Tesis sobre el tema "Double 11"

Devido as poucas opções de cultivo, o cotonicultor em Mato Grosso concentra seu modelo de produção em algodão, soja e milho, o que tem contribuido para que o estado seja o maior produtor nacional dessas três culturas. Nas últimas safras, a produção algodão migrou para segunda safra, dividindo espaço com o milho e colocando a soja como principal opção do cultivo de verão. Além disso, nas última cinco safras, as mudanças de tecnologias de sementes de algodão foram intensas, alterando ainda mais os sistemas produtivos. Em virtude das recentes mudanças, dúvidas ainda residem sobre a eficiência financeira-econômica e o risco assumido com o novo modelo produtivo. Partindo dessa lacuna na pesquisa, o estudo teve como objetivo descrever como as propriedades de algodão se configuraram entre as safras 2012/13 e 2015/16, para subsidiar a mensuração dos risco das cultivos de algodão, soja e milho e seus respectivos sistemas. Ao final, o estudo buscou construir um modelo que otimize a renda e risco da combinação dos cultivos (algodão safra, soja, algodão 2ª safra e milho 2ª safra), para auxiliar na gestão da propriedade rural. Para fins de estudar todos os sistemas produtivos, foram delimitadas duas regiões: Agregado Norte e Centro Leste. A primeira compreende a produção de soja no verão e algodão e milho na segunda safra, enquanto a segunda se restringe ao cultivo de algodão e soja no verão e milho sucedido pela oleaginosa. Para análise de risco dos cultivos e sistemas de produção, foi utilizado o método de Monte Carlo, por envolver simulação de elementos aleatórios. Para construção de uma fronteira de eficiência das possiveis combinações de culturas na propriedade analisando a relação retorno-risco, o algorismo genético foi base para o modelo de otimização via simulação. Os resultados apontam a produção de soja com o menor risco, enquanto sistemas com segunda safra são mais arriscados. No entanto, a introdução do algodão em sucessão a soja trouxe ganhos significativos de receita líquida para o sistema, enquanto o milho 2ª safra pouco aumentou a renda ou então reduziu em resposta a grande aumento do risco de produção. No geral, o Centro Leste mostrou-se menos arriscado para produção de algodão e grãos, principalmente no que tange a produtividade. Sob a teoria do portfólio, os dados do modelo mostram que a utilização de soja na totalidade de área de verão resulta em maiores ganhos de rentabilidade, enquanto que a maximização da renda ocorre com acréscimo de área do algodão na primeira safra, mas que que por outro lado expõe a fazenda a maior risco de produção. A introdução de área na segunda safra ajuda a atenuar os riscos da propriedade. Sendo assim, a diversificação de culturas na propriedade se mostrou o melhor caminho para gerir o risco, dado que a utilização do maior número de cultivos resultou nas melhores relação entre retorno e risco.
With the few cultivation options, the cotton-grower in Mato Grosso concentrates its production model on cotton, soybeans and corn, which has contributed to the state being the largest national producer of these three crops. In the last harvests, cotton production migrated to the double harvest model, dividing space with corn and placing soybeans as the main option of summer cultivation. In addition, in the last five harvests, cotton seed technologies changes were intense, further shifting the production systems. Due to the recent changes, doubts still rest on the financial-economic efficiency and the risk assumed with the new production model. Based on this lacuna in the research, the objective of this study was to describe how cotton properties were configured between the 2012/13 and the 2015/16 harvests, to subsidize the measurement of the risk of cotton, soybean and corn crops and their respective systems. At the end, the study develops a model that optimizes the income and risk of the crop combination (crop cotton, soybean, 2nd cotton crop and second corn harvest), to assist the rural property management. To study all the productive systems, two regions were delimited: North Aggregate and Eastern Center. The first comprises the production of soybeans in the summer and cotton and corn in the second crop, while the second is restricted to the cotton and soybeans cultivation in the summer and corn succeeded by the oilseed. For the analysis of the crops and production systems risk, the Monte Carlo method was used, involving random elements simulation. To build an efficient frontier of possible combinations of crops in the property, analyzing the return-risk relationship, the genetic algorithm was the basis for the simulation optimization model. The results point to the soybeans production being the one with the lowest risk, while systems with second harvests are more risky. However, the introduction of cotton in succession to soybeans brought significant net revenue gains to the system, while the second corn crop little increased the income or else reduced in response to the large increase in production risk. The Eastern Center proved to be less risky for cotton and grain production, especially in terms of productivity. In the portfolio theory, model data show that soybean cultivation in the entire summer area results in higher profitability gains, while revenue maximization occurs with cotton area increase in the summer crop, but exposes the farm to the highest production risk. The introduction of area in the second harvest helps to mitigate property risks. Thus, the crops diversification in the property proved to be the best route for risk management, as the use of the greatest number of crops resulted in the best relation between return and risk.

