Libros sobre el tema "Dry period. eng"

An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.

This chapter focuses on the nine-day period of preparation of the Festival in the village of Santo Domingo de Ónzole and presents an ethnographic discussion of the village's marked sexual dichotomy. This ethnographic information will help explain why gender is so important in that village's Festival performances. Topics discussed include the subsistence economy in the northern sector of Esmeraldas; the founding of the village at the end of the nineteenth century; kinship networks in Santo Domingo; outmigration from Santo Domingo de Ónzole; socioeconomic differentiation in Santo Domingo; geography of the village; and the organization of the Festival by a committee of women.

Chapter Abstract: Released at the end of the first cycle of postwar anticommunist noir (1947-1953), Samuel Fuller’s Pickup on South Street (1953) is a canonical Cold War picture; it’s also one of the most overdetermined films made during the McCarthy period, centrally concerned as it is with the atom or hydrogen bomb, sex and violence, treason and espionage, capitalism vs. communism, and the politics of informing. Whereas Pickup on South Street depicts both the police and FBI as crudely utilitarian, indifferent to the human costs of the national-security state apparatus, it simultaneously dramatizes the lives of its small-time hoods and hustlers for whom the threat of the “red menace” is less pressing than the day-to-day, dog-eat-dog grind of trying to remain in the black.

There is ample evidence from palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions that during early and mid-Holocene between some 11,700 years (in some regions, a few thousand years earlier) and some 4200 years ago, subtropical North Africa was much more humid and greener than today. This African Humid Period (AHP) was triggered by changes in the orbital forcing, with the climatic precession as the dominant pacemaker. Climate system modeling in the 1990s revealed that orbital forcing alone cannot explain the large changes in the North African summer monsoon and subsequent ecosystem changes in the Sahara. Feedbacks between atmosphere, land surface, and ocean were shown to strongly amplify monsoon and vegetation changes. Forcing and feedbacks have caused changes far larger in amplitude and extent than experienced today in the Sahara and Sahel. Most, if not all, climate system models, however, tend to underestimate the amplitude of past African monsoon changes and the extent of the land-surface changes in the Sahara. Hence, it seems plausible that some feedback processes are not properly described, or are even missing, in the climate system models.Perhaps even more challenging than explaining the existence of the AHP and the Green Sahara is the interpretation of data that reveal an abrupt termination of the last AHP. Based on climate system modeling and theoretical considerations in the late 1990s, it was proposed that the AHP could have ended, and the Sahara could have expanded, within just a few centuries—that is, much faster than orbital forcing. In 2000, paleo records of terrestrial dust deposition off Mauritania seemingly corroborated the prediction of an abrupt termination. However, with the uncovering of more paleo data, considerable controversy has arisen over the geological evidence of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes. Some records clearly show abrupt changes in some climate and terrestrial parameters, while others do not. Also, climate system modeling provides an ambiguous picture.The prediction of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes at the end of the AHP is hampered by limitations implicit in the climate system. Because of the ubiquitous climate variability, it is extremely unlikely that individual paleo records and model simulations completely match. They could do so in a statistical sense, that is, if the statistics of a large ensemble of paleo data and of model simulations converge. Likewise, the interpretation regarding the strength of terrestrial feedback from individual records is elusive. Plant diversity, rarely captured in climate system models, can obliterate any abrupt shift between green and desert state. Hence, the strength of climate—vegetation feedback is probably not a universal property of a certain region but depends on the vegetation composition, which can change with time. Because of spatial heterogeneity of the African landscape and the African monsoon circulation, abrupt changes can occur in several, but not all, regions at different times during the transition from the humid mid-Holocene climate to the present-day more arid climate. Abrupt changes in one region can be induced by abrupt changes in other regions, a process sometimes referred to as “induced tipping.” The African monsoon system seems to be prone to fast and potentially abrupt changes, which to understand and to predict remains one of the grand challenges in African climate science.

The serialization of object full NPs is relatively free in Modern German. In OHG, the order IO > DO was heavily preferred; the preference weakened only in the ENHG period. The most important factor for the serialization of object full NPs in OHG is ‘animate before inanimate’, which continues to be an important factor up to the present day. The order IO > DO falls out from that, as the accusative (DO case) tends to be assigned to the least agent-like referent. The loosening of the object order in ENHG is a consequence of other factors becoming more important, for instance ‘given before new’. With respect to structure binding facts suggest that the DO c-commands the IO, the animacy factor being responsible for re-ordering to IO > DO.

This epilogue outlines Burke’s afterlife in the period after 1914 up until the present day. Between 1830 and 1914 a dramatic transformation in Burke’s reputation occurred. He became established, in Britain, as one of the principal founders of conservatism. Though this is the end of our story, this was the beginning of a new period in Burke’s reception history. This book has shown how a distilled political theory was gradually extracted from his corpus and de-contextualized accordingly. It was a trend which continued into the twentieth century—not just in Britain, but also in America. This has been countered and challenged by more recent scholarship. But Burke remains an attractive icon globally because of the worldwide importance of the events on which his work provides a comment. His history is bigger than C/conservatism, though this has provided a crucial (because simple) method of interpretation.

