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Huo, Kun. "Performance Incentives, Divergent Thinking Training, and Creative Problem Solving". Journal of Management Accounting Research 32, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2020): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52479.
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ABSTRACT Creativity theory suggests that effective solutions to creative problems depend on both divergent and convergent thinking (Cropley 2006). Using an experiment in which participants solve insight problems, I investigate the effect of incentive schemes on creative problem-solving performance. I find that both piece-rate pay and a flat wage plus public recognition generate higher performance with divergent thinking training than without. Consistent with the idea that incentives may promote more convergent thinking than divergent thinking, piece-rate pay generates lower creative problem-solving performance than the flat wage in the absence of divergent thinking training (flat wage plus recognition has a neutral effect). The study suggests that when employee performance depends on creative problem solving, firms should implement incentive schemes and/or control systems that promote both divergent and convergent thinking.
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Tang, Yongli, Xinyue Hu, Claudio Petti y Matthias Thürer. "Institutional incentives and pressures in Chinese manufacturing firms’ innovation". Management Decision 58, n.º 5 (17 de junio de 2019): 812–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2018-0933.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Chinese firms’ innovation is related to their perceived incentives and pressures from the transitioning institutional environment. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 166 manufacturing firms located in Guangdong Province (China) is analyzed using binomial and moderated multiple regression models. Findings The results show that institutional incentives are more effective in promoting incremental innovations than radical ones, whereas institutional pressures are more pronounced in facilitating radical innovations than incremental ones. In addition, the interaction between the two divergent institutional forces is negatively related to innovation performance. Practical implications The findings inform managers and policy makers in institutional transition environments to consider and balance the effects of institutional forces. Firms should match the institutional incentives and pressures with their own innovation objectives in terms of incremental or radical goals, and take caution to deal with the divergent institutional directions, so as to avoid the negative interaction effects. Policy makers should take a systems approach when considering the incentive-based and/or command-and-control designs of innovation policies and regulations. Originality/value The study contributes to existing literature on institutions and innovation by disentangling incentive and pressure effects of institutions, regulation and innovation policies, as well as the combined and interaction effects intrinsic within institutional mixes.
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KRAFT, ALELI D., JOSEPH J. CAPUNO, STELLA A. QUIMBO y CARLOS ANTONIO R. TAN. "INFORMATION, INCENTIVES AND PRACTICE PATTERNS: THE CASE OF TB DOTS SERVICES AND PRIVATE PHYSICIANS IN THE PHILIPPINES". Singapore Economic Review 53, n.º 01 (abril de 2008): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590808002835.
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To explain divergent physician practices, studies focus on either differences in education and training or in financial incentives. The policy challenge is to identify the most cost-effective interventions to encourage adherence to practice guidelines. Utilizing private physician data in major cities in the Philippines, we show the effects of training and financial incentives in physician adoption of the TB DOTS protocol. Training seems to be more important when the new protocol is a significant departure from the old know-how, while financial incentives seem to work better on those who are already clinically competent. These imply that uniform application of information-based and incentive-based interventions may not be cost-effective.
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Kachelmeier, Steven J., Laura W. Wang y Michael G. Williamson. "Incentivizing the Creative Process: From Initial Quantity to Eventual Creativity". Accounting Review 94, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2018): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52196.
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ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examine whether performance-contingent incentives facilitate the creative process by enhancing the initial preparation that precedes creative incubation. The defining characteristic of both experiments is a second-stage task that is separated in time from the first-stage implementation of different incentive schemes. In Experiment 1, the second stage takes place ten days after we implement conditions with quantity incentives, high-creativity incentives, incentives with a minimum-creativity threshold, and a fixed-pay control condition. In Experiment 2, we test the effects of incentives with an incubation period of 20 minutes, during which an experimenter escorts participants on a walk between compensated work periods. In both experiments, we find that participants with quantity incentives outperform the high-creativity production of their fixed-pay counterparts only in the second-stage task. Mediation analyses suggest that quantity-incentivized participants' propensity to try more divergent ideas in the first stage sparks their creativity advantage in the second stage. JEL Classifications: D24; D91; M11; M41.
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Keefer, Sara E., Utsav Gyawali y Donna J. Calu. "Choose your path: Divergent basolateral amygdala efferents differentially mediate incentive motivation, flexibility and decision-making". Behavioural Brain Research 409 (julio de 2021): 113306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113306.
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Maria-Rios, Cristina, Christopher Fitzpatrick y Jonathan D. Morrow. "Manipulation of Predictive and Incentive Value Have Divergent Effects on Sign- and Goal-Tracking Behavior". Biological Psychiatry 89, n.º 9 (mayo de 2021): S292—S293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.728.
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Zhan, Jing Vivian. "Natural Resources, Local Governance and Social Instability: A Comparison of Two Counties in China". China Quarterly 213 (marzo de 2013): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741013000040.
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AbstractThis article compares two neighbouring underdeveloped counties in south-west China. They share many similarities in economic, political and demographic structures, but experience divergent levels of social instability. The comparison suggests that, under China's political system and cadre incentive structure, the endowment of mineral resources in one county, and the lack thereof in the other, significantly influences the modes of economic development and local governance in these two counties, and thus contributes to their different levels of social instability.
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Ferris, James M. "School-Based Decision Making: A Principal-Agent Perspective". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 14, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1992): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737014004333.
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A principal-agent framework is used to examine the potential gains to educational performance and the potential threats to public accountability that school-based decision-making proposals pose. Options for minimizing problems arising from divergent objectives and information asymmetry, such as incentive-based contracts, limited school discretion, and school councils, are examined. The analysis underscores the need to tailor the design of decentralized decision making to the sources of poor educational performance and potential threats to school opportunism.
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DelDonno, Sophie R., Aimee James Karstens, Brian Cerny, Leah R. Kling, Lisanne M. Jenkins, Jonathan P. Stange, Robin Nusslock, Stewart A. Shankman y Scott A. Langenecker. "The Titrated Monetary Incentive Delay Task: Sensitivity, convergent and divergent validity, and neural correlates in an RDoC sample". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 41, n.º 5 (26 de marzo de 2019): 512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2019.1585519.
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Massoc, Elsa. "Banks, power, and political institutions: the divergent priorities of European states towards “too-big-to-fail” banks: The cases of competition in retail banking and the banking structural reform". Business and Politics 22, n.º 1 (22 de agosto de 2019): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.18.