A regeneração in vitro é bastante utilizada em processos biotecnológicos. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na aquisição de competência para formação de novos órgãos. Em tomateiro (S. lycopersicum), a alta capacidade de regeneração in vitro é atribuída ao alelo Rg1, vinda de Solanum peruvianum, e que está presente na cv MsK (S. lycopersicum x S. peruvianum). Os genes de nanismo da cv Micro-Tom (MT) foram passados para MsK, obtendo-se, após 8 gerações de autofecundação (F8), a cv Micro-MsK. No presente estudo, após 6 gerações de retrocruzamentos (BC6Fn), criou-se MT-Rg1, com Rg1 isogênico a MT. Testes de regeneração in vitro mostraram que a formação de gemas caulinares adventícias para MT-Rg1 e Micro-MsK são equivalentes, evidenciando que a alta capacidade de regeneração de Micro-MsK é basicamente devido ao Rg1. Plantas MTRg1 apresentam freqüente formação de 3 cotilédones, excesso de ramificações caulinares e senescência atrasada, características ausentes nos parentais. Esses efeitos pleiotrópicos de Rg1 coincidem com aqueles descritos para alterações no hormônio citocinina. Testes de sensibilidade à citocinina e de tempo de senescência realizados por nós, bem como dosagem desse hormônio feita por outras equipes, descartaram essa hipótese. Enxertias recíprocas evidenciaram que a promoção da ramificação caulinar por Rg1 não é um sinal translocável, mas parece ser uma característica intrínseca do tecido. Rg1 também promoveu uma maior formação de raízes adventícias em estacas ex vitro, sugerindo que ele afeta o processo de competência para formação de órgãos em geral, e não somente a indução específica de gemas caulinares. Duplos mutantes entre Rg1 e mutantes com alteração na sensibilidade/metabolismo hormonal (dgt, brt e pro), ausência de ramificações caulinares (ls) e senescência acelerada (l) foram obtidos e testados quanto ao padrão de ramificações e à capacidade de regeneração in vitro. Além desses parâmetros, a presença de Rg1 suprimiu o fenótipo de folhas pouco recortadas do mutante hipersensível a giberelina (pro) e recuperou o sistema radicular pouco desenvolvido do mutante com baixa sensibilidade à auxina (dgt). Rg1 também foi capaz de reverter a ausência de ramificações laterais de ls, sendo que a mutação Me, o qual representa uma superexpressão de um gene do tipo KNOX, não foi capaz. Esse resultado sugere que Rg1 não é um gene do tipo KNOX, embora esses genes sejam considerados os principais controladores da competência. Analisando diferentes tipos de explantes em experimentos independentes, contatou-se que, em geral, as mutações brt (baixa sensibilidade a citocinina), dgt e ls diminuíram a capacidade de regeneração de Rg1, enquanto l aumentou. Rg1 mostrou-se particularmente epistático à mutação pro, revertendo o fenótipo de baixa formação de gemas caulinares desse mutante. Surpreendentemente, Rg1 provou ser mais sensível à auxina em testes de alongamento de segmentos de hipocótilos, sendo capaz de reverter o fenótipo do mutante dgt nesse mesmo teste. Em conjunto, esses resultados confirmam o papel de Rg1 na fase de aquisição da competência e sugerem uma interação dos hormônios giberelina e auxina nesse processo.
The In vitro regeneration process is widely used in plant biotechnology. However, the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of competence for organ formation are hitherto unknown. In tomato (S. lycopersicum), the high capacity for in vitro regeneration is attributed to the Rg1 allele from S. peruvianum, which is present in the cv MsK (S. lycopersicum x S. peruvianum). The dwarfism genes of the cv Micro-Tom (MT) were transferred to MsK, and, after 8 generations of selfing (F8), the cv Micro-Msk was obtained. Here, after 6 generations of backcrosses (BC6Fn), we created the MT-Rg1, which has Rg1 isogenic to MT. Tests of in vitro regeneration showed that shoot formation in MT-Rg1 and Micro-MsK are equivalent, suggesting that the high capacity of regeneration of Micro-MsK is basically due to Rg1. Comparing MT-Rg1 with the control MT, we noticed a high frequency of 3 cotyledon formation, increased shoot branching and late senescence, which are absent in the parentals. These pleiotropic effects of Rg1 coincide with those described for plants with alterations in the hormone cytokinin. Tests of sensitivity for cytokinin and senescence behavior carried out by us, as well as dosage of that hormone made by other researches, discarded that hypothesis. Reciprocal grafting showed that the promotion of shoot branching by Rg1 is not a transmissible signal, but seems to be an inherent characteristic of the tissue. Rg1 also increases adventitious roots formation of ex vitro cuttings, suggesting that it affects the process of competence, which is common for shoots and roots, instead of the specific induction of shoots. Double mutants between Rg1 and mutants with alteration in the sensitivity/metabolism of plant hormones (dgt, brt and pro), as well as mutants with absence of shoot branching (ls) and accelerated senescence (l) were obtained and tested for the capacity of in vitro regeneration. The presence of Rg1 suppressed the phenotype of less dissected leaves of the mutant hypersensitive to gibberrellin (pro) and rescued the phenotype of poor developed root system of the mutant with low auxin sensitivity (dgt). Rg1 was also able to revert the absence of axillary shoot formation in ls, whereas the mutant Me, which represents an over expression of a KNOX gene was not. This result suggests that Rg1 is not a KNOX gene, although those genes are considered the main controllers of the competence. Analyzing different types of explants in independent experiments, it was verified that, in general, the mutations brt (low sensibility to cytokinin), dgt and ls decreased the regeneration capacity of Rg1, while l increased it. Rg1 was particularly epistatic to the pro mutation, reverting the phenotype of little shoot formation of that mutant. Surprisingly, Rg1 proved to be more sensitive to auxin in the hypocotyl segment elongation test, being able to revert the phenotype of the mutant dgt in the same test. Together, these results confirm the role of the Rg1 in the process of acquisition of the competence and suggest an interaction of the hormones gibberellin and auxin in this process.

