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Słapczyński, Tomasz. "Działalność gospodarcza w polskich przepisach legislacyjnych". Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 22 (19 de julio de 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.22.4.
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DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAW ASPECTS - INTERPRETATIONS AND COLLISIONS OF THE STATUATORY DEFINITIONSThe doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, economic law, typicallyadministrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisionsof law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the wholecountry. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. The law of business is undoubtedly part of the public economic law, regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, and relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private law. A company operating on the market must fulfill a number of statutory requirements and act in accordance with the law. It has a number of obligations for the State but also for other entities operating in the economy. As mentioned, an enterprise or an entrepreneur is obliged to fulfill the obligations imposed on them. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. To entrepreneurs. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
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Boyett, Inger. "The public sector entrepreneur ‐ a definition". International Journal of Public Sector Management 9, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559610119546.
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Diaz-Foncea, Millán y Carmen Marcuello. "Entrepreneurs and the context of cooperative organizations: A definition of cooperative entrepreneur". Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 30, n.º 4 (14 de noviembre de 2013): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1267.
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Gasbarro, Federica, Eleonora Annunziata, Francesco Rizzi y Marco Frey. "The Interplay Between Sustainable Entrepreneurs and Public Authorities: Evidence From Sustainable Energy Transitions". Organization & Environment 30, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2016): 226–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026616669211.
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Sustainable entrepreneurs are considered to play a crucial role in fostering sustainable development. However, transitions in sociotechnical systems, such as a transition to low-carbon energy solutions, are unlikely to succeed without the coordination with regional political actions, particularly in sectors characterized by path dependency and lock-ins. Based on an empirical analysis of the interplay between firms and public authorities when opening new energy niche markets through Sustainable Energy Action Plans, this article explores the role of sustainable entrepreneurs. We investigate the different levels of engagement with public authorities in co-evolutionary processes toward sustainable development. From this empirical research, four types of co-evolutionist sustainable entrepreneur are derived—hero, visionary, bandwagoner, and explorer. These correspond to the different degrees of interaction with public authorities and system level of action, and extend the definition of the sustainable entrepreneur. The related academic and managerial implications contribute to the current debate on sustainable entrepreneurship.
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PRAJAWATI, Maretha Ika, Wahjoedi WAHJOEDI, Hari WAHYONO y Sunaryanto SUNARYANTO. "Definition of Success According to Women Entrepreneur in Malang, Indonesia". Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 7, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no9.747.
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Carrer, Celso da Costa, Guilherme Ary Plonski, Célia Regina Orlandelli Carrer y Celso Eduardo Lins de Oliveira. "Innovation and entrepreneurship in scientific research". Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (julio de 2010): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300003.
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This research wants to lay emphasis on topics that historicize and rescue concepts, in addition, shows the relation between innovation and socioeconomic development resulted; reviews the legal framework to stimulate new innovation into Brazilian society; considers the definition and the entrepreneur university's new paradigm; and finally, this research highlights the importance of teaching entrepreneur at universities, with straight society benefits. The results suggests that innovation is directly enrolled with a successful development of certain society, as well, is actually the biggest business competitive differential into corporative universe. In one way of getting results of social advancement to inform entrepreneur research practice, it appears that entrepreneurs concepts, necessarily, must be incorporated into the array of Science/Technology/Innovation for the effective development of supported formula. This article develops a thought about actual scientific researches paradigm, the way that is built on today, and if it's sufficient to effectively get the results that society expects from main bodies to create human resource and researches, especially those with innovation aspects, at Brazilian economic improvement.
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Khymenko, Oleg. "Some aspects of the management decision in the innovation activity of the entrepreneur". Science, technologies, innovation, n.º 3(11) (2019): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2019-3-04.
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On the basis of generalization of results of researches of management process and decomposition of existing definitions of “management”, “decision”, “management decision” — a number of general provisions are formulated concerning: the process of management and its components, the environment in which it takes place; the subject of management and its subjects of work, features and nature of activity; the object of management; deployment of time and space management process. For consideration of the management process, a three-component model of “action-decision-action*” is proposed, based on three commonly accepted components of the management process: development, adoption and implementation of management decision. Using the model and taking into account the influence of the market on the results of the implementation of management decisions and on the achievement of the set goal, the processes of management of three entrepreneurs for adjustment of production and launching on the market for four years of competitive production were simulated. On the basis of modeling and formulated general provisions, it is emphasized the importance of taking into account the sequence at the time of making a management decision and achieving its intended result, which is proposed to be considered as another feature that must necessarily be present in the definition of “management decision”. The corresponding wording of the definition of “management decision” is given. The features of the classification of management decisions presented in different sources are discussed and the factors that lead to differences are commented. In particular, on the basis of the analysis of the concept of “innovation” as a process, as a result and as a change, the expediency of classifying a management decision as innovative is justified only in retrospect. It is proposed to consider the number of management decisions classified as innovative as an indicator of the development of innovative activity of the entrepreneur. The role of managerial decisions in the higher education system in the development of innovative activity in science-intensive markets is outlined4. Keywords: innovation, higher education system, science-intensive market, competitiveness, entrepreneur, management process, management decision, modeling, definition, classification, indicator.
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Jeong, Shinhee, Jeanne M. Bailey, Jin Lee y Gary N. McLean. "“It’s not about me, it’s about us”: a narrative inquiry on living life as a social entrepreneur". Social Enterprise Journal 16, n.º 3 (7 de marzo de 2020): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-05-2019-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to help us understand social entrepreneurs’ lived experiences, reflecting the comprehensive entrepreneurial processes that encompass their past, present and future. Design/methodology/approach A narrative approach was used to explore the meaning of experiences in social entrepreneurs’ professional lives through the stories retold and restructured by social entrepreneurs. A total of 11 social entrepreneurs in the Midwest region of the USA were interviewed. Findings The authors identified three time-sequential themes: past (looking backward at the origin), present (living life as a social entrepreneur) and future (looking forward). Seven sub-themes emerged, revealing social entrepreneurs’ aspiration, self-knowledge, identity-defining moments, their sustainability-oriented leadership and how they build an organizational structure, partnership and handle the burden of work and the organization. Practical implications The findings offer useful information for future social entrepreneurs as they can learn from the perspectives of experienced social entrepreneurs in terms of what to prepare for and expect so they can achieve their full entrepreneurial potential. It can also aid in further development of social entrepreneur curricula in business and non-business schools. Originality/value The existing literature does not portray sufficient detail about how social entrepreneurs live the lives they have created and chosen to understand their lived experiences. This study also provides a comprehensive definition of social entrepreneurship, incorporating “collective perspective” with a mentality of “it’s not about me, it’s about us”.
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Hornsby, Gilpatrick D. "Minority entrepreneurship". Events and Tourism Review 2, n.º 1 (3 de junio de 2019): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22900.
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The body of literature around minority entrepreneurship has been well established over the past few decades. Research however in the context of the hospitality industry on this topic has been lacking. Therefore a goal of this study was to examine the minority entrepreneur experience in the hospitality industry in order to fill this gap in the literature. Specifically, the purpose of the study was to examine black entrepreneurs. Participants discussed their personal definition of entrepreneurship, the challenges they faced while growing the business, and how they believe race impacted their success as a business owner. Responses were analyzed and future directions identified.
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Curli, Barbara. "Women Entrepreneurs and Italian Industrialization: Conjectures and Avenues for Research". Enterprise & Society 3, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2002): 634–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011964.
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This article examines the “state of the art” and the current debates on the subject of women entrepreneurs, presenting some preliminary observations and hypotheses regarding the role of business-women in Italian economic development. Reasons for the new historiographic interest in female entrepreneurship are identified, and the primary methodological difficulties encountered in its historical study—starting with establishing the definition and the statistical parameters of the woman entrepreneur and discussing her social and juridical “invisibility”—are summarized. Finally, suggestions are made about possible directions for research on key historical trends important in shaping female entrepreneurial abilities in the Italian context.
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Cao, Xian y Frederic Delmar. "Who Becomes a Serial Entrepreneur: A Multi-Dimensional Definition of Entrepreneurial Experience". Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 17549. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.17549abstract.
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HYRSKY, KIMMO. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP: METAPHORS AND RELATED CONCEPTS". Journal of Enterprising Culture 06, n.º 04 (diciembre de 1998): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495898000229.