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AbstractThis article examines how two dynamics, one global and one domestic, have interacted to shape the politics of banking in Europe. In the aftermath of the 2008 crisis, European governments were subject to renewed structural incentive to promote TBTF banks: in financialized economies, the growth of these banks is perceived as an essential element of a national economy's global competitiveness. Yet, this incentive was subject to enhanced political contention at home. Factions—often led by actors from within the state itself—have opposed governments’ impetus to promote TBTF banks. The specific identity, preferences and resources of these factions are determined by distinctive political institutions and vary across countries. Through the comparative analysis of banking structural reform and banking competition policies in the UK, France and Germany, I argue that varieties of regulatory outcomes are explained by the differentiated institutional capacity of “anti-TBTF” factions to carry weight in policymaking processes across jurisdictions.
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Birch, Sarah. "Electoral Systems, Campaign Strategies, and Vote Choice in the Ukrainian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections of 1994". Political Studies 46, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00132.
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In the Ukrainian parliamentary elections of 1994 the Communist party gained the greatest number of seats, yet the presidential election of the same year was won by a liberal reformer, Leonid Kuchma. The question arises as to how within a period of only a few months the Ukrainian electorate could have brought about such divergent results. This article addresses the question with reference to the workings of the Ukrainian electoral systems. It argues firstly, that the systems governing the two types of election created distinctive incentive structures for campaign strategy which interacted with the structure of preferences of the electorate in different ways, and secondly, that majoritarian aggregative formulae had different effects in the two sets of elections.
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Rosenbaum, Stephen Mark, Tage Koed Madsen y Henrik Johanning. "Managing the challenges of piggybacking into international markets". International Marketing Review 36, n.º 1 (11 de febrero de 2019): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-02-2017-0043.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the process by which piggybacking partners attempt to overcome the challenges of interfirm diversity when entering foreign markets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present a longitudinal case study following the collaboration between a rider (a small software developer) and carrier (a global player in software solution distribution) as a means of co-creating value for global customers in the pharmaceutical industry.FindingsThe authors find that despite differential size and incongruent organizational cultures, top managers were still initially able to facilitate collaboration through various knowledge-sharing initiatives, but that these efforts were subsequently undermined by middle managers (due to misaligned incentives), which prevented both parties from reaping the gains of piggybacking on global markets.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings have a number of implications for academics and practitioners alike. Theoretical implications include treating piggybacking as a special case of indirect exporting with particular challenges for knowledge exchange and trust building.Practical implicationsThe authors offer managerial implications for reconciling divergent organizational cultures, partner selection and incentive alignment.Originality/valueThis appears to be the first paper to empirically assess the viability of piggybacking as a foreign entry mode by examining the crucial processes of knowledge sharing and trust development within piggybacking arrangements.
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Jalil, Siti Ayu. "Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emission in the Developing Economies: Convergence or Divergence?" Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 1, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v1i1.14462.
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This study analyzes the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emission for 126 developing countries situated in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, as well as Asia and the Pacific regions from 1971 to 2009. It employs the current technique proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007) also known as the log-t test. This method is crucial due to its ability to determine the possibility of club convergence that may arise if result shows a divergent pattern. The analysis is significant in order to propose climate change proposals besides being an incentive for developing countries to participate seriously in controlling their emission level. Empirical evidence shows the developing countries portray a convergent pattern of per capita carbon dioxide emissions.
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MCMAHON, R. BLAKE y BRANISLAV L. SLANTCHEV. "The Guardianship Dilemma: Regime Securitythroughandfromthe Armed Forces". American Political Science Review 109, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2015): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055415000131.
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Armed forces strong enough to protect the state also pose a threat to the state. We develop a model that distills this “Guardianship Dilemma” to its barest essentials, and show that the seemingly ironclad logic underlying our existing understanding of civil-military relations is flawed. Militaries contemplating disloyalty must worry about both successfully overthrowing the governmentanddefeating the state’s opponent. This twin challenge induces loyalty as the state faces increasingly strong external threats, and can be managed effectively by rulers using a number of policy levers. Disloyalty can still occur when political and military elites hold divergent beliefs about the threat environment facing the state, since militaries will sometimes have less incentive to remain loyal than the ruler suspects. Consequently, it is not the need to respond to external threats that raises the risk of disloyalty—as conventional wisdom suggests—but rather uncertainty about the severity of these threats.
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Fionna, Ulla y Dirk Tomsa. "Changing Patterns of Factionalism in Indonesia: From Principle to Patronage". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, n.º 1 (3 de febrero de 2020): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103419896904.
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Party politics in Indonesia’s current democratic regime takes place within the parameters of a heavily fragmented multi-party system. Factionalism exists in most parties, but the influence of factions on internal party dynamics is only weak to moderate. Where factions exist, they are usually driven by clientelism and patronage rather than the representation of social cleavages, ideological differences, or regional affiliations, although traces of programmatically infused factionalism do persist in some parties. The intensity of factional conflicts in Indonesia’s young democracy has varied significantly over time and across different parties. While temporal variations are mostly related to changing institutional incentive structures, disparities between individual parties can be attributed to different organisational histories and structures as well as divergent levels of rootedness in social cleavage structures. It is noteworthy that several Indonesian parties have relatively deep roots in society and, in some cases, close links to long-established civil society organisations that preceded party formation. Given these constraints on more severe factionalism, damaging effects on governance have been fairly limited. The most debilitating effects of factionalism have been felt within the parties themselves, whereas government effectiveness and coalition formation has, ironically, sometimes benefitted from factional disputes.
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Rengel, Rodrigo, Allison Manoel de Sousa, Januário José Monteiro y Rodrigo Malta Meurer. "Análise da relação entre riscos e remuneração dos executivos nas empresas listadas na B3". Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 19, n.º 1 (22 de mayo de 2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/riae.v8i1.16787.
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Objective: To analyze the relationship between executive compensation and the risk of companies from different sectors of B3.Methodology: The relationship between executive compensation and the risk of 61 companies in the Abattoir sectors analyzed; Banks; Construction of residential buildings; Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity; Rental of Real Estate, and; Telecommunications, between 2011 and 2017 through descriptive statistics and through the multivariate panel model.Relevance: The influence of executive compensation on companies' risk discussed, in which the results are divergent and performed in emerging and developed countries that do not present macroeconomic characteristics, such as high rates of inflation and interest rates in the case of Brazil. In this way, this study presents evidence in this different perspective.Main Results: The findings show that executive compensation is negatively associated with corporate risk. However, the change in executive compensation influences the companies' risk. Additionally, it found that the size of the organizations is positively associated with the companies' risk, unlike the profitability of the asset, which negatively related to the risk of the companies.Theoretical contributions: The present study presents contributions regarding the incentive implications of risk compensation in companies from different sectors of the Brazilian capital market, especially considering that managers can, from their decisions, select projects that influence the risk of the company's operations.
