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Tesis sobre el tema "Earthquake effects"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 30 de julio de 2024

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1

McCormack, Thomas C. "A Methodology for Regional Seismic Damage Assessment and Retrofit Planning for Existing Buildings." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1239.

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Recent geologic research has shown that earthquakes more destructive than formerly expected are likely to occur in the Pacific Northwest. To mitigate catastrophic loss, planners are gathering information to make decision on implementing regional seismic retrofit programs. This research develops a model to estimate regional earthquake losses for existing buildings, and determine optimal retrofit priorities and budgets. Fragility curves are developed to provide earthquake damage estimates for a range of seismic intensities. The published earthquake damage estimates of a large group of prominent

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2

Lopez, Ibaceta Alvaro Francisco. "Seismic Performance of Substandard Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Subduction-Zone Ground Motions." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4977.

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A large magnitude, long duration subduction earthquake is impending in the Pacific Northwest, which lies near the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). Great subduction zone earthquakes are the largest earthquakes in the world and are the sole source zones that can produce earthquakes greater than M8.5. Additionally, the increased duration of a CSZ earthquake may result in more structural damage than expected. Given such seismic hazard, the assessment of reinforced concrete substructures has become crucial in order to prioritize the bridges that may need to be retrofitted and to maintain the highway

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3

Bugeja, Michael. "Inelastic earthquake response of asymmetric structures." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36027/1/36027_Bugeja_1996.pdf.

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This thesis presents a study into the inelastic earthquake response of asymmetric structures. The study was conducted through the use of numerical simulation and experimental testing. In particular, the study focussed on the effects of the torsional to lateral frequency ratio, the stiffness eccentricity and strength eccentricity on structural response. Previous studies into this area have often drawn contradictory conclusions regarding the effects of the various input parameters on structural response. It was concluded that these differences arose from the use of different analytical mo

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4

Filiatrault, Andre. "Seismic design of friction damped braced steel plane frames by energy methods." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28776.

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The investigation described in this thesis represents the first known attempt to develop a simplified method for the seismic design of structures equipped with a novel friction damping system. The system has been shown experimentally to perform very well and is an exciting development in earthquake resistant design. The design of a building equipped with the friction damping system is achieved by determining the optimum slip load distribution to minimize structural response. A new efficient numerical modelling approach for the analysis and design of Friction Damped Braced Frames (FDBF) is pre

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5

Neurohr, Theresa. "The seismic vulnerability of art objects /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99782.

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Throughout history, objects of art have been damaged and sometimes destroyed in earthquakes. Even though the importance of providing seismically adequate design for nonstructural components has received attention over the past decade, art objects in museums, either on display or in storage, require further research. The research reported in this study was undertaken to investigate the seismic vulnerability of art objects. Data for this research was gathered from three museums in Montreal.<br>The seismic behaviour of three unrestrained display cases, storage shelves, and a 6m long dinosaur skel

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6

Kallros, Mikael Kaj. "An experimental investigation of the behaviour of connections in thin precast concrete panels under earthquake loading." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26707.

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Investigations of connections for precast concrete panel buildings have shown that it is difficult to design an embedded connection that will perform well under earthquake loading. Some typical connections use studs or reinforcing bars embedded in the edge of the panel. These are then welded or bolted to an adjacent panel. During earthquake loading the crushing of concrete around the embedment usually leads to premature loss of strength and stiffness of the connection before significant ductility can develop. It has been found that connection performance improves with increasing panel thicknes

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7

Milstone, Barry Scott. "Effects of nonhomogeneous cementation in soils on resistance to earthquake effects." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77896.

