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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "CVD injection liquide"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

Última modificación: 19 de julio de 2025

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1

Wong, Kai Chung, Tony Chen, David E. Connor, Masud Behnia, and Kurosh Parsi. "Computational Fluid Dynamics of Liquid and Foam Sclerosant Injection in a Vein Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 553 (May 2014): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.553.293.

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The aim of this study was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the injection of liquid and foam sclerosants into a varicose vein. The CFD model results were compared with sclerosant flow in an experimental model of a straight or a branched vein. The effects of injection angle, injection velocity and tubing contents (blood, saline) on sclerosant spreading were assessed by CFD. The simulation of liquid sclerosants injection was able to provide a good representation of forward flow, but underrepresented sclerosant backflow. Due to the complex nature of computational modelling of foams, CFD modelling of foam sclerosants injection was less accurate and provided only limited information on foam spreading. CFD modelling can be used as a representation of liquid and foam sclerosant injection, but further research is required to provide a more accurate analysis.

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2

Papadimitropoulos, G., and D. Davazoglou. "Copper metallization based on direct-liquid-injection hot-wire CVD." Microelectronic Engineering 84, no. 5-8 (2007): 1148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.012.

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3

Li, Xinhai, Yong Cheng, Shaobo Ji, Xue Yang, and Lu Wang. "Sensitivity Analysis of Fuel Injection Characteristics of GDI Injector to Injector Nozzle Diameter." Energies 12, no. 3 (2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030434.

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The accuracy of a nozzle diameter directly affects the difference of the injection characteristics between the holes and productions of a GDI (gasoline direct injection) injector. In order to reduce the difference and guarantee uniform injection characteristics, this paper carried out a CFD simulation of the effect of nozzle diameter which fluctuated in a small range on single-cycle fuel mass. The sensitivity of the fuel injection quantity to the injector nozzle diameter was obtained. The results showed that the liquid phase ratio at the nozzle outlet decreased and the velocity of the outlet increased with the increase of the nozzle diameter. When fluctuating in a small range of nozzle diameters, the sensitivity of the single-hole fuel mass to the nozzle diameter remained constant. The increase of the injection pressure lead to the increase of the sensitivity coefficient of the single-hole fuel mass to the nozzle diameter. The development of cavitation in the nozzle and the deviation of the fuel jet from the axis were aggravated with the increase of the injection pressure. However, the fluctuation in a small range of nozzles had little effect on the near-nozzle flow.

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4

Seehanam, Wirapan, Kulachate Pianthong, Wuttichai Sittiwong, and Brian Milton. "Injection pressure and velocity of impact-driven liquid jets." Engineering Computations 31, no. 7 (2014): 1130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-09-2012-0218.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a procedure to simulate impact-driven liquid jets by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The proposed CFD model is used to investigate nozzle flow behavior under ultra-high injection pressure and jet velocities generated by the impact driven method (IDM). Design/methodology/approach – A CFD technique was employed to simulate the jet generation process. The injection process was simulated by using a two-phase flow mixture model, while the projectile motion was modeled the moving mesh technique. CFD results were compared with experimental results from jets generated by the IDM. Findings – The paper provides a procedure to simulate impact-driven liquid jets by CFD. The validation shows reasonable agreement to previous experimental results. The pressure fluctuations inside the nozzle cavity strongly affect the liquid jet formation. The average jet velocity and the injection pressure depends mainly on the impact momentum and the volume of liquid in the nozzle, while the nozzle flow behavior (pressure fluctuation) depends mainly on the liquid volume and the impact velocity. Research limitations/implications – Results may slightly deviate from the actual phenomena due to two assumptions which are the liquid compressibility depends only on the rate of change of pressure respected to the liquid volume and the super cavitation process in the generation process is not taken into account. Practical implications – Results from this study will be useful for further designs of the nozzle and impact conditions for applications of jet cutting, jet penetration, needle free injection, or any related areas. Originality/value – This study presents the first success of employing a commercial code with additional user defined function to calculate the complex phenomena in the nozzle flow and jet injection generated by the IDM.

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5

Zhang, Jia Fang, Zong Qing Lu, Zhao Wang, Qing Ke Yuan, and Guang Kai Wang. "Research on Intelligent Inspection Machine Based on Linear CCD." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3819.

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This paper introduces new equipment for injection liquid inspection. The Intelligent Inspection Machine is based on linear CCD. The inspection platform, holding device and rotating and abruptly stopping station of this equipment are introduced, and the operating principle is illustrated. Image preprocessing is demonstrated in details, including filtering, segmentation and the calculated of particles. The experiments demonstrated that the intelligent inspection machine for injection liquid inspection based on linear CCD is feasible.

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6

Jones, Anthony C., Hywel O. Davies, Timothy J. Leedham, et al. "Precursor design for liquid Injection CVD of lead scandium tantalate thin films." Integrated Ferroelectrics 30, no. 1-4 (2000): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580008222249.

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7

Morales, J., L. M. Apátiga, and V. M. Castaño. "Synthesis of diamond films from organic compounds by Pulsed Liquid Injection CVD." Surface and Coatings Technology 203, no. 5-7 (2008): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.05.030.