This chapter examines the creolizing maritime cultures of Long Island and Manhattan, two New York islands that directly shaped William Sidney Mount's personal and musical world. It reconstructs the environments that Mount knew and by which he was shaped, as a child and young adult in antebellum America. To this end, the chapter considers how influences from Long Island and Manhattan play out in the life of Mount, in that of his uncle and musical mentor Micah Hawkins, and in Hawkins's 1824 ballad opera The Saw-Mill, or, A Yankee Trick. It begins with a discussion of evidence of blackface minstrelsy's creole synthesis in the antebellum period by describing two festival performances, Pinkster and 'Lection Day, and during the Federalist period. It then assesses the creole synthesis in black Manhattan by focusing on the “African Grove” Theater, along with Mount's first works and new career path following the death of Hawkins. It concludes with a review of Mount's scenic painting Rustic Dance after a Sleigh Ride.

This volume showcases the vibrant and diverse contributions on the part of women in eighteenth-century Germany and explores their under-appreciated influence upon philosophical debate in this period. The women profiled in this volume include Sophie of Hanover, Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, Johanna Charlotte Unzer, Wilhelmina of Bayreuth, Amalia Holst, Henriette Herz, Elise Reimarus, and Maria von Herbert. Notably, their contributions span the range of philosophical topics in metaphysics, logic, and aesthetics, to moral and political philosophy, and pertain to the main philosophical movements in the period (the Leibnizian-Wolffian philosophy, the Thomasian philosophy, the ‘popular’ philosophical movement, and the Kantian and early post-Kantian idealist tradition). Moreover, they engage controversial issues of the day, such as atheism and materialism, but also women’s struggle for access to education and for recognition of their civic entitlements, and they display a range of strategies in doing so. In the end, this volume vigorously contests the presumption that the history of German philosophy in the eighteenth century can be told without attending to the important roles that women played in conceiving, refining, and propagating its ideas, and in provoking, conducting, and engaging the signature debates of the period.

This article presents data on the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) of southeastern and eastern Anatolia, which were more resilient than northern Mesopotamia and never endured the collapse suffered there at the end of the third millennium BCE. On the contrary, the mixed subsistence economy and the relatively lower levels of urbanism and reliance on intensive dry farming made these Anatolian societies more resilient and less prone to ecological disaster. Thus, the climatic catastrophe that devastated numerous urban centers of northern Mesopotamia did not affect the Anatolian regions, which instead show clear signs of continuity between the Early and the Middle Bronze Age periods. In addition, interregional exchange between these regions and northern Mesopotamia played an important part in the further development of these communities during the MBA and in creating the framework for the creation of important city-states, especially along the Upper Euphrates River Valley, and for strengthening local networks of chiefly estates, primarily in the Upper Tigris region.

El presente libro surge de la realización de una Tesis en el marco del Doctorado en Comunicación de la Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La misma fue dirigida por la Lic. Claudia Villamayor, a quien agradezco profundamente su lectura profunda y dedicación, y por el Dr. Leonardo González, con quien me unen ya casi veinte años de trabajo e investigación ininterrumpidas, que dieron como fruto el Centro de Investigación en Industrias Culturales y Televisión que él mismo dirige. El trabajo mencionado fue evaluado por la Dra. Adriana Puiggros y por el Dr. Martín González Frigoli, quienes en su dictamen recomendaron la realización de esta publicación. Finalmente es necesario mencionar que la escritura que aquí se presenta es previa a la aparición del Covid-19 y al aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio, que afectó a mas de la mitad de la población mundial. Es por ello que no se menciona el fenómeno, pero que consideramos pone aun mas de manifiesto el proceso de digitalización de la cultura al que se hace referencia y que es el eje central de la propuesta reflexiva que a continuación se presenta. Lo que se venía desarrollando como un acople entre sujetos y tecnologías en casi todos los órdenes de la vida, quedó de manifiesto y se evidenció con una contundencia inusitada y por ello entendemos más que nunca, la necesidad de reflexionar sobre este nuevo escenario de convergencia tecnológica e hipermediaciones.

Polyuria describes the passage of more than 3 l of urine a day. This is an arbitrary definition, and the term is commonly applied to patients who are complaining of passing larger than normal volumes of urine. As water excretion is tightly regulated by the body to maintain normal osmolality, water excretion varies greatly depending on intake. Polyuria may be physiological or pathological. A patient with polyuria often presents with nocturia, urination overnight that disturbs sleep. It is usually accompanied by polydipsia (to maintain normal fluid balance). In hospital the commonest causes of polyuria are diuretic therapy and recovery from an acute renal injury (e.g. acute tubular necrosis or obstruction). This polyuric phase can result in an impressive diuresis (8–10 l/day) before tubular cells recover their ability to concentrate urine. During this period, patients are vulnerable to dehydration and may require intravenous fluid replacement. Following pituitary surgery, the urine output should be closely monitored for evidence of new diabetes insipidus. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, diagnostic tests, therapy, and prognosis.