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In past research there has been continuous controversy over the definition of entrepreneurship and the identification of entrepreneurs. By combining the ideas of entrepreneurship and linguistics, this paper takes a different approach to examining entrepreneurial definitions. An exploratory analysis of entrepreneurial metaphors and concepts is conducted to study informants' perceptions of these two terms. The sample consists of 751 respondents from Scandinavia, Ireland, Australia and Canada. In the quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial concepts, respondents defined the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship' with suggested conceptual equivalents. In the metaphor analysis, informants came up with metaphorical expressions of entrepreneurship. Particular attention was paid to looking for differences in conceptualizations between (1) entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, (2) males and females, and (3) Scandinavians and native English speakers. Entrepreneurial respondents perceived the concepts of entrepreneurship more positively than other respondents. The same applied to differences between females and males respectively. In the cross-cultural comparison, the Scandinavians seemed to have a more positive picture of entrepreneurship than their English-speaking counterparts. As regards the entrepreneurial metaphors, they are grouped into the following semantic categories: Machine(ry) and other Physical Objects, Warfare and Adventure, Sports and Games, Creativity and Activity, Nature, "Disease", Food Items, and Special Features.
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Thornton, Mark. "Turning the Word Upside Down: How Cantillon Redefined the Entrepreneur". Special Entrepreneurship Double Issue 23, n.º 3-4 (8 de diciembre de 2020): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35297/qjae.010071.
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The word entrepreneur originally meant someone who is active, risky, and even violent. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it was used to denote a contractor who built large structures and fortifications for the government or provided supplies for the military for a contracted price but largely uncertain future costs. In contrast, Cantillon (1755) defined the entrepreneur as someone buying goods and resources at current market prices to be sold in the future at uncertain prices. His definition was adopted by the leading French economists of the time, and as a result it eventually became the common usage of the term, as will be seen in a sample of French dictionaries over time. In this remarkable and largely unrecognized transformation, Cantillon essentially turned the word upside down. Cantillon’s entrepreneur was self-regulating on the basis of profit and loss, and thus became the foundation on which he was able to construct theories and models of the market economy, which we know as economic theory. His definition is essentially that of Frank Knight and Ludwig von Mises, so it has important implications for the development of the Chicago and Austrian schools of economics.
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Penkov, Serhii y Mykola Chabanenko. "THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONAL FREEDOM OF A PERSON TO CONDUCT ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-160-167.
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The article studies the concept and features of the constitutional freedom of a natural person to conduct business activity in Ukraine. It is analysed features of human freedom under consideration. The authors present their own definition of the constitutional freedom of a person to conduct entrepreneurial activity. The issue of peculiarities of management of a natural person as a business entity is considered. It compares the legal status of a natural person with the legal status of a private entrepreneur. The article lists the duties of a private entrepreneur, as well as limitations on the performance of any types of activities by private entrepreneurs. It considers a procedure of the state registration of a private entrepreneur. The paper defines the essence and main range of tools of mechanisms of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine. The issue of mechanisms regulation is covered. It is formed the principal functions, tools, and methods which the state follows in regulating entrepreneurship. The role of the state in managing the economy and functioning of business entities is discovered. The international experience of state business regulation is described. Statistics are indicated, and specific examples of countries are formed. Lines for handling problems concerning stimulating small and medium-sized enterprises are specified. Based on the analysis, generalization and systematization of research papers, and also weaknesses of government regulation of entrepreneurship in Ukraine are presented. The authors draw conclusions and propose ways for improving government regulation in order to improve and develop entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Theoretical approaches to the determination of the concept of the subject of offences counteraction are presented. Definition of the subject of offences counteraction in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity is analysed, and a range and system of the mentioned subjects are specified. Subjects of offences counteraction in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity vested with administrative and jurisdictional powers are put into an individual group.
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Banerjee, T. S. y Arunaditya Sahay. "Social enterprise: Exploring an integrative definition". Social Business 9, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/204440819x15736559839421.
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Introduction<br/> The world is witnessing the rise of social enterprises today. These organisations are formed by social entrepreneurs who are equipped with the resourcefulness of a traditional entrepreneur and have a social mission. They are focused on generating social value, thereby creating an impact on society. There is no universally accepted definition for a social enterprise, largely due to the contextual factors associated with it. The literature is also weighted to Western discourse and not much is available beyond the Western world. Today, social enterprises are emerging worldwide, and India is no exception. However, there is no formal, legally sanctioned organisational type which has an impact on how social enterprises are identified in India. By understanding what social enterprise looks like in India, we are able to add to the academic conversation on what a social enterprise is, by building our definitional understanding about it.<br/> Objective<br/> The changing world ecosystem is characterised by the coexistence of economic growth and changing technology along with income inequality and disparity in inclusion and equity. Emerging markets like India are characterised by these conditions. This also creates unmet opportunities for businesses which can focus on localised solutions, serve local communities, and do good for society as a whole. A social enterprise has strategic advantages over traditional organisations and has, therefore, a broader role to play in supporting inclusive growth in such markets. However, lack of basic understanding, recognition and subsequent policies supporting these organisations can, in turn, inhibit their progress. To that end, this paper attempts to create an integrative definition of a social enterprise, keeping India as a context, to advocate its recognition and also to promote knowledge building in the domain.<br/> Methods<br/> The identified research theme is at a nascent stage and hence has been based on the usage of a multi-method qualitative methodology which involves two qualitative 1 data collection procedures and modified content analysis.<br/> Results<br/> An integrative definition of a 'social enterprise' has been proposed on the basis of the emergent insights.
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Váryová, Ivana y Iveta Košovská. "COMPARISON OF LEGAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP FORMS FROM ACCOUNTING POINT OF VIEW IN CONDITIONS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC". Science and Studies of Accounting and Finance: Problems and Perspectives 11, n.º 1 (5 de abril de 2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2017.06.
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Each legal form of entrepreneurship requires the individual approach from the accounting point of view as every entrepreneur subject does not meet the definition of an accounting entity pursuant to the Act on Accounting. The paper´s aim is to compare the legal entrepreneurship forms from accounting point of view and to assess different alternatives of expense verifiability. The theoretical research has been applied for reaching the paper's aim. Basic input materials are legal norms. Generally accepted basic research were used when preparing the article. Based on the results it can be stated that entrepreneurs registered in the Business Register do not have a possibility to select from individual alternatives of keeping the evidence for their management and are obliged to keep the system of double entry bookkeeping. Natural persons are not obliged to register in the Business Register therefore they can select from various possibilities of verification of incurred expenses. One feasibility is presented by the system of double entry bookkeeping or single entry bookkeeping. The systems of keeping tax records or applying fixed expenses are others. The keeping of tax records is less administrative intensive compared to bookkeeping. Keeping of tax records is advantageous for an entrepreneur as he is not the subject of the Act on Accounting while he is not an accounting entity. The easiest alternative for the entrepreneurs is not to verify real incurred expenses but to apply fixed expenses in the amount of 40 % from achieved income.
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Akhmadeev, R. G. "IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON THE ACTIVITIES OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS". Vestnik Universiteta, n.º 9 (26 de octubre de 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-9-106-111.
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Statistics on the amount of individual entrepreneur (registered and stopping one’s financial-economic activity) have been investigated. Systematization of scientific – practical methods for formation of the concept “optimum taxing load” has been carried out. In order to equalize the tax burden for individual entrepreneurs, applying both the general tax regime and a special one in the form of a simplified tax system, it has been offered to harmonize the definition of the object of the insurance premiums taxation with the current single tax when choosing the object of taxation “income, after deduction of expenses incurred”. Since the fixed payment in terms of payment of insurance premiums is payable regardless of the actual conduct of its own business for the calendar year, this proposal will allow us proportionately fulfill tax obligations to the budget.
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Arruti, Arantza y Jessica Paños-Castro. "International entrepreneurship education for pre-service teachers: a longitudinal study". Education + Training 62, n.º 7/8 (10 de agosto de 2020): 825–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-04-2020-0098.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore whether participating in an entrepreneurship education programme with short-term international placements can help pre-service teachers to identifying the characteristics of entrepreneurial competence from a wide definition of entrepreneurship (Lackéus, 2015) rather than from a business centred definition, to be developed by entrepreneur teachers.Design/methodology/approachA three-year longitudinal qualitative study was carried out. In-depth interviews were conducted using open-ended questions with 17 pre-service teachers from the University of Deusto (Spain). They were participating in a European project with short-term international placements at five different European higher education institutions.FindingsThere is no consensual definition of the term entrepreneurship, which varies depending on the context. Entrepreneurship could be considered to be both a mindset and a lifestyle. The characteristics of entrepreneurs that were mentioned the most included: being creative, team players, open-minded, innovative, passionate, motivated, hard-working and risk-takers; being able to overcome challenges; having initiative; being proactive, organised and persevering; having leadership skills, communication skills, the ability to adapt; having a positive attitude and, being decision-makers. Short-term placements contribute to personal development, improved foreign language competence, increased awareness and understanding of other cultures, and acquiring entrepreneurship competence.Originality/valueResearch on the characteristics of teacherpreneurs is still in its early stages. The vast majority of studies focus on entrepreneurs and teachers of entrepreneurship education programmes aimed at those who wish to start up new businesses. This study contributes to a better understanding of the term entrepreneurship, to identifying the current characteristics of teacherpreneurs, and to outline certain variables that could be considered during pre-service teachers training plans. It also proposes further research into in-service teacherpreneur education.