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8

Maury, F., A. Douard, S. Delclos, D. Samelor, and C. Tendero. "Multilayer chromium based coatings grown by atmospheric pressure direct liquid injection CVD." Surface and Coatings Technology 204, no. 6-7 (2009): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.04.020.

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9

Manole, Claudiu Constantin, Olivier Marsan, Cedric Charvillat, Ioana Demetrescu, and Francis Maury. "Evidences for liquid encapsulation in PMMA ultra-thin film grown by liquid injection Photo-CVD." Progress in Organic Coatings 76, no. 12 (2013): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.05.027.

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10

Avril, L., S. Bourgeois, M. C. Marco de Lucas, et al. "Thermal stability of Au–TiO2 nanocomposite films prepared by direct liquid injection CVD." Vacuum 122 (December 2015): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.06.018.

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11

Asmann, M., D. Kolman, J. Heberlein, and E. Pfender. "Experimental confirmation of thermal plasma CVD of diamond with liquid feedstock injection model." Diamond and Related Materials 9, no. 1 (2000): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(99)00189-2.

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12

Kelly, P. V., M. B. Mooney, J. T. Beechinor, et al. "Ultraviolet assisted injection liquid source chemical vapour deposition (UVILS-CVD) of tantalum pentoxide." Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 10, no. 3-5 (2000): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0712(200005/10)10:3/5<115::aid-amo418>3.0.co;2-#.

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13

Papadimitropoulos, G., and D. Davazoglou. "Copper Films Deposited by Hot-Wire CVD and Direct Liquid Injection of CupraSelect." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 11 (2007): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200706621.

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14

Li, Ning, Yu-Hsiang A. Wang, Milko N. Iliev, Tonya M. Klein, and Arunava Gupta. "Growth of Atomically Smooth Epitaxial Nickel Ferrite Films by Direct Liquid Injection CVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 17, no. 7-9 (2011): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.201106930.

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15

Zhang, Yu, Qifan Wang, Ruomiao Yang, Yuchao Yan, Jiahong Fu, and Zhentao Liu. "Numerical investigation of the effect of injection timing on the in-cylinder activity of a gasoline direct injection engine." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 3 (2022): 168781322210828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221082873.

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GDI (Gasoline direct injection) technology is used in downsized engines for its economy and low emissions. However, if the injection strategy is not set properly, GDI will produce more emissions than conventional gasoline engines. In this paper, the effect of injection timing on GDI engine emissions under optimal phasing conditions was analyzed by using a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) GDI engine numerical model. The results showed that at medium engine speed and medium load advancing the injection timing from −300 to −290 CAD ATDC resulted in a more efficient and cleaner combustion process, as evidenced by the higher power output, the increased thermal and combustion efficiencies, and the reduced CO, UHC, soot emissions. The raised NOx emissions at advanced injection timing operation corresponded to the high combustion quality. There was a trade-off relation for advancing injection timing strategy. Specifically, an advanced injection timing operation would increase the amount of liquid film formed on the piston and liner, which is not favorable to clean combustion. However, advancing injection timing also provides more time for fuel-air mixing, which is beneficial for the formation of a more homogeneous mixture. The numerical simulations suggested that the advantages of earlier injection timing outweighed the disadvantages and improved engine efficiency, at least for the conditions and the engine investigated here. Moreover, the comparison indicated that changing injection timing also altered the chemical reaction pathways for pollutant species formation. Overall, all of these findings demonstrated that more fundamental work is still needed to understand the effect of injection timing on engine performance.

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16

Vernardou, D., M. E. Pemble, and D. W. Sheel. "Tungsten-Doped Vanadium Oxides Prepared by Direct Liquid Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 4 (2007): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200606527.

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17

Jenkins, Carol, Melissa Cruz, Jen Depalma, et al. "Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Growth via CVD Synthesis from a Liquid Precursor." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 23, no. 01n02 (2014): 1420001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156414200018.

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As novel theories and uses of carbon nanotubes (CNT) advance, it becomes increasingly important to characterize the methods of production. One such method of CNT production uses a liquid phase precursor (hydrocarbon with nanoparticle catalyst mix) that is injected into a tube furnace with a flowing carrier gas. The CNTs are grown in high purity and are collected on the surface of the quartz tube. The system allows for a number of variables to be tested such as growth temperatures, flow rate of the carrier gas, precursor injection rates and variations of precursor mix however, here only thermal effects are considered. Under thermal conditions ranging from 500 to 850°C, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are synthesized and characterized to determine inner and outer diameter as well as tube thickness.

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18

Andsaler, Adiba Rhaodah, Amir Khalid, Him Ramsy, and Norrizam Jaat. "A Review Paper on Simulation and Modeling of Combustion Characteristics under High Ambient and High Injection of Biodiesel Combustion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.580.

