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1

Peterson, Robert E., Gail M. Shannon, and Odette L. Shotwell. "Purification of Cyclopiazonic Acid by Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 2 (March 1, 1989): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.2.332.

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Abstract A purification procedure for cyclopiazonic acid has been developed, using sequential preparative and semi-preparative liquid chromatography. Crude cyclopiazonic acid (324 mg) was extracted from a 1 L fermentation medium with chloroform-methanol (80 + 20), dried, dissolved in chloroform, and chromatographed on an oxalic acid/ silica preparative column with chloroform-methanol (99 + 1) as the eluant. A semi-preparative oxalic acid/silica column and chloroform- methanol (99.5 + 0.5) were then used for rechromatography of the partially purified cyclopiazonic acid. This second chromatograp
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2

Chang-Yen, Ivan, and Keshore Bidasee. "Improved Spectrophotometric Determination of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Poultry Feed and Corn." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.257.

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Abstract An improved visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for cyclopiazonic acid in poultry feed and corn. The method Is based on the reaction of cyclopiazonic acid with Ehrlich reagent and detection at 580 nm. Reaction conditions were optimized with respect to reaction and measurement times and acid and Ehrlich reagent concentrations. Calibration curves were linear from 1 to 20 μg cyclopiazonic acid in 3 mL Ehrlich reagent, with a lower detection limit of 0.08 mg/kg for 50 g samples of poultry feed and corn. Recoveries from 50 g samples of poultry feed spiked with cyclopiazoni
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3

Matsudo, Takanao, and Masaoki Sasaki. "Simple Determination of Cyclopiazonic Acid." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59, no. 3 (January 1995): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.355.

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4

Chang, P. K., and K. C. Ehrlich. "Cyclopiazonic acid biosynthesis byAspergillus flavus." Toxin Reviews 30, no. 2-3 (May 10, 2011): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569543.2011.576795.

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5

van Rooyen, P. H. "Structure of α-cyclopiazonic acid". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 48, № 3 (15 березня 1992): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270191010053.

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6

Natsume, Mitsutaka, and Hideaki Muratake. "Total Synthesis of (±)-a-Cyclopiazonic Acid." HETEROCYCLES 23, no. 5 (1985): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/r-1985-05-1111.

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7

Diaz, G., W. Thompson, and P. Martos. "Stability of cyclopiazonic acid in solution." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1170.

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Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an important mycotoxin given its toxicity and prevalence in foods and feeds. There is tremendous interest in developing analytical methods that include CPA as part of a multi-residue mycotoxin routine, but there appears to be considerable difficulty in analysing it using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). During the development of a multi-residue method for mycotoxins including CPA, a number of issues were discovered under routine and common analytical conditions that have an impact on the determination of CPA, in
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8

Nishie, K., R. J. Cole, and J. W. Dorner. "Toxicity and neuropharmacology of cyclopiazonic acid." Food and Chemical Toxicology 23, no. 9 (September 1985): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(85)90284-4.

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9

Ahmad, Mushtaq, Shahid Hameed, Oleksandr Zhurakovskyi та Humaira Inayat. "α‐Cyclopiazonic Acid from Synthesis Perspective". ChemistrySelect 5, № 45 (2 грудня 2020): 14408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003097.

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10

MUNIMBAZI, CÉLESTIN, JYOTI SAXENA, WEI-YUN J. TSAI, and LLOYD B. BULLERMAN. "Inhibition of Production of Cyclopiazonic Acid and Ochratoxin A by the Fungicide Iprodione‡." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.7.849.

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Aspergillus flavus NRRL 1290 and Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 were grown on a glucose-salts medium and yeast extract-sucrose broth containing the fungicide iprodione at concentrations of 0, 1,3,5, 10, 15, and 20 μg of active ingredient per ml of growth medium. Cultures were analyzed for cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, and mycelium production after 4,7, 10, 14, and 21 days of incubation at 25°C. Increasing concentrations of iprodione in the growth media resulted in greater reduction of cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, and mycelium production at the end of each incubation period. More than
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11

Huchet-Cadiou, C., V. Bonnet, W. Meme, and C. Leoty. "Hypogravity increases cyclopiazonic acid sensitivity of rat soleus muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1100–1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.4.1100.