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Small amounts of cementation in a sand increase its ability to sustain static and dynamic loads, even in a liquefaction type environment. This has been shown in previous research examining the behavior of both naturally cemented and artificially prepared samples. Cemented sands are present in many parts of the world and can be caused by either a variety of cementing agents or by cold welding at points of grain contact. They are generally quite difficult to sample, but artificially cemented sands have been shown to aptly model the behavior of natural materials, and allow for better test contr

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8

Lundgren, Viktoria. "The Macroeconomic Effects of the Chilean Earthquake 2010." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16425.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic effects of the earthquake that struck Chile in 2010 and the impact it had on the Chilean economy. It is a narrative case study of a small, open emerging economy and the timeframe is short term. Like other studies made about macroeconomic effects of a natural disaster, it is surprising to find how fast a country can so rapidly recover from a big devastation like the Chilean earthquake 2010. The final economic impact depends on the structural conditions of the economy and the economic policy mix undertaken to handle the short-term effect

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9

Uliana, David A. "The effects of earthquake excitations on reticulated domes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45667.

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<p>Comparisons were made on the behavior of two full-sized reticulated domes subjected to uniform static loads only and uniform static loads with earthquake excitations. Space truss elements were used in the dome models. The stiffness matrix of the space truss element allows for the nonlinear strain-displacement behavior and the stress-strain behavior of the material is modeled with a bilinear approximation. The nonlinear solution technique is the Newton-Raphson method while the direct integration technique is the Newmark- Beta method.</p> <p>The joint displacements for the static and

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10

Paultre, Patrick. "Evaluation of seismic performance of concrete frame structures in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75439.

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Three buildings in Montreal and three buildings in Vancouver were designed for different level of "ductility" according to the 1985 National Building Code of Canada and the 1984 Canadian Concrete Code.<br>Three full scale reinforced concrete specimens representing an exterior beam-column-slab subassemblage of the Montreal structure were tested in order to determine the behaviour of these components. The role of the spandrel beam in limiting the effective slab width and its role in transferring shear to the joint region was investigated.<br>Analytical procedures were developed in order to predi

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11

Yung, Willy Chi Wai. "Innovative energy dissipating system for earthquake design and retrofit of timber structures." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30128.

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This thesis presents the results obtained from a preliminary investigation into the potential application of the friction damping concept to wood structures to improve their seismic response. Sliding friction devices which contain heavy duty brake lining pads have been proposed in order to enhance a wood structure's seismic performance. The devices are mounted onto a structure's shearwalls to dissipate seismic energy input during the wall's deformation in an earthquake. Prototypes of the four friction damping devices were tested to examine their hysteretic behaviour. Conventional full scale,

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12

Malyszko, Thomas E. "The nonlinear response of reinforced concrete coupling slabs in earthquake-resisting shearwall structures /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66183.

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13

Issa, Camille Amine. "Nonlinear earthquake analysis of wall pier bridges." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54297.

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Accurately predicting the response of complex bridge structures to strong earthquake ground motion requires the use of sophisticated nonlinear dynamic analysis computer programs not generally available to the bridge design engineer. The analytical tools that have been developed are generally applicable to bridges whose substructures can be idealized as beam-columns. Bridges with wall piers do not belong to this category The major objective of this study is to develop an analysis tool capable of simulating the effects of earthquakes on monolithic concrete wall pier bridges. Thus, after surveyi

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14

Sheikh, MD Neaz. "Seismic assessment of buildings in Hong Kong with special emphasis on displacement-based approaches." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31456662.

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15

Andrews, Paul Douglas. "Earthquake risk assessment : methodology and resolution of localised effects." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330132.

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16

Luettich, Scott M. "Subsidence approach to risk of damage in earthquake-induced liquefaction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20160.

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17

Parmar, Surinder Singh. "2-D non-linear seismic analysis of one-storey eccentric precast concrete buildings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26728.

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Investigations into the behaviour of precast buildings under earthquake loading have shown that the connections are likely to be the weakest link in a pre-cast structure, and the stability of the structure under earthquake loading depends upon the strength & stability of these connections. A 2-dimensional non-linear dynamic analysis of a one storey box-type pre-cast buildings is presented. The shear walls in the buildings are modelled by linear springs, the properties of which depend upon the connections connecting the rigid panels of the shear walls. To check the effectiveness of the NBCC co

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18

Loots, Jurie. "Computational assessment of seismic resistance of RC framed buildings with masonry infill." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50299.