L'étude présente une recherche portant sur les rythmes scolaires par une évaluation chronopsychologique des modalités organisationnelles du temps scolaire à l'école algérienne, elle compare entre la double et la simple vacation chez les enfants âgés de 11 à 12 ans. Les résultats obtenus dans cette recherche dégagent l'influence du type de modalité proposée-imposée sur les facteurs physiologiques et psychologiques des élèves algériens. Les résultats indiquent que sur le plan journalier et hebdomadaire les performances attentionnelles des enfants scolarisés en double vacation présentent une rythmicité classique qui témoigne d'une relative adaptation de cet emploi du temps aux rythmes de vie de l'enfant. En ce qui concerne l'étude des comportements, on conclue que les deux élèves scolarisés en double vacation s'adaptent mieux à la situation scolaire au cours de la journée scolaire. Par contre au cours de la semaine scolaire, c'est les deux élèves scolarisés en simple vacation qui semblent mieux s'adapter à la situation scolaire. Quelle que soit la modalité du temps scolaire simple vacation ou double vacation et quelle que soit l'heure d'entrée des enfants des deux sites, cela ne génère pas de perturbations du rythme veille sommeil ; les enfants des deux sites dorment plus que la moyenne établie par les recherches chronopsychologiques. Par contre, l'effet de la coupure de la demi-journée au cours de la semaine scolaire n'est pas bénéfique pour les élèves de la double vacation contrairement aux élèves de la simple vacation. La coupure du week-end permet de compenser la fatigue liée à la fin de la semaine chez les enfants des deux sites. En ce qui concerne les activités extra-scolaires, on ne peut que constater la similitude des deux modalités proposée-imposée aux enfants algériens simple vacation ou double vacation en matière d'organisation des temps extra-scolaires
The purpose of this study is to make a chrono-psychological assessment of the type of time organization applied in Algerian schools. Comparison was made between the single and double vacation types of school timing organization based on a sample of pupils aged between 11 and 12 years. The results of the study highlight the physiological and psychological impact of the two types of school vacation on Algerian pupils. Furthermore the daily and weekly attention levels of pupils in the double vacation type of organization indicate that this type of time organization is well suited for Algerian pupils who seem well adapted to their school timing. With regard to the behavior of the two children observed during the study it was found that those in the double vacation type were better adapted to daily school life compared to their peers in the single type of vacation. However during the week it is the pupils in the single vacation type who showed a better level of adaptation. The results also indicate that regardless of the type of time organization and the time of school entrance the subjects showed no troubles with regard to time of sleeping or awaking: Pupils from the two types of time organization slept more than the average time indicated by chrono-psychological research. However it was also shown that the brake taken tuesday afternoon by pupils from the double vacation type - unlike their peers in the single vacation type- had no positive effects, but the brake taken in the weekend by all pupils regardless of the type of vacation was useful for since it enabled them to take a rest and overcome their fatigue. With regard to extra- curricular school activities they clearly appear to be the same for all pupils

A cana-de-açúcar é uma das mais importantes cadeias do agronegócio brasileiro, além do seu elevado destaque no contexto internacional como fonte de energia renovável e sustentável. Com a competitividade que as Usinas vem passando e pelas perspectivas de crescimento, este trabalho teve como hipóteses: i) o preparo profundo em cana-de-açúcar proporciona um maior volume de solo explorado pelas raízes; ii) o trafégo controlado de máquinas aliado ao espaçamento em fileiras duplas irá trazer uma maior população de plantas, traduzindo isso em incrementos de produtividade e redução de custos para o produtor. O objetivo geral, portanto, foi avaliar métodos de preparo do solo e desenvolver o tráfego contrololado na área, propondo assim que o produtor tenha redução nos custos com o manejo da cultura e também aumente a produtividade e longevidade do canavial. Portanto, pode-se concluir que na análise do comprimento de raízes, em todas as profundidades estudadas, o Preparo Profundo obteve comprimento, área e volume de raízes maiores estatisticamente. A Resistência do solo a penetração no tratamento Preparo Profundo, para as profundidades de 20-40 e 40-60 cm foi de 0,29 MPa e 0,45 MPa, respectivamente. Nas avaliações biométricas da parte área, o Preparo Profundo se destacou com um IAF de 7,1. Os custos das operações no momento do plantio foram bem inferiores no Preparo Profundo, sendo 33% e 58% inferiores aos Mínimo duplo e Convencional duplo, respectivamente. A movimentação do solo causada pelo sistema Preparo Profundo no preparo do solo, foi de até 80% inferior ao tratamento Convencional duplo. O tráfego controlado que o Preparo Profundo proporciona, diminui em até 70% o tráfego de máquinas na lavoura; menor consumo de combustível; redução no tempo das operações agrícolas; redução do parque de máquinas; e menor custo operacional.
Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in the Brazilian agribusiness chain, besides its great branch in the international context as a renewable and sustainable energy source. Through the competitiveness that sugar mills experience and through the growth perspectives of the sector, this study focuses the deep soil preparation for sugarcane crop renewal, since it provides a larger soil volume to be explored by the root system. Furthermore, the machinery traffic controlled by a smaller number of soil preparation operations, reduces farmer´s production costs. The general objective was, therefore, evaluate soil preparation methods and develop a controlled traffic system in the area, in order to propose to the farmer a cost reduction in the farm soil management along with yield increase and extension of the longevity of the crop. As a result of the imposed treatments it was possible to conclude that by the root length analysis in all depths of the Deep Soil Preparation, root length, area and volume were greater. Soil resistance to penetration in the Deep Soil Preparation system was much less in relation to the other treatments, assuming values of 0.29 MPa and 0.45 Mpa in the 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers, respectively. The above ground evaluations showed leaf area index of 7.1 for the Deep Soil Preparation, much higher in relation to the other treatments. Operation costs at planting time were much less for the Deep Soil Preparation, 33% and 58% smaller than for the Double Minimum Tillage and Double conventional, respectively. Soil movement caused by Deep Preparation was up to 80% less in relation to the Double conventional. The controlled machinery traffic that the Deep Soil Preparation provides, reduced up to 70% the farming operations, therefore presenting a lower fuel consumption, a reduction of the time used in farming operations, reduction of the machinery park, and a lower operational cost.