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Czarniawska, Barbara. "Emerging Institutions: Pyramids or Anthills?" Organization Studies 30, n.º 4 (abril de 2009): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840609102282.
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In the present text, an institution is understood to be an (observable) pattern of collective action, justified by a corresponding norm. By this definition, an institution emerges slowly, although it may be helped or hindered by various specific acts. From this perspective, an institutional entrepreneur is an oxymoron, at least in principle. In practice, however, there are and always have been people trying to create institutions. This article describes the emergence of the London School of Economics and Political Science as an institution and analyzes its founders and its supporters during crises as institutional entrepreneurs. A tentative theory of the phenomenon of institutional entrepreneurship is then constructed by combining elements of sociology of translation, actor-network theory and garbage can model. The article concludes with a suggestion that the way institutional enterprises are narrated may differ from the way they are built, and a genre analysis can be of further help in understanding this phenomenon.
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McGrath, Helen, Thomas O'Toole y Louise Canning. "Coopetition: a fundamental feature of entrepreneurial firms' collaborative dynamics". Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, n.º 7 (5 de agosto de 2019): 1555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-10-2018-0287.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore coopetition as a fundamental feature of the collaborative dynamics inherent in entrepreneurial ventures. The authors present a conceptual model and definition of entrepreneurial coopetition, the latter being explained as entrepreneurial involvement in simultaneous cooperative and competitive interactions with business network actors in a relational environment. Design/methodology/approach Using the micro-brewing industry in a Southern State in the USA, as an empirical base, the authors use an abductive case study approach drawing from multiple data sources including semi-structured interviews, marketing materials, information available on websites and social media, as well as information contained in newspaper articles and policy documents. Findings Findings suggest that entrepreneurs habitually interact in a coopetitive manner through norms formed in interaction and that these are often in response to the environment. Research limitations/implications Findings are limited to one particular context. Future research could include entrepreneurs from other sectors, state or country contexts which may reveal other coopetition themes. Practical implications More benefits in coopetition could be reaped if the entrepreneur were more cognitively aware of, and strategically planned for, the coopetitive processes in which they are (or could be) engaged. Originality/value The authors open the black box of entrepreneurial coopetition by putting forward and empirically examining a conceptual definition of entrepreneurial coopetition. This work moves the coopetition discussion beyond the motives behind and consequences of coopetition, analysing interactions from a process perspective. The authors respond to recent calls for a deeper understanding of coopetitive mind-sets and a multilevel approach to coopetition.
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Hadelan, Lari. "Investment analysis of plum brandy production – methodology approach". Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 2, n.º 1-2 (31 de octubre de 2008): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2008/1-2/15.
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The major prerequisite of successful entrepreneurship venture is quality of decision-making process. Decision in investment is the most important financial decision. It is a part of both long-term business planning process and strategic business definition. Using available investment appraisal methods, entrepreneur should make positive or negative investment decision. Within the development of the economic theory and the practice many of methods made decision-making process rational and gave the scientific and practical base for successful project evaluation.
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JARECKI, Stefan Akira. "Between exercising of public powers and economic activity. The latest findings on the notion of entrepreneur made in the process of judicial review of the decision of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection". Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics 5, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/ceejme.621.
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Aim: There is no doubt that public authorities may be directly or indirectly involved in economic activity. A traditional way of distinguish state activity which is not subject to the rules of the market is to decide when the state acts as public authority. In case of state activity two category of situations should be distinguished: these where the state is engaged in an economic activity (sphere of dominium) and these when the state acts by exercising of public powers (sphere of imperium). In the opinion of the author of the article, the distinction between imperium and dominium is still relevant. According to the Competition and Consumer Protection Act of February 16, 2007, an entrepreneur is inter alia natural and legal person, as well as an organisational unit without a legal status to which legislation grants legal capacity, organising or providing public utility services which do not constitute economic activity in the meaning of the provisions on freedom of economic activity. The President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection found that public authorities exercising their administrative powers (sphere of imperium) may be classified as entrepreneurs. In the recent decisions which were subject of judicial review the President of UOKiK decided that the National Health Fund – a state authority responsible for organization and management of health care services in Poland – is an entrepreneur in the meaning of the Polish law (act on competition and consumer protection). The aim of this article is to answer the question whether competition rules should be applied to the state activity in the imperium sphere. This article will focus on the notion of an entrepreneur (undertaking) in polish and EU law in the context of the activity of the state. Design / Research methods: The objective of the article is achieved through doctrinal analysis of the relevant rules of the Polish and EU law and analysis of the recent decisions issued by the President of UOKiK, as well as judgments of the EU Courts, concerning the possibility of qualification of the widely understood state as an undertaking (entrepreneur).Conclusions / findings: From the analysis of the same concept applied in polish and EU law clearly follows that public entities acting ‘by exercising public power’ or ‘in their capacity as public authorities’ (imperium sphere) should not be classified as entrepreneurs (undertakings) in the meaning of competition law. The main scientific value added of the article are the conclusions that the provisions on the protection of competition should be applicable only to the activity of the state in the dominium sphere and that the definition of an entrepreneur and business (economic) activity should be connected to the existence of a market. Originality / value of the article: Paper should be interesting for public authorities, as well as for lawyers, dealing with problems concerning of qualification of public entities in the context of the competition law. The results of the research may be applied for example in the decisions that would be taken by the President of UOKiK. The consequences of application of the findings of the research to practice may be a change of approach to qualification of public entities in the context of the provision of competition law.
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Dewi, Maya Safira y Winda Aryani. "Kebijakan PPN atas Jasa Pengelolaan Gedung Diselenggarakan Perhimpunan Penghuni Rumah Susun Strata Title: Studi Kasus pada Apartemen LR". Binus Business Review 2, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2011): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v2i1.1168.
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Building management service that delivered by appartment tenant association is categorized as service that not imposed PPN. Subject determination PPN becoming not clear, because definition difference between this hand bill and the rules of hits honor bound party collects PPN. Though apartment tenant association LR have circulation bruto exceeds definition small entrepreneur, tenant association remain not to be obliged as taxable employers. Evaluated from PPN object also not gives rule of law because intrinsically its service included in facility understanding or amenity or rights is available to weared as understanding taxable service as the same manner as determined by section 4 UU PPN, until provisions in this handbill opposes against rule on it. Evaluated from elementary imposition PPN generates indistinctness the level of income that obtained from management fee can become elementary imposition PPN or not, because existed difference of object definition PPN between hand bill and the rules of other PPN.
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Wu, Yenchun Jim, Tienhua Wu y Jeremiah Sharpe. "Consensus on the definition of social entrepreneurship: a content analysis approach". Management Decision 58, n.º 12 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 2593–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2016-0791.
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PurposeThis study aims to reach academic consensus on key factors and boundaries used in defining the concepts of “social entrepreneurship” (SEsh), “social entrepreneur” (SE), and “social enterprise” (SEV). This study also explores the complex relationships among social/business enterprises, definitional categories and factors, missions, and impacts on effectiveness of practices and organizing for venture success.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis is conducted on articles published from 1998 to 2016 in peer-reviewed academic journals in the fields of management and organization. Furthermore, 80 articles are obtained and analyzed in terms of factors and frequently used terms for unified definitions and their intertwined linkages.FindingsThe unifying factors for the definitions of SEsh, SE, and SEV include primary mission and processes and resources. Strong linkages are observed between SEsh and actors, SE and characteristics, and SEV and organizational form. Results indicate that definitional categories and factors share numerous joint terms that can be used to propose unified definitions. This study identifies the effective interactions of variables among social mission, capabilities to manage resources and processes, entrepreneurial characteristics of actors, and forms of ventures in a process that provides potential for organizational sustainability and impact maximization.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper contributes to research by identifying clear and agreed-upon factors and traits as boundaries to propose definitions that can advance the legitimacy of social entrepreneurship as an academic field worthy of future exploration.Practical implicationsThe findings emphasize social mission that achieves public benefits while preventing mission drift. Economic value and choice of organizational form can advance the fulfillment of objectives and governance practices. This study also presents the key influencing factors at various stages of an entrepreneurial process to determine how these concepts interact to increase the likelihood of organizational emergence and survival.Originality/valueThis work is the first to systematically review management and organizational literature on the key factors and terms that constitute the distinct definitions of SEsh, SE, and SEV and help clarify their complex relations in an entrepreneurial process.