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Thesis (MScIng)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.<br>Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reinforced concrete (RC) frames with unreinforced masonry infill form the structural system of many buildings and this is also true for South Africa. It is common practice to consider the masonry infill as a non-structural component and therefore it does not contribute to the performance of the Re frame buildings under lateral loading such as earthquake loading. This is done by leaving a sufficient gap between the Re frame and th

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19

Padgett, Jamie Ellen. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Retrofitted Bridges Using Probabilistic Methods." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14469.

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The central focus of this dissertation is a seismic vulnerability assessment of retrofitted bridges. The objective of this work is to establish a methodology for the development of system level fragility curves for typical classes of retrofitted bridges using a probabilistic framework. These tools could provide valuable support for risk mitigation efforts in the region by quantifying the impact of retrofit on potential levels of damage over a range of earthquake intensities. The performance evaluation includes the development of high-fidelity three-dimensional nonlinear analytical models of

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20

Li, Wei. "Nonlinear effects in ground motion simulations: modeling variability, parametric uncertainty and implications in structural performance predictions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34658.

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While site effects are accounted for in most modern U.S. seismic design codes for building structures, there exist no standardized procedures for the computationally efficient integration of nonlinear ground response analyses in broadband ground motion simulations. In turn, the lack of a unified methodology affects the prediction accuracy of site-specific ground motion intensity measures, the evaluation of site amplification factors when broadband simulations are used for the development of hybrid attenuation relations and the estimation of inelastic structural performance when strong motion r

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21

Wong, Sze-man, and 黃思敏. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete wall structures under high axial load with particular application to low-to moderate seismicregions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B34739531.

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22

Yang, Jun. "EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SATURATION OF SOIL ON EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150719.

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23

Lee, F. H. "Centrifuge modelling of earthquake effects on sand embankments and islands." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372657.

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24

Malushte, Sanjeev R. "Prediction of seismic design response spectra using ground characteristics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45802.

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<p>The available earthquake records are classified into five groups according to their site stiffness and epicentral distance as the grouping parameters. For the groups thus defined, normalized response spectra are obtained for single-degree-ofâ freedom and massless oscillators. The effectiveness of the grouping scheme is examined by studying the variance of response quantities within each group. The implicit parameters of average frequency and significant duration are obtained for each group and their effect on the response spectra is studied. Correlation analyses between various grou

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25

Burdisso, R. A. "Seismic response analysis of multiply connected secondary systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49996.

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An analytical formulation for seismic analysis of multiply supported secondary systems is developed. The formulation is based on the random vibration theory of structural systems subjected to correlated inputs at several points. The response of the secondary systems is expressed as a combination of the dynamic, pseudo-static and cross response components. The dynamic part is associated with the inertial effect induced by the support accelerations. The pseudo-static part is due to the relative displacement between supports, and the cross part takes into account the correlation between these two

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26

Zhuge, Yan. "Nonlinear dynamic response of unreinforced masonry under in-plane lateral loads." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995.

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27

Rohanimanesh, Mohammad S. "Mutual pounding of structures during strong earthquakes." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-144915/.

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28

Boughoufalah, Mohamed. "Earthquake input mechanisms for dam-foundation interaction." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63932.

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29

Panzera, Francesco. "Approaches to earthquake scenarios validation using seismic site response." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1084.

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A seismic hazard assessment was carried out for the Catania and Siracusa towns providing a comprehensive re-examination and re-processing of all the available seismic data. The site approach and the seismotectonic one were used and compared. The hazard assessment, using both methods, was performed following a logic-tree approach in order to consider and reduce the epistemic uncertainties. The combined use and comparison of these approaches is recommended since it allows to verify the robustness of the hazard estimates and allowed us to obtain useful elements to define the seismic hazard in Cat

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30

Ouyang, Yi, and 欧阳禕. "Theoretical study of hybrid masonry : RC structure behaviour under lateral earthquake loading." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196090.

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A confined masonry (CM) wall consists of a masonry wall panel surrounded by reinforced concrete (RC) members on its perimeters. Low-rise CM structures are widely used in earthquake-risked (EQ-risked) rural or suburban areas all over the world. Most of these structures fail in shear pattern under lateral EQ loads, and some of them collapse under a severe or even a moderate EQ due to inappropriate design. On the other hand, buildings constructed of RC frames have much better performance in resisting EQs, since their RC members have larger dimensions and heavier reinforcing ratios than those in C

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31

Muthukumar, Susendar. "Effects of seismic pounding and restrainers on the ductility demands of multiple frame bridges." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19139.