A quantificação de biomassa e carbono em florestas requer a aplicação de métodos adequados para se obter estimativas confiáveis de seus estoques. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de alguns métodos utilizados para a predição e estimação dessas variáveis em florestas nativas e restauradas da Mata Atlântica. Para isso, um primeiro capítulo aborda o uso do índice de vegetação NDVI como ferramenta auxiliar no inventário de estoques de biomassa em áreas de restauração florestal. Diferentes métodos de amostragem foram comparados em termos de precisão e conservadorismo das estimativas. Os resultados demonstraram que o NDVI apresentou adequada correlação com a biomassa estimada nas parcelas do inventário florestal instaladas em campo, sendo viável sua aplicação, seja para auxiliar na determinação de estratos, na aplicação da amostragem estratificada, seja como variável suplementar na utilização de um estimador de regressão relacionando-o à biomassa, no procedimento da amostragem dupla. Este último método, possibilitou minimizar as incertezas acerca das estimativas, valendo-se de uma intensidade amostral reduzida, fato que torna seu uso interessante, principalmente aos estudos em escala ampla, de modo a aumentar a confiabilidade das quantificações de estoques de carbono presentes na biomassa florestal, a custos de inventário reduzido. Um segundo capítulo discute a abordagem metodológica utilizada para inferir sobre a qualidade de modelos preditivos quando da seleção de modelos concorrentes para a aplicação em estudos de biomassa de florestas nativas. Para tanto, seis modelos considerando diferentes combinações de variáveis preditoras, incluindo diâmetro, altura total e alguma informação relativa à densidade da madeira, foram construídos a partir de dados de uma amostra de 80 árvores. As equações de predição de biomassa seca geradas por estes modelos foram avaliadas quanto à sua qualidade de ajuste e desempenho de aplicação. Neste segundo caso, aplicando-as aos dados de outra amostra composta por 146 árvores presentes em nove parcelas destrutivas instaladas em diferentes estágios sucessionais da floresta, de modo a possibilitar a avaliação dos vieses preditivos. No intuito de se verificar as discrepâncias nas estimativas de biomassa devido à aplicação das diferentes equações de predição de biomassa, as equações desenvolvidas, junto a outras disponíveis na literatura, foram aplicados aos dados de um inventário florestal realizado na área estudada. O estudo confirma a natureza empírica destas equações, atentando para a necessidade de prévia avaliação de seu desempenho de predição antes de sua aplicação, em especial, das ajustadas com amostras de outras florestas, expondo alguns dos principais fatores associados às causas de incertezas nas quantificações dos estoques de biomassa nos estudos realizado em florestas nativas.
The biomass and carbon quantification requires the application of appropriate methods to obtain reliable estimates of their stocks in natural and planted forests. The aim of this study was to evaluate different applicable methods to estimate biomass in both, natural and restored Atlantic Forests. The first chapter discusses the use of the vegetation index (NDVI) as an auxiliary tool in the inventory of biomass stocks in forest restoration areas. Different sampling methods were compared in terms of its accuracy and conservativeness. The results shown an adequate correlation between the vegetation index and the measured biomass, making the NDVI applicable either as supporting decision tool to define strata in the stratified sampling or as a predictor in the double sampling procedure. The last method allowed to the minimization of the uncertainties related to the biomass estimation combined to the reduction of sampling efforts. It makes the approach very interesting, especially in the context of large-scale surveys. The second chapter discusses the methodological approach used to evaluate the quality of predictive models applied to biomass studies in natural forests. For this, six models were fitted from 80 sample trees, using different combinations of predictor variables, such as, total height and information of wood density. The predictive equations generated by the models were evaluated according to their quality of fit and prediction performance. In order to evaluate its prediction performance, the equations were applied to the dataset of another 146 sample trees measured in nine destructive sample plots. The plots were located in different forest successional stages allowing the evaluation of model predictive bias among the stages. A third step of the analysis was the application of literature equations to a dataset of a forest inventory conducted in the study area, in order to verify the discrepancies in the estimates due to the use of these different models. The study confirms the empirical nature of the biomass equations and the need of previous evaluation in terms of prediction performance. This conclusion is even more relevant when we consider the equations that were obtained from other forests types, exposing some of the key factors associated to the causes of uncertainty in the biomass estimation applied to natural forests.