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Skran, Claudena y Evan Easton-Calabria. "Old Concepts Making New History: Refugee Self-reliance, Livelihoods and the ‘Refugee Entrepreneur’". Journal of Refugee Studies 33, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061.
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Abstract Although not new topics in the field of refugee studies, self-reliance, livelihoods and entrepreneurship have recently taken on a heightened emphasis. However, critical questions remain regarding how and by whom self-reliance is defined and measured, and the intended and unintended outcomes of historical and contemporary efforts to foster it. This introductory article highlights key points arising from the Special Issue and presents a short history of the evolution of the concept of self-reliance in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, including its linkage to livelihoods. The article then discusses contemporary connections between self-reliance and entrepreneurship vis-à-vis the promotion of the ‘refugee entrepreneur’. It concludes with a brief overview of the articles and themes in the issue. Overall, the article argues for an expanded definition of refugee self-reliance that promotes social as well as economic components and moves beyond narrowly implemented programmes targeting individual and market-based solutions.
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Slamet, Slamet. "MENUMBUHKAN JIWA BERWIRAUSAHA". El-HARAKAH (TERAKREDITASI) 7, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2008): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/el.v7i2.4659.
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<p>Entrepreneurs are people with the ability seeing and assessing the available chances, collecting the necessary resources to take the advantages from it, and doing the appropriate act to ensure the success. Entrepreneurs are act-oriented people and have high motivation to take a risk in achieving their goals. Besides the definition of entrepreneurship, this article presents the must-have personalities of an entrepreneur, such as confidence, enthusiasm, honesty, and introspective; some aspects to develop the work ethic in entrepreneurship is also presented here. It is noteworthy for the youths that work enthusiasm is not only about earning money but more about self-actualization and carrying out the mandate. Moreover, work is a way to show our gratefulness toward our Creator, Allah swt.</p><p> </p><p>Para wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan melihat dan menilai kesempatan-kesempatan yang ada, mengumpulkan sumber daya yang dibutuhka guna mengambil keuntungan daripadanya dan mengambil tindakan yang tepat guna memastikan kesuksesan. Para wirausaha adalah individu-individu yang berorientasi pada tindakan dan bermotivasi tinggi yang mengambil resiko dalam mengejar tujuannya. Selain pengertian kewirausahaan, artikel ini membahas kepribadian wirausaha seperti percaya diri, semangat, jujur, dan mawas diri; juga beberapa hal untuk membangun etos kerja di bidang kewirausahaan. Penting untuk disadari kaum muda saat ini bahwa semangat bekerja tidak hanya sekedar mencari uang tetapi lebih kepada untuk aktualisasi diri dan melaksanakan amanah. Lebih lagi, bekerja ialah bentuk rasa syukur seorang manusia terhadap Sang Pencipta.</p>
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Elliott, Catherine, Janet Mantler y Joie Huggins. "Exploring the gendered entrepreneurial identity gap: implications for entrepreneurship education". International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 13, n.º 1 (19 de mayo de 2021): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-04-2020-0048.
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Purpose Women are underrepresented in most university entrepreneurship education (EE) programmes and less likely than men to pursue business venturing as a career. One reason may be the “entrepreneurial identity gap”, whereby female students do not see themselves as successful entrepreneurs. This paper aims to explore the nature of this identity gap and its relationship to entrepreneurial intent and entrepreneurship education. Design/methodology/approach A set of contemporary, gender-inclusive entrepreneurial attributes was developed using entrepreneurial subject matter experts and tested with 591 university students to explore the nature of the gendered entrepreneurial identity gap. Findings While masculine stereotypes persist and the entrepreneurial identity gap is larger for female students, results suggest that a more gender-inclusive vocabulary of entrepreneurship is emerging among the student population and an androgynous perception of the idealized entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship education had a positive influence on entrepreneurial intent. Research limitations/implications Study findings advance the conversation about entrepreneurial identity, the nature of the gendered identity gap and the role of education in closing that gap. The questionnaire and set of gender-inclusive attributes should continue to be tested beyond student samples. Practical implications Based on this study, entrepreneurship education could benefit from more gender-inclusive instructional practices and vocabulary and a broadened definition of what it means to be entrepreneurial. More students – both men and women – will see themselves as entrepreneurs and be inspired to participate in the innovation economy. Originality/value This study takes a novel approach to the study of entrepreneurial identity, developing a new set of attributes and contemporary vocabulary around business venturing.
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Antonites, AJ y JJ Van Vuuren. "Inducing entrepreneurial creativity, innovation and opportunity-finding skills". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, n.º 3 (19 de agosto de 2014): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i3.1197.
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A generally accepted definition of an entrepreneur is an individual with the ability to realise a specific vision from virtually anything, a definite human creative action. A differentiating factor defining the true entrepreneur is represented by the entrepreneurial skills creativity and innovation. The fundamental skill to "create", therefore generating an idea and transforming it into a viable growth-oriented business, forms an unconditional and integrated necessity in entrepreneurship training programmes. Many researchers in this field emphasise the need for and the lack of training models regarding this intervention.Courses offered by training institutions focus on training the traditional manager and not the entrepreneur. A lack of skills training for growth-oriented business is also evident. A critical deficiency in models directly addressing the Creativity, Innovation and Opportunity-finding issues, as part of entrepreneurship training, creates a situation of minuscule differentiation between a business idea and an opportunity in a training context. It is furthermore apparent that a lack of tools, textbooks and approaches to cultivate creativity exists in the field. The latter generates stifling pedagogical paradigms in teaching business and entrepreneurship.This study demonstrates a new action-learning approach and model, developed to increase creative and innovative behaviour and actions of the entrepreneurship learner. Three purposive samples were used, on the basis of an experimental design. Ratio data were obtained by means of a reliable measuring instrument (Chronbach's alpha on an acceptable levell). ANOVA as well as a discriminant analysis indicated statistically significant differences between the various groups.This study illustrates that the proposed training methodology that was used enhances the level of creativity and innovation skills of the entrepreneurship learner on this programme. Recommendations regarding future research in this exciting field of study are addressed.
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Drigo, A. E., L. I. Lavrenteva, O. V. Zheltkevich y N. V. Korchkova. "Topical issues of pharmaceutical organization systematization". Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, n.º 11-12 (2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2020-11-12-55-60.
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The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of pharmaceutical activities. The main contradictions of legislation in the approaches to the definition of the concepts of “pharmaceutical organization”, “subject of pharmaceutical activities”, “pharmacy organization”, “type of pharmacy organization” are considered. The problem of uncertainty in the status of a pharmacy organization, an individual entrepreneur with a pharmaceutical license has been identified. The need to develop an unified terminology for the types of pharmacy organizations, indicating their differences according to criteria such as functional purpose and structural features, is indicated. It was proposed to amend the Federal Law-61 taking into account the provisions of Federal Law-323, a new order “On the approval of the types of pharmaceutical organizations.
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OSTROVSKA, INTA, LUDMILA ALEKSEJEVA, DMITRIJS OĻEHNOVIČS, LIENE LEIKUMA-RIMICĀNE y JĀNIS KUDIŅŠ. "SOCIETY’S INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO PROMOTE SMART REGIONAL GROWTH". Globalization and Business 4, n.º 7 (25 de junio de 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.07.008.
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The essential definition of the promotion of smart regional growth is local resource, potential, exploration of operational mechanisms. That is in order to develop the understanding of local resource feasibility and the community activities. It is important to develop cross-sectoral cooperation, which is focused on non-technological, social and on the ecological innovation processes in connection with entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship is an essential mechanism in economic activity balancing, while creating social values that encourage the local community to participate in many areas and reduce socio-economic disparities. The ‘’Traditional’’ entrepreneur whose main desire is to create a product, find their client and thus, earn money, differs from a social businessman. An entrepreneur who has chosen the social niche, firstly, solves a social problem. In Latvia, social entrepreneurship is becoming more popular. Help and consultation at this point is provided by the Latvian entrepreneurship association (LEA), which has been in operation since the year of 2015. The region of Latgale is also becoming more popular in this field. In order to evaluate social entrepreneurship feasibility and to determine factors in the region of Latgale, cross-disciplinary research has to be carried out. Moreover, research and development in this area involves the involvement of a wide variety of stakeholders: NGO (non-governmental organisation), state, business, representatives of the public.
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OSTROVSKA, INTA, LUDMILA ALEKSEJEVA, DMITRIJS OĻEHNOVIČS, LIENE LEIKUMA-RIMICĀNE y JĀNIS KUDIŅŠ. "SOCIETY’S INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO PROMOTE SMART REGIONAL GROWTH". Globalization and Business 4, n.º 7 (25 de junio de 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.07.008.