In the Victorian period, novels were commonly adapted to the stage. Such adaptations have been criticized both in the nineteenth century and in evaluative criticism, subjected to a more general neglect of Victorian drama, and even identified as a cause of the decline of the theater. This essay argues, however, that the devalued, impermanent, and immaterial theatrical performance can have enduring effects. It examines the adaptation histories of two novels at each end of the Victorian period that were famously, persistently, competitively, and controversially adapted to the stage and that continue to live on in film and stage adaptations: Charles Dickens’s Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39) and Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (1886). These case studies demonstrate that even as theatrical adaptations capitalized on novels, they also gave rise to a cultural afterlife that eclipsed the life of their source texts.

The distinctive, but somewhat odd, development of intermittent “attacks” of weakness/stiffness define this disorder. Interview of the patient to determine the impact of diet (including timing, content and relationship of attack to fasting), activity, emotional stress, alcohol intake, cold exposure, time of day and physiologic perturbations (eg – electrolytes, infection, dehydration, etc) help to confirm and categorize the periodic paralysis. Periodic paralyses are most often associated with a genetic channelopathy. However, they can also occur as a result of a secondary causes including thyroid disturbance or distal renal tubular acidosis. The clinical picture, laboratory investigation, and treatment of this condition are presented.

In this chapter, 18:1-2, 4-6 is identified as the original poem against Cush inherited by the supposed late-exilic redactor who added v 7 at the end of the poem. Verse 3 was originally a marginal note on 17:12-14 written in the post-exilic period which was mistakenly copied into the verse’s current position. The only intentional secondary addition made to the original oracle against Cush is v 7 where one finds some points of contact with chs 40-55. Verse 7 foretells that the Cushites who were stricken by YHWH in the past will one day acknowledge his sovereignty and bring tributary gifts to Zion. The future restoration of a once afflicted people, their journey to Zion, and various connections with chs 40-55 all suggest that 18:7 is a continuation of the same vision first set out in 14:1-2.

Historically, those societies that have the longest tradition in multicultural policies are settler societies. The question of how to deal with temporary migrants has only recently aroused their interest. In Europe, temporary migration programmes have a much longer history. In the period after WWII, a wide range of legal frameworks were set up to import temporary workers, who came to be known as guest workers. In the end, many of these ‘guests’ settled in Europe permanently. Their presence lay at the basis of European multicultural policies. However, when these policies were drafted, the former mobility of guest workers had been forgotten. This chapter will focus on this mobility of initially temporary workers, comparing the period of economic growth 1945-1974 with the years after the 1974 economic crisis. Further, it will look at the kind of policies that were developed towards guest workers in the era before multiculturalism. This way, it shows how their consideration as temporary residents had far-reaching consequences for the immigrants, their descendants and the receiving societies involved. The chapter will finish by suggesting a number of lessons from the past. If the mobility-gap between guest workers and present-day migrants is not as big as generally assumed, then the consequences of previous neglect should serve as a warning for future policy making.

La utilización de la estadística en el medio científico ha tomado sin duda un ritmo aceleradamente creciente, señalando una tendencia que, de forma más atenuada, es acompañada cotidianamente por el resto de las actividades del hombre. A tal extremo que tanto en economía, como en política, arte, periodismo, deporte, espectáculos, oficios, religiones y en todas las demás, se utilizan estimadores, rankings, porcentuales, frecuencias, tendencias y otras expresiones estadísticas del más diverso carácter y profundidad, generalmente acompañadas de los códigos que corresponden a cada actividad. Las geociencias no escapan a esta realidad, ya que se ha convertido en una herramienta de primer orden, facilitada en su empleo por el advenimiento de la informática. Es por lo tanto habitual que los geólogos la utilicen en sus tareas profesionales, de investigación o de gestión. Pero es también habitual que lo hagan para cubrir una necesidad y porque no, una “moda”, sin el pleno conocimiento del contexto de esta verdadera ciencia formal y de la mayor parte de su oferta. Es como adquirir un instrumental o un software y aplicarlo sin haber leído acabadamente su correspondiente manual. Es aquí donde la obra de la Dra. Alperin adquiere su mayor dimensión y apunta al enriquecimiento de la labor del geólogo, con el mayor conocimiento posible de la dimensión de las bases teóricas para llegar a aprovechar su utilidad, ya se trate de la componente descriptiva o la referencial. O también el caso de poblaciones relativamente estáticas o dinámicas, como el agua subterránea, donde por ejemplo, el análisis de series resulta básico para reconstruir los sucesos hidrológicos y poder formular pronósticos. (de la presentación del Dr. Mario A. Hernández)

The Handbook provides a comprehensive exploration of a great renewal movement in Christian history, which has profoundly influenced not only the world Anglican Communion, but other Church traditions as well. Commencing with the Movement’s roots within both High Church and evangelical Anglicanism, and its genesis within the University of Oxford and notably Oriel College, the Handbook considers the relatively short period when the Movement could properly be called the Oxford Movement—including its publication outlets such as the Tracts for the Times, its vibrant personalities, its early years of expansion, its opposition and the backlash it inspired, culminating in the crisis of 1845–50, a crisis which for many marked its end, but which in truth brought renewed growth and diversification. The Handbook then examines the development of the Oxford Movement up to the present day, including the gradual adoption of the name Anglo-Catholicism, its adaptation to different national and cultural contexts, its growing commitment to liturgical and devotional reforms, its pastoral, missionary, and global outreach, its diverse influence on literature and the arts, and its wider ecumenical concerns.