Diese Promotion befasst sich in drei unterschiedlichen Studien mit der Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen in der chinesischen Kultur. Die Arbeit befasst sich demzufolge sowohl mit Konstrukten der fluiden Intelligenz (Gf), den Persönlichkeitsdomänen (Big Five), schmaler gefassten Persönlichkeitskonstrukten (Glaube an sich Selbst, Lernstrategien) sowie dem komplexen Zusammenspiel dieser Konstrukte als Prädiktoren für schulische Leistungen. Nach einer generellen Einführung und der Herleitung des Big Five Narrow Trait (B5NT) Modells werden die drei Studien dargestellt. Studie 1 untersucht bei chinesischen Sekundarschülern figurale Verarbeitungsfähigkeit als Indikator für Gf und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften als Indikatoren für Schulnoten in den Fächern Mathematik, Chinesisch und Englisch sowie mögliche Interaktionen. Die zweite Studie integriert diese Ergebnisse in das B5NT Modell, das zudem mit anderen Modellen, wie etwa dem Double Mediation model (DM), verglichen wird. Der Glaube an sich selbst sowie Lernstrategien werden in den Analysen als wichtige Mediatoren betrachtet. Studie 3 überprüft die Ergebnisse in einem längsschnittlichen Design. Während bereits in Studie 2 starke Evidenz für das B5NT Modell gefunden werden konnte, kann dies auch in Studie 3 repliziert werden. Zudem können in einem Revisionsmodell reziproke Effekte von Performanz auf Persönlichkeitsdomänen angenommen werden. Die Promotion stellt daher ein theoretisches Modell zur Verfügung, das den Einfluss von den Big Five Domänen auf die schulischen Leistungen erklärt und durch querschnittliche sowie längsschnittliche Daten gestützt wird
This dissertation deals with the prediction of scholastic performance in Chinese culture. The thesis uses the constructs of fluid intelligence (Gf), broad personality traits (Big Five), narrow personality traits (i.e., self-beliefs and learning approaches), and their complex interplay as predictors of scholastic performance. Following a general introduction summarizing the theoretical foundations as well as outlining the derivation of the Big Five Narrow Trait (B5NT) Model, three papers are presented. In the context of Chinese secondary school students, Paper 1 examined the predictive power of figural reasoning as an indicator of Gf and personality traits on school grades in three subjects (i.e., Mathematics, Chinese, and English), and further investigated their potential interactions. Paper 2 integrated the findings of Paper 1 with the aforementioned B5NT. Within the study, the B5NT is empirically tested and compared to an alternative model proposed in earlier work, the Double Mediation model [DM]. Self-beliefs and learning approaches were considered as relevant mediators within those analyses. In this cross-sectional study, the B5NT model was strongly supported, whereas the DM model did not find strong empirical support. In order to empirically verify the underlying processes from a longitudinal perspective, Paper 3 expanded on the B5NT related findings in a three-wave longitudinal panel design. The findings supported the B5NT model and further warranted a revision model in which reciprocal effects from performance to big traits are suggested. Thus, the presented thesis provides a theoretical model explaining the influence of the Big Five on scholastic performance. Moreover, empirical support for the proposed model from cross-sectional and longitudinal data was found. Finally, integrating interactions with cognitive ability rounds off the perspective.

La montée en puissance de l’analyse narrative pose la question de la place et de la fonction des discours de Jésus dans l’Évangile de Matthieu. Si les lectures récentes ont eu parfois pour effet de minimiser leur importance au profit de l’intrigue de la narration, on ne peut éviter de constater qu’ils contribuent significativement à l’élaboration du portrait de Jésus et de la communauté de ses disciples. Paradoxalement, c’est aussi du côté de l’analyse narrative que vient aujourd’hui une lecture renouvelée de ces textes. La thèse de ce travail est la suivante : Le discours d’envoi en mission (Mt 9,35-11,1) est conçu pour jouer un rôle formateur à destination de la communauté lectrice ; celle-ci, par l’intermédiaire de la figure collective des Douze, est entraînée dans un déplacement qui n’est pas géographique. Après avoir étudié des questions préalables comme celle de la place et de la fonction des discours dans le plan du premier évangile (ch. I), et proposé un état de la recherche (ch. II), on étudiera donc, par l’analyse narrative, la figure des disciples telle qu’elle se présente au début du discours (ch. III). Trois motifs du ch. 10 seront choisis et analysés dans leur environnement narratif : la maison/famille, l’universalité et la violence (ch. IV). Ils constitueront la toile de fond de l’exégèse du discours, qui sera lu dans l’optique d’une étude du déplacement mis en œuvre (ch. V) ; la synthèse et la conclusion montreront que le déplacement porte sur la perception christologique, la perception sotériologique, et sur le rapport au temps de la mission (ch. VI)
The rise of narrative criticism raises the question of the place and function of Jesus’ discourses in the Gospel of Matthew. If the recent readings have sometimes had the effect of minimizing their importance for the benefit of the plot, it is difficult to avoid noting that they contribute significantly to the elaboration of a portrait of Jesus and the disciples’ community. Paradoxically, it’s also from the side of narrative criticism that a renewed reading of these texts could intervene nowadays. The argument is the following : the mission discourse (Mt. 9. 35-11. 1) is devised to play a formative role for the readers’ community. This community, through the collective character of the Twelve, is drawn into a non-geographic movement. After having studied preliminary points such as the place and function of the discourses in the plan of the first Gospel (chap. I) and having analysed the situation in the field of research (chap. II), we shall study, by means of narrative criticism, the figure of the disciples as it is painted at the beginning of the discourse (chap. III). Three themes of the tenth chapter will be chosen and analysed in their narrative context : household/family, universality and violence (chap. IV). They will constitute the background for the exegesis of the discourse which will be read in the perspective of the study of the engendered movement (chap. V). The synthesis and the conclusion will show that the movement bears on the Christological perspective, on the soteriological perspective and on the connection with the time of the mission (chap. VI)

