Artículos de revistas: "Dry period. eng"

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Maged H. Hussein, Maged H. Hussein. "Domestic Water Quality in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia". journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering Sciences 23, n.º 1 (12 de enero de 2012): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.23-1.9.

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Due to water resources shortage in Saudi Arabia, the water authority relies on intermittent water supply system. In this system, the city is divided into a number of small sectors, and water is pumped rotationally between the sectors according to an operational schedule. The frequency of water pumping to a given sector varies from several days to weeks. Between the intermittent water supply, pipes remain empty and dry for long periods. Consumers construct the underground storage water tanks to meet their demands. Lack of sewerage systems in many areas with high water table in the city lead to the presence of cesspools near the underground storage water tanks. Potential leakage of polluted water into the distribution network is very high and the pipe system is exposed to the pressure of contaminated surrounding water table. These factors enhance the risk of drinking water contamination. The first objective of this study is to assess the quality of domestic water supply in Jeddah. One hundred and thirteen water samples were collected in a five-month period between January and June 2009. Thirteen parameters were evaluated and compared to the maximum level of the WHO and Gulf standards for un-bottled drinking water. The results showed a compliance with the drinking water standards regarding the physical and chemical parameters, except five samples which have exceeded the maximum allowable limit for iron. The bacteriological results showed that up to 60% of the samples were contaminated with total coliform. The second objective is to evaluate the suitability and reliability of the most purchased domestic water purification units (point-of-use) POU, and to select the suitable water purification unit for the residential water in Jeddah. Unit III, which consists of fiber filters, activated carbon filter and the ultraviolet UV- Sterilizer of ultraviolet (UV), was found to be suitable for domestic use in Jeddah

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Reinhardt, Timothy A. y John D. Lippolis. "Dataset of bovine mammary gland dry secretion proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period". Data in Brief 31 (agosto de 2020): 105954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105954.

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Liberal Fernandes, Francisco. "O fim do descanso semanal obrigatório ao sétimo dia?" Revista Electrónica de Direito 23, n.º 3 (octubre de 2020): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2020-0003_0004.

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The monologue that is reproduced has in its genesis two sentences related to the imperfect problem of the enjoyment of weekly rest at shift work: the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, of 9-11-2017 (Maio Marques da Rosa, case C - 306/16), and the Supreme Court of Justice, of 14-11-2018 (case 1181/15.4T8MTS.P1.S1). The fact that the issue in question was decided on the basis of rules of general scope (respectively, Article 5, first part, of the Directive 2003/88, concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, and Article 232, paragraph 1, of the Labour Code) has given to give these decisions an innovative dimension, potentially disruptive in the social and legal sphere, if it is under-stood that the normativity of the first sentence is directly extendable to the com-mon of labour contracts. The final conclusion is that the Portuguese labour system enshrines the weekly rest rule on the seventh day, allowing for the possibility of derogations for a limited set of activities; however, in relation to these, the application of this regime depends on provision in terms of collective labour regulation instruments.

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Reinhardt, Timothy A. y John D. Lippolis. "Characterization of bovine mammary gland dry secretions and their proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period". Journal of Proteomics 223 (julio de 2020): 103831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103831.

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Deurveilher, S., B. Rusak y K. Semba. "Time-of-day modulation of homeostatic and allostatic sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction in rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 302, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2012): R1411—R1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00678.2011.

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To study sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and time-of-day influences on these responses, we developed a rat model of CSR that takes into account the polyphasic sleep patterns in rats. Adult male rats underwent cycles of 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD) and 1 h of sleep opportunity (SO) continuously for 4 days, beginning at the onset of the 12-h light phase (“3/1” protocol). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings were made before, during, and after CSR. During CSR, total sleep time was reduced by ∼60% from baseline levels. Both rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) during SO periods increased initially relative to baseline and remained elevated for the rest of the CSR period. In contrast, NREMS EEG delta power (a measure of sleep intensity) increased initially, but then declined gradually, in parallel with increases in high-frequency power in the NREMS EEG. The amplitude of daily rhythms in NREMS and REMS amounts was maintained during SO periods, whereas that of NREMS delta power was reduced. Compensatory responses during the 2-day post-CSR recovery period were either modest or negative and gated by time of day. NREMS, REMS, and EEG delta power lost during CSR were not recovered by the end of the second recovery day. Thus the “3/1” CSR protocol triggered both homeostatic responses (increased sleep amounts and intensity during SOs) and allostatic responses (gradual decline in sleep intensity during SOs and muted or negative post-CSR sleep recovery), and both responses were modulated by time of day.

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Guerra, Geisi Loures, Ivone Yurika Mizubuti, Edson Luis de Azambuja Ribeiro, Odimári Pricila Prado-Calixto, Leandro Das Dores Ferreira da Silva, Elzânia Sales Pereira, Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior, Antonio Loures Guerra, Francisco Fernandes Júnior y Éderson Luis Henz. "Supplementation of beef cattle grazing Brachiariabrizantha during the dry and rainy seasons: performance and carcass ultrasound prediction". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, n.º 5 (26 de octubre de 2016): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5p3277.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic group, sex and level of protein-energy supplementation on the performance and carcass traitsultrasound prediction of weaned calves Nellore and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus. A completely randomized design in a factorial 2x2x2, were used, with two levels of protein-energy supplementation, two sex and two genetic groups. Fifty-six animals were used (28 Nellore and 28 crossbred ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus), equally divided between males and females, maintained on grazing Brachiariabrizanthacv. Marandu and evaluated in three experimental periods: period 1 = protein-energy supplementation in the dry season; period 2 = protein-energy supplementation during the rainy season; period 3 = only mineral supplementation. In the dry season, they were supplemented with levels of 0.5 and 1% of body weight (BW) and in the rainy season with 0 and 1% BW. Dry matter intake (kg day-1, % BW, g kgBW0.75-1) was estimated. In vivo ultrasound measurements of carcass were: loin eye area (LEA), fat thickness (FT) and rump fat thickness (RFT). There was influence of genetic group and protein-energy supplementation levels on average daily gain (ADG) of animals in period 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Sex affected the ADG only in period 2, and the males had 754 gday-1 and females, 582 g day-1. There was no interaction of genetic group x sex x supplementation level. At the end of the experimental period (end of period 3), it was found that male animals and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus had higher ADG (716 and 748 g day-1, respectively). The values of dry matter intake (DMI) were influenced by genetic group and sex, in all periods, verifying highest intake in crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus, with better feed conversion for crossbred animals. Regarding ultrasound measurements taken on the carcass, the influence of sex on FT and RFT, it was observed, and the males showed higher values, 3.24 and 4.62 mm, respectively. LEA was influenced by protein-energy supplementation levels in the second period, herein animals receiving 1% of BW, showed higher values (56.04 cm2) than those receiving 0.5% of BW supplement (48.38 cm2). The use of protein-energy supplementation with 0.5% of BW in the dry season and 1% of BW in the rainy season, the best results of performance and contributes to larger loin eye area.

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Sudarsono, Hamim. "PENGARUH LAMA PERIODE KERING DAN INTENSITAS CURAH HUJAN TERHADAP PENETASAN BELALANG KEMBARA (LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA MANILENSIS MEYEN)". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, n.º 2 (4 de noviembre de 2011): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.28117-122.

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Effect of Dry Period and Rainfall Intensity on Emergence of the Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen). Dry period and rainfall intensity were simulated experimentally to determine their effects on nymph emergence of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The experiment was conducted in a factorial set up with two factors, i.e. dry periods (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 week interval of watering) and rainfall intensity (80, 140, 200, and 260 mm/month). Locust nymphal emergence and time required to emerge after the watering were recorded and analyzed. Results of the experiment indicated that dry periods and rainfall levels affected nymphal emergence of the migratory locust. Interaction between dry periods and rainfall levels, however, were statistically not significant (F-value = 0,69 and P-value = 0,7526). Nymphal emergences of L. m. manilensis tended to be higher on soils that were watered less frequently. Similarly, locust emergences were also higher for the soil with lower rainfall intensity (received less amount of watering). At the 80 mm/month rainfall level, 20 – 105,5 days period (egg incubation period) were required before the locust emergence. Incubation period of the eggs was significantly higher as the breeding media (soil) were watered less frequently. On the other hand, time required for the egg to emerge as nymphs was relatively similar regardless of the dry period levels. All eggs emerged 14 – 15,5 days after watering.

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Petridis, Ioannis G. y George C. Fthenakis. "Administration of antibiotics to ewes at the beginning of the dry-period". Journal of Dairy Research 81, n.º 1 (9 de octubre de 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000472.