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This paper describes simulation of combustion characteristics under high ambient and high injection of biodiesel combustion by using CFD simulation. Diesel engine performance and emissions is strongly couple with fuel atomization and spray processes, which in turn are strongly influenced by injector flow dynamics. The principal objective of this research is to seek the effect of temperature and pressure on the spray characteristics, as well as fuel-air mixing characteristics. Experiments were performed in a constant volume chamber at specified ambient gas temperature and pressure. This research was continued with injecting diesel fuel into the chamber using a Bosch common rail system. Direct photography technique with a digital camera was used to clarify the real images of spray pattern, liquid length and vapor penetration. The method of the simulation of real phenomenon of diesel combustion with optical access rapid compression machine is also reviewed and experimental results are presented. The liquid phase of the spray reaches a maximum penetration distance soon after the start of injection, while the vapor phase of the spray continues to penetrate downstream. The condition to which the fuel is affected was estimated by combining information on the block temperature, ambient temperature and photographs of the spray. The increases in ambient pressure inside the chamber resulting in gain of spray area and wider spray angle. Thus predominantly promotes for a better fuel-air mixing. All of the experiments will be conducted and run by using CFD. The simulation will show in the form of images.

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19

Ugarte, Orlando, Neel Busa, Bikram Konar, Tyamo Okosun, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Impact of Injection Rate on Flow Mixing during the Refining Stage in an Electric Arc Furnace." Metals 14, no. 2 (2024): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14020134.

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During the refining stage of electric arc furnace (EAF) operation, molten steel is stirred to facilitate gas/steel/slag reactions and the removal of impurities, which determines the quality of the steel. The stirring process can be driven by the injection of oxygen, which is carried out by burners operating in lance mode. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform is used to simulate the liquid steel flow dynamics in an industrial-scale scrap-based EAF. The CFD platform simulates the three-dimensional, transient, non-reacting flow of the liquid steel bath stirred by oxygen injection to analyze the mixing process. In particular, the CFD study simulates liquid steel flow in an industrial-scale EAF with three asymmetric coherent jets, which impacts the liquid steel mixing under different injection conditions. The liquid steel mixing is quantified by defining two variables: the mixing time and the standard deviation of the flow velocity. The results indicate that the mixing rate of the bath is determined by flow dynamics near the injection cavities and that the formation of very low-velocity regions or ‘dead zones’ at the center of the furnace and the balcony regions prevents flow mixing. This study includes a baseline case, where oxygen is injected at 1000 SCFM in all the burners. Two sets of cases are also included: The first set considers cases where oxygen is injected at a reduced and at an increased uniform flow rate, 750 and 1250 SCFM, respectively. The second set considers cases with non-uniform injection rates in each burner, which keep the same total flow rate of the baseline case, 3000 SCFM. Comparison between the two sets of simulations against the baseline case shows that by increasing the uniform flow rate from 1000 to 1250 SCFM, the mixing time is reduced by 10.9%. Moreover, all the non-uniform injection cases reduce the mixing time obtained in the baseline case. However, the reduction in mixing times in these cases is accompanied by an increase in the standard deviations of the flow field. Among the non-uniform injection cases, the largest reduction in mixing time compared to the baseline case is 10.2%, which is obtained when the largest flow rates are assigned to coherent jets located opposite each other across the furnace.

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20

Potter, R. J., P. R. Chalker, T. D. Manning, et al. "Deposition of HfO2, Gd2O3 and PrOx by Liquid Injection ALD Techniques." Chemical Vapor Deposition 11, no. 3 (2005): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200406348.

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21

TAKAHASHI, M. "Preparation of composite and compositionally graded TiC?TiN films by liquid injection plasma-enhanced CVD." Solid State Ionics 172, no. 1-4 (2004): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.03.015.

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22

Selvakumar, J., V. S. Raghunathan, and K. S. Nagaraja. "Nanocrystalline yttria films by plasma-assisted liquid injection (PA-LI) CVD technique using metallorganic precursors." Materials Letters 63, no. 30 (2009): 2710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.09.050.

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23

Grohn, Philipp, Marius Lawall, Tobias Oesau, Stefan Heinrich, and Sergiy Antonyuk. "CFD-DEM Simulation of a Coating Process in a Fluidized Bed Rotor Granulator." Processes 8, no. 9 (2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091090.

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Coating of particles is a widely used technique in order to obtain the desired surface modification of the final product, e.g., specific color or taste. Especially in the pharmaceutical industry, rotor granulators are used to produce round, coated pellets. In this work, the coating process in a rotor granulator is investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with the discrete element method (DEM). The droplets are generated as a second particulate phase in DEM. A liquid bridge model is implemented in the DEM model to take the capillary and viscous forces during the wet contact of the particles into account. A coating model is developed, where the drying of the liquid layer on the particles, as well as the particle growth, is considered. The simulation results of the dry process compared to the simulations with liquid injection show an important influence of the liquid on the particle dynamics. The formation of liquid bridges and the viscous forces in the liquid layer lead to an increase of the average particle velocity and contact time. Changing the injection rate of water has an influence on the contact duration but no significant effect on the particle dynamics. In contrast, the aqueous binder solution has an important influence on the particle movement.

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24

Vijayakumar, Vishnu, Jagadish Pisharady, and P. Balachandran. "Computational and experimental study on supersonic film cooling for liquid rocket nozzle applications." Thermal Science 19, no. 1 (2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120908077p.