This book provides an account of the size and characteristics of India’s population stretching from the arrival of modern human beings until the present day. The periods considered include those of: the millennia that were occupied by hunting and gathering; the Indus valley civilization; the opening-up of the Ganges basin; and the eras of the Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and British colonial rule. The book also devotes substantial consideration to the unprecedented changes that have occurred in India since 1947. With reference to these and other periods, key topics addressed include: the scale of the population; the levels of mortality and fertility that prevailed; regional demographic variation; the size of the main cities; the level of urbanization; patterns of migration; and the many famines, epidemics, invasions and other events which affected the population. The book is a work of synthesis—albeit one with few certainties. It draws on research of many different kinds—e.g. archaeological, climatic, cultural, economic, epidemiological, historical, linguistic, political, and demographic. The book considers the past trajectory of India’s population compared to the trends which seem to have been shared by China and Europe. In addition, it highlights some misconceptions about the history of India’s population.

Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity reconsiders the religious history of the late Roman Empire, focusing on the shifting position of dissenting religious groups. The groups under consideration are non-Christians (‘pagans’) and deviant Christians (‘heretics’). The period from the mid-fourth century until the mid-fifth century CE witnessed a significant transformation of late Roman society and a gradual shift from the world of polytheistic religions into the Christian Empire. This book demonstrates that the narrative is much more nuanced than the simple Christian triumph over the classical world. It looks at everyday life, economic aspects, day-to-day practices, and conflicts of interest in the relations of religious groups. The book addresses two aspects: rhetoric and realities, and consequently delves into the interplay between the manifest ideologies and daily life found in late antique sources. We perceive constant flux between moderation and coercion that marked the relations of religious groups, both majorities and minorities, as well as the imperial government and religious communities. Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity is a detailed analysis of selected themes and a close reading of selected texts, tracing key elements and developments in the treatment of dissident religious groups. The book focuses on specific themes, such as the limits of imperial legislation and ecclesiastical control, the end of sacrifices, and the label of magic. It also examines the ways in which dissident religious groups were construed as religious outsiders in late Roman society.

This chapter introduces the major philosophical debate about the split-brain phenomenon. Split-brain surgery severs the major white matter fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. A number of individuals who underwent this surgery later agreed to act as participants in experiments designed to reveal its psychobehavioral consequences. The basic finding is that, after they are surgically divided in this way, the two hemispheres cannot interact in all the ways they once could: indeed, split-brain subjects sometimes give the impression of having two minds and spheres of consciousness, one associated with each hemisphere. A split-brain subject nonetheless seems to be one of us, at the end of the day. The aim of the book is to reconcile these apparently opposing intuitions by explaining how a split-brain person could have multiple minds.

Public reason theorists in political philosophy—roughly, Rawlsians—often make what sure sound like epistemological statements. They talk about justifying principles to others, about the uncertainty with which we should hold our evaluative commitments, about reasonable persons and comprehensive doctrines, about a morally politically motivated higher epistemic standard, about intellectual modesty, and, of course, about the burdens of judgment. But they rarely explain, let alone defend, these seemingly epistemological commitments, nor do they engage contemporary epistemological literature. This paper exposes these commitments to epistemological scrutiny, arguing that at the end of the day they cannot be vindicated. It focuses on what, on such theories, a reasonable person who is nevertheless committed to a comprehensive doctrine believes, and on what epistemic standard may be politically relevant in this context.

Art, History, and Postwar Fiction explores the ways in which novelists responded to the visual arts from the aftermath of the Second World War up to the present day. If art had long served as a foil to enable novelists to reflect on their craft, this book argues that in the postwar period, novelists turned to the visual arts to develop new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between literature and history. The sense that the novel was becalmed in the end of history was pervasive in the postwar decades. In seeming to bring modernism to a climax whilst repeating its foundational gestures, visual art also raised questions about the relationship between continuity and change in the development of art. In chapters on Samuel Beckett, William Gaddis, John Berger, and W. G. Sebald, and shorter discussions of writers like Doris Lessing, Kathy Acker, and Teju Cole, this book shows that writing about art was often a means of commenting on historical developments of the period: the Cold War, the New Left, the legacy of the Holocaust. Furthermore, it argues that forms of postwar visual art, from abstraction to the readymade, offered novelists ways of thinking about the relationship between form and history that went beyond models of reflection or determination. By doing so, this book also argues that attention to interactions between literature and art can provide critics with new ways to think about the relationship between literature and history beyond reductive oppositions between formalism and historicism, autonomy and context.