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The essential definition of the promotion of smart regional growth is local resource, potential, exploration of operational mechanisms. That is in order to develop the understanding of local resource feasibility and the community activities. It is important to develop cross-sectoral cooperation, which is focused on non-technological, social and on the ecological innovation processes in connection with entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship is an essential mechanism in economic activity balancing, while creating social values that encourage the local community to participate in many areas and reduce socio-economic disparities. The ‘’Traditional’’ entrepreneur whose main desire is to create a product, find their client and thus, earn money, differs from a social businessman. An entrepreneur who has chosen the social niche, firstly, solves a social problem. In Latvia, social entrepreneurship is becoming more popular. Help and consultation at this point is provided by the Latvian entrepreneurship association (LEA), which has been in operation since the year of 2015. The region of Latgale is also becoming more popular in this field. In order to evaluate social entrepreneurship feasibility and to determine factors in the region of Latgale, cross-disciplinary research has to be carried out. Moreover, research and development in this area involves the involvement of a wide variety of stakeholders: NGO (non-governmental organisation), state, business, representatives of the public.
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Kapała, Anna. "Legal status of direct sales of agricultural and food products in the legislation of selected EU Member States". Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, n.º 1(26) (25 de octubre de 2020): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2020.26.1.4.
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The purpose of the discussion presented in the article was to determine the legal status of direct sale of agricultural and food products and its place in the agricultural activity in the legislation of selected EU Member States: Poland, Italy, and France. The considerations show that each legislator has chosen a different way of determining the legal status of this activity, though with a view to a similar ratio legis, which is to support it by enabling and facilitating farmers involvement. In Polish law, “agricultural retail sale” is outside the narrow definition of agricultural activity. It is not, however, subject to the provisions of business law provided it meets the conditions specified in law. Italian law defines the status of direct sales explicitly as agricultural, situating them among connected agricultural activities carried out by the agricultural entrepreneur. The detailed criteria for its connection with the agricultural activity by nature constitute a separate special regulation. In French law, thanks to the broad definition of agricultural activity, the place of direct sale as an agricultural activity par relation which is an extension of the act of production, is defined by case-law.
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Rubleske, Joseph y Nicholas Berente. "A pragmatist perspective on entrepreneurial opportunities". International Journal of Innovation Science 9, n.º 2 (5 de junio de 2017): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-09-2016-0031.
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Purpose This paper aims at advancing a pragmatist perspective on entrepreneurial opportunities as an alternative to the traditional and predominant constructivist and objectivist perspectives. To this end, this paper advances a pragmatist definition of an opportunity and draws from empirical evidence to propose a pragmatist model of opportunity conception and exploitation. Design/methodology/approach A review of the entrepreneurial opportunity and pragmatism literatures yields a definition of an opportunity as a dynamic and unfolding experience which an entrepreneur conceives as a general market need to exploit it for financial or social gain. Drawing from this definition, and with the aim of developing a pragmatist model of an opportunity, a case study approach is applied to three radically innovative services conceived and developed by three high-performance computing (HPC) centers. Findings In each of the three cases, an entrepreneurial HPC center conceived a new, general market need (opportunity) and then acted to exploit it. Through its action, the HPC center learned something that enabled it to address barriers, develop an improvement or otherwise reconceive the opportunity. In turn, the HPC center learned more about and advanced the opportunity, and then acted again. After launching a new service based on the opportunity, the opportunity continued to evolve in response to the HPC center’s efforts and to market forces. Research limitations/implications The pragmatist perspective and model of an opportunity can serve as a foundation for future pragmatist research into entrepreneurship and innovation. To this end, future studies could extend the model by examining in greater detail the acting-learning-reconceiving cycle, by exploring how an opportunity evolves and is reconceived after market launch and/or by investigating opportunity conception and exploitation within other types of markets. Practical implications From a pragmatist perspective, an opportunity is not some discrete object to be discovered. It is emergent and dynamic, and to the extent that it is “created”, it is never complete or finalized. It is experienced by the entrepreneur, and it continues to evolve, even after it has been launched as a new good or service. Originality/value The paper proposes novel value by advancing a pragmatist perspective on entrepreneurial opportunities. Such a perspective is an alternative to the constructivist and objectivist perspectives that have framed research into opportunities. The paper also proposes novel value by drawing from case study findings to propose a pragmatist model of opportunity conception and exploitation.
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Danjour, Miler Franco, Bruno Campelo Medeiros, Miguel Eduardo Moreno Añez y Afrânio Galdino de Araújo. "Strategic behavior measurement from the organizational culture: a study in Shopping Centers". Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 15, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v15i4.2347.
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This research presents as general purpose measuring strategic behavior from organizational culture styles, in the light of Peace and Mendes (2001) and Miles and Snow (2003). Regarding the methodological procedures, the present study is classified as type quantitative nature, explanatory conducted through a survey analytics. The sample used was probabilistic, simple random, composed of 286 tenants managers of 6 shopping centers in the city of Natal. Through multiple regression analysis, were identified in the organizations studied the prevalence of cultural style entrepreneur. In relation to strategic behavior, identified a profile transiting between the analytic style and prospector. These results indicated a strong influence of the cultural style in the definition of the strategic positioning of organizations. Conclusively, the research confirms the assumptions of the theory when you point to a need to promote a strategic positioning alignment of organization with your organizational culture.
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Zavadska, Anhelina y Stanislav Vodolazkii. "Problems of formation of business angels in the innovative process of Ukraine". Law and innovative society, n.º 2 (15) (4 de enero de 2020): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-19.
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Problem setting. The article examines the problems of the legislative definition of business angels, and also summarizes the terminology of this subject of innovation infrastructure. Also, in the article we try to find out the legislative consolidation of the term of “business angel” in the countries of the European Union, which further development and functioning is investigated. The importance of them is determined at the national level to consolidate in a special law the definition and procedure for the provision of investments by business angels. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Business angels are relevant, because for many Ukrainian entrepreneurs and companies there is a problem of financing. Thus, the study of this topic in their scientific works engaged in such outstanding scientists A.M. Lieutenant and LL Antonyuk, S. Valdaytsev, K. Pinyugin, O. Kashirin, O. Semenov, A. Karzhauv, O. Folomentyev, Benjamin J., Margulis J., Ammosov YP, Brian Hill, Dn. Power, N. Fonstein, A. Halytsky and other scientists. The target of research. There is a study of the essence and legal definition of the term business angels. Research of national and foreign private investors (business angels), as well as, outlining of reality of regulation in national legislation of the procedure for providing business angels to invest. Article’s main body. A business angel is a person who invests money in projects that often exist only as an idea. At this stage, a young campaign or entrepreneur funds of the development and implementation plan often have nothing to begin a startup, because there is nothing to interest serious investment funds. In this case, angels come to the aid of investors. It should be emphasized that investors, when they see a prospect in the idea, and believe in the future this idea will appeal to society and will find further improvement and development, business angels, usually, invest in this business the necessary and sufficient amount of their own funds. This is what distinguishes business angels from venture investors, who manages other people’s capital. So, it should be noted that they receive not only a share in the campaign, but sometimes even a blocking stake, what allows them to influence decisions made by the owner. In the research, Shevchenko O.M gives the following definition that business angels are private venture investors who invest their financial resources, as well as, personal time and abilities in little-known young innovative companies with the expectation of commercial profit. In addition, by providing start-up capital, private investors bring to the company the most valuable thing — professional and managerial experience (which is, usually, lacking in companies in the early stages of development), as well as, the necessary connections and reputational support. Conclusions and prospects of the development. Therefore, analyzing all of the above, the following conclusions should be next: firstly, the functioning of such a new institution in innovation law as business angels is an effective source of stimulating innovation by providing financial and information and communication support to entrepreneurs; secondly, it should be emphasized that further development and implementation in Ukraine requires its own legislation in a special Law of Ukraine.
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Oh, Patricia A. "DEVELOPING AGE-FRIENDLY COMMUNITIES: EVIDENCE FROM MULTIPLE CASE STUDIES". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (noviembre de 2019): S183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.654.
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Abstract The age-friendly community movement is gaining momentum in the United States. More than 325 communities have joined the AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities or the WHO Global Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore what influences municipal decision-making about joining a network and how communities mobilize the resources at their disposal to make age-friendly changes after joining. The conceptual model that guided this exploratory study incorporated Kingdon’s policy change model to explore municipal decision-making about joining a formal age-friendly network and resource mobilization theory to explore factors that influence implementation of age-friendly changes after a community joins an age-friendly network. Data was gathered in three in-depth case studies of age-friendly communities in New England-- Brookline, Massachusetts; Newport, Vermont; and Ellsworth Maine. In these three cases, the policy entrepreneur was key to municipal decision-making. Kingdon posits that a single problem definition increases the likelihood that a policy is adopted. However, in these cases, the policy entrepreneur used selective framing to advocate with local organizations and municipal government, a departure from Kingdon’s model. Implications for age-friendly policy adoption will be discussed. Resource mobilization theory posits that implementation of change is dependent on resources and collaborations. Each case had access to different resources, but partnerships were key to moving the work forward (with or without collaborations). The primary resources utilized were relational and ideological. Material resources were less likely to move the work forward. Implications will be discussed.