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Conrad, Courtenay R. "Divergent Incentives for Dictators". Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, n.º 1 (14 de octubre de 2012): 34–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002712459707.
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Stankovic, Mirjana y Bratislav Stankovic. "Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters". Review of Central and East European Law 38, n.º 2 (2013): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598812x13274154887385.
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One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the patented tools without authorization and royalty payments.The Republic of Macedonia is a small, developing country that lacks specifically crafted legislation or even an articulated public policy promoting the growth of the biotechnology sector. Macedonian patent law contains rather broad exemption to patent rights, termed in “free use for personal and non commercial purposes” and “free use for research and development” of a patented invention. These provisions use obfuscating language and might generate confusion and divergent judicial practices. Also problematic are the law’s provisions which pertain to biotechnology patents and, especially, exemptions to biotechnology patents; these appear to misinterpret the mirroring provisions of the European Union Biotechnology Directive.This article argues in favor of amending the Macedonian industrial property law with a list of both specific exemptions and safeguards, which should provide clarity in future judicial practice pertaining to experimental-use exemptions of biotech research-tool patents in this country.
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Nekaa, Nejia y Sami Boudabbous. "Corporate governance and the social performance: investigation on Tunisian financial institutions". International Journal of Law and Management 60, n.º 6 (12 de noviembre de 2018): 1412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to show the specificities of the corporate governance of Tunisian financial institutions and the impact of the internal mechanisms of corporate governance of these institutions on their social performance. It is therefore interesting to establish the existing relationship between these mechanisms of corporate governance and the performance of a financial firm. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to study the financial sector, generally characterized by its opacity, its regulation, its evolution and its obscurity. Therefore, a study based on the questionnaire method was recommended. The questionnaire is intended for managers. Therefore, the authors interviewed 138 managers of Tunisian financial institutions dispersed between agencies and headquarters in different regions (Gabes, Tozeur, Gafsa, Sfax, Sousse and Tunisia). Findings As a result, an impact on performance was observed according to the empirical study. Therefore, the authors can conclude an essential role of internal mechanisms for improving the social performance of a financial institution. The empirical findings in this paper lead to important conclusions. Indeed, the variables measuring the governance mechanisms have divergent effects on the social performance of the financial institutions subject to the sample. For the variables board of directors, confidence, culture, auditing, they have a positive effect. While, the incentive remuneration effect negatively the social performance. Originality/value This study will be based essentially on the financial sector in Tunisia: the credit institutions (22 banks), the establishments of leasing (eight companies of leasing), two factoring companies and two banks of cases which are listed on the Stock Exchange of Tunis (BVMT).
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Oo, Bee Lan y Benson Teck-Heng Lim. "Game-based learning in construction management courses: a case of bidding game". Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 23, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2016): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-02-2015-0029.
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Purpose – The game-based learning has been used very successfully in some areas of formal education. In construction management, there is an increased uptake of games in teaching and learning. Focusing on a bidding game, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate its ability in enhancing students’ learning. The specific objectives are to: examine the effectiveness of the game as a teaching mechanism; explore students’ learning experience, preference and motivation to participate in the game; and identify the relationship between game features and students’ learning experience and overall satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopted a survey research design. A questionnaire survey was conducted in two universities in Australia, involving 100 students in the gameplay. Findings – The results show that the overall student feedback is positive with the vast majority of the students enjoying the learning experience. Students from both institutions have indicated their preference for group-based game sessions. However, the students have divergent opinions about the game incentive and motivation. It is found that there are significant correlations between some of the game features and students’ learning experience and overall satisfaction. Practical implications – The bidding game clearly has potential for adaptation in construction bidding-related courses. Educators could consider incorporating the significant game features towards improving students’ learning experience and overall satisfaction. Originality/value – Given there are limited studies that aimed at evaluating educational games, the student feedback in this research should facilitate more critical and reflective process for incorporating similar form of games in teaching construction management and bidding-related courses.
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Burch, R. K., P. J. D. Smith y W. P. Wheatley. "Divergent Incentives to Protect Intellectual Property". Journal of World Intellectual Property 3, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2005): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2000.tb00122.x.
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Hu, Yuehan. "Variation in criteria of examination grades from the perspective of “control rights” theory: An analysis of the grading of history as a subject in the new gaokao". Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, n.º 3 (julio de 2021): 444–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211031056.
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Existing literature on national governance models has focused on the analysis of long-term, stable public organizational processes between different levels of governmental and social organizations. In contemporary China, a considerable part of the organization and implementation process in public services relies on cooperation among different local governmental institutions and social groups. This type of process is characterized by short-termism and instability. This paper uses the perspective of the “control rights” theory to analyze the relationship between the three parties: the principal, management, and the implementation agency in the case of the phenomenon of grading criteria variation in the grading of history as a subject in the gaokao (college-entrance examination) of Province X. This paper shows that although the relationship shows a high degree of correlation, the three parties do not belong to the same bureaucratic organization and lack administrative oversight within the process, which increases the uncertainty in negotiation and maneuvering, resulting in two issues: First, the principal party and management party often have divergent views on targets. With the advantage of controlling incentive distribution, the principal party is able to involve itself in the inspection and evaluation of policy implementation, and therefore maintains the ability to arbitrarily intervene in the process. Second, implementation agency behavior is constantly influenced and modified by feedback from the principal party and the management party, and vice versa. In the process of continuous feedback and adjustment, the three parties gradually reach their own shared understanding of policy implementation that becomes the cause of local variation in grading standards. This paper suggests that unstable public organization process is an important area of study on contemporary Chinese governance. Control rights theory can be further explored as an analytic tool and strategies of various social forces in gaining organizational control should also be investigated in depth.
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Lemes, Jean Carlos y Flávia Sueli Fabiani Marcatto. "Vertentes da pesquisa brasileira sobre a metodologia de jogos nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem de Matemática nos anais do ENEM". Revemop 2 (24 de marzo de 2020): e202016. http://dx.doi.org/10.33532/revemop.e202016.