Over 1,500 entries For nearly half a century, James D. Hart's Oxford Companion to American Literature has offered a matchless guided tour through American literary culture, both past and present, with brief biographies of important authors, descriptions of important literary movements, and a wealth of information on other aspects of American literary life and history from the Colonial period to the present day. In this second edition of the Concise version, Wendy Martin and Danielle Hinrichs bring the work up to date to more fully reflect the diversity of the subject. Their priorities have been, foremost, to fully represent the impact of writers of color and women writers on the field of American literature and to increase the usefulness of the work to students of literary theory. To this end, over 230 new entries have been added, including many that cover women authors; Native American, African American, Asian American, Latino/a, and other contemporary ethnic literatures; LGBT, trans, and queer studies; and recent literary movements and evolving areas of contemporary relevance such as eco-criticism, disability studies, whiteness studies, male/masculinity studies, and diaspora studies.

Este libro es el producto del esfuerzo y el compromiso de un grupo de docentes de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la UNLP que desde hace mucho tiempo viene apostando a la elaboración de materiales especialmente pensados para los estudiantes universitarios y basados en la firme voluntad de articular los resultados de la investigación con las necesidades y objetivos de la enseñanza en un campo de enorme complejidad como es el de la historia del siglo XX. En efecto, los equipos de cátedra de las materias “Introducción a la problemática del mundo contemporáneo” e “Historia social contemporánea”, coordinados por la Dra. María Dolores Béjar, han venido produciendo textos y recopilando fuentes escritas y audiovisuales que desde 2009 han nutrido un campus virtual al que los alumnos pueden acceder a través de la página web de la Facultad. Por otra parte, esta iniciativa se apoya también en la permanente voluntad de la Dra. Béjar y su equipo por sistematizar –con una mirada crítica y pluralista a la vez– los últimos avances de la investigación y acercarlos a través de formatos innovadores a lectores no especializados pero sí involucrados en la docencia y el aprendizaje sobre el mundo contemporáneo en las distintas dimensiones que su estudio supone. Un significativo antecedente en este sentido son las “Carpetas de Historia” dirigidas a los docentes del nivel medio, emprendimiento único en su género que también está disponible en acceso abierto a través de <a href="http://www.carpetashistoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar"><b>internet</a></b>. <i>(de la Introducción de Aníbal Viguera, decano de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la UNLP)</i>

On Labor Day in 1988 two hundred hungry and homeless people went to Golden Gate Park in search of a hot meal, while fifty-four activists from Food Not Bombs, surrounded by riot police, lined up to serve them food. The riot police counted twenty-five served meals, the legal number allowed by city law before breaking permit restrictions, and then began to arrest people. The arrests proceeded like an assembly line: an activist would scoop a bowl of food and hand it to a hungry person. A police officer would then handcuff and arrest that activist. Immediately, the next activist in line would take up the ladle and be promptly arrested. By the end of the day fifty-four people had been arrested for “providing food without a permit.” These arrests were not an aberration but part of a multi-year campaign by the city of San Francisco against radical homeless activists. Why would a liberal city arrest activists helping the homeless? In exploring this question, the book uses the conflict between the city and activists as a unique opportunity to examine the contested nature of urban politics, homelessness, and public space, while developing an anarchist alternative to liberal urban politics, which is rooted in mutual aid, solidarity, and anti-capitalism.

El objetivo general de este manual de cátedra, fue acercar al alumno material indispensable para un estudio profundizado y actual sobre la legislación electoral tanto a nivel nacional como en el derecho público provincial. Las modificaciones que se fueron introduciendo en la materia, en este último período de gobierno, resulta indispensable para su comprensión y entendimiento una modificación sustancial, que el ciudadano participará de las propuestas que los partidos políticos o frentes puedan ofertar para que defina éste en una Primaria la lista o candidatos a cargos a cubrir. De tal forma que el ciudadano participa activamente del diseño que reforma la instancia de elegir candidatos. En este trabajo, comenzamos introduciendo el alcance y la evolución de la representación política. La vinculamos al Sistema Político consagrado por nuestro Constituyente y luego nos introducimos a los sistemas electorales consagrados a nivel provincial. El aporte de la Dra. Mariana Manso en un tema sensible para nuestra sociedad como la cuestión de género. La acelerada realidad histórica y política que nos ha tocado vivir ha puesto en el centro del debate una renovada reflexión sobre los modelos clásicos de participación de la ciudadanía y su plasmación en diferentes fórmulas representativas. Las democracias actuales, insertas en una dinámica de complejización y globalización de amplio espectro, plantean un nuevo escenario en el que las formulaciones teóricas, institucionales e históricas que han explicado clásicamente los significados de participar y representar en la esfera pública deben ser repensadas.

Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, technologies have had a disruptive impact on business and society. The proliferations of technology-based start-ups in the last decade are significant change agents for job creators and creators of business environments. Marginal improvements are creating disruption and new business models by building upon the disruptive power of technology. Mobile phones have become an extension of our arm with an average person checking it 150 times a day. These amazing changes are not the beginning and are certainly not the end. The primary change driver has been technology and today things are changing even faster. This is beginning to drive a reduction in poverty, an increase in labor standards, greater access to consumer goods, and the facilitation of cultural exchange. Cost-of-living improvement is, on a grander scale, staging for a brave new world of peace.