De nombreuses applications, telles que la spectroscopie résolue en temps, requièrent de développer de nouvelles sources laser, qui émettent des impulsions courtes et accordables dans l'infrarouge moyen. Dans ce domaine, l'optique non linéaire apporte un grand nombre de solutions. D'une part les processus de conversion de fréquence permettent d'envisager l'extension du domaine spectral couvert par les sources laser. D'autre part les spécificités des processus non linéaires permettent d'envisager la création de fonctions optiques rapides. Dans ces travaux, nous mettons à profit ces deux aspects à travers la réalisation de dispositifs originaux de génération d'impulsions picosecondes. La première contribution de la thèse est la réalisation d'une source OPO à pompage synchrone basée sur un cristal de ZGP émettant des impulsions picosecondes dans la bande 3,8 µm- 5,6 µm. Les performances des différents étages de conversion sont discutées à la fois par des considérations expérimentales et numériques. La seconde contribution est le développement d'une source laser ZnSe:Cr2+ à modes verrouillés par un dispositif de miroir non linéaire d'ordre 2 à base de PPLN, accordable dans la bande 2,45 µm - 2,55 µm. Le miroir non linéaire est tout d'abord caractérisé en dehors de la cavité laser, puis le verrouillage de mode du laser est expérimentalement réalisé. Nous proposons enfin de généraliser la fonction miroir non linéaire en donnant les conditions d'obtention d'un verrouillage de modes par la modulation combinée de l'amplitude et de la phase de l'onde laser
Many applications, like time-resolved spectroscopy, require the development of new coherent light sources emitting tunable short pulses in the mid-infrared. In this field, nonlinear optics offer particularly attractive solutions. First of all, the parametric generation process allows extension of the spectral coverage of conventionnal laser sources. Secondly, nonlinear processes display specific properties, which can be controlled in order to create original fast optical functions. In this work, we use these properties to realize picosecond pulses generation devices. We begin with the realization of a synchronously pumped OPO based on a ZGP crystal, emitting tunable picosecond pulses in the 3,8 µm- 5,6 µm spectral range. The performances of the different conversion stages are discussed from experimental and numerical considerations. Then we adress optical sources including a laser medium and a nonlinear crystal. We build a nonlinear mirror using a PPLN crystal and insert it in a Cr2+:ZnSe laser to produce tunable picosecond pulses by passive modelocking in the 2,45 µm - 2,55 µm range. The nonlinear mirror is designed and characterized in an extracavity experiment, then we detail the mode-locking experiment. Finally, we generalize the nonlinear mirror concept, by proposing means of getting passive mode-locking by combination of amplitude and phase modulation in the laser cavity