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Nesse artigo, apresentamos um mapeamento realizado nos anais do Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática (ENEM), no período de 2001 a 2016, que se propôs a investigar o uso de jogos no ensino-aprendizagem de Matemática. Selecionamos e organizamos os trabalhos de acordo com a identificação de temáticas convergentes e divergentes, nas Comunicações Científicas (CC) e Relatos de Experiência (RE). A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e apoiou-se na análise documental. Observamos que a metodologia de jogos auxilia a ludicidade, a motivação e o interesse dos alunos, procura desenvolver e significar conceitos matemáticos. Essa abordagem pode favorecer o uso da linguagem e a formação de relações sociais a partir de uma perspectiva metodológica que incentive o pensamento crítico, a investigação, a elaboração de estratégias e a reflexão sobre o erro.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem matemática. Jogos didáticos. Educação Matemática.Strands of brazilian research on the methodology of games in the teaching and learning of Mathematics in ENEM proceedings In this article we present a mapping carried out in the proceedings of the National Meeting on Mathematics Education (ENEM), from 2001 to 2016, which proposed to investigate the use of games in the teaching-learning of mathematics. We selected and organized the work according to the identification of convergent and divergent themes, in Scientific Communications (CC) and Experience Reports (RE). The research has a qualitative nature and is based on documentary analysis. We observed that the methodology of games helps the playfulness, motivation and interest of students, seeks to develop and mean mathematical concepts. This approach can favor the use of language and the formation of social relations from a methodological perspective that encourages critical thinking, research, the development of strategies and reflection on error.Keywords: Mathematical learning. Educational games. Mathematics Education.Vertientes de la investigación brasileña sobre la metodología de juegos en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de Matemáticas en actas de ENEM En este artículo presentamos un mapeo realizado en actas del Encuentro Nacional de Educación Matemática (ENEM), de 2001 a 2016, que objetiva investigar el uso de los juegos en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Para eso seleccionamos y organizamos el trabajo de acuerdo con la identificación de temas convergentes y divergentes, en Comunicaciones Científicas (CC) e Informes de Experiencia (RE). La investigación es de naturaleza cualitativa y se basa en el análisis documental. Observamos que la metodología de los juegos ayuda a la lúdica, la motivación y el interés de los alumnos, busca desarrollar y significar conceptos matemáticos. Este enfoque puede favorecer el uso del lenguaje y la formación de relaciones sociales desde una perspectiva metodológica que fomente el pensamiento crítico, la investigación, el desarrollo de estrategias y la reflexión sobre el error.Palavras chave: Aprendizaje matemático. Juegos didácticos. Educación Matemática.
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Castelein, R. B., H. Geerlings y J. H. R. van Duin. "Divergent effects of container port choice incentives on users' behavior". Transport Policy 84 (diciembre de 2019): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.010.
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Padhi, Satya Prasad. "Attracting Foreign Direct Investment". Foreign Trade Review 37, n.º 3-4 (octubre de 2002): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515030302.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows are industry-specific and, therefore, are regional-specific. Following this framework, the paper, first of all, notes that the regional FDI inflows relate positively to cross-regional differences in initial level of manufacturing output. This is especially when cross-regional differences in initial level of manufacturing output do not conform to a regional manufacturing convergence process and point to cross-regional differences in production structures. The paper also says that the regional FD! inflows are attracted less by regional incentive pattern (both provisions off inancial incentives and infrastructure facilities) which is independent of cross-regional differences in manufacturing levels. At the same time, though FDI inflows are attracted to regions with initial higher level of manufacturing output, they do not directly support a divergence process. This may be due to the fact that (1) FDI regional flows pertain mainly to the post-1991 phase. and (2) the FDI and total private investment in India have different regional biases.
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Montes, César Silva. "The world-system of academic capitalism: Process of consolidation of the entrepeneurial university". education policy analysis archives 17 (15 de diciembre de 2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v17n24.2009.
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This article presents an analysis of the system of the faculty evaluation by their students at the Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez (UACJ). The study was conducted following an interpretative and ethnographic methodology; empirical data was obtained based on participative observation. My presence on a daily basis allows me to register the processes in detail. In this methodology, the subjectivity, ideology and political stand of the researcher are made explicit. Results from the study indicate that for the perspective of the university administration, the faculty evaluation validates the teaching quality, and it is a referent to justify the professor exclusion from the university's incentive program. The faculty views the student evaluation as a control of their labor and as a revenge mechanism from those students who felt that will fail the course. The student perceives the evaluation as a mandatory and unimportant task, because its results do not modify the faculty pedagogic practice. Although there is an agreement between the administration and the faculty to maintain the student evaluation process for merit incentive purpose, faculty questions if this type of evaluation is appropriate for all the disciplines; the validity of peer evaluations; and, the student's judgment to leave them without labor economic incentives. As a result of the found divergence, it is proposed a dialogue among the professors; University's administration, and the students to generate an opinion poll in agreement to the context.
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Mookherjee, Dilip. "Decentralization, Hierarchies, and Incentives: A Mechanism Design Perspective". Journal of Economic Literature 44, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2006): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.44.2.367.
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Separation of ownership from management, multidivisional firm organizations, delegation of production decisions to worker teams, delegation of pricing and advertising decisions to retail franchisers, reliance on intermediaries in trade or finance, and distribution of regulatory authority across different agencies represent examples of organizations that delegate and distribute decision-making authority instead of centralizing it. This paper reviews literature on costs and benefits of delegated decision making in hierarchical organizations or contracting networks with regard to problems of incentives and coordination. It starts by describing incentive and coordination costs of delegation in simple canonical examples of hierarchies where both information and incentives of different decisionmakers differ. One class of models pertain to contexts where the classical Revelation Principle applies, i.e., where costs of contractual complexity, information processing, or communication are absent, agents do not collude, and the mechanism designer can commit to the mechanism. Delegation may conceivably entail a loss of control and coordination arising from the divergence of information and incentives. Sufficient and necessary conditions for this loss to be mitigated entirely include risk neutrality, top-down contracting, and monitoring of transfers or production assignments between subordinates. The next class of models introduces communication costs that restrict the performance of centralized arrangements relative to delegation owing to a resulting loss of flexibility, which has to be traded off against possible control losses of delegation. Finally, consequences of collusion among agents is discussed, which typically enlarge the range of circumstances under which delegation can attain optimal second-best outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this theoretical literature to recently emerging empirical studies of industrial organizations where delegated decision making plays an important role: adoption of innovative human resource management practices, new information technologies and retail franchising.