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SAINCHUK, A. "METHODICAL PROVISIONS FOR CREATING AN OUTSOURCING COMPANY (WITH CONSIDERING ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF ENTERPRISES)". Economic innovations 21, n.º 2(71) (20 de junio de 2019): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.2(71).121-129.
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Topicality. The topicality of the problem of creating an outsourcing company does not raise doubts, because the number of outsourcing companies is constantly increasing which provide outsourcing services. During the crisis in Ukraine, there is to need in next positions: reducing the cost of the enterprise, maintaining a certain market segment, maintaining competitiveness in the market, maintaining a certain quality of services (works, goods). If the company use outsourcing at the enterprises, it will be possible to hold all these positions, during the crisis management period.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to develop methodological provisions for creating an outsourcing company within the framework of the existing institutional support in Ukraine. Some stages of creating an outsourcing company can be given on the example of law firm in the form of an attorney company, an attorney bureau or a lawyer of individual (an entrepreneur and a self-employed person).Research results. The methodological provisions were developed for creating an outsourcing company. In the article was using the example of practice of law, was taking into account the peculiarities of state registration of various organizational and legal forms of management and the tax system. Also, an algorithm has been created for the election of a simplified taxation system if to realise the case of a project to create an outsourcing company.Conclusion. Methodical provisions for creating an outsourcing company consist of sixteen stages. The author provided recommendations for making changes to the classifier of organizational and legal forms of enterprenier. It was proposed to add an outsourcing company as a new organizational and legal form of enterprenier in order to improve the existing system of national statistical classifications. The changes will provide the State Statistics Service of Ukraine the opportunity to raise to a qualitatively new level the statistical analysis of outsourcing companies in Ukraine.There is no clear phased methodology or instructions for creating a new outsourcing enterprise in Ukraine. The author has developed a methodology for creating an outsourcing company within the institutional support in Ukraine.The article examines in details the situation - the use of outsourcing when creating an outsourcing company. The article also gradually developed an algorithm for creating an outsourcing enterprise. Only five stages were investigated for creating outsourcing company in this article.The author has distinguished the sixteen stages of creating an outsourcing company.Stage 1 - the definition of the organizational and legal form of entrepreneur. The author proposed a new legal form - an outsourcing company. Therefore, it is necessary to change the existing classifier. In work the algorithm of definition of the organizational and legal form of entrepreneur on an example of lawyer activity is developed.Stage 2 - determination of the name of the enterprise. Practical recommendations are given for determining the name of an outsourcing company.Stage 3 - determining the number of participants (founders) of the company. Depending on the number of founders, it is necessary to choose a certain organizational and legal form of entrepreneur. So, for example, if a lawyer carries out practice of law individually without the involvement of employees and other founders, then it is necessary to carry out activities in the form of an individual, an entrepreneur or a self-employed person. Then create a company is not required.Stage 4 - the formation of the charter capital of an outsourcing company. The author has noticed that the minimum charter capital is set for a joint stock company, but not for a limited liability company. This stage is status ant, as the participants are responsible within their share in the charter capital.Stage 5 - drawing up and signing the charter and the protocol of the general meeting of the participants (founders) of the company on the creation of an outsourcing company. There are two types of charters in the article: model and own charter of the company. The model charter does not even need to be submitted to the state registrar. The article contains the main sections of the charter of an outsourcing company.The next article will consist of from sixth to sixteenth stages.
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Josserand, Emmanuel y Sarah Kaine. "Different directions or the same route? The varied identities of ride-share drivers". Journal of Industrial Relations 61, n.º 4 (9 de junio de 2019): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619848461.
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In this article we draw on personal narratives to study the identity work conducted by ride-share drivers to make sense of their occupational identity that is made problematic by the ambiguity of their legal classification and the precarious nature of their material conditions. Our contribution is twofold. First, we reveal the specificity of the identity work conducted by gig workers in comparison to other groups of workers such as employees and independent workers. We uncover the narratives that gig workers use to construct a coherent discourse that accommodates the trade-offs that their occupation involves. Second, we provide an understanding of the experience of gig workers. We adopt the term ‘sub-entrepreneur’ to refer to a type of independent contractor who experiences less freedom than those with true entrepreneurial scope and autonomy in their work. This definition assists in our reflection on our findings in relation to the future of gig workers, gig work and gig platforms.
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Ніфатова, Олена Михайлівна y Яна Іванівна Онофрійчук. "ФОРМУВАННЯ БРЕНД-КАПІТАЛУ КЛАСТЕРНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА НА ЗАСАДАХ ЕКОНОМІКИ СПІЛЬНОЇ УЧАСТІ". Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 139, n.º 5 (3 de abril de 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2019.5.5.
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The article seeks to explore the issues of building brand capital in cluster entrepreneurship on the principles of sharing economy. To gain better awareness and clarity, the study offers insights on major characteristics and contradictions embedded in the definition of a "sharing economy" which made possible to view it as a new socioeconomic model of doing business, according to which access to goods and services with excess opportunities is provided through online platforms. It is argued that the process of business activity in the frameworks of sharing economy triggers a new pattern of consolidation of individuals, consumers, entrepreneurs and companies (which is an integration association in nature) and therefore, the brand of an individual, consumer, entrepreneur, company or the state as a whole acts as an integrative element in the transition toward the concept of a new, sharing economy. The synergistic combination of structural and consumer capital formation models, substantiation of the main tenets of the modern concept of sharing economy and the projection of specific features of brand capital onto a three-level plane of macro-, mezo- and microeconomic levels offers a new cluster-based entrepreneurship model of building brand capital. Thus, the study of essential trends in brand capital formation within cluster entrepreneurship based on the principles of sharing economy has revealed that the core of this model is the virtual business environment of cognitive interaction of the sharing economy participants. The authors suggest that such simulated organizational structure with a tiered peer-to-peer network architecture will facilitate the effect of integrity in the process of building the national brand capital (empowering ordinary people and entrepreneurs; utilizing resources effectively; enhancing the degree of corporate social responsibility; realizing the principles of fair distribution of value; more democratic arrangement of entrepreneurship and raising environmental awareness, as well as offering a new pattern of bringing people together) that fits modern global technology development trends.
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Ponce, Lizette Huezo, Moisés Carbajal Marrón, Alberto Malpica Romero y Jorge Velarde Chapa. "Selling? That is easy". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 3, n.º 5 (18 de noviembre de 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2013-0195.
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Subject area Thematic area and related topics. The general thematic area involves the organizational culture of micro-businesses and also addresses the following related topics: entrepreneurship; formation of work teams; organizational development; and strategic planning. Courses where this case study may be applicable: enterprise pre-planning; development of entrepreneurs; and technological entrepreneurs. Study level/applicability MBA Case overview It puts forward the scenario of a young entrepreneur following a course of study in systems engineering (Nacho), who identified a business opportunity in the area of customized software development. In order to exploit this opportunity, Nacho formed a partnership with a group of colleagues who were engaged on the same course of study; unfortunately however, it soon became apparent that the lack of administrative experience of the members of the partnership would present difficulties. To summarize, the case seeks to illustrate the importance of the evaluation of critical factors in the formation of work teams, using the formation of the OpenGate enterprise as a vehicle. In addition, it seeks to illustrate the administrative challenges facing such enterprises where the founders do not have a formal business background. Expected learning outcomes To stimulate reflection on the part of students about the importance of considering the strengths and weaknesses of business partners instrumental in new enterprise start-up. To identify critical factors related to the success of an entrepreneurial team. To identify organizational challenges for start-up businesses. Specific teaching objectives: identification of the following entrepreneurial characteristics: professional characteristics; experience; tolerance of ambiguity; sensitivity to business opportunities; and personal values. Identification of the following elements in the new business start-up team: organizational structure; culture; strategy; client relationships; and provider relationships. To propose organizational alternatives for the business based on an analysis of the aforementioned elements (definition of position profiles). To identify critical points in the management of the business (leadership, culture, organization, etc.). Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Kostetska, Kateryna. "Trends of development of administrative management of recreational and tourist nature production in domestic and international practice". Economics, ecology, socium 2, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2018): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.1-10.