Historical scholarship is currently undergoing a digital turn. All historians have experienced this change in one way or another, by writing on word processors, applying quantitative methods on digitalized source materials, or using internet resources and digital tools. Digital Histories showcases this emerging wave of digital history research. It presents work by historians who – on their own or through collaborations with e.g. information technology specialists – have uncovered new, empirical historical knowledge through digital and computational methods. The topics of the volume range from the medieval period to the present day, including various parts of Europe. The chapters apply an exemplary array of methods, such as digital metadata analysis, machine learning, network analysis, topic modelling, named entity recognition, collocation analysis, critical search, and text and data mining. The volume argues that digital history is entering a mature phase, digital history ‘in action’, where its focus is shifting from the building of resources towards the making of new historical knowledge. This also involves novel challenges that digital methods pose to historical research, including awareness of the pitfalls and limitations of the digital tools and the necessity of new forms of digital source criticisms. Through its combination of empirical, conceptual and contextual studies, Digital Histories is a timely and pioneering contribution taking stock of how digital research currently advances historical scholarship.

The Pleistocene epoch or Ice Age, an extended period of advancing and retreating ice sheets, is characterized by striking climatic oscillations and sea level fluctuations. This age saw the rise and spread of humans and a great extinction of large mammals by the end of the epoch; in fact, the world today is essentially the product of dramatic changes that took place in the Pleistocene. This book, a companion to the author's Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America, discusses the Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Britain and the European continent eastward through present-day Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Yugoslavian republics, and Greece. The book begins with a general discussion of the Pleistocene in Britain and Europe with an emphasis on regional terms used to define Pleistocene chronological events. Next, a look at the pre-Pleistocene herpetofauna of the study area sets the stage for a discussion of Pleistocene herpetofauna. A significant section of the book consists of a "bestiary," a series of annotated taxonomic accounts of Pleistocene herpetological taxa from the region. Following this is the interpretive section, beginning with a discussion of herpetological species as paleoenvironmental indicators and continuing with an analysis of herpetological population adjustments to Pleistocene events in Britain and Europe, and then with a discussion of extinction patterns in the region. Finally, the author compares Pleistocene herpetological events in Europe with those in North America. This volume and its companion together provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of Pleistocene herpetofaunas across a significant portion of the Northern Hemisphere.

This book offers the first scholarly treatment of the history of public eating in London in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. The quotidian nature of taking a meal in public during the working day or evening should not be allowed to obscure the significance of the restaurant (defined broadly, to encompass not merely the prestigious West End restaurant, but also the modest refreshment room, and even the street cart) as a critical component in the creation of modern metropolitan culture. The story of the London restaurant between the 1840s and the First World War serves as an exemplary site for mapping the expansion of commercial leisure, the increasing significance of the service sector, the introduction of technology, the democratization of the public sphere, changing gender roles, and the impact of immigration. The book incorporates what I term ‘gastro-cosmopolitanism’ to highlight the existence of an international, heterogeneous, and even hybrid, culture in London in this period that requires us to think, not merely beyond the nation, but beyond empire. The restaurant also had an important role in contemporary debates about public health and the (sometimes conflicting, but no less often complementary) prerogatives of commerce, moral improvement, and liberal governance. This book considers the restaurant as a business and a place of employment, as well as an important site for the emergence of new forms of metropolitan experience and identity. While focused on London, it illustrates the complex ways in which cultural and commercial forces were intertwined in modern Britain, and demonstrates the rewards of writing histories which recognize the interplay between broad, global forces and highly localized spaces.

El dinámico naturalista Luis Giambelluca propone esta nueva edición de su aporte al conocimiento de las serpientes bonaerenses, corregida y ampliada con la adición de información morfológica y nuevas presencias en el área, a la vez que manteniendo los atributos de las ediciones anteriores, un texto claro y ordenado, ameno aun para lectores sin conocimientos profundos sobre reptiles pero que disfrutan del contacto con la naturaleza y de aprender acerca del mundo animal. Este tipo de público es el principal destinatario de este libro; sin embargo, éste será de utilidad también para estudiantes de zoología, biólogos y médicos frente a pacientes mordidos por serpientes locales. Al igual que en las ediciones anteriores cada especie es descripta por sus características destacadas, acompañada de un texto conciso que incluye datos sobre hábitat, alimentación y reproducción, y complementada con magníficas ilustraciones a cargo del artista plástico Martín La Spina. En la presente edición las especies agregadas, que incluyen también reptiles serpentiformes frecuentemente confundidos con ofidios, han sido retratadas por el propio Giambelluca. El énfasis puesto en el aspecto iconográfico de la obra, además de dotarla de una belleza poco frecuente, acrecienta su utilidad como guía de campo. <i>(del prólogo del Prof. Dr. Mario R. Cabrera)</i>