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Ferracane, Martina Francesca y Hosuk Lee-Makiyama. "Diverging incentives for reforming China’s restrictions on digital innovations". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10, n.º 3 (2 de octubre de 2017): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-06-2017-0016.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate China’s policy on digital trade with the objective to highlight the rationales behind such policy. Design/methodology/approach China’s policy on digital trade is assessed by analysing the main regulations imposed in the country in the period from 1985 to 2016 that have an impact on digital trade. Findings It was found that there are more than 70 measures imposed today that have a negative impact on digital trade. The measures are diverse and can be justified with several policy objectives, namely, industrial policy, public order and national security, and these support China’s fiscal and state-owned enterprise structure. Originality/value This paper analyses China’s policy on digital trade from a new perspective and provides insights on the rationales behind this policy.
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Akhtar, Waqar, Muhammad Sharif y Nadeem Akmal. "Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Competitiveness of the Rice Production Systems of Pakistan’s Punjab". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2007): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2007.v12.i1.a7.
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The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) methodology was used to determine the level of economic efficiency and competitiveness in the production of rice crops in Pakistan’s Punjab. The methodology was also used to assess the effect of policy intervention on the production of Basmati and IRRI rice crops. The results indicate that an expansion of the production of Basmati rice can lead to an increase in exports. The production of IRRI in Pakistan’s Punjab is characterized by a lack of economic efficiency implying inefficient use of resources to produce the commodity. On the other hand, both Basmati and IRRI rice production in the Punjab demonstrate a lack of competitiveness at the farm level for the period under analysis. The analysis shows that the prevailing incentive structure affected farmers negatively. A negative divergence between private and social profits implies that the net effect of policy intervention is to reduce the farm level profitability of both rice production systems in Punjab. The results highlight the need for removing existing policy distortions in the structure of economic incentives to enhance economic efficiency and to attain farm level competitiveness in rice production.
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Popova, Evgeniya Mikhailovna y Guzel Mukhtarovna Guseinova. "Improvement of methodological base on identification of tax expenditures". Финансы и управление, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2020.1.32345.
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The concept of tax expenditure is gradually being implemented into the budget process in the Russian Federation, which justifies the relevance of this research. Russia uses the legislative approach towards identification of tax spending, which has a weak theoretical-methodological base. There is currently no precise criterion for allocation of tax expenditures, while the definition formulated by the Article 6 of the Budgetary Code of the Russian Federation further complicates their identification. Thus, there is an objective need for development of more comprehensive approach towards identification of tax expenditures from the theoretical perspective. The study of foreign practice allowed concluding that qualification of the tax norm, as a tax expenditure is a rather debatable question. The novelty and scientific-practical importance of the conducted research consists in the proposed interpretation of tax expenditures and tax incentives, which reflects their main attribute consisting in divergence from the fundamental principles of taxation, and ensures accord with the concepts used in the budgetary legislation. The authors develop an algorithm for identifying tax expenditures, based on solution of the task on determination of adherence of the content of tax norm to the key elements of the mechanism of functionality of a tax incentive.
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Špaček, Kluvánková, Gežík, Baštáková, Štecová y Louda. "Role Board Games as a Tool for Reconfiguration of Innovation Factors in Forest Ecosystem Services Governance". Proceedings 30, n.º 1 (8 de noviembre de 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030013.
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Forest ecosystem services (FES) are considered as public or common goods facing diverging individual and societal interests affecting the quality of ecosystems and well-being of the communities. This may result in overuse, degradation or unsustainable behaviour, as well as it can create also barriers for cooperation, economic profit and innovative business initiatives. The paper introduces the methodological approach which is applied within six different innovation regions (conceptualised as social-ecological systems) within the InnoForESt H2020 project. Each region uses innovative approaches in governance of FES and payments schemes. They are situated in Austria, the Czechia and Slovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy and Finland. All are characterised by manifold, sometimes diverging, FES, such as timber, recreation, regulation services or education. In order to get a better understanding of the role and the impact of key innovation factors for the regions, we have designed a behavioural [lab] experiment in the form of a Role board game (RBG). The proposed experimental game builds on Cardenas et al. (2013) and Castillo et al. (2011) as an interactive agent-based model arranging for repeated interaction and learning in real-world situations. It contributes to testing the effectiveness of incentives provision for the sustainable production of FES and the acceptance of such an intervention by FES communities (Kluvankova et al., in press). The game enables the adaptation to the specifics of each innovation region but at the same time it keeps the same internal experimental mechanism which will enable the comparison across the regions. The main question to be addressed by the RBG is: How to create conditions to enable innovations in forest management/governance for sustainable use and well-being in innovation regions under the diverging interest of FES users? We plan to test combinations of key innovation factors as preferred future scenario for sustainable FES provisions in regions, including fundamental policy interventions (e.g. strict regulation vs. payments for ecosystem services scheme), business incentives and external risk factors. RBG will allow testing stakeholders’ specific behaviour for resource use, and innovation activities, to create economic incentive, knowledge and social value. We argue that this will help to set conditions for successful development of policy and business innovations in innovations regions and to foster collaboration on FES provision for sustainability among stakeholders in a long term.
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Lee, Minwoo, Yuwon Choi y Sanghyuk Moon. "The Effect Of Internal Capital Market Of Korean Large Business Groups On Investment Efficiency". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, n.º 5 (30 de agosto de 2017): 903–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i5.10014.
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This study examines whether the effect of funding through internal capital markets on investment efficiency is differentiated by the incentives of controlling shareholders as measured by the divergence between cash flow rights and voting rights of controlling shareholders (hereafter, wedge).
To empirically analyze hypotheses of this study, 1,189 firm-year observations were collected from Korean firms listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) belonging to a large business group designated by the Korea Fair Trade Commission over the period from 2005 to 2012. The results of the analysis are as follows.
First, we find that the magnitude of internal funding, as measured by total payables to the related parties, is positively (+) associated with investment inefficiency. Second, the interaction variables of total payables to the related parties and the wedge have a significant positive (+) effect on investment inefficiency. In other words, the deterioration of investment efficiency due to the increase in total payables to the related parties was mainly caused by firms with a big wedge. This result suggests that the effect of internal capital markets on investment efficiency of large business groups may be differentiated by the wedge that is proxy of the controlling shareholder’s incentive.