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An experimental and computational investigation of supersonic film cooling (SFC) was conducted on a subscale model of a rocket engine nozzle. A computational model of a convergent-divergent nozzle was generated, incorporating a secondary injection module for film cooling in the divergent section. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were run on the model and different injection configurations were analyzed. The CFD simulations also analyzed the parameters that influence film cooling effectiveness. Subsequent to the CFD analysis and literature survey an angled injection configuration was found to be more effective, therefore the hardware was fabricated for the same. The fabricated nozzle was later fixed to an Air-Kerosene combustor and numerous sets of experiments were conducted in order to ascertain the effect on film cooling on the nozzle wall. The film coolant employed was gaseous Nitrogen. The results showed substantial cooling along the walls and a considerable reduction in heat transfer from the combustion gas to the wall of the nozzle. Finally the computational model was validated using the experimental results. There was fairly good agreement between the predicted nozzle wall temperature and the value obtained through experiments.

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25

Zahari, Nuraqilah, Bukhari Manshoor, Mohamad Hafizuddin Roslan, et al. "Simulation of Liquid NH3 Spray Characteristics for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 126, no. 2 (2025): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.126.2.6272.

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Fuel/air mixing characteristics of liquid ammonia under direct injection engines have gained significant attention in the automotive industry due to their potential for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. This study employed a simulation approach to investigate the spray characteristics of liquid ammonia for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions. Conversely, lower injection pressures resulted in shorter spray penetration due to reduced fuel momentum and weaker atomisation. The main variable in this study is injection pressure, which is 50 bar, 80 bar and 110 bar. Meanwhile, the parameters for the orifice diameter used in the CFD simulation by Ansys Fluent are 0.3 mm and the ambient pressures, which are atmosphere pressure and the other hand, remain constant throughout the research. The simulation results showed a clear relationship between injection pressure and spray penetration. Higher injection pressures increased spray penetration, indicating improved fuel dispersion and atomisation. This is attributed to the higher kinetic energy of the fuel, leading to enhanced breakup and smaller droplet sizes.

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26

., Safiullah. "Non-Vaporizing and Vaporizing Diesel Spray Evaluation with Experimental and Computational Approaches." Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 19, no. 2 (2021): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.1902.17.

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Experimental and numerical modeling of diesel spray is necessary to understand the idea of efficient combustion and injection strategies in diesel engines. The current study aims to demonstrate the experimental and computational modeling of diesel spray under non-evaporating and evaporating conditions using three single hole injector diameters i.e. 0.133mm, 0.122mm and 0.101mm with injection pressure and injection quantity of 120 MPa and 5 mm3, respectively. First, the non-evaporating experiments are performed in high-pressure high-temperature constant volume vessel where the spray images are captured with High-Speed Video (HSV) camera using Diffused Background Illumination (DBI) method. However, evaporating spray experiments implement LAS technique to measure mixture concentration as well as visualize liquid and vapor phases of evaporating spray. The experimental results are then validated with computational simulation using AVL FIRE commercial CFD code. The CFD code uses Reynold’s Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS), KHRT and Dukowicz model as turbulence, spray breakup and evaporation models, respectively. Good agreement can be found between experimental results and CFD simulation in terms of spray tip penetration, spray angle and spray cone angle for non-evaporating case and equivalence ratio distribution, liquid/vapor penetration lengths and evaporation ratio for evaporating sprays. Thus, this work can be considered as successful validation for CI engine under similar spray conditions.

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27

Carpenter, Chris. "Annular Injection Mixer Approach Improves Evaporation of Heavy Hydrocarbons." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 04 (2024): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0424-0067-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 216883, “How To Evaporate Heavy Hydrocarbon in a Natural Gas Stream Within a Short Distance: The AIM Concept,” by Fariz Maktar and Christian Chauvet, Wood, and John Sabey, SPE, Prosep. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Evaporating heavy hydrocarbons has long been a challenging task, especially in a limited area that requires rapid vaporization of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fractions within a short distance. A static mixer that the authors call the annular injection mixer (AIM) has demonstrated superior performance in providing immediate and uniform vaporization of LPG fractions into natural gas. The complete paper focuses on the use of AIM in vaporizing heavy hydrocarbon (C4–C9) fractions into natural gas streams and the evaluation of evaporation performance through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Breakup of Droplets The efficacy of the AIM revolves around its capability to generate fine liquid droplets in the main gas stream. In the AIM, droplets generation takes place through a series of primary and secondary breakup processes. As the liquid phase is introduced into the AIM, the liquid phase travels along the conical wall as a thin liquid film. The difference in velocity between the liquid film and the carrier fluid, in this case natural gas, induces instability within the liquid film. Downstream of a sharp rim, called the “knife edge” by the authors, these instabilities grow further and eventually lead to the breakup of liquid film into liquid ligaments. These unstable ligaments experience further atomization and generate droplets. At higher carrier-fluid velocity, these droplets will deform and experience secondary atomization, generating much smaller droplets. This process continues until the droplets are sufficiently small and stable. AIM System Overview The AIM is a static mixer with no moving parts (Fig. 1). It relies on the momentum of the carrier fluid to generate small liquid droplets and enhance their evaporation, resulting in 100% homogenization and full vaporization of the droplets within several pipe diameters downstream. The AIM’s design consists of a convergent conical section and a divergent conical section. Between the sections, at the vena contracta, is the knife edge. LPG in the liquid phase is introduced into the AIM through annular rings consisting of multiple opening channels just upstream of the knife edge. Because of the high natural gas velocity in this area, the LPG is spread along the conical wall, forming a thin liquid film. Once the LPG liquid film reaches the knife edge, the liquid film transforms into liquid ligaments. These liquid ligaments are unstable and experience further breakup into liquid droplets. Additionally, these liquid droplets are subjected to droplet deformation and secondary droplets break up. Challenges Conventional 1D process simulators might be able to assess the evaporation capability of LPG into natural gas; however, such software will not be able to measure the dynamics and kinetics of the evaporation process. This is where 3D CFD simulators hold an advantage over conventional 1D process simulators.

