Literatura académica sobre el tema "Development, Poverty, Feminization of poverty, Microcred"

The paper is an attempt at contributing to the on-going debate on feminization of poverty by discussing the concept of feminization poverty in Nigeria. Women in Nigeria cannot be seen as a minority group and anything (as poverty is the case here) that is a challenges to them as a group should not be neglected as it has and will continue to have tremendous negative effects on the development of the country. Prior to this time, many poverty alleviation programs which are highlighted in the work have been initiated by several governments and they achieved some successes although to a larger extent due to poor implementation and corruption they failed as is evident in the level of poverty in Nigeria. The research elucidates the causes, effects and consequences of women's poverty in Nigeria. Some of the causes discussed include limited access to resources that help women escape from poverty; low income and work discrimination; lack of access to good health care services and socio-cultural exclusions. While some of the effects include poor health and health care access; inadequate food and poor nutrition; lack or poor quality of education; limited access to information and technological development. Several remedies such as increasing the productive capacity of women through access to Economic resources, information and technical assistance, which will increase their income and improve nutrition, education, health care and status within the household were also brought into perspective. Recommendations were made to all concerned groups - the women, men and government agencies and apparatuses, one of which includes: the availability of skill acquisition programs, which should be free and accessible for women especially those in the rural area should be organised, by the government, non-governmental agencies, and well-meaning philanthropists. It was concluded that the structure of the Nigeria society gives room for female poverty.

Although research on tourism, poverty alleviation and women empowerment are being carried out extensively, integrative studies linking all three aspects are scant. This paper is an attempt to bridge the existing gap in the literature by connecting the concepts of tourism-driven poverty alleviation and gender empowerment through tourism and feminization of poverty.

Poverty is rather high in contemporary Russia: every eighth Russian was poor according to the official statistics in 2018. Fighting poverty is among the top strategic development goals for the period till 2024. The paper studies gender disparities in poverty among Russian adults. Better understanding of gender structure of poverty in Russia would facilitate poverty reduction via better targeting and better tailoring of policy instruments. We utilize micro data of the Survey of income and social program participation by Rosstat as of 2017 for our statistical analysis. Two alternative poverty concepts are used: absolute income poverty (the official methodology of poverty measurement in Russia) and poverty risk and social exclusion index (the key component of poverty monitoring indicator in the EU). The latter index is a composition of relative poverty and deprivation poverty measures. Our results indicate that, on average, there is no gender poverty gap in Russia when absolute poverty concept is used: poverty rates among males and females are the same on average. Hence, we find no statistical support to the widely used by the media thesis of poverty feminization in Russia. Absolute poverty rate, however, is found to vary significantly across different gender-age groups: absolute income poverty among females is higher than among males in young and senior ages, while males are poorer in mid-age groups. When multiple criteria definition of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) is applied, we find clear signs of feminization of poverty in Russia. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among females, and this is observed in all age groups. The highest gender poverty gap is observed in senior ages. The age-gender poverty structure changes dramatically when we move from absolute poverty concept to the multidimensional one: we observe higher share of females in poverty, and higher share of senior people in poverty. The key determinants of higher multidimensional poverty of females is their relatively (to males) lower wages, and relatively lower pensions.

This paper challenges recent findings from quantitative studies of poverty in post-communist countries which deny the existence of gender differences in poverty in post 1989 Poland. The author uncovers hidden forms of the feminization of poverty by studying it from the micro-perspective of the family and the household. This perspective highlights gender differences in the division of labor, leisure time, as well as the fact that it is women’s primary responsibility to secure the basic needs of the family. This study presents strong evidence for a variety of ways in which men and women experience and endure poverty differently in an impoverished area in Poland, a fact which is associated with the role of culture, history and tradition in shaping gendered patterns of reaction towards poverty and hardship. The paper is based on the content analysis of in-depth interviews collected during a field research conducted within the project “Old and new forms of poverty in Poland” (1997–1998) and “Poverty, Ethnicity, and Gender inTransitional Societies (1999–2000).

This article examines the impact of austerity policies on gender inequality in Mexico and Brazil. More specifically, it seeks to discuss the need to reconcile public expenditure with a development strategy that actually includes a gender perspective. The feminization of poverty is of particular interest, as it is the basis upon which we try to outline the socioeconomic conditions in which Mexican and Brazilian women live with regards to progress, setbacks, and challenges. Thus, a brief explanation of the term austerity is provided with the purpose of reflecting on the limitations and opportunities that public expenditure might have in terms of gender inequality. Then, basic economic statistics concerning the dynamics of economic growth and public expenditure are included and certain key variables revolving around gender gaps in both countries are examined. Finally, we offer a diagnosis of the consequences of poverty on the female population in order to identify the leeway that public expenditure focused on gender should have for the most vulnerable population sector. The purpose is to promote development policies based on greater equality. In summary, as a result of the study, we observe that public expenditure intended at fighting against poverty (female-male) had considerable success in the case of Brazil, but not in the case of Mexico. However, in both countries, the recent deepening of austerity policies could limit the efforts of public expenditure on the feminization of poverty in particular, and on gender inequalities in general.