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The objective of the present paper is to review the significance of administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period/beginning of the dry-period in ewes. During the stage of active involution, there is an increased risk of new mastitis cases and recrudescence of subclinical infections that had occurred during the previous lactation period. The main pathogens involved in the so-called ‘dry-period mastitis’ are coagulase-negative staphylococci. The principle of antibiotic administration at the end of a lactation period involves the intramammary infusion of a preparation to both mammary glands of ewes in the flock. Although a variety of products is licensed for administration in ewes, preferably the product for administration should be selected on the results of susceptibility testing of bacteria to be isolated from samples from ewes in the flock. In many clinical studies from around the world, performed in dairy- or mutton-production flocks, administration of antimicrobial agents at the end of a lactation period has been found beneficial in curing intramammary infections present at cessation of a lactation period, as well as in minimising the risk for intramammary infections during the dry-period. In dairy flocks, there are also benefits from increase in milk yield and decrease flock bulk milk mean somatic cell counts during the subsequent lactation period. Antibiotic administration at drying-off may be performed to all animals in a flock (‘complete’) or only to those considered to be infected (‘selective’). In all cases, after administration of the antibiotic, definite and complete cessation of the lactation period is essential for success of the procedure. Moreover, maintenance of the prescribed withdrawal periods is essential to safeguard public health. The procedure should always be applied as part of a strategic udder health management plan in a flock; implementation improves the welfare of animals and affords significant financial benefits to the farmer. A mastitis prevention scheme during lactation will minimise the incidence of the disease; effective treatment of cases of the disease during lactation will decrease the bacterial populations in the flock and limit risk of infection of other animals. Administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period will complement the above procedures and will contribute to improved mammary health for the forthcoming lactation period.

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Chapman, Brent M., James E. Barrett y Terril A. Nell. "Water Relations and Growth of Catharanthus roseus `Cooler Peppermint' as Influenced by Moisture Stress Conditioning". HortScience 30, n.º 4 (julio de 1995): 771E—771. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.771e.

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Catharanthus roseus `Cooler Peppermint' were grown under four different watering regimes [well-watered (WW), wilt plus 1 day (W+1), wilt plus 3 days (W+3), and wilt plus 1 day during the last 2 weeks only (L W+1)] and two different light levels [1100 and 750 μmol·m–2·s–1]. Stress treatments affected finished plant size and leaf area as well as stomatal conductance, water potential and time to wilt during two dry-down periods imposed at the end of an 8-week production cycle. W+3 plants were 50% smaller with 50% less leaf area compared to WW plants. During the second dry-down period, WW plants in high light wilted in 2 days vs 4 days for the W+3 plants. Similarly, WW plants in low light wilted in 3 days vs 6 days for the W+3 plants. The W+3 plants maintained significantly higher water potentials and greater stomatal conductances than the other treatments throughout both dry-down periods.

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Santos, Luana de Fátima Damasceno dos, Edgard Cavalcanti Pimenta Filho, Edilson Paes Saraiva, Dermeval Araújo Furtado, Walter Esfrain Pereira y José Henrique Souza Costa. "Sexual behavior of 'morada nova' breeding sheep under semi-intensive rearing during the mating season in the brazilian semiarid". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, n.º 6 (23 de noviembre de 2017): 3657. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3657.

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This study aimed to evaluate the sexual behavior of 'Morada Nova' breeding sheep reared in the Brazilian semi-arid during dry and rainy seasons in a semi-intensive system. The behavioral data were gathered from 4 rams and 114 ewes, among which 55 during the rainy season and the other 59 females in the dry season. The behavioral observations were conducted from 6 am to 5 pm, during both periods. The observations were carried out continuously and split into 'event' (execution frequency) and 'state' (execution time). During the rainy season, the breeding sheep showed the most efficient sexual behavior, with a shorter reaction time (RT) and less frequent mount attempts (MA), being of 122 sec and 2.97, respectively. However, throughout the dry period, some sexual behaviors such as sniffing the urogenital of females (SUF), penis exposure (EXP), head tossing (HT), and courting of females (FC) became more frequent, mainly in the afternoon, as with the flehmen response (FR). Male courting behavior was more evident in the rainy season during the end of the day, remaining less active during the dry period. Sexual behavior intensity in 'Morada Nova' sheep varies throughout the day, especially in the dry season.

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Kam, M. y A. A. Degen. "Effects of dry-matter intake and egg production on water influx in single comb White Leghorn hens". Journal of Agricultural Science 109, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1987): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081661.

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SummaryWater influx, i.e. total water intake from water drunk and water obtained from food, was measured using tritiated water in six groups, each containing ten single comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, in which each group received decreasing amounts of dry matter (D.M.) in decrements of 10%. Group 1 received 101·2 g D.M./day, an amount normally offered these hens, group 2 received 92·4 g D.M./day, group 3 received 81·0 g D.M./day, group 4 received 70·4 g D.M./day, group 5 received 61·6 g D.M./day and group 6 received 52·8 g D.M./day. In the first 4 weeks, egg production remained relatively high in the restricted fed groups compared with group 1 and body mass declined rapidly (period I); in the second 4 weeks, egg production declined to a great extent but body mass remained constant (period II). The ratio of water influx to DMI remained constant in the two periods in hens with the same DMI but with different egg production. The linear regression of DMI and/or egg production on water influx were significant within each period. DMI explained 65% of the variation in water influx, egg production explained 30/55% of the variation, and both DMI and egg production explained 66/70% of the variation. Within each period, the regressions of DMI on water influx in hens with similar egg production were generally significant, and, in contrast, the regressions of egg production on water influx within each DMI were generally not significant. It was concluded that DMI was more important than egg production in affecting water influx in laying SCWL hens.

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Toida, Hiromi, Katsumi Ohyama, Yoshitaka Omura y Toyoki Kozai. "Enhancement of Growth and Development of Tomato Seedlings by Extending the Light Period Each Day". HortScience 40, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.2.370.

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The light and dark periods can be easily controlled by the use of artificial lighting. To understand the effects of alternation of light and dark periods on plant growth and development, we studied the growth and development of tomato (`Momotaro') seedlings under nonperiodic alternation of light and dark periods. Tomato seedlings grown under two nonperiodic alternation treatments of NF (NF-1 and NF-2) were compared with seedlings grown under a periodic alternation treatment (P treatment) with 12-hour light and dark periods. In all treatments, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during the light period was maintained at 280 μmol·m-2·s-1; the sum of each light period and the following dark period was 24 hours; and each of the integrated light and dark periods was 132 hours during 11 days of the experiment. In NF-1, the initial light and dark periods were 7 and 17 hours, respectively, and the light period was extended 1 hour per day, while in NF-2, they were initially 17 and 7 hours, respectively, and the light period was shortened 1 hour per day. At the end of the experiment, dry weight per seedling was greater and flower-bud initiation of the first flower truss was earlier in NF-1 than in NF-2 and P, even though the integrated PPF during the experiment was the same in all treatments. These results demonstrate that growth and development of tomato seedlings can be enhanced without any increase in electric energy consumption for lighting by gradually extending the light period or shortening the dark period.

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Soares, Mariana De Campos Fraga y Antonio Evaldo Klar. "AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE UM CONJUNTO DE LISÍMETROS COM UMA CULTURA DE MILHO (Zea mays L)." IRRIGA 6, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2001): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2001v6n1p19-28.