Poco tiempo después de fundar el Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI) de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata en 1990, pensamos que uno de los objetivos del mismo debía ser la creación de un centro de reflexión sobre la Política Internacional, en el cual se trabajara sobre los grandes cambios que se producían en el escenario mundial, como así también dejar constituido un ámbito donde se analicen y debatan las perspectivas y prospectivas de los mismos sobre la futura configuración del sistema internacional y su influencia en la formulación de nuestra Política Exterior. En ese sentido, en el año 1995, creamos el Centro de Reflexión en Política Internacional (CERPI), contando entre sus primeros integrantes al profesor de nuestra Maestría en Relaciones Internacionales, Roberto Miranda y los alumnos de la misma en ese momento, Edgardo Paltrinieri y Alejandro Simonoff. Posteriormente, con la coordinación de los profesores Miranda y Simonoff, se comenzó a realizar un seguimiento y debate de los grandes acontecimientos internacionales que se producían en la escena mundial y que afectaban a la región, la subregión y a nuestro país, utilizando todos los instrumentos e instancias del Instituto. Así fue que se elaboró desde el año 2002, El Informe de Política Exterior Argentina, en una primera instancia en el Boletín de Informaciones del IRI y posteriormente en el año 2003, en nuestra revista Relaciones Internacionales; en ese mismo año comenzó a salir también en el Anuario en Relaciones Internacionales. El continuo y organizado trabajo del CERPI, se vio reflejado en el aumento de la participación de estudiantes y docentes de diferentes unidades académicas de nuestra Universidad y de otras casas de estudios. Además del Programa de Seguimiento de la Política Exterior, desde el 2002, algunos integrantes del Centro formaron un equipo de investigación para analizar “Los veinte años de Política Exterior en Democracia”, que trabajó durante el período 2002-2005. En el año 2007, se realizó otro proyecto de investigación sobre la participación de los nuevos actores subnacionales en el nuevo contexto mundial con el trabajo “La gestión subnacional de las relaciones internacionales en el marco de la globalización. El caso de la provincia de Buenos Aires”. A partir de esa fecha y teniendo presente la cercanía del Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo, cumpliendo con uno de los objetivos centrales que inspiró la creación del CERPI, que consiste en constituir un ámbito de capacitación, actualización y producción académica de nuestra Política Exterior, el profesor Dr. Alejandro Simonoff, (egresado de la Maestría y del Doctorado en Relaciones Internacionales de nuestra Universidad) elaboró la idea, planificó y coordinó el proyecto que es la base de este libro.

Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.

This book offers a revisionist account of poetry and embodiment from Milton to Romanticism. Scholars have made much of the period's theories of matter, with some studies equating the eighteenth century's modernity with its materialism. Yet the Enlightenment in Britain also brought bold new arguments for the immateriality of spirit and evocative claims about a coming spirit realm. Protestant religious writing was of two minds about futurity, swinging back and forth between patience for the resurrected body and desire for the released soul. This ancient pattern carried over, the book argues, into understandings of poetry as a modern devotional practice. A range of authors agreed that poems can provide a foretaste of the afterlife, but they disagreed about what kind of future state the imagination should seek. The mortalist impulse-exemplified by John Milton and by Romantic poets Anna Letitia Barbauld and William Wordsworth-is to overcome the temptation of disembodiment and to restore spirit to its rightful home in matter. The spiritualist impulse-driving eighteenth-century verse by Mark Akenside, Elizabeth Singer Rowe, and Edward Young-is to break out of bodily repetition and enjoy the detached soul's freedom in advance. Although the study isolates these two tendencies, each needed the other as a source in the Enlightenment, and their productive opposition didn't end with Romanticism. The final chapter identifies an alternative Romantic vision that keeps open the possibility of a disembodied poetics, and the introduction considers present-day Anglophone writers who continue to put it to work.