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The functional capacity of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was explored in slow rat soleus muscle after 21 days of hindlimb suspension. The sarcoplasmic reticulum function was assessed in intact and saponin-skinned fibers by using cyclopiazonic acid, a specific Ca(2+)-adenosinetriphosphatase inhibitor. After hindlimb unweighting, the sensitivity to cyclopiazonic acid of intact and skinned soleus fibers becomes similar to that found in fast-twitch muscles. This change could be related to the expression of fast Ca2(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase-pump protein in unloaded soleus muscles and agr
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12

Bost, K. L., and M. J. Mason. "Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid initiate rapid and dramatic increases of IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-6 secretion in murine peritoneal macrophages." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.1.285.

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Abstract Two different inhibitors of endosomal calcium ATPase activity, cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin, were shown to release a common intracellular calcium pool in normal, murine macrophages. Furthermore, the release of this pool was accompanied by increased calcium uptake from the extracellular medium. The activity of these inhibitors was linked to an important biologic response, because both cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin induced rapid and dramatic increases in IL-6 mRNA expression and secretion. Compared with control cultures, macrophages treated with these inhibitors increased I
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13

Horn, B. W., and J. W. Dorner. "Regional Differences in Production of Aflatoxin B1 and Cyclopiazonic Acid by Soil Isolates ofAspergillus flavus along a Transect within the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1444-1449.1999.

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ABSTRACT Soil isolates of Aspergillus flavus from a transect extending from eastern New Mexico through Georgia to eastern Virginia were examined for production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid in a liquid medium. Peanut fields from major peanut-growing regions (western Texas; central Texas; Georgia and Alabama; and Virginia and North Carolina) were sampled, and fields with other crops were sampled in regions where peanuts are not commonly grown. The A. flavus isolates were identified as members of either the L strain (n = 774), which produces sclerotia that are >400 μm in diameter, or
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14

Tosun, M., Y. Erac, C. Selli, and N. Karakaya. "Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibition prevents endothelin A receptor antagonism in rat aorta." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 4 (April 2007): H1961—H1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00298.2006.

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This study tested whether sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase regulates the ability of endothelin receptor antagonist to inhibit the endothelin-1 constriction. The endothelin A receptor antagonist BQ-123 (1 μM) completely relaxed constriction to 10 nM endothelin-1 in endothelium-denuded rat aorta. Challenge with cyclopiazonic acid (10 μM), a sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, during the plateau of endothelin-1 constriction enhanced the constriction by ∼30%. BQ-123 relaxed the endothelin-1 plus cyclopiazonic acid constriction by only ∼10%. In contrast, prazosin
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15

Maragos, C. "Photolysis of cyclopiazonic acid to fluorescent products." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1088.

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Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a mycotoxin produced by some of the same species of fungi that produce the more widely known aflatoxins. As a consequence it has been found previously that CPA and the aflatoxins may co-occur in commodities under certain conditions. CPA, which is a substituted indole, has a chromophore with absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV) region (223 nm, 278 nm). Quantification of CPA is commonly accomplished by liquid chromatographic separation followed by detection of one of the UV absorbances. CPA has not previously been described as fluorescent, and it likely is not. However
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16

Ostry, V., J. Toman, Y. Grosse, and F. Malir. "Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2243.

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In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicologica
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17

Porter, J. K., W. P. Norred, R. J. Cole, and J. W. Dorner. "Neurochemical Effects of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Chickens." Experimental Biology and Medicine 187, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-187-42673.

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18

Dorner, Joe W., Richard J. Cole, Deborah J. Erlington, Sucheep Suksupath, Graham H. McDowell, and Wayne L. Bryden. "Cyclopiazonic Acid Residues in Milk and Eggs." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1994): 1516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00043a023.

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19

Khera, K. S., R. J. Cole, C. Whalen, and J. W. Dorner. "Embryotoxicity study on cyclopiazonic acid in mice." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34, no. 1 (December 1985): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01609755.

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20

SÁNCHEZ, BEATRIZ, MAR RODRÍGUEZ, EVA M. CASADO, ALBERTO MARTÍN, and JUAN J. CÓRDOBA. "Development of an Efficient Fungal DNA Extraction Method To Be Used in Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA–PCR Analysis To Differentiate Cyclopiazonic Acid Mold Producers." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2497.