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28

Lupina, Grzegorz, Mindaugas Lukosius, Christian Wenger, et al. "Deposition of BaHfO3Dielectric Layers for Microelectronic Applications by Pulsed Liquid Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 15, no. 7-9 (2009): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200804272.

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29

NAKAYAMA, HARUKA, ROCCO PORTARO, CHARLES BASENGA KIYANDA, and HOI DICK NG. "CFD MODELING OF HIGH SPEED LIQUID JETS FROM AN AIR-POWERED NEEDLE-FREE INJECTION SYSTEM." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 04 (2016): 1650045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500457.

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A liquid jet injector is a biomedical device intended for drug delivery. Medication is delivered through a fluid stream that penetrates the skin. This small diameter liquid stream is created by a piston forcing a fluid column through a nozzle. These devices can be powered by springs or compressed gas. In this study, a CFD simulation is carried out to investigate the fluid mechanics and performance of needle free injectors powered specifically by compressed air. The motion of the internal mechanisms of the injector which propels a liquid jet through an orifice is simulated by the moving boundary method and the fluid dynamics is modeled using LES/VOF techniques. In this paper, numerical results are discussed by comparing the fluid stagnation pressures of the liquid jet with previously published experimental measurements obtained using a custom-built prototype of the air-powered needle free liquid injector. Performance plots as a function of various injector parameters are presented and explained.

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30

Huang, Joanne, Ajit J. D'Souza, Jason B. Alarcon, et al. "Protective Immunity in Mice Achieved with Dry Powder Formulation and Alternative Delivery of Plague F1-V Vaccine." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 5 (2009): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00447-08.

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ABSTRACT The potential use of Yersinia pestis as a bioterror agent is a great concern. Development of a stable powder vaccine against Y. pestis and administration of the vaccine by minimally invasive methods could provide an alternative to the traditional liquid formulation and intramuscular injection. We evaluated a spray-freeze-dried powder vaccine containing a recombinant F1-V fusion protein of Y. pestis for vaccination against plaque in a mouse model. Mice were immunized with reconstituted spray-freeze-dried F1-V powder via intramuscular injection, microneedle-based intradermal delivery, or noninvasive intranasal administration. By intramuscular injection, the reconstituted powder induced serum antibody responses and provided protection against lethal subcutaneous challenge with 1,000 50% lethal doses of Y. pestis at levels equivalent to those elicited by unprocessed liquid formulations (70 to 90% protection). The feasibility of intradermal and intranasal delivery of reconstituted powder F1-V vaccine was also demonstrated. Overall, microneedle-based intradermal delivery was shown to be similar in efficacy to intramuscular injection, while intranasal administration required an extra dose of vaccine to achieve similar protection. In addition, the results suggest that seroconversion against F1 may be a better predictor of protection against Y. pestis challenge than seroconversion against either F1-V or V. In summary, we demonstrate the preclinical feasibility of using a reconstituted powder F1-V formulation and microneedle-based intradermal delivery to provide protective immunity against plague in a mouse model. Intranasal delivery, while feasible, was less effective than injection in this study. The potential use of these alternative delivery methods and a powder vaccine formulation may result in substantial health and economic benefits.

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31

Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A., and Alberto N. Conejo. "CFD study on the effect of the oxygen lance inclination angle on the decarburization kinetics of liquid steel in the EAF." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 5 (2021): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021069.

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In Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking the main chemical reaction is the decarburization reaction. This reaction is promoted by the injection of oxygen using supersonic or coherent jets and further chemical reaction with dissolved carbon in liquid steel at high temperatures. A 3D mathematical model to describe the effect of the injection angle, oxygen gas flow rate and number of lances on the decarburization kinetics of molten steel, in the absence of the top slag layer has been developed. The model has been validated using experimental data reported in the literature. The model shows that the decarburization kinetics is promoted by decreasing the injection angle from the horizontal, condition that improves both bath movement and reaction kinetics. These findings suggest that current injection angles in industrial EAF’s can be decreased in order to improve the decarburization rate. The main mechanism is the effect of the gas jet on the motion of the liquid. Taking into consideration that decreasing the injection angle from the horizontal promotes splashing, the numerical model predictions are employed to suggest alternative solutions in order to reach high decarburization rates.