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AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE UM CONJUNTO DE LISÍMETROS COM UMA CULTURA DE MILHO (Zea mays L). Mariana de Campos Fraga SoaresAntônio Evaldo Klar*Depart. de Eng. Rural – FCA – UNESP – CP 237 – CEP 18.603-970 – Botucatu/SPFone: (0xx14) 6802-7185 - klar@fca.unesp.br*Pesquisador Científico do CNPq 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Botucatu/SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de um conjunto de lisímetros de lençol freático constante. Como instrumentos para avaliação, comparou-se o desenvolvimento da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) em diferentes profundidades do lençol freático (50cm, 60cm, 70cm e 80cm com duas repetições) e área de bordadura. Estimou-se a evapotranspiração de referência pelo método de Penman-FAO e pelo tanque classe APara avaliação do desenvolvimento da cultura do milho foram coletadas quinzenalmente medidas de altura e área foliar e, ao final do experimento, foram coletados dados de produção de massa verde para silagem (t.ha-1), matéria seca (t.ha-1) e produção de milho verde na palha (t.ha-1). Os resultados obtidos, quanto ao desenvolvimento e produção da cultura, indicaram correlação significativa entre os lisímetros e a área externa plantada externa com a mesma cultura.. Os dados de evapotranspiração de referência estimados pelos métodos de Penmam FAO e tanque Classe A, para o ciclo da cultura estudada, foram 339,7mm e 377,9mm, respectivamente. A evapotranspiração da cultura no período variou de 219,19 a 276,64mm, com o maior valor a 60 cm da superfície do solo e o menor, a 80cm..As eficiências do uso da água (EUA) médias, em relação a matéria seca, pela cultura do milho, foi de 2,98 kg.m-3 para a estimativa com base na evapotranspiração da cultura medida diretamente nos lisímetros, 3,23 kg.m-3, para a evapotranspiração da cultura estimada pela ETo pelo método de Penmam-FAO e 2,89 kg.m-3, pelo método do tanque Classe A. Unitermos: lisímetros, evapotranspiração, eficiência do uso da água. Soares, M.C.F., Klar, A. E. EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A LISYMETER SET WITH A CORN CROP (Zea mays L.). 2 ABSTRACT This study was set up at Agricultural Engineering Department – FCA/Unesp, Botucatu/SP, in order to evaluate the performance of a set lysimeters (50, 60, 70, and 80 cm water table level, with two replications). A corn crop (Zea mays L.) was used in lysimeters and in the border area.Plant height and leaf area were measured every 15 days to evaluate the corn crop development and at the end of the experiment, green mass to silage, total dry and fresh matter and production of fresh corn grain were taken. The estimated reference evapotranspiration was computed according to Penman-FAO and Class A pan methods.The results showed a significant correlation between the plant results obtained from lysimeters and the border area. The total reference evapotranspiration was 339.7 mm and 377.9 mm for Penman-FAO and Class A pan methods, respectively. The evapotranspiration of crop in this period, measured in the lysimeters, were from 219.19 mm (80cm) to 276.64 mm (60cm)The water use efficiency (WUE) average using kg of total dry matter per water evapotranspiration were 2.98 kg.m-3 measured through lysimeters, 3.23 kg.m-3 by Penmam-FAO and e 2,89 kg.m-3 by Class A pan methods. Keywords: lysimeters, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency.

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Fowler, Paul A., Christopher H. Knight y Margaret A. Foster. "Omitting the dry period between lactations does not reduce subsequent milk production in goats". Journal of Dairy Research 58, n.º 1 (febrero de 1991): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202990003346x.

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SummaryFour goats were studied from the end of their second lactation. One mammary gland of each goat was dried off just prior to the start of the third gestation, whilst the other gland was milked throughout gestation, with no dry period. At the end of gestation the continuously milked gland was significantly smaller than the gland that had been allowed a dry period. However, this difference did not persist beyond parturition and there was no significant difference between the milk yields of the two glands in the next lactation, although the continuously milked gland tended to have the higher yield. At 18 weeks of lactation, mammary parenchyma weight and secretory cell number were significantly greater in the continuously milked gland, but mammary enzyme activities did not differ between the two glands.

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DiBella, Marissa, Minu Thomas, Hana Alyousef, Courtney Millar, Christopher Blesso y Maria-Luz Fernandez. "Intake of 3 Eggs Per Day for 4 Weeks Did Not Raise Plasma Cholesterol in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de mayo de 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_022.

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Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare equivalent amounts of two choline sources on plasma cholesterol and the parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults aged 32 to 70 years. Methods Twenty-three subjects with MetS participated in this randomized, crossover clinical trial. Subjects underwent an initial period of 2 weeks without consuming any eggs, followed by a random allocation to consume either 3 eggs/day or a choline-bitartrate supplement for 4 weeks (choline equivalent of ∼400 mg/day for both interventions). After a 3 week washout period, participants were allocated to the alternate diet. We measured body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma lipids and glucose at the beginning and end of each dietary intervention and after the washout period. Three-day dietary and exercise records were collected concurrently with these measurements. Compliance was assessed weekly by self-reported consumed product. Results There was a 90% compliance among subjects. No differences in physical activity were reported between periods. Dietary records indicated that subjects were consuming more fat (P < 0.001), more protein (P < 0.009) and fewer carbohydrates (P < 0.001) and more cholesterol (P < 0.001) during the egg period. When dietary fat was analyzed separately, there were no differences in intake of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, known to lower plasma cholesterol, was higher during the egg compared to the supplement period (31.2 ± 11.2 vs. 24.3 ± 10.9 g/d), reflecting the fatty acid composition of eggs. Surprisingly, although dietary cholesterol was higher during the egg period, plasma total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol were not different between treatments or when compared to baseline (P > 0.05). LDL cholesterol was 111.4 ± 20.5 mg/dL during the egg and 110.8 ± 21.4 during the supplement period. Percent changes in LDL from baseline were +2.4% for eggs (P = 0.375) and +6.7% for choline (P = 0.111). Similarly, blood pressure, plasma glucose and insulin did not differ between periods (P > 0.05). Body weight and waist circumference did not change. Conclusions This study indicates that in this population with MetS, consumption of 3 eggs/day for 4 weeks did not increase a select group of biomarkers associated with increased risk for heart disease. Funding Sources The Egg Nutrition Center.

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Trojáková, L., Z. Réblová y Z. Pokorný. "Determination of oxidative stability in mixtures of edible oil with nonlipidic substances". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 19, No. 1 (7 de febrero de 2013): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6569-cjfs.

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The storage of lipid foods is mostly affected by the oxidation of lipid fraction. Dry foods are particularly sensitive because lipids are not protected by hydrated proteins against oxidation. A method suitable for testing dry foods was studied in model mixtures of rapeseed oil with albumin or cellulose. Oxipres apparatus was used, where the course of oxidation is monitored by changes of oxygen pressure. The end of induction period was more evident than in bulk oils as the contact of lipids with oxygen is better. The induction period was longer in mixtures of edible oil with albumin than in mixtures with cellulose. The induction period moderately decreased with increasing oxygen pressure, while the effect of sample weight was nearly negligible. The induction period length was a semilogarithmic function of reaction temperature. Variation coefficients and differences between the duplicates showed good reproducibility; they were lower in mixtures with albumin than in mixtures with cellulose, but both were of the same order as the respective values in bulk oils. At 120°C and 0.5 MPa oxygen, the induction periods could be usually measured within a working day.

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Baile, E. M., D. J. Godden y P. D. Pare. "Mechanism for increase in tracheobronchial blood flow induced by hyperventilation of dry air in dogs". Journal of Applied Physiology 68, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1990): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.105.

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To test whether the consistent increase in tracheal and bronchial blood flow observed in dogs during hyperventilation of dry air might be the result of release of mediators such as vasodilatory prostaglandins or neuropeptides, we studied two groups of anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs. Group 1 (n = 6) was hyperventilated for four 30-min periods with 1) warm humid air (38-40 degrees C, 100% relative humidity), 2) warm dry air (38-40 degrees C, 0% relative humidity), 3) warm humid air, and 4) warm dry air. After period 2, a loading dose of indomethacin (4 mg/kg iv) was given over 15 min followed by a constant infusion (4 mg.kg-1.h-1). Group 2 (n = 10) was hyperventilated for four 15- to 20-min periods by use of the protocol described above. After period 3 (group 2a) or period 2 (group 2b), topical 4% lidocaine hydrochloride solution was instilled into the trachea and main stem bronchi. Five minutes before the end of each period of hyperventilation, cardiac output and vascular pressures were measured. To determine airway blood flow, differently labeled radioactive microspheres were injected into the left atrium. After the last measurements, dogs were killed and the lungs excised. Blood flow to the trachea, main stem bronchi, and parenchyma (group 1 only) was calculated. Results showed that hyperventilation of dry air produced a significant increase in blood flow to the trachea and bronchi (period 2). In group 1, this increase was attenuated (P less than 0.02) after administration of indomethacin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Silva, Y., K. Takahashi y R. Chávez. "Dry and wet rainy seasons in the Mantaro river basin (Central Peruvian Andes)". Advances in Geosciences 14 (10 de abril de 2008): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-261-2008.

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Abstract. Monthly precipitation data from the period of 1970 to 2004 from 38 meteorological stations in the Mantaro river basin were used to classify the rainy seasons (September–April) of each year into anomalously dry or wet, and to determine the basin-wide extent of the anomalies based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The wet periods mostly occurred in the early 1970's and during the first half of the 1980's, except for the event that occurred in the 1993/94 period which was the strongest and most generalized in the analyzed period. The dry periods occurred mostly during the second half of the 1980's and the 1990's. Consistent with this, a negative trend in precipitation of 2% per decade was found for the rainy season, due mainly to a stronger trend (−4%/decade) during the peak phase (January–March). Despite previously reported significant negative correlations between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and rainfall during the peak of the rainfall season, the similar amplitude variability of precipitation during the onset phase of the rainfall season (September–December), which is uncorrelated with ENSO, participate to the reduction of the absolute correlation for the full rainfall season. Correlations between rainfall in the Mantaro basin and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic are significant only near the end of the rainy season, with more rain associated with a weaker north-south difference in SST in the tropical Atlantic.