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A variety of previously established mechanical and chemical treatments to achieve fungal cell lysis combined with a semiautomatic system operated by a vacuum pump were tested to obtain DNA extract to be directly used in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)–PCR to differentiate cyclopiazonic acid–producing and –nonproducing mold strains. A DNA extraction method that includes digestion with proteinase K and lyticase prior to using a mortar and pestle grinding and a semiautomatic vacuum system yielded DNA of high quality in all the fungal strains and species tested, at concentrations ranging
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21

HAYASHI, Yoshiki, Anthony C. SALES, and Takumi YOSHIZAWA. "Cyclopiazonic acid contamination in Japanese commercial rice koji." Mycotoxins 55, no. 1 (2005): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco.55.9.

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22

Rahimian, Roshanak, Cornelis Van Breemen, Delara Karkan, Gregory Dube, and Ismail Laher. "Estrogen augments cyclopiazonic acid-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation." European Journal of Pharmacology 327, no. 2-3 (May 1997): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(97)89653-7.

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23

Kuilman-Wahls, Mariëlla E. M., Mònica Sabater Vilar, Lilian de Nijs-Tjon, Roel F. M. Maas, and Johanna Fink-Gremmels. "Cyclopiazonic acid inhibits mutagenic action of aflatoxin B1." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 11, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1382-6689(01)00119-3.

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24

Shi, Shibin, Kuo Yuan та Yanxing Jia. "Seven-step total synthesis of α-cyclopiazonic acid". Chinese Chemical Letters 31, № 2 (лютий 2020): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.06.048.

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25

MPHANDE, FINGANI A., BUPE A. SIAME, and JOANNE E. TAYLOR. "Fungi, Aflatoxins, and Cyclopiazonic Acid Associated with Peanut Retailing in Botswana." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.96.

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Peanuts are important food commodities, but they are susceptible to fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination. Raw peanuts were purchased from retail outlets in Botswana and examined for fungi and mycotoxin (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) contamination. Zygomycetes were the most common fungi isolated; they accounted for 41% of all the isolates and were found on 98% of the peanut samples. Among the Zygomycetes, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most common. Aspergillus spp. accounted for 35% of all the isolates, with Aspergillus niger being the most prevalent (20.4%)
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26

Morio, Yoshiteru, and Ivan F. McMurtry. "Ca2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive store contributes to mechanism of hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2002.92.2.527.

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Studies of thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ryanodine in isolated pulmonary arteries and smooth muscle cells suggest that release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)- and/or ryanodine-sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores is a component of the mechanism of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). However, the actions of these agents on HPV in perfused lungs have not been reported. Thus we tested effects of thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and of ryanodine, an agent that either locks the ryanodine receptor open
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27

Lansden, John A. "Determination of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Peanuts and Corn by Thin Layer Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.6.964.

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Abstract A thin layer chromatographic system including densitometry has been developed for determining cyclopiazonic acid in peanuts and corn. Samples are extracted with methanol-chloroform (20 + 80); the extract is stripped of most interferences by partitioning with aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by acidification and repartitioning with chloroform. After thin layer chromatography and derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde- HCl spray, the toxin is quantitated by reflection densitometry at 540 nm. The recovery of cyclopiazonic acid averages 90% for peanuts and 85% for corn. The abso
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28

Soares, C., P. Rodrigues, O. Freitas-Silva, L. Abrunhosa, and A. Venâncio. "HPLC method for simultaneous detection of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1216.

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Aspergillus species in section Flavi are among the most relevant mycotoxigenic fungi. The organisms are well-known producers of the highly carcinogenic aflatoxins and of other mycotoxins, such as cyclopiazonic acid. Aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid analyses can be routinely used for identification purposes within the section. Two separate chromatographic runs with distinct columns and detectors for each toxin were required in previous reports. A straightforward high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the simultaneous detection of these compounds in fungal cultures was deve
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29

Hahnau, Sabine, and Elmar W. Weiler. "Determination of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid by enzyme immunoassay." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, no. 10 (October 1991): 1887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00010a041.