La résistance remarquable à la corrosion des aciers inoxydables résulte de la formation d'une mince couche d'oxydes (quelques nanomètres). En milieux aqueux non stériles, les aciers inoxydables peuvent présenter un comportement instable résultant des interactions entre des "espèces biologiques" et le film passif. En effet, les microorganismes peuvent être fortement impliqués dans les processus de biodégradation, communément appelés biocorrosion. Ils s'organisent en biofilm et, de par leurs activités métaboliques, peuvent initier ou accélérer la corrosion. D'un point de vue électrochimique, le comportement des aciers inoxydables dans les eaux naturelles se traduit par une augmentation du potentiel de corrosion libre (Ecorr) lié à la formation d'un biofilm. L'aspect systématique de cette augmentation a été largement abordé pour les milieux marins et a été confirmé récemment pour les eaux fluviales. Une avancée considérable dans la compréhension des phénomènes de biocorrosion a été réalisée grâce à la mise en évidence du rôle des espèces extracellulaires excrétées dans le biofilm et notamment les enzymes. Plusieurs réactions enzymatiques dans les biofilms consistent à utiliser l'oxygène comme accepteur d'électrons tout en générant des espèces réactives telles que le peroxyde d'hydrogène (H2O2). L'objectif de ce travail est de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans le comportement électrochimique d'un acier inoxydable selon une approche enzymatique en milieu simulant les eaux douces. Pour ce faire, la glucose oxydase est choisie comme une enzyme modèle permettant de mimer l'activité aérobie d'un biofilm. Des mesures électrochimiques in situ ainsi que des analyses de la surface ont permis de comprendre le rôle et la nature des processus interfaciaux. La caractérisation de la surface a été réalisée grâce à une nouvelle exploitation quantitative des analyses XPS et de l'AFM. Les résultats montrent une évolution marquée de la surface de l'acier en terme de (I) morphologie (organisation de la surface), (II) de composition chimique (film passif, phase organique adsorbée) et (III) de réactions chimiques (oxydation, dissolution, effet de l'enzyme). Enfin, un modèle enzymatique plus élaboré est proposé: il prend en considération les conditions physicochimiques spécifiques à l'interface acier inoxydable / biofilm, en particulier la génération enzymatique d'espèces oxydantes en conditions de diffusion limitées
The outstanding corrosion behavior of stainless steels (SS) results from the presence of thin oxide layer (some nanometers). Ln non sterile aqueous media, stainless steels may exhibit a non stable behavior resulting from interactions between microbial species and passive film. Ln fact, microorganisms can be deeply involved in the corrosion processes usually reported as Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC). They can induce the initiation or the acceleration of this phenomenon and they do so when organized in biofilms. From the electrochemical point of view, stainless steels showed an increase of the free corrosion potential (Ecorr) attributed to the biofilm settlement. The Eco" ennoblement was broadly reported in seawaters and seems to be confirmed in fresh water according to recent findings. A considerable progress in the comprehension of MIC processes was related to the role of extracellular species, essentially enzymes. Many enzymatic reactions occurring in biofilms consist on using oxygen as electron acceptor to generate hydrogen peroxide and related species. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms involved in the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel according to an enzymatic approach in medium simulating fresh water. To this end, glucose oxidase was chosen to globalize aerobic activities of biofilms. Electrochemical measurements in situ and surface analysis allow the comprehension of the role and the nature of interfacial processes. Surface characterization was performed with the help of a new quantitative utilization of XPS analysis and AFM. Results show a significant evolution in term of (I) morphology (surface organization), (II) chemical composition (passive layer, adsorbed organic species) and (III) chemical reaction (oxidation, dissolution, effect of enzyme). Finally, a new enzymatic system is proposed to mimic specific physicochemical conditions at the SS / biofilm interface, in particular enzymatic generation of oxidant species in diffusion limiting conditions

Muslims have the starring role in the mass media’s curriculum on otherness, which circulates in-between local and global contexts to powerfully constitute subjectivities. This study inquires into what it is like to be a female, Muslim student in Ontario, in this post 9/11 discursive context. Seven young Muslim women share stories of their high schooling experiences and their sense of identity in interviews and focus group sessions. They also respond to images of Muslim females in the print media, offering perspectives on the intersections of visual media discourses with their lived experience. This interdisciplinary project draws from cultural studies, postcolonial feminist theory, and post-reconceptualist curriculum theorizing. Working with auto/ethno/graphy, my own subjectivity is also brought into the study to trouble researcher-as-knower and acknowledge that personal histories are implicated in larger social, cultural, and historical processes. Using bricolage, I compose a hybrid text with multiple layers of meaning by juxtapositing theory, image, and narrative, leaving spaces for the reader’s own biography to become entangled with what is emerging in the text. Issues raised include veiling obsession, Islamophobia, absences in the school curriculum, and mass media as curriculum. Muslim females navigate a complex discursive terrain and their identity negotiations are varied. These include creating Muslim spaces in their schools, wearing hijab to assert their Muslim identity, and downplaying their religious identity at school. I argue for the need to engage students and teacher candidates in complicated conversations on difference via auto/ethno/graphy, pedagogies of tension, and epistemologies of doubt. Educators and researchers might also consider the possibilities of linking visual media literacy with social justice issues.

碩士
國立中山大學
國際經營管理碩士學程
106
As consumers begin to lose interest in daily sales and discounts, many companies are looking for new methods to drive new consumption in term of motivating the collective consumption behavior, such as Alibaba’s Double 11 in China (also known as Singles’ Day on November 11 or Chinese National Ecommerce Day) and Black Friday in United States. These two shopping events are according to the phenomenon in Bakhtin’s carnival theory which allows consumers to be liberated from the shopping events and carnival spirits. These carnival spirits combine with shopping events is not only happen in China, but also, in the other side of the world, in the United States. Brick-and-mortars celebrate the Black Friday after Thanksgiving holiday, the entire USA falls into a crazy, passion, and high-pitched shopping mood. After several years, Alibaba’s “Cat’s head” (a mascot of Tmall) become the symbolic of Double 11, and walk around in the shopping malls has been parts of ritual after the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. The paper analyzed two studies on Double 11 and Black Friday, and mapped out those similarities. The author concluded these two events have successfully implemented five critical periods which associated with preheat stage, awaken stage, specific stage, high-pitched stage, and rational stage. Along with these five periods, companies who rely on the carnival spirits to hold the event can reference this study as applications.