This study provides additional evidence on previous studies on the investment efficiency of large business groups by considering both the internal capital market and incentives for funding using the internal capital market, which are important factors affecting the investment of large corporate groups. Also, the results of this study are expected to provide implications for the regulatory policy of large business groups which have recently become an issue in Korea.
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Heberer, Thomas y Anja Senz. "Streamlining Local Behaviour through Communication, Incentives and Control: A Case Study of Local Environmental Policies in China". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2011): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261104000304.
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This article describes how China uses evaluation ratings and monitoring as incentives in order to foster the implementation of environmental policies at the local level. It is argued that decentralisation in China leaves room for actors at the local levels to manoeuver and bargain with those on higher levels for flexible adjustment of implementation policies according to local conditions. However, decentralisation is accompanied by significant institutional changes in the structure of intergovernmental communication, incentives and control. Accordingly, decentralisation in China exhibits a specific design which leaves space for divergent local environmental policies while also engendering “grassroots mechanisms”. On the whole, this new institutional setting benefits the implementation of environmental policies.
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Goss, Ernest P. y Joseph M. Phillips. "Do Business Tax Incentives Contribute to a Divergence in Economic Growth?" Economic Development Quarterly 13, n.º 3 (agosto de 1999): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249901300302.
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Treloar, Carla y Martin Holt. "Deficit models and divergent philosophies: Service providers’ perspectives on barriers and incentives to drug treatment". Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 13, n.º 4 (enero de 2006): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687630600761444.
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Mat Radzuan, Indera Syahrul, Song Inho y Yahaya Ahmad. "A rethink of the incentives programme in the conservation of South Korea’s historic villages". Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 5, n.º 2 (17 de agosto de 2015): 176–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-02-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the overarching question, which was whether the incentives programmes formulated for the community have been found to be suitable to the aspirations and needs of the local residents. Design/methodology/approach – This study has resulted from the authors’ experience through conducting a survey with the local residents in three locations, namely the Bukchon Hanok Village located at Seoul metropolitan city; the Hahoe Village, Angdong and the Yangdong Village, Gyeongju; both the latter are located towards the west of the Korean peninsula in the Gyeongbuk-do Province. This study has hopefully tried to analyse the residents’ perception of the effectiveness of the current incentives policy by using the Bennett’s programme evaluation method. Findings – Results show that there was a divergent direction between the current incentives policy and the local aspirations between sites. In most cases, the cultural heritage conservation has been found to be a catalyst to fulfil a heritage tourism advantage rather than to cater to the local community needs. Originality/value – The paper is the first insightful study of the historic villages which attempts to draw out the importance of the effectiveness of the incentives programme in guiding the conservation efforts for the local economic development.
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Fontes-Filho, Joaquim Rubens y Moisés Balassiano. "The problem of incentives in building corporate governance models". Corporate Ownership and Control 5, n.º 2 (2008): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i2c3p4.
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The attempt to align interests of executives with those of shareholders has been addressed in the corporate governance context from a predominantly economic outlook based on the agency theory. The models that combine monitoring and control systems in association with financial incentive mechanisms, such as profit and income sharing, stock options, bonds and other benefits, consider an individual to be individualist, opportunist and self-interested, diverging from the assumptions of other theories and contemporary ideas in the area of human resources management. Based on the criticism related to the agency theory, particularly when drawing up incentive schemes, this article aims to look at alternative theories to build corporate governance practices that include considerations on extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of agents.
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Serra, Renata. "Cotton sector reform in Mali: explaining the puzzles". Journal of Modern African Studies 52, n.º 3 (18 de agosto de 2014): 379–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000408.
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ABSTRACTThis paper provides a detailed analysis of the cotton sector reform process in Mali from 2000 to 2011, explaining reform delays and ambiguities in terms of the wider political and socio-economic context and aid relationships. Contrary to arguments pointing to lack of state commitment and ownership, domestic stakeholders increasingly worked towards finding an acceptable and consensual reform package. The process encountered quite serious obstacles, however, due to divergent actors' incentives, and the existence of opposing philosophies about what a restructured cotton sector should look like. As a consequence of donors' misjudgement of the political and social realities underlying the Malian cotton sector, dialogue among stakeholders was difficult and polarised, forcing the government to spend considerable time and resources to find a suitable compromise. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the merits and limits of pursuing consensual policy processes against the constraints posed by divergent donors' policy paradigms.
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Lisciandra, Maurizio. "A Comparative Analysis of the Incentive Systems under Taylorism and Fordism". HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, n.º 2 (marzo de 2009): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2008-002003.
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- Lliterature on Taylorism has surprisingly ignored the role of its payment systems, while the results achieved on Ford's five-dollar day programme appear contradictory and sometimes isolated from the organisational change simultaneously undertaken. I seek to fill these theoretical gaps. I provide a historical analysis of the relevant features of Taylorism and Fordism and analyse a simple agency model with a linear compensation scheme to account for the observed differences in payment systems between Taylor's performance-related pay and Ford's fixed wages. I show how the ex-post observed divergence may be interpreted in terms of technology-related differences in i) responsiveness of effort to incentives and ii) responsiveness of proceeds to effort. JEL classification: D8; J3; J41; L2. Keywords: Taylorism; Fordism; agency theory; labour contracts; incentives.
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ÁLVAREZ, Isabel, Debora DI CAPRIO y Francisco Javier SANTOS-ARTEAGA. "TECHNOLOGICAL ASSIMILATION AND DIVERGENCE IN TIMES OF CRISIS". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 22, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2015): 254–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1033663.
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We study an endogenous stochastic growth model whose dynamic evolution is determined by an adaptive learning process defining the accumulation of technological knowledge within countries. Both the assimilation of technological knowledge and the arrival rate of innovations depend on the technological development level of countries. We illustrate how heterogeneous levels of technological development provide laggard countries with insufficient innovation incentives, leading to divergences in total factor productivity and their technological stagnation. The model is simulated numerically using data from the current Innovation Union Scoreboard where the main expected growth patterns of the Baltic States are compared to those of the reference innovators within the European Union area.
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Roy, Tirthankar. "Knowledge and divergence from the perspective of early modern India". Journal of Global History 3, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2008): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022808002763.
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AbstractThis article explores the origins of divergent technological pathways in the early modern world, and the role that artisanal knowledge played in this process. It rejects older explanations based on societal differences in entrepreneurial propensities and incentives, and a more modern one based on factor cost. It argues instead for the importance of conditions that facilitated transactions between complementary skills. In India, the institutional setting within which artisan techniques were learned had made such transactions less likely than in eighteenth-century Europe. The cost of acquiring knowledge, therefore, was relatively high in India.