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30

Prasongsidh, B. C., K. Kailasapathy, G. R. Skurray, and W. L. Bryden. "Analysis of cyclopiazonic acid in milk by capillary electrophoresis." Food Chemistry 61, no. 4 (April 1998): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00102-7.

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31

Hymery, Nolwenn, Floriane Masson, Georges Barbier, and Emmanuel Coton. "Cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of cyclopiazonic acid on human cells." Toxicology in Vitro 28, no. 5 (August 2014): 940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.003.

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32

Zorzete, Patrícia, Arianne C. Baquião, Danielle D. Atayde, Tatiana A. Reis, Edlayne Gonçalez, and Benedito Corrêa. "Mycobiota, aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid in stored peanut cultivars." Food Research International 52, no. 1 (June 2013): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.029.

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33

Maragos, C. M., K. K. Sieve, and J. Bobell. "Detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize by immunoassay." Mycotoxin Research 33, no. 2 (April 5, 2017): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0275-0.

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34

Chang, Perng-Kuang, Kenneth Ehrlich, and Isao Fujii. "Cyclopiazonic Acid Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae." Toxins 1, no. 2 (November 6, 2009): 74–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins1020074.

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35

Mustafa, S. M. D. "Cyclopiazonic Acid Induces Contractions in Ovine Tracheal Smooth Muscle." Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/146080800128735511.

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36

Burdock, G. A., and W. G. Flamm. "Review Article: Safety Assessment of the Mycotoxin Cyclopiazonic Acid." International Journal of Toxicology 19, no. 3 (May 2000): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810050074964.

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Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indol-tetramic acid mycotoxin and is produced by the nearly ubiquitous molds, Aspergillus and Penicillium. CPA produced by these molds has been identified in a number of food sources (including, but not limited to, grain, legumes, meat, milk, and cheese) and from parasitic infections of man and other animals. Few incidents of CPA mycotoxicoses have been reported because of the benign nature of the intoxication, the small amounts present, and its effects may be disguised with concurrent aflatoxicosis (some toxicity data may have been generated using aflatoxin-cont
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37

de Waal, E. J. "Letter to the Editor—Safety Assessment of Cyclopiazonic Acid." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096658.

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38

Norred, William P., Richard J. Cole, Joe W. Dorner, and John A. Lansden. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Poultry Meat." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.1.121.

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Abstract A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in poultry meat. CPA is extracted from ground meat with chloroform-methanol (80 + 20), partitioned into 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, acidified, and extracted into dichloromethane. An interfering component of meat is removed by transferring the dichloromethane extract to a minicolumn containing silica gel and washing the column with petroleum ether and chloroform. CPA is eluted with methanol-acetic acid (99 + 1), and subjected to ligand-exchange liquid chromatography. Recovery of CPA from
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39

LAHOURATATE, P. "Cyclopiazonic acid: A tool to investigate sarcoplasmic reticulum activity." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 24 (July 1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(92)93451-o.

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40

Jiang, Minghua, Senhua Chen, Jing Li, and Lan Liu. "The Biological and Chemical Diversity of Tetramic Acid Compounds from Marine-Derived Microorganisms." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020114.

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Tetramic acid (pyrrolidine-2,4-dione) compounds, isolated from a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, have attracted considerable attention for their diverse, challenging structural complexity and promising bioactivities. In the past decade, marine-derived microorganisms have become great repositories of novel tetramic acids. Here, we discuss the biological activities of 277 tetramic acids of eight classifications (simple 3-acyl tetramic acids, 3-oligoenoyltetramic acids, 3-decalinoyltetramic acid, 3-spirotetramic acids, macrocyclic tetramic acids, N-acylated tetramic acids, α-cyclopia
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41

Benkhemmar, O., F. Gaudemer, and I. Bouvier-Fourcade. "Heterokaryosis between Aspergillus oryzae cyclopiazonic acid-defective strains: method for estimating the risk of inducing toxin production among cyclopiazonic acid-defective industrial strains." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50, no. 4 (1985): 1087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.50.4.1087-1093.1985.

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42

BAILLY, J. D., C. TABUC, A. QUÉRIN, and P. GUERRE. "Production and Stability of Patulin, Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, and Cyclopiazonic Acid on Dry Cured Ham." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.7.1516.