Habiendo ingresado hace ya muchos años al quehacer de la investigación y, posteriormente, a la docencia universitaria, nos hemos visto felizmente acompañados por la permanente preocupación de compartir nuestra experiencia vivida en la práctica y el deseo de incentivar el espíritu y las habilidades propias del investigador científico entre los estudiantes universitarios que se forman como futuros profesionales y líderes de la nación. A la educación de este contingente social, que seleccionadamente accede al alto nivel universitario, le corresponde, sin duda, comprometerse con la investigación científica que es un pilar decisivo del desarrollo. No se pretende que todos los estudiantes universitarios se conviertan en investigadores científicos, antes es preciso que adquieran las necesarias competencias para ordenar el pensamiento y construir nuevos conocimientos. Por principio, es necesario contribuir a que la universidad cumpla efectivamente la misión de enseñar, investigar y realizar extensión hacia la comunidad. ¿Cómo hacer para que la cantera de los futuros investigadores se de efectivamente en la práctica? Uno de los caminos privilegiados es el de la “práctica obligatoria”, esto es el ejercicio personal de la investigación para cumplir con el requerimiento de la tesis de grado, como paso indispensable para la profesionalización en una determinada área del conocimiento. Los graduandos que asumen la tesis con la responsabilidad que ella requiere, siguen haciendo importantes contribuciones al conocimiento de la realidad nacional y su transformación. A todos los que se inclinan por seguir este camino está dirigido el material organizado en este libro que espera contribuir con orientaciones metodológicas coherentes y ciertamente perfectibles. Lucas Lavado, en su reciente obra sobre materiales para incentivar la investigación, manifiesta que los manuales o guías para la ejecución de la investigación no son lo más conveniente, que lo deseable es que los estudiantes se capaciten a partir de la lectura y la comprensión de la realidad para llegar a la necesidad de investigar. Consideramos que ésta no es una idea que se deba desechar, pero somos claros en señalar que nos propone el camino más largo, y que seguirlo requeriría de una implementación hasta ahora inexistente, que debiera ir desde la formación de la educación inicial hasta los más altos niveles de formación académica, tal como teóricamente se consignó en un proyecto de desarrollo educativo planteado en las ultimas décadas. Nuestra visión del problema difiere del planteamiento del profesor Lavado. Los denominados manuales, constituyen recursos de aplicación especialmente adecuados a las condiciones de una sociedad con altas deficiencias en el hábito de lectura. Es evidente que un manual será tanto más útil cuanto más se acerque a solucionar los apremios metodológicos del investigador que no cuenta aún con la experiencia necesaria, considerando desde luego la necesidad de afirmar sus referentes con lecturas pertinentes, sobre todo en los aspectos de compresión teórica que un manual no suele decantar a cabalidad. Ciertas disciplinas, entre ellas el Derecho, han tenido poca predilección por perfeccionar la investigación científica en el medio académico que conduce a la profesionalización. Ello obedece probablemente a una tendencia tradicional que considera estos campos como excluyentes por su carácter eminentemente normativo, lo que supuestamente los releva de someterse a procedimientos demostrativos empíricos. Otros no dejan de considerar que el Derecho cuenta con una metodología propia, sustentada por diversas corrientes ius filosóficas que parten como toda explicación de la discrecionalidad que la ley se confía al jurista y al juez. Por el contrario, diversas corrientes, sostienen que la el Derecho, como parte del las Ciencias Sociales, debe someterse a la metodología de la investigación científica y a la demostración empírica, aunque evidentemente existen aspectos que requieren tratamientos mucho más sofisticados que surgen sobre todo en el campo de la estadística, en particular de la estocástica para los aspectos netamente cualitativos. En efecto, el uso de los medios matemáticos y estadísticos es una de las dificultades que confronta en nuestro medio la investigación en el Derecho. Como se sabe, la Estadística es una disciplina que en la actualidad concurre eficazmente al trabajo interdisciplinario, particularmente en campos que requieren de predicciones vinculadas a al análisis cualitativo y a la aplicación de modelos de simulación. Con la experiencia de campo acumulada en el trayecto de la vida profesional y la certidumbre necesaria sobre las dificultades que existen en el campo de la investigación científica del Derecho, se ha seguido en este libro el esquema “normal”, que se maneja en la investigación social. El volumen consta de cuatro partes: Aspectos epistemológicos y gnoseológicos de base; El planeamiento, diseño y acciones operativas en la investigación científica; Metodología de la investigación científica; y, Redacción del plan y del informe de investigación. En los dos capítulos de la primera parte se aborda el marco general vinculado con los aspectos, epistemológicos y ontológicos. En la segunda parte se ingresa al tratamiento de las etapas iniciales del proceso investigativo, mostrando los beneficios del planeamiento estratégico en el proceso de investigación. La tercera parte se ocupa con detenimiento de los aspectos centrales, específicamente referidos a la metodología de la investigación científica, empezando por los aspectos de identificación del problema y su planteamiento, los antecedentes y objetivos, marcos de explicación e interpretación usuales, diseños de investigación, hipótesis y variables, métodos, técnicas e instrumentos de investigación, población y muestra, y el procesamiento de la información. La cuarta y última parte entra al examen de las cuestiones relativas a la formulación y presentación primero del plan de investigación y luego de la tesis o informe final propiamente dicho de la investigación. Como toda obra humana, la presente aproximación a la investigación científica es perfectible. Nos sentiremos recompensados en la medida en que el esfuerzo puesto en el empeño cumpla con facilitar el trabajo de investigación entre los estudiantes de Derecho, y logre incentivar su interés por superar permanentemente todas las formas tradicionales y obsoletas se han enraizado en la práctica social y que no permiten la adecuación del Derecho a las exigencias de una sociedad en continua y ahora acelerada transformación. El Dr. Héctor Cornejo Chávez llamó la atención sobre la falta de interés por la innovación y el desarrollo de la investigación científica en este campo tan importante de la vida de las sociedades, sobre todo de las que tiene composiciones tan complejas como las nuestras. Este llamado merece ser escuchado. Nuestros países han de verse beneficiado si conseguimos ampliar la base de investigadores en todos los campos del conocimiento, especialmente en el Derecho, pues la sociedad podrá contar con agentes activos que promuevan el cambio esperado para el bienestar social.