Poverty is one of the most important internationally recognized problems. The first Millennium Development Goal declared by the United Nations (UN) is to &ldquo
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger&rdquo
. Women rank first among groups most affected by poverty. Based on the argument that women compose two-thirds of the poor, the term &ldquo
feminization of poverty&rdquo
took its place in the development discourse in the 1970s. There is an inverse relationship between development and women&rsquo
s poverty, making women&rsquo
s poverty a crucial agenda item of poverty alleviation strategies. Microcredit systems have spread all over the world beginning in Bangladesh and have now become an important poverty alleviation tool both in developed and developing countries. From the beginning of this millennium, microfinance institutions started to spread in Turkey and Turkish Grameen Microfinance Program (TGMP), a commercial affiliate of Turkish Foundation for Waste Reduction, is the leading organization. It is one of the crucial microfinance institutions in Turkey. Women are the primary target group of microcredit and this makes microcredit today&rsquo
s most popular poverty alleviation tool. The impact of microcredit on women is examined through interviews with women who registered with the Ankara TGMP v office. In this context, this study investigates microcredit&rsquo
s effectiveness as a poverty alleviation tool for women in the light of the correlation between development and women&rsquo
s poverty. Based on the fact that poverty is a multidimensional concept, positive and negative aspects of microcredit are revealed in this research, however, no conclusion is made as to microcredit&rsquo
s success or failure as an independent poverty alleviation tool. Rather, it is concluded that microcredit should be integrated with other actors and poverty alleviation tools and should be supported with other relevant institutions and policies.

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The objective of this research is to analyze the poverty feminization process in the Northeast´s Brazilian region, from 2004 to 2015, through a multidimensional approach. For this purpose, was estimated the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by using the microdata of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for the years 2004 to 2015. the poverty incidence results (H) showed that in Brazil the proportion of poor female heads of household was lower than the male proportion. In 2004, the percentage of poor women who were heads of their families was 55.03%; by 2015, the percentage of poor women fell to 39.31%. The intensity of poverty or average poverty (A) in 2004 revealed that these women presented, on average, 20.07% deprivations of the total indicators considered, which corresponded to 7 of the 37 indicators. In 2015, this proportion represented 18.53%, which means that these women presented on average deprivations in approximately 7 of the 37 indicators. The results of the incidence of adjusted poverty (M0), revealed that in 2004 about 11.05% of Brazilian women were multidimensionally poor, in 2015 the percentage of women in this condition fell to 7.28%. In the Northeast region, unlike that observed for female Brazilian heads of household, it was possible to verify that women in this region are multidimensionally poorer than men, and to confirm the poverty feminization process occurrence in this Region, since poverty in this Region declined more among men than among women. It was also observed that for the female heads of families in the Northeast Region, the dimensions of access to work, availability of resources and consumption of goods were those in which women were more vulnerable in all the years of the analyzed period. In 2015, approximately 53.34%, 48.04% and 34.52% of these women were deprived in these dimensions, respectively. In comparison to male heads of household in the Northeast Region, women were more deprived in terms of family vulnerability, availability of resources until the year 2011, and from the year 2009 on the use of time. There was also a noticeable decrease in multidimensional poverty for female heads of households in the Northeast, whose MPI for the eleven year period has been reduced by 29.65% while the same indicator for female heads of household in Brazil was reduced and 34,12%. The dimensions related to work and income were the ones that contributed the most to the insertion of northeastern women into a condition of poverty and are thus subjects that require more attention from the public power, since the verified distance in the percentage of deprivations observed in these dimensions in relation to Brazil was significant.
A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar o processo de feminização da pobreza na Região Nordeste do Brasil, por meio de uma abordagem multidimensional. Para tal, estimou-se o Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (MPI) tendo por base os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) relativos ao período de 2004 até 2015. Os resultados da incidência da pobreza (H) evidenciaram que no Brasil a proporção de mulheres chefes de família pobres foi inferior à proporção masculina. Em 2004, o percentual de mulheres pobres que eram chefes de suas famílias era de 55,03%, já no ano de 2015 esse mesmo percentual caiu para 39,31%. A intensidade da pobreza ou pobreza média (A) no ano de 2004 revelou que essas mulheres eram em média privadas em cerca de 20,07% do total de indicadores considerados, o que correspondeu a 7 dos 37 indicadores. Em 2015, essa proporção representou 18,53% dessas mulheres, isto é, elas apresentaram em média privações em aproximadamente 7 dos 37 indicadores. Os resultados da incidência da pobreza ajustada (MPI) apontaram que em 2004 cerca de 11,05% das mulheres brasileiras eram multidimensionalmente pobres, no ano de 2015 o percentual de mulheres nessa condição caiu para 7,28%. Na região Nordeste, diferentemente do observado para as chefes de família do Brasil, foi possível constatar que as mulheres são multidimensionalmente mais pobres do que os homens, o que caracteriza a ocorrência do processo de feminização da pobreza. Também se observou que para as chefes de família da Região Nordeste, as dimensões do acesso ao trabalho, disponibilidade de recursos e consumo de bens se mostraram mais vulneráveis em todos os anos do período analisado. No ano de 2015, aproximadamente 53,34%, 48,04% e 34,52% dessas mulheres eram privadas nessas dimensões, respectivamente. Em comparação aos homens chefes de família da Região Nordeste, as mulheres foram mais privadas nas dimensões referentes à vulnerabilidade familiar e na disponibilidade de recursos até o ano de 2011 e, a partir do ano de 2009, no uso do tempo. Também se observou uma sensível diminuição na pobreza multidimensional para as mulheres chefes de família do Nordeste, cujo MPI para o período de onze anos, fora reduzido em 29,65% enquanto o mesmo indicador para as mulheres chefes de família do Brasil foi reduzido em 34,12%. No entanto, as dimensões relativas ao trabalho e à renda foram as que mais contribuíram para a inserção da mulher nordestina em uma condição de pobreza, e são assim, temas que exigem mais atenção do poder público, pois a distância verificada no percentual de privações observadas nessas dimensões em relação ao Brasil se mostrou significativa.