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Jánosi, Sz y G. Huszenicza. "The use of the dry cow therapy in the control of bovine mastitis ". Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 2 (1 de enero de 2001): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7853-vetmed.

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After introducing the dry or nonlactating period of the cows the authors give a survey about the aims of the dry cow therapy. They show the main requirements of dry cow intramammary preparations and the possible use of systemic therapy. The adverse effects of dry cow therapy and the selective dry cow therapy are discussed. In the end some practical aspects of the dry cow therapy are highlighted.

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20

Arbre, M., Y. Rochette, J. Guyader, C. Lascoux, L. M. Gómez, M. Eugène, D. P. Morgavi, G. Renand, M. Doreau y C. Martin. "Repeatability of enteric methane determinations from cattle using either the SF6 tracer technique or the GreenFeed system". Animal Production Science 56, n.º 3 (2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15512.

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The SF6 tracer technique (SF6) and GreenFeed system (GF) are two methods for measuring enteric methane (CH4) emissions from cattle. Both methods estimate individual daily CH4 emissions from expired gas samples collected either continuously over 24 h in a canister (SF6) or several times a day during short-term periods (3–8 min) when cattle visit an automated head chamber (GF). The objective of this work was to study repeatability (R) of each method according to duration of measurement period as an indicator of their precision. The R of CH4 measurements was evaluated in two different trials using cows. For Experiment 1, the SF6 technique was used for 20 days in six non-lactating dairy cows fed a hay-based diet; for Experiment 2, the GF system was used for 91 days in seven lactating dairy cows fed a maize silage-based diet. The CH4 data were grouped by periods of 1–10 days (SF6) and 1–45 days (GF). The CH4 emissions averaged 23.6 ± 3.9 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) for the SF6 and 17.4 ± 3.3 g/kg DMI for the GF on the measurement period. To achieve an R value of 0.70 for CH4 emissions (g/kg DMI), 3-day periods were necessary for SF6 and 17-day periods for GF. The R did not increase after 4-day periods for SF6 (R = 0.73), but increased for GF until 45-day periods (R = 0.90). In our experimental conditions and R = 0.70, the total number of cows necessary to detect a significant difference in CH4 emissions (g/kg DMI) between two treatments (e.g. diet) was similar for SF6 and GF.

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21

Thomas, Minu, Marissa Dibella, Olga V. Malysheva, Marie A. Caudill, Christopher Blesso y Maria-Luz Fernandez. "Intake of 3 Eggs/Day or Equivalent Amount of Choline as Supplement for 4 Weeks Increases Plasma Choline Without Changing Plasma TMAO in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de mayo de 2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_113.

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Abstract Objectives Our previous study in a young healthy population indicated that choline from eggs (phosphatidylcholine) was more bioavailable than choline from a supplement (choline bitartrate) as determined by plasma choline concentrations. The purpose of this study was to compare equivalent amounts of two choline sources on plasma choline and its derivatives including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and inflammatory markers in men and women aged 32 to 70 years old with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods Twenty-three subjects with MetS were included in this randomized, crossover clinical trial. Participants underwent an initial period of 2 weeks without consuming any eggs, which was followed by a random allocation to either 3 eggs/day or a choline-supplement for 4 weeks (both diets had a choline equivalent of 400 mg per day). Following a 3-week washout period, participants were allocated to the alternate diet. We measured plasma choline and plasma TMAO as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory markers and liver enzymes. Results Although there was an overall significant increase in plasma choline after egg intake, compared to baseline (P < 0.01), there were no significant differences between egg and supplement at the end of the respective interventions (P > 0.05). Baseline values were 7.9 ± 2.1 nmol/ml compared to 9.9 ± 2.2 and 9.5 ± 2.1 nmol/ml for the egg and supplement, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, plasma TMAO was not different between baseline, or at the end of the egg and supplement periods (P > 0.1). When we measured inflammatory markers, compared to baseline CRP was lower after the egg period (0.49 ± 0.50 vs. 0.36 ± 0.37 mg/dL, P < 0.01) while no differences in this parameter were observed at the end of the egg or the supplement period. Liver enzymes were not affected by treatment. Conclusions These studies indicate that in contrast to healthy individuals, the plasma choline response appears to be similar in MetS participants, independent of its source or chemical composition. Analyzing the microbiota of these subjects will provide additional information regarding how choline is metabolized in individuals with MetS. Funding Sources The Egg Nutrition Center.

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Cortés, María Esperanza Mayorga, Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro, Mário Federico Gianfelici, Alexandre de Mello Kessler y Mariana Lemos de Moraes. "Study of methodological variations in apparent nutrient metabolism determination in broiler chickens". Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, n.º 10 (octubre de 2009): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001000010.

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An experiment was conducted to define a protocol to determine metabolizable nutrient and energy values of diets. The metabolizability (M) was calculated of the dry matter (DM); crude protein (CP); gross energy (GE) and AMEn of a single diet. Eighty-one 21-day old (d) male birds were used. The tested methodologies were: Cr2O3 (0.5%) as an indicator (partial collection) or Fe2O3 (1%) as a marker; fasting (0, 4, 6 and 8 h) prior to excreta collection and at the end of the feeding period on the last day of collection (total collection). The excreta collection periods were also tested (3 and 5 days). Twenty 31-day old male broilers from the same group of birds were used to assess the effect of fasting on digestive organ weight. At the end of fasting the digestive organs were removed and weighed. Metabolism coefficients and energy were not different between 3 and 5 days of total collection. CPM was lower for marker utilization and 3 days excreta collection compared to the total collection. Eight hours fasting resulted in significantly lower CPM compared to the other periods or the no fasting. With the methodology of partial collection with 5 days of collection, the lowest values were observed for all the responses, compared to the 3 day collection period. The use of the total collection methodology produced the highest DMM and CPM compared to partial collection. No influence of fasting was observed on the digestive organ sizes, indicating that until 8 hours of fasting no changes were observed in either relative or absolute organ weight. However, the relative jejunum weight of birds submitted to 4 hours fasting was higher than that of birds under no fasting. Total collection, during a 3 day period, without fasting and marker use, is the best methodology for ingredient and feed evaluation of growing birds.

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Vico, L., S. Bourrin, J. M. Very, M. Radziszowska, P. Collet y C. Alexandre. "Bone changes in 6-mo-old rats after head-down suspension and a reambulation period". Journal of Applied Physiology 79, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1995): 1426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1426.

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In mature rats experiencing 14-day head-down suspension or 14-day head-down suspension followed by 28-day reambulation, the hindlimb long bones, humerus, and skull were removed for the determination of morphometry and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, dry and ash weights, and calcium content. The bones of the animals in the control groups (killed at days 0, 14, and 42) had their own maturation rate. The body weights of suspended animals were lower than those of the control animals. Suspension does not appear to impair the long-bone elongation rate. However, the tibia of suspended rats exhibited a lower calcium content, ash weight, BMC, and BMD. Similar trends were observed in the femur. In the humerus, no significant change was observed. In the skull, the values of the suspended rats were similar to those of the control rats. At the end of the reambulation period, the body weights showed no difference between the control and experimental animals. The bone alterations were not completely reversible compared with their respective controls. In the tibia, BMC and BMD were always decreased. In the femur, trends toward low values were still visible. The skull showed a decrease in BMC and ash and dry weights. This unexpected finding suggested that importance of a rapid decrease in cephalad fluid shift at the time of desuspension. Finally, we showed that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement is sufficiently accurate to detect intergroup differences.

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Gillingham, Michael P., Katherine L. Parker y Thomas A. Hanley. "Forage intake by black-tailed deer in a natural environment: bout dynamics". Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1997): 1118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-134.

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We examined the within-bout and seasonal dynamics of intake rate for free-ranging tractable black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) throughout a 2-year period. Based on log frequency analyses of 487 complete active bouts, we concluded that active bouts consisted of a series of foraging bouts separated by ~2 min of nonforaging activity. Black-tailed deer spent ~92% of their active time foraging, independent of sex or season. Dry matter intake rates varied significantly with season, from ~0.5 g/min active in winter up to 1.5 g/min in summer, but few differences were attributable to sex. The large leaf size of skunk-cabbage (Lysichiton americanum) enabled deer to attain and sustain intake rates that approached predicted theoretical Rmax values of 10–12 g dry matter/min (L.A. Shipley and D.E. Spalinger. 1992. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1743–1752). Daily dry matter intake varied from 300 g/day in winter to > 1300 g/day in summer. Deer maintained a constant intake rate throughout only one-third of all active periods; intake was reduced at the end of ~40% of-all bouts, while intake rates increased towards the end of 30% of bouts. We discuss the implications of these dynamics for sampling of incomplete bouts, which is frequently employed by observers. Finally, we discuss the importance of selected, not available, biomass in understanding the foraging intake of ungulates.