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32

Shimada, Shiro, and Kenichi Tsukurimichi. "Preparation of SiNx and composite SiNx–TiN films from alkoxide solutions by liquid injection plasma CVD." Thin Solid Films 419, no. 1-2 (2002): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(02)00768-x.

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33

Senzaki, Yoshihide. "CVD of Zr-Sn-Ti-O Thin Films by Direct Injection of Solventless Liquid Precursor Mixtures." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 3, no. 9 (1999): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1391171.

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34

Aspinall, H. C., J. Gaskell, P. A. Williams, et al. "Growth of Praseodymium Oxide and Praseodymium Silicate Thin Films by Liquid Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 10, no. 2 (2004): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200306282.

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35

Marshall, P. A., R. J. Potter, A. C. Jones, et al. "Growth of Hafnium Aluminate Thin Films by Liquid Injection MOCVD Using Alkoxide Precursors." Chemical Vapor Deposition 10, no. 5 (2004): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200306301.

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36

Dubourdieu, C., E. Rauwel, C. Millon, et al. "Growth by Liquid-Injection MOCVD and Properties of HfO2 Films for Microelectronic Applications." Chemical Vapor Deposition 12, no. 2-3 (2006): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200506397.

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37

Wasem Klein, Felipe, Jean-Roch Huntzinger, Vincent Astié, et al. "Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 15 (March 7, 2024): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.15.26.

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Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique to characterize nanomaterials because of its convenience, non-destructiveness, and sensitivity to materials change. The primary purpose of this work is to determine via Raman spectroscopy the average thickness of MoS2 thin films synthesized by direct liquid injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD). Such samples are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm, i.e., well below the laser spot size), with possibly a distribution of thicknesses and twist angles between stacked layers. As an essential preliminary, we first reassess the applicability of different Raman criteria to determine the thicknesses (or layer number, N) of MoS2 flakes from measurements performed on reference samples, namely well-characterized mechanically exfoliated or standard chemical vapor deposition MoS2 large flakes deposited on 90 ± 6 nm SiO2 on Si substrates. Then, we discuss the applicability of the same criteria for significantly different DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples with average thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer up to three layers. Finally, an original procedure based on the measurement of the intensity of the layer breathing modes is proposed to evaluate the surface coverage for each N (i.e., the ratio between the surface covered by exactly N layers and the total surface) in DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples.

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38

Shimada, Shiro, K. Tsukurimichi, Yusuke Takada, and J. Tsujino. "Preparation of TiN-Based Nitride Composite Films from Alkoxide Solution by Liquid Injection Thermal Plasma CVD Method." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.49.

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39

Crosbie, M. J., P. J. Wright, D. J. Williams, et al. "Comparison of tantalum precursors for use in liquid injection CVD of thin film oxides, dielectrics and ferroelectrics." Le Journal de Physique IV 09, PR8 (1999): Pr8–935—Pr8–942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19998118.

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40

O'Kane, R., J. Gaskell, A. C. Jones, et al. "Growth of HfO2 by Liquid Injection MOCVD and ALD Using New Hafnium-Cyclopentadienyl Precursors." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 11 (2007): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200706589.

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41

Gaskell, J. M., A. C. Jones, P. R. Chalker, et al. "Deposition of Lanthanum Zirconium Oxide High-k Films by Liquid Injection ALD and MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 13, no. 12 (2007): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200706637.

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42

Xue, Rong, Yixiao Ruan, Xiufang Liu, Liang Chen, Liqiang Liu, and Yu Hou. "Numerical Study of the Effects of Injection Fluctuations on Liquid Nitrogen Spray Cooling." Processes 7, no. 9 (2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090564.

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Spray cooling with liquid nitrogen is increasingly utilized as an efficient approach to achieve cryogenic cooling. Effects of injection mass flow rate fluctuations on the evaporation, temperature distribution, and droplet distribution of a spray field were examined by employing a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical model. The numerical results indicated that injection fluctuations enhanced the volume-averaging turbulent kinetic energy and promoted the evaporation of the whole spray field. The strengthened mass and heat transfer between the liquid nitrogen droplets and the surrounding vapor created by the fluctuating injection led to a lower temperature of the whole volume. A relatively smaller droplet size and a more inhomogeneous droplet distribution were obtained under the unsteady inlet. The changes of the frequency and the amplitude of the fluctuations had little effects on the overall spray development. The results could enrich the knowledge of the relation between the inevitable fluctuations and the overall spray development and the cooling performance in a practical spray cooling system with cryogenic fluids.

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43

Wong, K. C., S. W. Armfield, and N. Williamson. "Numerical investigation and modelling of the venous injection of sclerosant foam." ANZIAM Journal 60 (November 29, 2019): C261—C278. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v60i0.14099.