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Toxinogenic fungal species can be isolated from dry cured meat products, raising the problem of the direct contamination of these foods by mycotoxins known to be carcinogenic or potent carcinogens. Because the contamination of a food by mycotoxins can be considered a balance between production and degradation, the stability of mycotoxins on dry cured meat was also investigated. This study focused on patulin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, and cyclopiazonic acid that can be produced by fungal species previously isolated from dry cured meat products sold on the French market. We demonstrated that neith
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43

Holzapfel, CW, та FWH Kruger. "The Synthesis of Optically Pure β-Cyclopiazonic Acid, an Indolic Fungal Metabolite". Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, № 1 (1992): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920099.

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The chiral synthesis of the fungal metabolite β- cyclopiazonic acid is described. The key step involves the use of the tricarbonylchromium complex of an N-protected L- tryptophan methyl ester as a substrate for the addition/oxidation method of substitution of its indole ring system.
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44

Jantrarotai, Wimol, and Richard T. Lovell. "Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of Cyclopiazonic Acid to Channel Catfish." Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2, no. 4 (December 1990): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1990)002<0255:aastoc>2.3.co;2.

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45

FINOLI, CARLO, ANGELA VECCHIO, ANTONIETTA GALLI, and LAURA FRANZETTI. "Production of Cyclopiazonic Acid by Molds Isolated from Taleggio Cheese." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.10.1198.

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Twenty-seven strains of Penicillium were isolated from the rind of Taleggio, a typical Italian cheese, so that we could test their capacity to produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA); all strains produced CPA. The production was strongly influenced by the strain variety and growth conditions. Strains incubated at 25°C for 7 days always produced CPA in mannitol broth, with concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 1 μg/ml, whereas only 33% of strains grown in yeast-extract broth produced CPA, with a maximum value of 0.1 μg/ml. In milk, maximum production (1.6 μg/ml) was observed after 14 days of incubation
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46

MARTINS, MARIA LÍGIA, and HERMÍNIA MARINA MARTINS. "Natural and In Vitro Coproduction of Cyclopiazonic Acid and Aflatoxins." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.3.292.

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Eighty samples of animal feeds of different origins were screened for the natural co-occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatoxins in Portugal. Forty-five strains of Aspergillus flavus were collected from those samples and studied for their ability to produce these mycotoxins, in vitro. CPA was detected by thin-layer chromatography using Erhlich's reagent for confirmation. Aflatoxins were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with postcolumn iodination. Only 5 of the 80 samples (6.2%) were naturally contaminated with cyclopiazonic acid (0.16 mg/kg) and 36 (45.0%) with aflat
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47

Byrem, T. M., J. J. Pestka, F. S. Chu, and G. M. Strasburg. "Analysis and pharmacokinetics of cyclopiazonic acid in market weight pigs." Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (1999): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1999.771173x.

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48

Hong, S. J., Hsiu-Chuan Liang, and Ching-Jung Shen. "Dependence of cyclopiazonic-acid-induced muscle contractures on extracellular Ca2+." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-116.

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Inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases cytosolic Ca2+ clearance and also triggers Ca2+ influx in response to Ca2+ store depletion. The role of extracellular Ca2+ in the contractures evoked by cyclo piazonic acid (CPA) and thapsigargin (TG), Ca2+ pump inhibitors, was assessed in mouse diaphragm. At 3–100 µM, CPA elicited a rapid-onset contracture followed by a large elevation of muscle tone, which corresponded temporally to the monophasic slow contracture evoked by TG (1–30 µM). Irrespective of the differences in profiles, contractures were prevented and inhibited by
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49

SMITH, E. E., L. F. KUBENA, C. E. BRAITHWAITE, R. B. HARVEY, T. D. PHILLIPS, and A. H. REINE. "Toxicological Evaluation of Aflatoxin and Cyclopiazonic Acid in Broiler Chickens." Poultry Science 71, no. 7 (July 1992): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0711136.

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50

Cole, Richard J., and Joe W. Dorner. "Biological Control of Aflatoxin and Cyclopiazonic Acid Contamination of Peanuts." Mycotoxins 1999, Suppl2 (1999): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.suppl2_70.

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