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32

Assimaki, Dominic 1975. "Topography effects in the 1999 Athens earthquake : engineering issues in seismology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30048.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>It is well known that irregular topography can substantially affect the amplitude and frequency characteristics of seismic motion. Macroseismic observations of destructive earthquakes often show higher damage intensity at the tops of hills, ridges and canyons than at lower elevations and on flat areas. Systematic seismic motion amplification over convex topographies has been confirmed by instrumental studies and also predicted by theoretical and

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33

Haigh, Stuart Kenneth. "Effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction on pile foundations in sloping ground." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284009.

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This thesis details the results of an investigation into the behaviour of slopes of liquefiable sand under earthquake loading and the influence of these laterally spreading slopes on inclusions such as pile foundations passing through them. A study of the behaviour of these slopes has been carried out using the techniques of dynamic centrifuge modelling. Eight tests were carried out on laterally spreading slopes and a further five on slopes containing instrumented pile foundations. Each model was subjected to a sinusoidal input motion using a Stored Angular Momentum earthquake actuator, causin

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34

Purssell, Tanis Jane. "Modulus reduction dynamic analysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25136.

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A semi-analytical method of dynamic analysis, capable of predicting both the magnitude and pattern of earthquake induced deformations, is presented. The analysis is based on a modulus reduction approach which uses a reduced modulus to simulate the softening induced in soils during cyclic loading. The effects of the inertia forces developed during dynamic loading on the induced deformations are also included through an appropriate selection of the reduced modulus. The reduced modulus is utilized in a static stress-strain analysis to predict the magnitude and pattern of the deformations induced

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35

Azmi, Mastura Binti. "STUDY ON SLOPE STABILITY OF PENANG ISLAND CONSIDERING EARTHQUAKE AND RAINFALL EFFECTS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188539.

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36

Lefki, Lkhider. "Critical evaluation of seismic design criteria for steel buildings." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63980.

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37

Vitoontus, Soravit. "Risk assessment of building inventories exposed to large scale natural hazards." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43676.

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Earthquakes are among the most devastating and unpredictable of natural hazards that affect civil infrastructure and have the potential for causing numerous casualties and significant economic losses over large areas. Every region that has the potential for great earthquakes should have an integrated plan for a seismic design and risk mitigation for civil infrastructure. This plan should include methods for estimating the vulnerability of building inventories and for forecasting economic losses resulting from future events. This study describes a methodology to assess risk to distributed ci

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38

Nilsson, Emily Michelle. "Seismic risk assessment of the transportation network of Charleston, SC." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22554.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.<br>Committee Chair: Dr. Reginald DesRoches; Committee Member: Dr. Barry Goodno; Committee Member: Dr. Laurence Jacobs; Committee Member: Dr. Mulalo Doyoyo.

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39

Yavuz, Ercan Aykan. "Reliability Based Safety Assessment Of Buried Continuous Pipelines Subjected To Earthquake Effects." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615423/index.pdf.

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Lifelines provide the vital utilities for human being in the modern life. They convey a great variety of products in order to meet the general needs. Also, buried continuous pipelines are generally used to transmit energy sources, such as natural gas and crude oil, from production sources to target places. To be able to sustain this energy corridor efficiently and safely, interruption of the flow should be prevented as much as possible. This can be achieved providing target reliability index standing for the desired level of performance and reliability. For natural gas transmission, assessment

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40

Fernandez, Leon J. Alfredo. "Numerical Simulation of Earthquake Ground Motions in the Upper Mississippi Embayment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19825.

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Earthquake ground motions are needed to evaluate the seismic performance of new and existing structures and facilities. In seismically active regions the strong ground motion recordings database is usually sufficiently large to physically constrain the earthquake estimation for seismic risk assessment. However, in areas of low seismicity rate, particularly in the Central and Eastern United States, the estimation of strong ground motions for a specified magnitude, distance, and site conditions represents a significant issue. The only available approach for ground motion estimation in this re

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41

Koyama, Junji. "Effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43432.