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Zafalon, Luiz Francisco, Guilherme Aparecido Fim Júnior, Carolina Orlando Vaso, Nahryda Samara dos Santos Lopes, Josir Laine Aparecida Veschi y Raul Costa Mascarenhas Santana. "Influence of lactation stages and rain periods on subclinical mastitis in meat producing ewes". Ciência Rural 46, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 1797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151068.

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ABSTRACT: Mastitis negatively influences the survival and weight gain of ovines for meat production. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in sheep for meat production, the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in ewes at the end of lactation and beginning of the consecutive lactation and to assess the composition and cellular characteristics of milk as a function of different rainfall indices. Mammary halves (821) of Santa Ines (479) and Morada Nova (342) ewes were examined. Milk samples were collected in two different moments of lactation: at weaning and postpartum of the consecutive lactation. Sample collection periods were called "dry" or "rainy" according to the rainfall index in the month immediately before the month of collection. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis at weaning in the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes were 16.4 and 12.6% in the dry period, and 17.7 and 23.5% in the rainy period, respectively. In the consecutive lactation period, the occurrences were 26.7 and 27.7% in the dry period and 41.8 and 39.1% in the rainy period, for the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes, respectively. Postpartum stage was critical for the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, as compared to that at the end of the previous lactation. Occurrence of the disease negatively influenced the SCC in the milk at the beginning of lactation and changed its composition, mainly in the rainiest periods, probably due to a difficulty in maintaining hygiene in the environment where the animals remained.

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Barbato, Olimpia, Belinda Holmes, Iulia-Elena Filipescu y Pietro Celi. "Dietary Supplementation of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) during the Dry Period Improves Redox Balance in Lactating Dairy Cows". Antioxidants 8, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020038.

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Thirty-six pregnant Holstein–Friesian cows were used to study the effect of Yerba Mate (YM) supplementation during the dry period on redox balance. The treatments groups were Control (no YM), YM 250 (250 g/cow/day), and YM 500 (500 g/cow/day). Blood samples were obtained 30 days prepartum, at calving, and monthly postpartum until four months post calving. Liveweight (LW) and body condition score (BCS) were assessed prepartum, at calving, and then postpartum monthly until the end of the trial. Plasma was analyzed for hydroperoxides (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as OSI = ROMs/BAP × 100. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk yield data were recorded daily. Redox balance was improved by YM supplementation, as reflected in the lower OSI values observed in the YM groups. Yerba Mate supplementation significantly affected LW, but did not affect BCS. Milk yield averaged 28.1 ± 0.40, 29.0 ± 0.48, and 29.9 ± 0.46 L/cow/day in the Control, YM 250, and YM 500 groups, respectively, but was not significant. Nutritional manipulation during the dry period with Yerba Mate has demonstrated the potential to improve redox balance and milk yield.

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Piccirillo, Gianfranco, Federica Moscucci, Gaetano Bertani, Ilaria Lospinuso, Fabiola Mastropietri, Marcella Fabietti, Teresa Sabatino et al. "Short-Period Temporal Dispersion Repolarization Markers Predict 30-Days Mortality in Decompensated Heart Failure". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, n.º 6 (16 de junio de 2020): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061879.

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Background and Objectives: Electrocardiographic (ECG) markers of the temporal dispersion of the myocardial repolarization phase have been shown able to identify chronic heart failure (CHF) patients at high mortality risk. The present prospective single-center study sought to investigate in a well-characterized cohort of decompensated heart failure (HF) patients the ability of short-term myocardial temporal dispersion ECG variables in predicting the 30-day mortality, as well as their relationship with N-terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) plasmatic values. Method: One hundred and thirteen subjects (male: 59, 67.8%) with decompensated CHF underwent 5 min of ECG recording, via a mobile phone. We obtained QT end (QTe), QT peak (QTp) and T peak to T end (Te) and calculated the mean, standard deviation (SD), and normalized index (VN). Results: Death occurred for 27 subjects (24%) within 30 days after admission. Most of the repolarization indexes (QTe mean (p < 0.05), QTeSD (p < 0.01), QTpSD (p < 0.05), mean Te (p < 0.05), TeSD (p < 0.001) QTeVN (p < 0.05) and TeVN (p < 0.01)) were significantly higher in those CHF patients with the highest NT-proBNP (>75th percentile). In all the ECG data, only TeSD was significantly and positively related to the NT-proBNP levels (r: 0.471; p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the highest accuracy for 30-day mortality was found for QTeSD (area under curve, AUC: 0.705, p < 0.01) and mean Te (AUC: 0.680, p < 0.01), whereas for the NT-proBNP values higher than the 75th percentile, the highest accuracy was found for TeSD (AUC: 0.736, p < 0.001) and QTeSD (AUC: 0.696, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Both mean Te and TeSD could be considered as reliable markers of worsening HF and of 30-day mortality. Although larger and possibly interventional studies are needed to confirm our preliminary finding, these non-invasive and transmissible ECG parameters could be helpful in the remote monitoring of advanced HF patients and, possibly, in their clinical management. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04127162).

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Lehman, R. Michael y Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Microbial development in distillers wet grains produced during fuel ethanol production from corn (Zea mays)". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2007): 1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-073.

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Distillers grains are coproduced with ethanol and carbon dioxide during the production of fuel ethanol from the dry milling and fermentation of corn grain, yet there is little basic microbiological information on these materials. We undertook a replicated field study of the microbiology of distillers wet grains (DWG) over a 9 day period following their production at an industrial fuel ethanol plant. Freshly produced DWG had a pH of about 4.4, a moisture content of about 53.5% (wet mass basis), and 4 × 105 total yeast cells/g dry mass, of which about 0.1% were viable. Total bacterial cells were initially below detection limits (ca. 106 cells/g dry mass) and then were estimated to be ∼5 × 107 cells/g dry mass during the first 4 days following production. Culturable aerobic heterotrophic organisms (fungi plus bacteria) ranged between 104 and 105 CFU/g dry mass during the initial 4 day period, and lactic acid bacteria increased from 36 to 103 CFU/g dry mass over this same period. At 9 days, total viable bacteria and yeasts and (or) molds topped 108 CFU/g dry mass and lactic acid bacteria approached 106 CFU/g dry mass. Community phospholipid fatty acid analysis indicated a stable microbial community over the first 4 days of storage. Thirteen morphologically distinct isolates were recovered, of which 10 were yeasts and molds from 6 different genera, 2 were strains of the lactic-acid-producing Pediococcus pentosaceus and only one was an aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, Micrococcus luteus . The microbiology of DWG is fundamental to the assessment of spoilage, deleterious effects (e.g., toxins), or beneficial effects (e.g., probiotics) in its use as feed or in alternative applications.

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Kekez, Michał. "Model-based imputation of sound level data at thoroughfare using computational intelligence". Open Engineering 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0051.

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Abstract The aim of the paper was to present the methodology of imputation of the missing sound level data, for a period of several months, in many noise monitoring stations located at thoroughfares by applying one model which describes variability of sound level within the tested period. To build the model, at first the proper set of input attributes was elaborated, and training dataset was prepared using recorded equivalent sound levels at one of thoroughfares. Sound level values in the training data were calculated separately for the following 24-hour sub-intervals: day (6–18), evening (18–22) and night (22–6). Next, a computational intelligence approach, called Random Forest was applied to build the model with the aid of Weka software. Later, the scaling functions were elaborated, and the obtained Random Forest model was used to impute data at two other locations in the same city, using these scaling functions. The statistical analysis of the sound levels at the abovementioned locations during the whole year, before and after imputation, was carried out.

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Oyedeji, J. O., H. I. Ajayi y T. Olupitan. "Effects of skip a day (SAD) feeding regime during rearing on the subsequent laying performance of Black Harco hens". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 38, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v38i2.2801.