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Sclerosant foam, a mixture of a surfactant liquid and air, is injected directly into varicose veins as a treatment that causes the vein to collapse. This investigation develops a model that will allow the medical specialist to visualise how the sclerosant foam will interact with the blood and behave within the vein. The process is simulated using a multiphase computational fluid dynamics model with the sclerosant foam considered as a two-phase non-Newtonian power law viscosity liquid. The governing multiphase equations are solved using an Eulerianâ â€“â Eulerian approach coupled with a population balance model to predict the bubble size distribution within the flow field. The computational results demonstrate similar flow characteristics and flow features to an available set of experimental results. The model predicts the mixing layers between the sclerosant foam and the ambient fluid, and the sclerosant liquid and the ambient fluid, as well as the sclerosant liquid coverage on the vein wall and the bubble size distribution within the vein. These quantities are of interest to medical specialists allowing them to assess the treatment feasibility and safety before treating the patients.   References S. Ali Mirjalili, J. C. Muirhead, and M. D. Stringer. Redefining the surface anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction in vivo. Clin. Anat., 27(6):915–919, 2014. doi:10.1002/ca.22386. E. Cameron, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Sclerosant foam structure is strongly influenced by liquid air fraction. Eur. J. Vasc. Endo. Surg., 46:488–494, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.07.013. P. Coleridge-Smith. Saphenous ablation: Sclerosant or sclerofoam? Semin. Vasc. Surg., 18:19–24, 2005. doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2004.12.007. J.-J. Guex. Complications and side-effects of foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology, 24:270–274, 2009. doi:10.1258/phleb.2009.009049. Ansys Inc. ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 population balance module manual. ANSYS, 2010. URL https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/popbal/main_pre.htm. F. Ren, N. A. Noda, T. Ueda, Y. Sano, Y. Takase, T. Umekage, Y. Yonezawa, and H. Tanaka. CFD-PMB coupled simulation of a nanobubble generator with honeycomb structure. volume 372 of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, page 012012, June 2018. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/372/1/012012. P. Souroullas, R. Barnes, G. Smith, S. Nandhra, D. Carradice, and I. Chetter. The classic saphenofemoral junction and its anatomical variations. Phlebology, 32(3):172–178, 2017. doi:10.1177/0268355516635960. A. H. Syed, M. Boulet, T. Melchiori, and J. M. Lavoie. CFD simulations of an air-water bubble column: Effect of Luo coalescence parameter and breakup kernels. Front. Chem., 5(68):1–16, 2017. doi:10.3389/fchem.2017.00068. T. Wang and J. Wang. Numerical simulation of gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble column with a CFD-PBM coupled model. Chem. Eng. Sci., 62:7107–7118, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.08.033. M. R. Watkins. Deactivation of sodium tetradecyl sulphate injection by blood proteins. Euro. J. Vasc. Endo. Surg., 41(4): 521–525, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.12.012. K. Wong. Experimental and numerical investigation and modelling of sclerosant foam. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 2018. K. Wong, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Basic physiochemical and rheological properties of detergent sclerosants. Phlebology, 30(5):339–349, 2015. doi:10.1177/0268355514529271. K. C. Wong, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Computational fluid dynamics of liquid and foam sclerosant injection in a vein model. Appl. Mech. Mater., 553:293–298, 2014. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.553.293.

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44

Noshad, Shar. "Model the Reservoir Fluid Behavior and Pressure Maintenance Through Gas Cycling in Gas Condensate Reservoir." ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 2, no. 3 (2018): 8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13295007.

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Compositional reservoirs (gas-condensate) have complex behaviour. Gas-condensate reservoirs are critical reservoirs in nature. Gas-condensate reservoir has single phase fluid above the dew-point pressure and below the dewpoint pressure has two-phase fluids. In depletion method, reservoir pressure decreases below the dew-point pressure at that pressure two phase-fluid start to form gas and condensate in the reservoir and liquid accumulate around the wellbore that is condensate banking. The accumulation of condensate around the wellbore that blocks the perforated channels and decreases the flow of gas and also the valuable condensate. It is necessary to model the reservoir fluid behaviour before the production. The EOS “Peng Robinson” is the best equation to model the reservoir fluid behaviourfor compositional reservoirs. Lab data CCE, CVD and Separator must have matched with the EOS by using PVT software with ±5 acceptable error. Eclipse E-300 is the best software to simulate the compositional reservoir.Condensate can be re-vaporizing into the single-phase fluid by re-injecting (gas cycling) the gas into the reservoir to maintain the reservoir pressure above the dew point pressure. Gas cycling can maintain the reservoir pressure by two methods 1st Partial pressure maintenance method and 2nd Full pressure maintenance method. Select the best one recovery method depletion, partial pressure maintenance or full pressure maintenance. Select the best production and injection layers (perforation depth), the number of wells, well patterns, production and injection rates and gas cycling years. And select the best cases of a maximum value of NPV and IRR by using the petroleum policy 2012.

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45

Drazdauskas, Martynas, and Sergejus Lebedevas. "Optimization of Combustion Cycle Energy Efficiency and Exhaust Gas Emissions of Marine Dual-Fuel Engine by Intensifying Ammonia Injection." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (2024): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020309.