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<p>This thesis is concerned with the effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks. The analysis is applicable to rectangular water tanks, which have received little attention to date. The analysis is relatively involved and includes the derivation of the equations of motion for the vibration of the whole of tank by means of substructure synthesis, a stochastic analysis relating the random ground motion caused by earthquakes to the random vibration of the tank, a stochastic characterization of the fluid pressure and computation of the probability of failure of the tank. <p><br>Master

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42

Yapar, Ozgur. "Analysis Of Earthquake Loading, Wind Loading And Ice Loading Effects On Guyed Masts." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12612137/index.pdf.

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Guyed masts are special type of structures that are widely used in the telecommunication industry. In the past, there was no guideline for seismic design of these types of structures in the corresponding design codes. On the other hand, in the latest &ldquo<br>G&rdquo<br>revision of the ANSI/TIA-EIA code there is a comprehensive design criterion for the seismic design of the guyed masts. However, during the design process of these structures the most common approach is to ignore the effect of seismic loading and use only the internal forces developed from the wind load and ice load analysis. I

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43

Doherty, Kevin Thomas. "An investigation of the weak links in the seismic load path of unreinforced masonary buildings /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd655.pdf.

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44

Li, Jianhui, and 李建輝. "Seismic drift assessment of buildings in Hong Kong with particular application to transfer structures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245651.

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45

Allen, Amy Melissa. "Enhanced Nonlinear Truss Model for Capturing Combined Earthquake and Fire Effects in RC Structures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52982.

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Post-earthquake fires can negatively affect the safety and collapse probability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. At present, there has been no systematic effort to assess the performance of RC structures for combined earthquake and fire effects. Developing appropriate guidelines for this scenario requires simulation tools that can accurately capture material behavior during cyclic loading and at elevated temperatures. Ideally, simulation tools must also be conceptually simple and computationally efficient to allow extensive parametric analyses. The goal of the present study is to enhanc

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46

Strollo, Angelo. "Development of techniques for earthquake microzonation studies in different urban environment." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5380/.

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The proliferation of megacities in many developing countries, and their location in areas where they are exposed to a high risk from large earthquakes, coupled with a lack of preparation, demonstrates the requirement for improved capabilities in hazard assessment, as well as the rapid adjustment and development of land-use planning. In particular, within the context of seismic hazard assessment, the evaluation of local site effects and their influence on the spatial distribution of ground shaking generated by an earthquake plays an important role. It follows that the carrying out of earthquake

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47

Bryan, Cristina E. "Haitian earthquake disaster : investigating news media choice, mental health, and altruism." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1369.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Psychology

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48

Leelardcharoen, Kanoknart. "Interdependent response of telecommunication and electric power systems to seismic hazard." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42742.

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Infrastructure systems are essential to the functioning of contemporary societies and economies. A major disruption to the built environment can lead to severe public safety issues and economic losses. Within the past few decades, modern control and information technologies have been rapidly developed in an attempt to improve the reliability of individual utility systems by exchanging technologies across them. One of the major ramifications is the emergence of interdependencies among these critical infrastructure systems, especially when facing major disruptions. Failure of an individual syst

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49

Uprety, Sandip. "EFFECTS OF PLASTICITY ON LIQUEFACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1866.

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Earthquakes are natural calamities that occur as a result of sudden release of strain energy stored in fault planes. Earthquakes have been observed to cause huge damage to infrastructures and lives. Earthquakes result in development of fissures, abnormal or unequal movement of foundations, and loss of strength and stiffness of the soils. Liquefaction is attributed as a major cause for the loss of strength and stiffness of soil during earthquakes. In the past, liquefaction was attributed only to coarse-grained to medium-grained sand and was extensively studied but the fine-grained soils were ge

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50

Phan, Vu T. "Near fault (near field) ground motion effects on reinforced concrete bridge columns /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1433102.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.<br>"August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-78). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

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