus rigidus) in Australian Cropping Systems." Weed Science 57, no. 2 (April 2009): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-121.1.

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Rigid brome is a problematic weed of southern Australian cropping systems. Increased knowledge about the ecology of rigid brome and the influence of management strategies on its seedbank dynamics could facilitate development of more effective weed control programs. A field study was undertaken to investigate seedbank persistence and the influence of different management strategies on rigid brome control at Lock in South Australia during 2003 to 2005. Seeds of rigid brome were found to persist in the soil for up to 3 yr, with > 20% of the seedbank persisting from one season to the next. Ther
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39

Mielenz, Henrike, Peter J. Thorburn, Robert H. Harris, Sally J. Officer, Guangdi Li, Graeme D. Schwenke, and Peter R. Grace. "Nitrous oxide emissions from grain production systems across a wide range of environmental conditions in eastern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15376.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Australian grain cropping systems are highly variable due to the large variations in soil and climate conditions and management practices under which crops are grown. Agricultural soils contribute 55% of national N2O emissions, and therefore mitigation of these emissions is important. In the present study, we explored N2O emissions, yield and emissions intensity in a range of management practices in grain crops across eastern Australia with the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM). The model was initially evaluated against experiments conducted a
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40

Monjardino, M., D. J. Pannell, and S. B. Powles. "The economic value of haying and green manuring in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 12 (2004): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03144.

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Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. These systems include non-herbicide methods ranging from delayed seeding and high crop seeding rates to the use of non-cropping phases in the rotation. In this paper, the Multi-species RIM (resistance and integrated management) mode
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41

Noack, S. R., T. M. McBeath, and M. J. McLaughlin. "Potential for foliar phosphorus fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 8 (2010): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10080.

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Although not commonly used in dryland cropping systems to date, foliar phosphorus (P) fertilisation may allow a tactical response to prevailing seasonal climatic conditions, with the added benefit of reduced input costs at sowing. However, variable outcomes have been reported from field trials predominantly conducted in the USA, and to a lesser degree in Australia. The effectiveness of foliar P is dependent on soil P status, soil water status, crop type, fertiliser formulation and prevailing climatic conditions. This review argues that the potential of foliar P fertilisation in Australian dryl
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42

Cogle, AL, J. Littlemore, and DH Heiner. "Soil organic matter changes and crops responses to fertiliser under conservation cropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950233.

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Soil organic matter changes due to cropping in the semi-arid tropics were studied in an area with cropping potential. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen (N) decreased after clearing and tillage, but decline was less where pasture-crop rotations were used. Crop N removal was high and exceeded the recommended fertiliser N rate. These results suggest that if cropping expansion occurs, careful management the is necessary for long-term productivity and land resource protection.
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43

Holloway, Joanne C., Michael J. Furlong, and Philip I. Bowden. "Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07424.

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Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of
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44

Whitbread, A. M., C. W. Davoren, V. V. S. R. Gupta, R. Llewellyn, and the late D. Roget. "Long-term cropping system studies support intensive and responsive cropping systems in the low-rainfall Australian Mallee." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14136.

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Continuous-cropping systems based on no-till and crop residue retention have been widely adopted across the low-rainfall cereal belt in southern Australia in the last decade to manage climate risk and wind erosion. This paper reports on two long-term field experiments that were established in the late 1990s on texturally different soil types at a time of uncertainty about the profitability of continuous-cropping rotations in low-rainfall environments. Continuous-cereal systems significantly outyielded the traditional pasture–wheat systems in five of the 11 seasons at Waikerie (light-textured s
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45

Owen, Mechelle J., Roslyn K. Owen, and Stephen B. Powles. "A Survey in the Southern Grain Belt of Western Australia Did Not Find Conyza Spp. Resistant to Glyphosate." Weed Technology 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-166.1.

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Glyphosate-resistant crops will be grown for the first time in Western Australia in 2009. A survey was conducted across 150,000 km2 of the southeastern part of the Western Australian grain belt in 2007 to determine whether glyphosate-resistant Conyza populations were present. Sixty-eight Conyza populations were collected from various fields and roadside locations. These populations were collected from areas where Conyza was known to exist. Populations were screened with glyphosate and all populations were found to be glyphosate-susceptible. While no glyphosate-resistant Conyza populations were
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46

Özkan, Şeyda, Julian Hill, and Brendan Cullen. "Effect of climate variability on pasture-based dairy feeding systems in south-east Australia." Animal Production Science 55, no. 9 (2015): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14493.

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The Australian dairy industry relies primarily on pasture for its feed supply. However, the variability in climate affects plant growth, leading to uncertainty in dryland pasture supply. This paper models the impact of climate variability on pasture production and examines the potential of two pasture-based dairy feeding systems: (1) to experience winter deficits; (2) to carry forward the conserved pasture surpluses as silage for future use; and (3) to conserve pasture surpluses as hay. The two dairy feeding systems examined were a traditional perennial ryegrass-based feeding system (ryegrass
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47

Zull, A. F., J. Owens, M. Bourgault, B. Johnson, G. Peck, and N. Christodoulou. "Mixed farming diversification may be costly: southern Queensland case study." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 4 (2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16193.

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Many farmers in Australia and in other countries have a choice of crop or livestock production, and many choose a mixture of both, based on risk preference, personal interests, markets, land resources and local climate. Mixed farming can be a risk-spreading strategy, especially in highly variable climates, but the right scales of each enterprise within the mix may be critical to farm profitability. To investigate expected farm profits, the probability of breaking even, as well as the worst and best case scenarios, we used farm data and APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) to simul
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48

Sharma, Darshan L., and Walter K. Anderson. "Success of diagnostic approach to rainfed, wheat-based cropping systems in Western Australia." Agricultural Systems 123 (January 2014): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.08.007.

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49

LAM, S. K., D. CHEN, R. NORTON, R. ARMSTRONG, and A. R. MOSIER. "Influence of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and supplementary irrigation on greenhouse gas emissions from a spring wheat crop in southern Australia." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 2 (July 31, 2012): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961200055x.

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SUMMARYThe effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from semi-arid cropping systems is poorly understood. Closed static chambers were used to measure the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), CO2and methane (CH4) from a spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Yitpi) crop-soil system at the Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (AGFACE) facility at Horsham in southern Australia in 2009. The targeted atmospheric CO2concentrations (hereafter CO2concentration is abbreviated as [CO2]) were 390 (ambient) and 550 (elevated) μmol/mol for both rainfed
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50

Kleemann, Samuel George Lloyd, and Gurjeet Singh Gill. "Seed Dormancy and Seedling Emergence in Ripgut Brome (Bromus diandrus) Populations in Southern Australia." Weed Science 61, no. 2 (June 2013): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00083.1.

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Ripgut brome is a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops of southern Australia because only a few herbicides can provide effective control in cereals. Knowledge of seed-dormancy mechanisms, germination ecology, and emergence behavior in the field could facilitate development of effective weed control programs for this weed species. Ripgut brome populations from cropping fields were found to possess much longer seed dormancy than that reported previously in the literature. Furthermore, some ripgut brome populations from cropping fields showed longer seed dormancy than those collected from adj
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