碩士
國立臺北大學
企業管理學系
107
Purpose - There are more and more people decide to attend online shopping days. However, little research has been done to understand why consumers want to attend online shopping days. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find the values which consumers want to achieve and how those values influence participators’ group norms, attitudes, positive and negative emotion, subjective norm, social identify, desires, we-intentions and participation behavior. The research findings can help marketers devise strategies attracting consumers to participate in online shopping days. Design/methodology/approach – The research method is developed based on the means-end chain and the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). First, we use interviews with laddering method to find the chains of “attributes-consequences-values” from consumer and conclude the values that drive consumers to attend online shopping days. After that, in order to test our research model, we conduct two online survey to collect questionnaires in Taiwan and mainland China. Findings – This study discovers the values, containing “Fun and Enjoyment of Life” “A Sense of Accomplishment,” “A Sense of Belonging,” “Self-Respect,” and “Excitement,” which consumers want to achieve from attending online shopping days. Furthermore, we find that group norms, positive anticipated emotions and social identity can positive drive participants’ desires, we-intentions and the participation behavior during online shopping day. We also find that the control variables, containing past behavior and perceived behavioral control, partly positive influence desires, we-intentions, shopping behavior and socializing behavior. Research limitation and implications – The participants of this study are mainly from Taiwan and this study uses Double 11 Day as the study case, the findings could not be generalized to another country or shopping day. Therefore, in the future, researchers can summarize the participation motivation between different online shopping days

Sex and sexuality are embodied experiences that are highly constructed by society. Sexual acts are subject to varied historical meanings, both dominant and subversive, which change over time and space. This dissertation explores how embodied heterosexual married sexual experiences were constructed for, and by, women in the immediate postwar era (1946-1966) and how that sexuality interacted with related social paradigms such as gender roles, motherhood, and femininity within English Canada. Using the body as a lens, this dissertation explores how three main sites of authoritative discourse attempted to police postwar sexual bodies through the creation of ideal, or Leviathan, bodies and associated systems of encoded knowledges and mores called “body politics.” The first case study examines the medicalized body, using the Canadian Medical Association Journal demonstrating how mothers were constructed as the keystones of their families; it reveals the intimate ties between familial gender and sexual role deviance and reproductive illnesses in women’s bodies. The second case study examines how the Anglican, United and Roman Catholic Churches reframed sex as sacramental for English Canadian married couples encouraging them to engage in sexual coitus to both strengthen their marriages and renew their spiritual connection to God. The third case study uses I Love Lucy to interrogate how mass media created and reflected postwar sexual and gender norms while simultaneously subverting them, generating a carnivalesque situation of tightly contained deviance. This dissertation then moves on to examine how the discourses of the previous three chapters affected actual women as demonstrated by a series of eighteen interviews with women who married between 1939 and 1966. The oral histories establish that actual corporeal bodies were at best distorted, or “fun house,” mirrors that only ever reflected imperfect copies of the ideal bodies they were supposed to emulate. In addition to making significant contributions to the historiographies of each of the case studies contained therein, this dissertation adds new knowledges about the ways that “normal” bodies work throughout history, creating simultaneous continuity and change, as well as how sexuality and gender norms are intimately connected within the realm of the body.

This dissertation aims to create a scholarly space where a seventy-five-year-old “special relationship” (1945-2020) between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States is examined from an interdisciplinary comparativist perspective. I posit that a comparative study of Saudi and American fiction goes beyond the limitedness of global geopolitics and proves to uncover some new literary, sociocultural, and historical dimensions of this long history, while shedding some light on others. Saudi writers creatively challenge the inherently static and monolithic image of Saudi Arabia, its culture and people in the West. They also simultaneously unsettle the notion of homogeneity and enable us to gain new insight into self-perception within the local Saudi context by offering a wide scope of genuine engagements with distinctive themes ranging from spatiality, identity, ethnicity, and gender to slavery, religiosity and (post)modernity. On the other side, American authors still show some signs of ambivalence towards the depiction of the Saudi (Muslim/Arab) Other, but they nonetheless also demonstrate serious effort to emancipate their representations from the confining legacy of (neo)Orientalist discourse and oil politics by tackling the concepts of race, alterity, hegemony, radicalism, nomadism and (un)belonging.

碩士
東海大學
化學系
94
The Diels-Alder reaction of conjugated cyclohexadiene analog 39 with 1, 4-anthraquinone produced stereoselectively cycloadduct 54, which was then converted to 55 by oxidation-photocyclization steps. Similary, Diels-Alder reaction of 39 with 1, 4-naphthoquinone gave 57 as the only product, which was then oxidized to naphthoquinone 59 during the work-up steps of enolization. Methylation of cycloadduct 57 with dimethyl sulfate followed by dechlorination and Birch reduction yielded 61. Hydrolysis of acetal 61 with 3M perchloric acid gave compound 62. Condensation of 62 with malononitrile gave 63 which was then subjected to oxidation by DDQ to afford 64. Diels-Alder reaction of exocyclic 1, 3-butadiene 32 with 1, 4-naphthoquinone produced cycloadduct 65. Reduction of the carbonyl group in 65 by sodium borohydride gave diol 66. Dehydration of the resulting diol 66 was carried out in a mixture of phosphorous oxychloride and pyridine to furnish 67. Finally, aromatization of 67 with DDQ afforded 68 in 62% yield.