This dissertation explored perceptions of the link between religion and the feminization of poverty amongst research participants attached to the Johane Marange Church of Seke area in Zimbabwe. The study sought to explore whether the practices in the Johane Marange church exacerbated the feminization of poverty. A qualitative research approach was selected. Data included documentary sources, notes from observation, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. It is found that according to the research participants, some of the church’s traditions may drive the feminization of poverty in the area. In particular, the church’s stance concerning young women’s participation in higher education, people’s health-seeking behaviour, its own understanding of the causes of and treatment for HIV and AIDS, its encouragement of early age at marriage for women and support of the practice of widow inheritance all contribute to a deepening feminization of poverty
Development Studies
M. A. (Development Studies)

Agriculture plays the role of providing employment, income, food, raw materials, and foreign exchange earnings for people. The ability and the inability of agriculture in playing the provisioning roles, in varying degrees, define the poverty status of those engaged in it. It is a paradox that a majority of those who are engaged in agriculture, especially in developing countries, tend to be associated with such poverty-linked characteristics as low income, hunger, deprivation, and vulnerabilities. There is therefore the need to refocus on defining the concept of agriculture with a view to bringing out its role in the development process and how the roles can be effectively achieved by the majority of those engaged in it. The objectives of the chapter include describing the expected roles of agriculture in the development process; highlighting the performance of the agriculture sector; describing the role of agricultural credit in agricultural development; defining the concept of extreme poverty; highlighting some of the strength and weaknesses of incometrics, highlighting vulnerability views of poverty; discussing measurement of extreme poverty; and highlighting feminization of formal agricultural finance. The chapter concludes with recommendations. The methodology is based on systematic reviews of relevant literature. The findings include how agriculture can play the roles expected of it and effectively empower those who are engaged in it. The chapter shares the view that majority of those engaged in agriculture in most developing countries are women, and that poverty has a feminine face and so advances the feminization of formal agricultural finance interventions. The chapter is concluded with relevant recommendations.

There is a recognition that African women are amongst the world's poorest; however, they are also the most industrious. As such, African women's lives present a contradiction. This chapter examines the contradictory nature of African women's lives using a case study of Kenyan women. A possible reason for this contradiction is that African women face many barriers when attempting to access education, careers, and economic resources. These barriers often originate from political, social, and cultural factors. Given the prominence and extent of these barriers, it is important to not only identify them but to comprehend them as well. The chapter examines how these factors contribute to the feminization of poverty in Africa with a particular focus on Kenya.

There is a recognition that African women are amongst the world's poorest; however, they are also the most industrious. As such, African women's lives present a contradiction. This chapter examines the contradictory nature of African women's lives using a case study of Kenyan women. A possible reason for this contradiction is that African women face many barriers when attempting to access education, careers, and economic resources. These barriers often originate from political, social, and cultural factors. Given the prominence and extent of these barriers, it is important to not only identify them but to comprehend them as well. The chapter examines how these factors contribute to the feminization of poverty in Africa with a particular focus on Kenya.

As corporations search for new frontiers of capitalist growth in the context of ongoing economic crises, they are making a business case for investing in poor, racialized girls and women in the Global South as a way to end poverty and promote economic growth and corporate profit. This chapter identifies this phenomenon as an instantiation of corporatized development and situates it within the context of the interrelated discourses of bottom-billion capitalism, philanthrocapitalism, gender equality, and third world difference. It introduces Nike Inc.’s investment in the Girl Effect through the Nike Foundation in the context of the corporation’s attempt to recover from transnational criticism of its well-documented abusive labor practices, and it situates the Girl Effect within the context of the racialization and feminization of global capitalism.