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Loureiro, Paulo R. A., Tito Belchior Silva Moreira y Roberto Ellery. "The relationship between political parties and tolerance to criminality". International Journal of Social Economics 44, n.º 12 (4 de diciembre de 2017): 1871–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2016-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of left Brazilian political parties and partisan disruption on the homicide rate in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The authors use panel data for the states between the years 1980 and 2011. The database used is an unbalanced panel covering a sample of 27 Brazilian states over 32 years, 1980-2011, totaling about 855 observations. Findings It is estimated that these two political factors are sources that have connection to the increased level of violence in Brazil. These analyses provide several important results. First, partisan disruption is associated with a higher homicide rate, compared to non-partisan disruption. The results from the panel also suggest that left-parties in government have a positive impact on homicide, compared to non-left-parties. Research limitations/implications Information regarding premeditated homicides (CID-BR-9 database) is available for all Brazilian states, and may be tabulated from the same micro-data at any level of aggregation. Some of the well-known problems regarding the choice of this variable are as follows. First, deaths resulting from wounds are sometimes included in the statistics whether wounds were intentionally inflicted or not. In addition, some incidents end up not being registered because certain deaths are not reported. This tends to occur more frequently in rural areas. Fortunately, this second problem does not appear to be too significant, as under-registry of deaths due to external causes is much lower than the amount resulting from natural causes (see, e.g. Cano and Santos, 2000). In addition, this problem may be controlled if under-registry remains stable over time by applying fixed effects to the panel data. Practical implications The main Brazilian political parties diverge on the causes of crime and how criminals should be punished. For example, in Brazil, the minimum age for one individual to be punished with imprisonment is 18 years old. Practices crimes for young people between 12 and 18 implies only in socio-educational measures. Given the high level of violence in Brazil, there is a bill being debated in the parliament that proposes to reduce the age to 16 years. Based on the research, 90 percent of the population approves the reduction of age to 16 years. However, the majority of parliament is opposed to changing the law. In general, the more conservative parties are favorable to changing the law. Social implications These divergent postures can be associated with the ideological essence or to belief system of each political party. Political parties have the potential capacity of changing crime trends through economic and social policies as well as by applying stronger sanctions against crime. Given the law enforcement system, the cycle of crime in Brazil may be related to the profile of the political party elected. Originality/value The authors assume the hypothesis that the current Brazilian multi-partisan system has an incentive system in which politicians do not respond adequately to the basic wishes of voters. Among such desires, the authors emphasize public safety. This paper evaluates the empirical effect of partisan disruption on homicide rate.
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Lundqvist, Andreas, Sheila Rao, Maria Berg, Aleah Smith, Su Su, Hisayuki Yokoyama, Shivani Srivastava y Richard Childs. "The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Simultaneously Enhances NK Cell Tumor Cytotoxicity While Paradoxically Reducing Antigen Specific T-Cell Tumor Cytotoxicity." Blood 110, n.º 11 (16 de noviembre de 2007): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1789.1789.
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Abstract The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib was recently found to render tumor cells susceptible to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. This sensitization appears to occur as a consequence of this agent up-regulating surface expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) on human malignant cells rendering them susceptible to TRAIL-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that bortezomib would likewise sensitize tumors to the cytotoxic effects of antigen specific T-cells through similar apoptotic pathways, thereby providing an incentive to use bortezomib as a universal immune-sensitizing agent. The HLA-A2+, gp100+, MART-1+ melanoma cell lines 526 and 624 were treated with 10nM bortezomib for 18 hrs then were analyzed by FACS for expression the cell surface markers (HLA-ABC, MIC-A/B, TRAIL-R1/2 and Fas) and Cr51 cytotoxicity assay for susceptibility to CD8+/HLA-A2+ restricted gp100 and MART-1 specific CTL-mediated lysis. As observed previously, NK cell-mediated apoptosis was significantly higher in tumor cells treated with bortezomib compared to untreated tumor cells. In contrast, an unanticipated and significant reduction in CTL-mediated cytotoxicity was observed in tumors treated with bortezomib compared to untreated tumors; at an effector:target ratio of 3:1, NK cell cytotoxicity increased from 43±2% to 70±2% (p<0.01) while gp100 CTL cytotoxicity decreased from 34±4% to 18±2% (p<0.01) in 624 melanoma cells after exposure to bortezomib (figure). This inhibition in T-cell killing was not due to changes in tumor surface expression of MHC class I, MIC-A/B, TRAIL receptors or Fas. Remarkably, CTL-mediated cytotoxicity was restored to baseline in tumor cells that were pulsed with gp100 antigen following bortezomib treatment, suggesting proteasome inhibition by bortezomib altered or impaired the processing and presentation of the gp100 tumor antigen. Conclusions: Exposure of malignant cells to bortezomib results in simultaneous divergent effects on innate NK cell and adaptive T-cell anti-tumor immunity. While tumors exposed to bortezomib have enhanced susceptibility to NK-cell cytotoxicity, proteasome inhibition appears to disrupt antigen presentation potentially reducing tumor specific CTL effector responses. These findings suggest antigen specific T-cell responses such as graft-vs-host disease, and T-cell mediated graft-vs-tumor effects might be altered when bortezomib is administered following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Figure. Melanoma cell line (624) was treated with bortezomib [10 nM] and analyzed for susceptibility to NK cell (left) and gp100-specific CD8+ CTL (middle) - mediated cytotoxicity in a 5h Cr51 cytotoxicity assay. Right - bortezomib-treated and untreated gp100:209 peptide pulsed 624 melanoma cells analyzed for susceptibility to gp100-specific CD8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity at a E:T ratio of 4:1 Figure. Melanoma cell line (624) was treated with bortezomib [10 nM] and analyzed for susceptibility to NK cell (left) and gp100-specific CD8+ CTL (middle) - mediated cytotoxicity in a 5h Cr51 cytotoxicity assay. Right - bortezomib-treated and untreated gp100:209 peptide pulsed 624 melanoma cells analyzed for susceptibility to gp100-specific CD8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity at a E:T ratio of 4:1
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CARRIZOSA MOOG, Jaime. "¿Cómo crean los seres humanos? Una aproximación neuropsicológica y neurobiológica a la creatividad". Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia 10, n.º 2 (25 de junio de 2019): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rp.v10n2a08.