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One hundred and fifty (150) black harco pullets were used in a study designed to investigate the effects of Skip A Day (SAD) feeding regimen during rearing on their laying performance. Pullets from a healthy stock were randomly allocated into five experimental groups at 12 weeks of age. Birds in group I were fed ad libitum daily, while those in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were subjected to SAD feeding regimen for 2,4,6 and 8 weeks, respectively. Hens in all groups were thereafter fed ad libitum during a 30-week laying period. Birds in all treatment groups had unrestricted access to water before, during and after the period of feed restriction. Results at the end of the experiment showed that total number of eggs laid as well as Hen Day Production (HDP%) were significantly highest in hens previously subjected to SAD feeding for 6 weeks during rearing (p < 0.05). Although feed intakes of pullets were significantly reduced by subjecting pullets to periods ranging from 2 – 8 weeks of SAD feeding during rearing (p <0.05), feed intakes during laying period were not significantly affected (p>0.05). However, feed per dozen egg as well as cost per dozen egg were significantly reduced among hens previously subjected to either 6 or 8 weeks of SAD feeding during rearing (p < 0.05). Egg weight as well as egg diameter were similar among hens in all dietary treatments (p > 0.05). SAD feeding programme did not significantly affect hens livability (p > 0.05). It was concluded that, subjecting black harco hens to SAD feeding for 6 weeks during rearing period in place of ad libitum feeding, could improve laying efficiency.

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Tóth, Tamás, Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth, Ferenc Pajor, Róbert Kocsis, Alexandra Juhász, János Tőzsér y Péter Póti. "Changes in the values of two ultrasound-examined teat parameters during the dry period in dairy cows". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 67, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2019): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2019.045.

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The length of the streak canal and the area of the teat end were studied by ultrasound during the dry period in 40 Holstein-Friesian cows. In the first week, the values of these teat parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and this did not change significantly until the middle of the dry period. In the last month of gestation, the length of the streak canal was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the area of the teat end did not decrease significantly (P > 0.05). At each of the five examination times, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.85-0.94) was found between the two teat parameters. In healthy cows, the streak canal and the area of teat end, both of which are part of the udder’s defence system, can regenerate sufficiently during the dry period, minimising the risk of contamination through the streak canal and the development of mastitis. If the regeneration of this defence system fails, the chances of infection through the streak canal increase.

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Lee, Dongheon, Hyun Jung Lee, Ji Won Yoon, Minsu Kim y Cheorun Jo. "Effect of Different Aging Methods on the Formation of Aroma Volatiles in Beef Strip Loins". Foods 10, n.º 1 (12 de enero de 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010146.

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This study investigated the effects of different aging methods on the changes in the concentrations of aroma volatiles of beef. One half (n = 15) of the beef strip loins were dry-aged, and the other half were wet-aged, and both aging processes continued for 28 days. The aroma volatiles from dry- and wet-aged samples were analyzed at seven-day intervals (n = 3 for each aging period). As the aging period increased, dry-aged beef showed higher concentrations of volatile compounds than those in wet-aged beef (p < 0.05). Most changes in the concentrations of aroma volatiles of dry-aged beef were associated with propanal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, 1-butanamine, trimethylamine, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, and ethyl propanoate, which were mainly produced by lipid oxidation and/or microbial activity (e.g., proteolysis and lipolysis) during the dry aging period. Therefore, we suggest that the differences in aroma between dry- and wet-aged beef could result from increased lipid oxidation and microbial activity in dry-aged beef possibly owing to its ambient exposure to oxygen.

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Greco, Julia, Courtney Campbell, Allison Sloan, Dominka Mis, Christa Palancia Esposito y Catherine Andersen. "Consumption of Different Egg-Based Diets Impacts Body Composition in Young Healthy Adults". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de mayo de 2020): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_026.

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Abstract Objectives Consumption of whole eggs vs. egg whites has been associated with differential effects on satiety and post-exercise skeletal muscle synthesis. We investigated whether daily intake of whole eggs, egg whites, or an egg-free diet differentially altered markers of body composition in a general population of young healthy adults who were not participating in a standardized exercise program. Methods Young, healthy men and women (18–35y, BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 26) participated in a randomized crossover intervention trial where they followed an egg-free diet for 4 weeks, then were randomized to consume either 3 whole eggs or 3 egg whites per day for 4 weeks. Subjects then followed a second 4-week egg-free diet washout period before switching to the alternative egg treatment. All subjects were instructed to maintain their baseline physical activity practices throughout the study. At the end of each diet period, body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance and dietary nutrient intake was analyzed. Fasting serum samples were collected to measure fasting serum lipids, glucose, and markers of protein status. Results There were no differences in dietary intake of total calories, carbohydrates, or protein between the egg-free, whole egg, and egg white diet periods. There were similarly no differences in fiber, sucrose, or animal vs. vegetable protein intake between diet periods. Conversely, whole egg intake resulted in greater intake of vitamin D, cholesterol, and total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat. In assessing body composition, modest increases in body weight and body mass index were observed during the egg white period as compared to the whole egg and egg-free diet period. However, while changes in fat-free mass and muscle mass between diet periods did not reach significance, body fat mass was modestly increased following the whole egg diet as compared to the egg-free diet. No differences in fasting serum lipids, glucose, or markers of protein status were observed between diet periods. Conclusions Our findings indicate that different egg-based diets are associated with modest changes in body composition in young healthy adults. Funding Sources This study was funded by an Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

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Tóth, Zoltán, Herbert Hoi y Attila Hettyey. "Intraspecific variation in the egg-wrapping behaviour of female smooth newts, Lissotriton vulgaris". Amphibia-Reptilia 32, n.º 1 (2011): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x543001.

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AbstractIn many species of the Salamandridae family, females provide parental care by carefully wrapping plant material around their eggs. As this behaviour has been shown to have a large effect on offspring survival, variation in this trait is expected to be low. Detailed investigations are, however, lacking. In the present study, we analyzed the consistency of egg-wrapping behaviour in two time periods within a breeding season in female smooth newts (Lissotriton vulgaris). We found a surprisingly low proportion of wrapped eggs of around 47% during the first period (when males were present) and an almost doubled ratio of around 92% in the second period (when males were absent). Also, the variation between individuals was significantly lower in the second period than in the first one. Furthermore, the bigger the females were, the more the proportion of wrapped eggs increased day by day within the first period; however, this relationship did not fully explain the observed difference between the two periods. Our results suggest that parental care in smooth newts can be influenced by the presence of mating partners and body size, and provide the first empirical evidence for within-individual variation in egg-wrapping in a salamandrid species.

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Goh, A. Y. L., J. K. Kariuki, A. W. Skelhorne, A. Bhattacharyya, M. T. McDermott, T. W. Forest y G. Steadman. "Preliminary Results on the Effect of Methanol-Based Fuels on the Tensile Properties of Frp Micro-Specimens". Advanced Composites Letters 10, n.º 4 (julio de 2001): 096369350101000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350101000401.

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This paper reports a simple experimental technique developed to measure strains in fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) tensile micro-specimens (nominal thickness: 254 μm) before and after these were exposed to a 50–50 volumetric mixture of methanol and ASTM Fuel C. Micro-specimens were used to reduce the time required for the fuel mixture to diffuse into the FRP. The developed technique is then used to study the effect of the methanol-based fuel on the tensile properties of the micro-specimens. In particular, the stress of the specimens at a strain of 1.5% is seen to be significantly lower when the specimens are tested immediately after exposure to the fuel for 3 day and 7 day periods as compared to the stress for specimens not exposed to the fuel. The loss in stress is found to be significantly recoverable when the exposed specimens are tested after allowing them to dry for an equal length of time, i.e. 3 days and 7 days. These results point to two possibilities: 1. Design of FRP structures exposed to alcohol-based fuels, e.g. underground fuel storage tanks, may have to account for noticeable mechanical property changes of the FRP during the service period, 2. Any property changes may be partially reversed by allowing the structures to “dry” over an appropriate period of time.

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GHAMARI, Hossein y Goudarz AHMADVAND. "Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 4, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2012): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb437810.

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Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

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Gonzalez, Marcela y Vicente Barros. "The relationship between tropical convection in South America and the end of the dry period in subtropical Argentina". International Journal of Climatology 18, n.º 15 (diciembre de 1998): 1669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199812)18:15<1669::aid-joc340>3.0.co;2-1.

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Talsma, T. y EA Gardner. "Soil water extraction by a mixed eucalypt forest during a drought period". Soil Research 24, n.º 1 (1986): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860025.

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Eucalypt trees growing on deep soils, with a water table at about 8 m depth, showed no apparent drought effects during the 1982-83 dry period in south-east Australia when gross precipitation was only 388 mm. At the end of the drought, soil water to 4 m depth was depleted to a soil water potential of -0.5 MPa and under these conditions unsaturated flow from the water table to the lower root zone was calculated to be 0.17 mm day-1. Water extraction over the depth interval from 0 to 6 m in the drought year was 533 mm, some 200 mm in excess of that used during a year of average rainfall. The contribution to tree water use from unsaturated flow from the water table was calculated to be small (15 mm) even in a drought year, and in most years water movement would be towards the water table to yield a deep drainage term estimated between 40 and 100 mm. Growth ring studies indicated that the lower water use, estimated at 2.6 mm day-1 during the spring-summer drought, did not affect the slowly growing E. radiata species, but reduced stem diameter growth of the faster growing E. dalrympleana and E. pauciflora species.