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Introduction. The article deals with the main tendencies of development of recreational and tourist nature use in the context of ownership rights to natural resources. It should be noted that to date, there is no clear distinction between property rights and the definition of the conditions of possession, disposal and use of recreational and tourist resources as well as methodical provision of valuation, assessment of recreational and tourist resources and determining the amount of damage caused as a result of violations of environmental legislation.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyze trends in the development of administrative management of recreational and tourist use in the domestic and international plane. The set goal requires the following tasks: to analyze the ownership of natural resources in Ukraine and in the international aspect; to substantiate the necessity of integrated approach to conducting ecologically oriented entrepreneurial activity in the recreational and tourist area with the definition of the main directions of this activity and the control levers.
Research results. Today, there is no complete interconnection of recreational and tourist use with three spheres - economic, environmental and social, which imposes certain restrictions on maximizing economic revenues from recreational and tourist flows and preventing damage to the natural environment. There are also no methodological recommendations that would take into account the legal factor - the consistency of the socio-ecological and economic factors of recreation and tourism activities with the right to own natural resources. There is no distinction between types of economic activity using the recreational and tourist resource and ownership of this resource, taking into account the privileges and tax provisions of the entrepreneur. At the same time when calculating tax provisions from the introduction of economic activities, only the profit of the enterprise, which is transferred to the state budget, is taken into account, and only the parking fee and resort tax are levied to the local. The fee for the use of natural resources is also not calculated taking into account the activity of the enterprise.
Conclusion. The main gaps in domestic legislation in the field of administrative management of recreational and tourist nature use are determined and directions of its improvement are described. Consequently, the task of administrative management of recreational and tourist nature use is to form an ecologically oriented model of entrepreneurial activity that will be legally sound and economically profitable both for the entrepreneur and for budget replenishment.
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Łysoń, Artur. "Prawo przedsiębiorców — przedsiębiorca i reglamentacja na nowo?" Prawo 323 (29 de diciembre de 2017): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.323.21.
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The Law of Entrepreneurs — entrepreneur and rationing anew?On 13 February 2017, the Government Center for Legislation published aproposed piece of legislation called Law of entrepreneurs prepared by the Ministry of Development and Finance. The proposed act is supposed to replace the Act on freedom of economic activity and, together with the package of other acts, will be called the “Business Constitution”. The proposed draft law actually contains anumber of far-reaching changes in the legal environment of entrepreneurs. Adetailed discussion of all proposed changes is beyond the scope of asingle article. Therefore, the main emphasis will be on the analysis and attempt to evaluate the proposed solutions related to the modification of basic definitions such as economic activity and entrepreneur and solutions relating to economic rationing.
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Teleshun, Yaroslav. "CORRUPTION AND BIG BUSINESS: THE REALITIES OF UKRAINE". Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, n.º 22 (2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2017.22.8.
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This paper examines the problem of large capital influence on public policy. The main sources of corruption in modern societies are considered: clientelism and rent-seeking. It was identified and analyzed the problem of clientelism in developed democracy and in States with unstable institutional environment, including Ukraine. Clientelism involves such relationships, which are based on a mutually beneficial services exchange between persons of different status and power, the client is usually provided with protection in exchange for his loyalty and political support. The stability of client-patrimonial connections is profitable for both socially unequal sides: for patron, for them these links are the mechanisms of their influence, and for the clientage - a form of protection. In turn, the economic rent is received by advocacy groups through a monopoly on scarce resources or through access to an administrative resource (the ability of the government, local authorities to create artificial shortages, licensing mechanisms, import tariffs regulation, tax rate regulation, open bidding with "special" conditions, etc.). The problem of the rentier formation and functioning, both in developed democracies and in States with unstable institutional environment, in particular in Ukraine, is analyzed. The first approach, under the "rentier", is understood by persons who live on the basis of rent, that is, income derived from capital, usually in the form of bank deposits, securities, revenues from real estate, land, business, copyright, etc. According to this definition, there is no clear distribution between the rentier and the entrepreneur. The second approach, understands not the sources of income of individuals, but the way of their lives. At that, this way of life absolutely contrasts with the way of life of an entrepreneur. The main threats to society in connection with the functioning of clients and rent-seeking groups in societies like the Ukrainian one are identified.
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Hasan, Md Kamrul, Mario Joseph Hayek, Wallace A. Williams, Jr, Stephanie Pane-Haden y Maria Paula Martinez Gelvez. "Activist identity construction of Madam C.J. Walker". Journal of Management History 26, n.º 3 (13 de julio de 2020): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-09-2019-0063.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, this paper seeks to formalize a definition of activist entrepreneurship and differentiate it from social entrepreneurship. Second, this paper proposes a model that explains how the storytelling process, in the form of the message and means of communication, influences the activist identity process and consequently the legitimacy of the activist entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach This paper explains the historical method and offers an overview of the unique case of Madam C.J. Walker and analyzes how she gained legitimacy as an activist entrepreneur by conveying psychological capital (Psycap) concepts in her message and political skill in the means of her communication. The paper also analyzed books being written on her and also letters that were exchanged between herself and her lawyer F.B. Ransom. Findings The authors have found out that Madam Walker used Psycap elements such as self-efficacy, hope, resiliency and optimism as message and elements of political skill such as social astuteness, interpersonal skill, networking ability and apparent sincerity as means to communicate the message toward her followers and built a legitimate social identity where she had won the trust of them. Research limitations/implications The primary limitation of this paper is that it is theoretical in nature and uses only one case study to support the theoretical model. However, when analyzing complex relationships, historical cases offer a wealth of insight to solve the problem at hand. Originality/value By using the elements of the model discussed in the research paper properly, people could create a legitimate identity for themselves where any message they give to their employees, colleagues and sub-ordinates would be viewed as a selfless one and that would increase the chances of their messages or orders being accepted and obeyed by the followers.
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Krige, Kerryn Ayanda Malindi, Verity Hawarden y Rose Cohen. "From NPO to social enterprise: the story of Schwab awardee, Sharanjeet Shan". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, n.º 4 (13 de diciembre de 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2018-0015.
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Learning outcomes This case study introduces students to the core characteristics of social entrepreneurship by teaching Santos (2012) positive theory. The case allows students to transition from comprehension and application of what social entrepreneurship is, to considering how they operate. Druckers (2005) argument that social organisations will never have sufficient resources to do their work because they operate in an environment of infinite need is the catalyst for a conversation on resource dependency theory and the risks of mission drift. Students are introduced to the funding spectrum that can be used to understand the type of income that comes to an organisation, and to apply this to the case. By the end of their studies, students should be able to apply the Santos (2012) definition to social enterprises and social entrepreneurs, have insight into the complexity of operating in an environment of infinite need and able to apply the funding spectrum as a tool to manage to understanding financial sustainability. Case overview/synopsis The case tells the story of Sharanjeet Shan, a globally recognised social entrepreneur, and recipient of the Schwab Foundation’s Social Entrepreneur of the Year award in 2015. Shan moved to South Africa as the country moved into democracy, and has spent the past 20-plus years building the skills of Black African school children in mathematics and science through the organisation she leads, Maths Centre. But the country remains at the bottom of world rankings for the quality of its maths and science education, despite spending more per capita on education than any other country in Africa. Maths Centre has seen a dip in donations despite steady growth in the amount of money that businesses are investing in social change in South Africa through corporate social investment. But does Shan really need more donor income? Or are there other ways that she can build the financial sustainability of Maths Centre? Complexity academic level This case study is aimed at students of non-profit management, entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, women in leadership, corporate social investment, development studies and sustainable livelihoods. It is written at an Honours / Masters level and is therefore also appropriate for use in customised or short programmes. The case study is a good introduction for students with a background in business (e.g. Diploma in Business Administration / MBA / custom programmes) who are wanting to understand social enterprise and apply their learning's. Supplementary materials A list of supplementary materials is provided in the Teaching Note as Table I, which includes video's, radio interview recordings and a book chapter. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Larson, Andrea y Jennifer A. Starr. "A Network Model of Organization Formation". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17, n.º 2 (enero de 1993): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879301700201.
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This paper presents a network model of organization formation and builds upon theories of social and socioeconomic exchange. The model explains the transformation of exchange relationships from a set of relatively simple, often single-dimensional dyadic exchanges into a dense set—a network—of stable, multidimensional and multilayered interorganizatlonal exchange relationships. The model details three stages of entrepreneurial networking activity which are used to secure the critical economic and non-economic resources needed to start a business: (1) Focusing on the essential dyads; (2) Converting dyadic ties to socioeconomic exchanges; and (3) Layering the exchanges with multiple exchange processes. In all three stages, there is an iterative process which involves the exploration, screening and selective use of network dyads to match the business definition of the emerging firm. Organization formation results from the crystallization of stable, committed, revenue-generating, inter-organizational exchange relationships which extend beyond the earlier idiosyncratic and personalized relationships of the entrepreneur. A network model of organization formation appreciates the social embeddedness of economic relationships and the multidimensional nature and content of business relationships.