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The capability of operational marine diesel engines to adapt to renewable and low-carbon fuels is considered one of the most influential methods for decarbonizing maritime transport. In the medium and long term, ammonia is positively valued among renewable and low-carbon fuels in the marine transport sector because its chemical elemental composition does not contain carbon atoms which lead to the formation of CO2 emissions during fuel combustion in the cylinder. However, there are number of problematic aspects to using ammonia in diesel engines (DE): in-tensive formation of GHG component N2O; formation of toxic NOx emissions; and unburnt toxic NH3 slip to the exhaust system. The aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in combustion cycle parameters and exhaust gas emissions of a medium-speed Wartsila 6L46 marine diesel engine operating with ammonia, while optimizing ammonia injection intensity within the limits of Pmax, Tmax, and minimal engine structural changes. The high-pressure dual-fuel (HPDF) injection strategy for the D5/A95 dual-fuel ratio (5% diesel and 95% ammonia by energy value) was investigated within the liquid ammonia injection pressure range of 500 to 2000 bar at the identified optimal injection phases (A −10° CAD and D −3° CAD TDC). Increasing ammonia injection pressure from 500 bar (corresponding to diesel injection pressure) in the range of 800–2000 bar determines the single-phase heat release characteristic (HRC). Combustion duration decreases from 90° crank angle degrees (CAD) at D100 to 20–30° CAD, while indicative thermal efficiency (ITE) increases by ~4.6%. The physical cyclic deNOx process of NOx reduction was identified, and its efficiency was evaluated in relation to ammonia injection pressure by relating the dynamics of NOx formation to local combustion temperature field structure. The optimal ammonia injection pressure was found to be 1000 bar, based on combustion cycle parameters (ITE, Pmax, and Tmax) and exhaust gas emissions (NOx, NH3, and GHG). GHG emissions in a CO2 equivalent were reduced by 24% when ammonia injection pressure was increased from 500 bar to 1000 bar. For comparison, GHG emissions were also reduced by 45%, compared to the diesel combustion cycle.

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46

Lizzoli, Matteo, Walter Borreani, Francesco Devia, Guglielmo Lomonaco, and Mariano Tarantino. "Preliminary CFD Assessment of an Experimental Test Facility Operating with Heavy Liquid Metals." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1949673.

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The CFD analysis of a Venturi nozzle operating in LBE (key component of the CIRCE facility, owned by ENEA) is presented in this paper. CIRCE is a facility developed to investigate in detail the fluid-dynamic behavior of ADS and/or LFR reactor plants. The initial CFD simulations have been developed hand in hand with the comparison with experimental data: the test results were used to confirm the reliability of the CFD model, which, in turn, was used to improve the interpretation of the experimental data. The Venturi nozzle is modeled with a 3D CFD code (STAR-CCM+). Later on, the CFD model has been used to assess the performance of the component in conditions different from the ones tested in CIRCE: the performance of the Venturi is presented, in terms of pressure drops, for various operating conditions. Finally, the CFD analysis has been focused on the evaluation of the effects of the injection of an inert gas in the flow of the liquid coolant on the performance of the Venturi nozzle.

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47

Williams, P. A., A. C. Jones, N. L. Tobin, et al. "Growth of Hafnium Dioxide Thin Films by Liquid-Injection MOCVD Using Alkylamide and Hydroxylamide Precursors." Chemical Vapor Deposition 9, no. 6 (2003): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200306271.

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48

Burriel, M., G. Garcia, J. Santiso, A. Abrutis, Z. Saltyte, and A. Figueras. "Growth Kinetics, Composition, and Morphology of Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Liquid-Injection MOCVD." Chemical Vapor Deposition 11, no. 2 (2005): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200406320.

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49

Gönczi, Gábor. "Computational fluid dynamics aided optimisation of liquid state antiseptic injection to water networks." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (2014): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.038.

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Waterworks mostly use chlorine as an antiseptic substance. It can be added in gaseous or liquid form. The simplest technique is to use gaseous injection but it carries the most risk as chlorine gas is highly toxic. Therefore, the current trend is to switch to the much safer hypo doser technology, whereby the hypo is injected into the water pipes with injector tubes, similarly to chlorination but the mixing of the antiseptic liquid is more problematic. Correct placement of the inlet and measurement points is indispensable. With the help of the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation not only can the flow of the specific water pipe be modelled but also mixing of the antiseptic fluid can be modelled, thereby the measurement and inlet points can be installed at the optimal locations. In very short pipe sections with a limited amount of pipe length to achieve proper mixing the use of static mixers was suggested. Efficiency of the static mixers is variable and they increase the pressure loss on the specific water pipe section, which inflicts additional energy costs. With the help of CFD modelling, the fluid dynamic phenomena (vortices, backflows, etc.) on these pipe sections can be utilised to help mixing of the antiseptic substance meaning the use of static mixers can be avoided.

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50

Senzaki Yoshihide, Senzaki Yoshihide, Glenn B. Alers, Arthur K. Hochberg, et al. "ChemInform Abstract: CVD or Zr-Sn-Ti-O Thin Films by Direct Injection of Solventless Liquid Precursor Mixtures." ChemInform 31, no. 49 (2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200049232.

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