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Shevchenko, Olga, Sergiy Snizhko y Andreas Matzarakis. "Recent trends on human thermal bioclimate conditions in Kyiv, Ukraine". Geographia Polonica 93, n.º 1 (2020): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0164.

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The human-biometeorological conditions in Kyiv (Ukraine) and changes in the frequency of heat stress during the summer period due to recent climate trends were analyzed. The evaluation based on physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The results revealed the highest probability of thermal comfortable conditions in Kyiv is from the last 10-day period of April to the end of June and from the last 10-day period of August to the end of September. The probability of heat stress reached nearly 90% during the second and third 10-day periods of July. A pronounced increase in thermal stress during the studied heat wave cases (HW), as well as increasing amount of days with heat stress in the period 1991-2015, were found.

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FAIDH-ALLAH, Majid Habeb. "NUMERICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT CONTACT TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS OF FRICTION MATERIAL ’S TYPE EFFECT ON A THERMAL TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A SINGLE-DISC DRY CLUTCH". Tribologia 271, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6361.

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The sliding period is considered a critical period in the lifetime of friction clutches, because most failures occur during this period. High temperatures due to sliding velocity will appear on the contacting surfaces of the friction clutch system (e.g., in single -disc clutch are pressure plate, clutch discs and flywheel). The finite element technique has been developed to investigate the effect of the type of friction material (material properties) on the transient thermoelastic behaviour of a single-disc dry clutch. Two types of friction materials are used in this work: organic and sintered friction materials. Axisymmetric models are developed to simulate a friction clutch system (single disc with two effective sides). The results represent the comparisons between organic and sintered friction discs, behaviours during slipping periods in clutches.

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Markvart, Jakob, Eva Rosenqvist, Helle Sørensen, Carl-Otto Ottosen y Jesper M. Aaslyng. "Canopy Photosynthesis and Time-of-day Application of Supplemental Light". HortScience 44, n.º 5 (agosto de 2009): 1284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1284.

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There is increasing use of electricity for supplemental lighting in the northern European greenhouse industry. One reason for this may be to secure a high growth rate during low-light periods by an attempt to increase net photosynthesis. We wanted to clarify which period of the day resulted in the best use of a 5-h supplemental light period for photosynthesis and growth. The periods tested were supplemental light during the night, day, morning, and evening. The experiments were carried out in daylight climate chambers measuring canopy gas exchange. The air temperature was 25 °C and the CO2 level ≈900 ppm. Vegetative chrysanthemum was used, because this species responds quickly to change in light level. The leaf areas of the plant canopies were nondestructively measured each week during the 4-week experimental period. The fact that the quantum yield of photosynthesis is greater at low than at high light intensities favors the use of supplemental light during the dark period, but growth measured as dry weight of the treated plants at the end of the experiments was not significantly different given identical light integrals of the treatments. However, one experiment indicated that increased time with dark hours during day and night (24 h) might decrease net photosynthesis. The assimilation per unit leaf area was approximately the same during times of sunlight through a diffusing screen at 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) as during times of supplemental (direct) light application at PPF of 200 μmol·m−2·s−1 by high-pressure sodium lamps. We conclude that during the winter and periods of low light intensities, the daily carbon gain does not depend on the time of supplemental light application, but is linked to the total light integral. However, extended time with dark hours during day and night (24 h) might be a disadvantage because of longer periods with dark respiration and subsequent loss of carbon. Our results indicate that during times of low light conditions, it is not necessary to include factors such as the timing of supplemental lighting application to achieve higher net photosynthesis in climate control strategies.

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Lacin, E., A. Yildiz, N. Esenbuga y M. Macit. "Effects of differences in the initial body weight of groups on laying performance and egg quality parameters of Lohmann laying hens". Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 11 (20 de noviembre de 2008): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/341-cjas.

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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different body weight groups (light (L) = 1 400–1 500; medium (M) = 1 500–1 600 and heavy (H) = 1 600 < g) on performance and egg quality traits of Lohmann hens, 24 weeks of age, in different laying periods. A total of 288 Lohmann White layers were allocated randomly to three groups with respect to live weight, each consisting of 24 replicated cages as subgroups, comprising four hens. The study period lasting for 60 weeks was investigated as four different age periods (first period = 24–40 weeks; second period = 40–54 weeks; third period = 54–68 weeks; fourth period = 68–84 weeks). Differences in the initial live weight at the beginning of experiment among the groups continued to the end of experimental period. Considering the egg production, differences among the groups were not significant (<I>P</I> > 0.05) during the experimental period. Egg weight was determined to be lower in the group with low body weight (64.58 g) than in medium (64.97 g) and heavy hen groups (66.30 g). Differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the groups were found significant, and the mean values were 123.93, 127.48 and 130.67 for feed consumption (g/day); 2.23, 2.28 and 2.27 for feed conversion ratio. Except for the feed conversion ratio, the effect of weight groups by age period interaction on performance parameters was significant (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The effects of body weight on shell strength, shell thickness and yolk index were not significant during the experimental period. However, different body weight groups significantly affected shape index, yolk colour, albumen index and Haugh unit parameters. Shell strength, yolk colour and yolk index values were affected by weight groups by age period interaction. In conclusion, Lohmann White hens in the light group in a uniform flock had higher egg production and lower feed conversion ratio values than those of other weight groups.

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Almeida, Julio Cesar Raposo de, Luiz Valério de Castro Carvalho, Ana Aparecida da Silva Almeida, João Luiz Gadioli y Omar Vieira Villela. "Calcined nepheline syenite powder increases potassium availability to corn". Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 14, n.º 7 (26 de diciembre de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2315.

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This research evaluated powdered nepheline syenite (NS) as a potassium source for corn. The treatments were different particle sizes and heating the NS with calcium chloride at 900oC, and the samples were incubated in soil under controlled conditions before cropping. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using corn (Zea mays L.) plants cultivated in pots in a completely randomized 2x3 + 2 factorial block design with five replications. Five plants were growth in each pot with 5 kg of an Oxisol–Typic Hapludox soil for three successive 33-day cropping periods. At the end of each cropping period the K contents of shoot dry matter and soil and were determined. There was no effect on shoot dry matter production (p> 0.05). There was greater soil and dry matter K contents when heated NS was used, but for particle size. The treatments significantly affected (p <0.01) the K levels in the plants in the first crop. There was no residual effect on potassium content in the soil after the third crop (p> 0.05). NS in natura has low solubility and does not provide potassium to plants while calcined rock powder works as a thermopotassium source.

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Byrd, K. E. "Loci and Characteristics of EMG Silent Periods During Masticatory Mandibular Movements in Rats". Journal of Dental Research 67, n.º 10 (octubre de 1988): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670100801.

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Frontal plane mandibular movements and the associated superficial masseter EMG signals of six 39-day-old rats were simultaneously recorded and digitized at a rate of 1 kHz by the optoelectronic method in order to investigate the loci and attributes of masseteric silent periods during mastication of hard (pellets) and soft (sluny) food items. The marked silent periods, defined as cessations of EMG activity during the slow-close (SC) phase of single chewing cycles, were analyzed for their (1) onset and offset durations relative to physiological centric occlusion (PCO), (2) frontal vertical (FV) and frontal horizontal (FH) loci relative to PCO, and (3) FV and FH velocities and accelerations of masticatory mandibular movements in relation to PCO. The start (SSP) and end (ESP) of silent period loci relative to PCO moved superiorly as sequences of pellet mastication progressed. All silent period attributes during slurry consumption were significantly different (p ≤ 0.01) from pellet attributes: Sluny SSP and ESP loci were closer to PCO than were pellet loci; durations of silent period loci during pellet mastication were more variable than were slurry durations. FV distance and velocity values for pellets were greater than slurry values; FV accelerations during slurry mastication were greater than with pellets. Although FV velocities during both pellet and slurry mastication decreased at ESP relative to SSP values, their FH velocities at ESP actually increased relative to SSP velocities. Loci attributes of EMG silent periods appeared largely dependent on the consistency of the food item being masticated.

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Milanov, Dubravka, Slobodan Knezevic, Suzana Vidakovic, Marko Pajic, Milica Zivkov-Balos y Nevenka Aleksic. "Microbial contamination of poultry litter during fattening period". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 35, n.º 3 (2019): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1903253m.