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El presente estudio pretende revisar las bases neuropsicológicas y neurobiológicas que subyacen al proceso de creatividad en el ser humano, considerando los resultados de estudios recientes sobre neuroanatomía funcional, genética y valoraciones neuropsicológicas. Mediante la reflexión crítica de estos resultados se pretende motivar al lector a la actualización de estos conocimientos, la aplicación de los mismos y la posible formulación de nuevas preguntas de investigación. De ese modo, la creatividad se puede medir con pruebas que incentivan el pensamiento divergente o el discernimiento interior. Los estudios de neuroimágenes funcionales aclaran con precisión las funciones cognitivas necesarias para la creatividad al localizarlas en estructuras cerebrales y demostrando su interrelación. Así pues, son útiles en el proceso de creatividad: la motivación, la apertura a lo novedoso, la inteligencia, la inspiración y la imaginación. Existen genes identificados que están relacionados con la creatividad. Igualmente, la creatividad se puede incentivar con la marcha, salidas al campo, ocio, reuniones multiculturales y el sueño. Los resultados expuestos en el presente estudio requieren replicación y análisis en contextos diferentes; así, se pueden abrir novedosas oportunidades de aplicación en muchas disciplinas y una apertura a nuevas preguntas de investigación sobre creatividad que permitan aclarar las bases funcionales y eventual traslación a la práctica cotidiana.
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Eaton, Charlie, Sabrina T. Howell y Constantine Yannelis. "When Investor Incentives and Consumer Interests Diverge: Private Equity in Higher Education". Review of Financial Studies 33, n.º 9 (22 de octubre de 2019): 4024–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz129.
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Abstract We study how private equity buyouts create value in higher education, a sector with opaque product quality and intense government subsidy. With novel data on 88 private equity deals involving 994 schools, we show that buyouts lead to higher tuition and per-student debt. Exploiting loan limit increases, we find that private equity-owned schools better capture government aid. After buyouts, we observe lower education inputs, graduation rates, loan repayment rates, and earnings among graduates. Neither school selection nor student body changes fully explain the results. The results indicate that in a subsidized industry, maximizing value may not improve consumer outcomes. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
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Bailey, Kenneth W. y Abner W. Womack. "Wheat Acreage Response: Investigation a Regional Econometric Investigation". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1985): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025176.
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AbstractAn econometric model of planted wheat acreage was estimated for five distinct production regions in the United States. This structural investigation represents an update of previous published work with specific attention given to policy program variables, weather, production cost, risk, market price influences, and program participation. Estimated results indicated regional divergence in responsiveness to government program variables. The most significant divergence occurred in the Cornbelt and Southeast—soft red winter wheat areas. Results indicate that management of the wheat program from the USDA level will contain countervailing production incentives unless these regional characteristics are taken into consideration in policy directives.
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Sabot, Richard y John Wakeman-Linn. "Grade Inflation and Course Choice". Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1991): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.159.
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A conflict exists between the incentives offered to students and the institutional goal of increased science and math education. Students make their course choices in response to a powerful set of incentives: grades. These incentives have been systematically distorted by the grade inflation of the past 25 years. As a consequence of inflation, many universities have split into high- and low-grading departments. Economics, along with Chemistry and Math, tends to be low-grading. Art, English, Philosophy, Psychology, and Political Science tend to be high-grading. This paper presents evidence from nine colleges and universities that grade inflation has led to a divergence among departments in grading policies. We then discuss the results of an econometric study we conducted at Williams College of the influence of grading policies on course choice. The impact that differences in grading policies across departments have on the distribution of enrollments was also estimated, and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
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Salaga, Steven, Brian M. Mills y Scott Tainsky. "Employer-Assigned Workload and Human Capital Deterioration: Evidence From the National Football League". Journal of Sports Economics 21, n.º 6 (17 de junio de 2020): 628–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520930258.
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We test whether human capital deterioration is a function of employer decision making with respect to workload allocation. We examine this question in the context of National Football League running backs, where the structure of nonguaranteed employment contracts has the potential to create divergent incentives for franchises and players. We empirically test how employer-assigned workloads impact changes in player productivity and career length. We find that larger employer-assigned workloads result in larger decreases in future productivity. However, players assigned larger workloads tend to have longer careers. These results suggest deleterious physical effects from increased workloads while also implying hiring decisions are partially based on status or exposure effects.
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Eskelson, Tyrel C. "States, Institutions, and Literacy Rates in Early-Modern Western Europe". Journal of Education and Learning 10, n.º 2 (3 de marzo de 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v10n2p109.
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The purpose of the paper is to develop the theory that structural or procedural changes in institutions precede changes in education in a society. It examines the development of pre-modern institutions in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries and the influences this had on growth in literacy rates within these states. Literacy rates in Western European countries during the Middle Ages were below twenty percent of the population. For most countries, literacy rates did not experience significant increases until the Enlightenment and industrialization. Two early exceptions to this broad trend were the Netherlands and England, which had achieved literacy rates above fifty percent of their populations by the mid-seventeenth century. The explanations for these divergent trends are the structural changes in formal institutions that embodied capital markets, protected private property, and overall established the initial steps in developing modern political institutions. This created incentives to invest more in schools per capita as well as incentives for a middle class to invest more in literacy and numeracy skills for a market-exchange economy that was becoming more specialized in division of labor.
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PAN, MIN y SHENGQIAO TANG. "OPTION PRICING AND EXECUTIVE STOCK OPTION INCENTIVES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION UNDER GENERAL ERROR DISTRIBUTION STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL". Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 28, n.º 01 (febrero de 2011): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595911003065.
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This article investigates the valuation of executive stock options when the stock return volatility is governed by the general error distribution stochastic volatility model, involving both the features of the stock return volatility and the abnormal fluctuations of the stock price at the expiration date. We estimate the parameters in the general error distribution stochastic volatility model using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method with Shanghai & Shenzhen 300 Index in China as a sample, and compare the executive stock option values calculated by Black-Scholes option pricing model and the option pricing model under general error distribution stochastic volatility model. The results show that the general error distribution stochastic volatility model has greater veracity in describing the volatility of stock market returns, and there is divergence between the two values estimated by Black-Scholes option pricing model and the option pricing model under general error distribution stochastic volatility model. The divergence varies with the discrepancy between the price of underlying stock at the granting date and the strike price of the option.