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Bichurova, Iva. "FOR THE NATURE AND FEATURES OF INNOVATION". KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, n.º 1 (20 de marzo de 2019): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3001227b.
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The paper highlights important and leading conceptual definitions and inherent features of the concept of "innovation". Categorization takes into account the importance of using the concept in social and economic sciences. Innovation is a collective concept in terms of reflecting the peculiarities of production and technological change. Innovation is often interpreted either as an activity or only as a final result Peter Drucker assumes that innovation is an integral part of the entrepreneurial process.I n this sense, the entrepreneur has to do something new or it does not make sense to enter the market. Innovation is a new way to do something, or it is the process by which "resources are given new abilities to make wealth." The narrow interpretation of innovation views it as a process of turning the invention into a commercially realized product. The broad interpretation assumes that innovation can take various forms - improving and improving existing technologies; the deployment of new products based on new technologies; new methods, markets, structures, organization, management, etc. The development of innovation is linked to the definition of generations of innovation. Several models of generations of innovations are presented, covering a different number of stages in the development and assessment of innovation. Innovation is a major driver, a major source of competitiveness and competitive advantages, a detailed literature-based fact that has not only a positive impact on business performance but is also essential to their survival. In practice, the value of any innovation hiding on its economic value.
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Ayanda Malindi Krige, Kerryn y Margie Sutherland. "Helenvale’s recycling initiative – catalysing community-driven social entrepreneurship". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, n.º 4 (29 de noviembre de 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2016-0278.
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Subject area This case was developed to explore what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It tells the story of Neil Campher, a self-identified social entrepreneur working in South Africa, a country that has recently been awarded middle income status by the World Bank despite sharing a ranking with Syria on the Human Development Index. In environments of deep market failure, what does social enterprise look like? and can you sustain change in communities of extreme poverty? The case looks at the academic characteristics of social entrepreneurs and applies them to Neil to see if he “qualifies”. It has a particular focus on the bricoleur social entrepreneur. It explores concepts of poverty, and looks at sustainability, achieved through asset-based community development. It explores the need for organisations to transition in response to the environment and provides a tool to assess sustainability. The value of the paper is in exploring what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It also raises important questions on sustainability in environments which are inherently constrained. Study level/applicability This case study is aimed at students of social entrepreneurship, development studies, sustainable livelihoods and asset-based development. It is written at an Honours level and is therefore appropriate for use in customised or short programmes. The case study is a good introduction for students with a background in business (e.g. Diploma in Business Administration/MBA/custom programmes) who are wanting to understand social enterprise and blended theories of social and economic change. Case overview The case study follows self-identified social entrepreneur Neil Campher in the grime and crime-ridden township of Helenvale, outside Port Elizabeth, in South Africa. Campher has given up his glitzy career as a financier in the economic hub of Johannesburg and returned to his home town, drawn by a need to give back. Helenvale used to be where he and his school friends would hide from the apartheid police, but as an adult, his friends are focused on strengthening and progressing the community. Campher’s entry point to change is a small waste recycling project, and the case study looks at how he uses this as a lever to achieve deeper structural change in the community. The teaching case exposes several questions around social entrepreneurship and change: what is social entrepreneurship in an emerging context and is Campher a social entrepreneur? What is community led change and can it be sustainable? Campher’s dilemma is around sustainability – has his extensive involvement of the community been enough to achieve progress in Helenvale? Expected learning outcomes The case study gives insight into social entrepreneurship in a developing country context. It highlights the nuances in definition and introduces the importance of context in shaping the social entrepreneur. The case is an opportunity for students to interrogate ideas on poverty and classical interpretations of social entrepreneurship and relate them to a small community that mirrors the macro country context in South Africa. The case study shows how asset-based approaches to development are interlinked with basic principles of social entrepreneurship. It shows that sustainability is more than a secure and predictable income stream and the need for community engagement and commitment to the solution. In tackling these issues, the case questions sustainability potential and the need for the organisation to transition to respond to opportunity and the changing environment. Supplementary materials Video X1 5minute video interview with Neil Campher 5min: YouTube Video of Campher from Interview 1 www.leadingchange.co.za (live from 01 April 2016) Video News report of gang violence in Helenvale 3min: YouTube. This is a quick visual introduction to Helenvale. It is a news clip, so is particularly focused on the angle of the story. It includes interviews with residents. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=TluLpTuEq8I Northern Areas burning 2min: YouTube is a collection of video footage from a local reporter which shows Helenvale and its surroundings. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCW-Hp24vMI shows the Text Global Competitiveness Report: South Africa; the first page gives additional information on social and economic development in South Africa, highlighting developed/developing country attributes. It also highlights how Helenvale is a microcosm of the negative social development indicators in South Africa (http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=ZAF). Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Diuk, Anna. "PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DETERMINATION OF THE SOCIAL PRICE OF PRODUCTION AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES". Economic discourse, n.º 2 (junio de 2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2020-2-1.
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Introduction. The agricultural enterprises are mostly the only businesses in Ukraine that are involved in rural areas in the processes of social and economic security, responsible for their development in modern times. Therefore, one of the priorities of the studied problems of rural life and management is the principles of formation and economic assessment of social responsibility of agricultural enterprises. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis for the scientific development of the principles of social responsibility, determining the social price of production in agricultural enterprises were the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the development of general economic and sectoral theories, the practice of the agricultural sector, social and economic efficiency, rural development. A set of research methods are used in this article: monographic, analysis and synthesis, abstract and logical, etc. Results. The article focuses on the internal economic context of social responsibility, followed by the definition of the structure of socially oriented costs and substantiation of the approach to determining the social price paid by the entrepreneur. It is proposed to determine the social price by the gradation of the cost by levels. It has been established that the definition of social efficiency of management includes aspects of social responsibility and characteristics of the social price of production. Discussion. Assessment of the composition, dynamics and changes in the structural ratios of indicators of social responsibility provides an opportunity to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of interpretation of social competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, which forms the prospects for further research. Keywords: agricultural enterprises, social responsibility, social competitiveness, social efficiency, social price.
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Kopystyński, Konrad. "Działanie na własny rachunek a pojęcie działalności gospodarczej". Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 28 (26 de septiembre de 2019): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.28.2.
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Celem artykułu jest analiza okoliczności wykonywania działalności gospodarczej na własny rachunek w kontekście przesłanek definiujących działalność gospodarczą w rozumieniu ustawy — Prawo przedsiębiorców. Wykonywanie działalności gospodarczej na własny rachunek nie jest wprost wymienione jako jedna z przesłanek działalności gospodarczej. Jak jednak wskazuje się często w doktrynie, wynika ona z innej przesłanki, mianowicie wykonywania działalności gospodarczej we własnym imieniu. Autor w treści artykułu polemizuje z tym poglądem. Dokonuje porównania kolejnych historycznych definicji działalności gospodarczej i przedsiębiorcy pod kątem występowania w nich pojęć wykonywania działalności we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. Następnie analizuje obydwa pojęcia w zakresie ich występowania w przepisach innych ustaw oraz przedstawia prezentowane w piśmiennictwie definicje działania we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. W rezultacie wskazuje, że należy rozróżniać pojęcia wykonywania działalności gospodarczej we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. Dochodzi do wniosku, że działanie na własny rachunek nie powinno być co prawda uznawane za przesłankę działalności gospodarczej, w praktyce jednak cechuje każdą działalność gospodarczą, wykazując daleko idące powiązania z przesłanką zarobkowego charakteru działalności gospodarczej. Acting on one’s own account and a legal definition of economic activityThe subject of this article is an analysis of performing economic activity on one’s own account in the context of premises of economic activity within the meaning of the entrepreneurs law. Performing economic activity on one’s own account is not literally indicated as one of the premises of economic activity. In doctrine, it is often emphasized that performing economic activity on one’s own account results from one of the legal premises, that is, performing economic activity one one’s own behalf. The author of the article discusses that opinion. He compares historical definitions of economic activity and of an entrepreneur which were included in successive laws within the scope of the presence of concepts related to performing economic activity on one’s own account or on one’s own behalf. Subsequently, the author analyzes both legal concepts in the scope of their presence in different laws and he introduces definitions of performing on one’s own account and on one’s own behalf that are present in the literature. In conclusions, he indicates that it is necessary to distinguish between performing an economic activity on one’s own behalf and on one’s own account. He concludes the performing an economic activity on one’s own account should not be considered as a legal premise of economic activity. However, in practice it is characteristic of all economic activities and it is related to the commercial character which is one of the legal premises of economic activity.