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The results of the research into the microbiological contamination of litter used by broiler chickens are presented. Litter samples were taken prior to the introduction of chicks (day 0) and in 7-day intervals until the end of the fattening period. The total numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, moulds and Clostridium perfringens spores, and the presence of bacteria of the Salmonella genus were determined. The total microbial count in newly laid litter was 7 log10 CFU/g, which increased to 9 log10 CFU/g by the 4th week. However, at the end of the 5th week, it was at the same level as in newly laid litter. C. perfringens spores, presumably originating from chicks? faeces, were first detected on day 7. In the next 7 days their number increased, reaching 3-4 log10 CFU/g, and remained at approximately same levels until the end of the research. The initial mould contamination was 5-6 log10 CFU/g. However, from day 21 moulds were not isolated, but only yeasts of the Saccharomyces genus. It is supposed that these were deposited with chicks? faeces, due to their presence in complete broiler feed. No bacteria of the Salmonella genus were ever isolated from the litter. In conclusion, the total numbers of microorganisms in deep litter reach their peak in approximately a month, which is followed by their decrease. Deep litter is a favourable environment for probiotic yeast cultures. Added to feed intended for broilers, they can positively influence the microbial composition of litter, providing healthier environment to fattening broilers.

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BOGOLYUBOVA, N. V., V. N. ROMANOV y V. A. BAGIROV. "METABOLIC PROFILE OF COWS DURING FOOD CORRECTION AT THE END OF THE DRY PERIOD AND THE BEGINNING OF LACTATION". Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, n.º 1 (2021): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500262721010117.

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KAYADOE, MARTHA, ANA ROCHANA, UJANG HIDAYAT TANUWIRIA y SAULAND SINAGA. "Short Communication: Effect of different feed combination on the growth development of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in captivity". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, n.º 2 (17 de febrero de 2019): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200231.

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Abstract. Kayadoe M, Rochana A, Tanuwiria AH, Sinaga S. 2019. Short Communication: Effect of different feed combination on the growth development of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in captivity. Biodiversitas 20: 526-531. One of the problems in maintaining cuscus in captivity was feed factor. Farmers had given various combinations of feed for cuscus, and several studies had been conducted on cuscus feed. For cuscus feed, it mostly used more than two types of feed, and the most dominant was banana. Inefficiency occurred fresh feed was prepared with more than two types. It can be costly, time-consuming and has more digestibility problem. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct an assessment by limiting the number of feed in two types to see the benefits of the ration (70% carbohydrate feed sources Musa paradisiaca var. mas and 30% from Pometia pinnata leaves, Pongamia pinnata leaves, Ipomoea aquatica, Brassica rapa var. parachinensis and Gryllus spp. The research was conducted for 36 days consisting of 2 periods, namely the adaptation period (5 days) and the data collection period (7 days), 3 times replications. The amount of feeding was limited based on 90% of adequacy of dry matter (preliminary research). The weighting of the initial body weight of cuscus and the final weight was carried out at the beginning and end of the period of data collection. Faecal was collected every day during the period of data collection. Each type of feed and fecal was analyzed for the dry matter. The results showed no significant effect (P>0.01) on dry matter consumption, but significantly affected the digestibility coefficients of dry matter. The preferred ration was 100% M. paradisiaca var. mas, which 49.99g/day, then a combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas with I. aquatica 48.187 g/day and M. paradisiaca var. mas combination with Averrhoa carambola (48.06 g/day), while the less preferred combination was M. paradisiaca var. mas with leaves from forest plants and combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas and animal protein feed sources i.e. Gryllus spp. However, the highest digestibility coefficient was achieved in 100% M. paradisiaca var. mas and M. paradisiaca var. mas combine with Gryllus spp. Furthermore, the relationship between digestibility coefficient and body weight gain showed that the combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas and Gryllus spp. had higher body weight gain compared to 100% Musa paradisiacal var. mas. Based on this study it was concluded that cuscus required a combination of carbohydrate feed sources and animal protein feed sources obtained from M. paradisiaca var. mas and Glyllus spp.

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van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel, Silke, Jane C. Davies, Tacjana Pressler, Rainald Fischer, Gordon MacGregor, Scott H. Donaldson, Knut Smerud et al. "Inhaled dry powder alginate oligosaccharide in cystic fibrosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover phase 2b study". ERJ Open Research 6, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 00132–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00132-2020.

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BackgroundOligoG is a low molecular-weight alginate oligosaccharide that improves the viscoelastic properties of cystic fibrosis (CF) mucus and disrupts biofilms, thereby potentiating the activity of antimicrobial agents. The efficacy of inhaled OligoG was evaluated in adult patients with CF.MethodsA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre crossover study was used to demonstrate safety and efficacy of inhaled dry powder OligoG. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive OligoG 1050 mg per day (10 capsules three times daily) or matching placebo for 28 days, with 28-day washout periods following each treatment period. The primary end-point was absolute change in percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at the end of 28-day treatment. The intention-to-treat (ITT) population (n=65) was defined as randomised to treatment with at least one administration of study medication and post-dosing evaluation.ResultsIn this study, 90 adult subjects were screened and 65 were randomised. Statistically significant improvement in FEV1 was not observed in the ITT population. Adverse events included nasopharyngitis, cough and pulmonary exacerbation. The number and proportions of patients with adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between OligoG and placebo group.ConclusionsInhalation of OligoG-dry powder over 28 days was safe in adult CF subjects. Statistically significant improvement of FEV1 was not reached. The planned analyses did not indicate a significant treatment benefit with OligoG compared to placebo. Post hoc exploratory analyses showed subgroup results that indicate that further studies of OligoG in this patient population are justified.

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Adedokun, S. A. y E. B. Sonaiya. "Crossbreeding Nigeria Indigenous with the Dahlem Red chickens for improved productivity and adaptability". Archives Animal Breeding 45, n.º 3 (10 de octubre de 2002): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-297-2002.

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Abstract. In a 5-year crossbreeding experiment, specific groups of the Nigeria Indigenous chicken (NI) from two ecological zones (i.e. Fulani, Fu; Fulani dwarf, FuD from the Northern Guinea Savanna and Yoruba, Y, from the Derived Savanna) and the German Dahlem Red normal (DR) and Dahlem Red Dwarf (DRD) were used to produce four genetic groups DR x Fu, Fu x DR, DR x Y, and FuD x DRD which were evaluated for age and weight at first egg, egg weight, percent hen-day egg production, percent laying mortality and resistance to disease. A total of 505 NI growers and 584 and 48 imported day-old DR and DRD chicks, respectively, were evaluated as parent stock. Data compilation was by DBase IV. Data were analysed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1986). For all the traits evaluated, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between NI from the three ecological zones. Therefore, pooled NI means were compared with the means for the DR and the crosses between them. Mean 280-day egg weights were 55.7, 36.8 and 42.9g, respectively, for DR, NI and the crosses while DR, NI and crosses produced 103, 70 and 83 eggs, respectively, over a period of 196 days. The DR x Fu cross had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) egg weight for most of the periods studied with mean egg weight of 46.1g. The 280-day egg production of DR x Fu, (148) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of DR x Y and Fu x DR (119) and FuD x DRD (87). At week 40, DR x Fu females were significantly heavier (p<0.05) than all the females of the other groups while the FuD x DRD progeny had the least body weights at all the ages studied. Overall, DR x Fu and DR x Y were superior to Fu x DR and FuD x DRD for most of the traits studied. Results of the skin test using Skin response to Phytohaemagglutinin inoculation showed FuD x DRD, DR x Y and Fu x DR with values of 0.45mm, 0.36mm and 0.34mm, respectively. Inbred lines DR x DR and Y x Y gave values of 0.33 and 0.50, respectively.

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Anagnostopoulou, C. "FUTURE DROUGHT PROJECTION FOR THE GREEK REGION". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, n.º 2 (27 de julio de 2017): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11808.

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Drought is one of the most important factors of change. The epi-drops drought in one area are complex because they simultaneously affect many areas, such as climate, agriculture, the economy and in general the structure of society. This study deals only with the meteorological drought, particularly considering the phenomenon of drought through the index Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The Greece is characterized by frequent drought episodes that often exceed 10 consecutive days of drought (dry spells). Also, in recent years the area probably climate models have been used in a wide study of the impact of climate change in different regions on the planet. Rainfall data from five regional climate models (RCMs) have been used to calculate the SPI index in the Greek area, the reporting period and two subsequent periods by the end of the 21st century. All models show a decreasing trend of the SPI median during the period studied. For the first future period 2021-2050, there is a clear signal for a dry decade towards the end of the period that is most apparent in southern and island regions. On the other hand, in the second future period 2071-2100, there is an increasing trend resulting to normal or wetter years.

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