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Gibson, Alex M. y Alan R. Ogden. "Duggleby Howe, Burial J and the Eastern Yorkshire Club Scene". Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4700.
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Chen, Xuan. "Eastern Han (AD 25-220) tombs in Sichuan". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be49570b-b40c-45ac-a2e3-d17e9f3516ce.
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This thesis concerns the factors underlying the popularity of the cliff tomb, a local burial form in the Sichuan Basin in China in the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25-220). The development of the cliff tomb was held in a complex set of connections to the development of the burial forms, and existed through links to many other contemporary burial forms, the brick chamber tomb, the stone chamber tomb, and the princely rock-cut tomb. These connections and links formed to a large extent through the incorporation of the Sichuan area into the empire which began in the fourth century BC. It was in this context, a series of factors contributed to the formation and popularity of the cliff tombs in Sichuan. The hilly topography and the soft sandstone, easy to cut, provided the natural condition for the development of the cliff tombs. The decision to make use of this natural condition was affected by many factors rooted in the social background. The inherent nature of the cliff tomb structure was fully explored, which was then followed by a series of corresponding innovations on the pictorial carvings and the burial objects. The meaning of a continuous family embedded in the cliff tomb structure was explored, as the construction of the tomb was the result of the continuous endeavours from many generations of the family, and the physical form of the cliff tomb was a metaphor for a prosperous family. Following this intention of the tomb occupants underlying the design of the cliff tomb structure, the pictorial carvings and the burial objects in the cliff tomb made adaptations to make the cliff tomb an embodiment of relations between different family members and different generations.
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Sesanti, Simphiwe Olicius. "Burial practices, African women, and Islam in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa". Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/346.
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Early in 2003, African Muslims in Uitenhage’s township, Kwa-Nobuhle, learnt that Muslim women, led by Sheikh Nceba Salamntu, in South Africa’s Port Elizabeth New Brighton township, were allowed, contrary to previous practice, to follow a funeral procession right up to the graveyard. The resultant discomfort on the one hand, and excitement on the other caused by this event among Muslims in the township, forms the basis of this research. It gives focus to Muslim women, the ones most affected by their customary restriction from the gravesites. The researchi exposes the basis for women’s exclusion from funeral processions in the Muslim community. It was established that many of these Muslim women who challenged the practice were converts from Christianity to Islam. One of the bases for their action was that they were passive recipients of Islam. Furthermore, it was found that the exclusion of women from the funeral procession has no basis in Islamic writings.
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Gilbert, Matthew Edmund. "The zonation of coastal dune plants in relation to sand burial, resource availability and physiological adaptation". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003764.
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When considering the large amount of work done on dune ecology, and that a number of the classical ecological theories originate from work on dunes, it is apparent that there remains a need for physiological and mechanistic explanations of dune plant phenomena. This thesis demonstrated that in the extreme coastal environment dune plants must survive both high rates of burial (disturbance), and low nutrient availability (stress). The ability of four species to respond to these two factors corresponded with their position in a vegetation gradient on the dunes. A low stem tissue density was shown to enhance the potential stem elongation rate of buried plants, but reduced the maximum height to which a plant could grow. Such a tradeoff implies that tall light-competitive plants are able to survive only in stable areas, while burial responsive mobile-dune plants are limited to areas of low vegetation height. This stem tissue density tradeoff was suggested as the mechanism determining the zonation that species show within the dune vegetation gradient present at various sites in South Africa. Finally, detailed investigations of dune plant ecophysiology found that: 1) The resources used in the response to burial derive from external sources of carbon and nitrogen, as well as simple physiological and physical mechanisms of resource allocation. 2) The leaves of dune plants were found to be operating at one extreme of the photosynthetic continuum; viz efficient use of leaf nitrogen at the expense of water loss. 3) Contrary to other ecosystems, the environmental characteristics of dunes may allow plants to occupy a high disturbance, high stress niche, through the maintenance of lowered competition. 4) At least two mobile-dune species form steep dunes, and are able to optimise growth, on steeper dunes, such that they have to grow less in response to burial than plants that form more shallow dunes. In this thesis, it was shown that the link between the carbon and nitrogen economies of dune plants was pivotal in determining species distributions and survival under extreme environmental conditions. As vast areas of the world’s surface are covered by sand dunes these observations are not just of passing interest.
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Francavilla, Stephen A. "Millennial-scale variability in denitrification and phosphorus burial in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3860.
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The remarkable synchrony between changes in temperature recorded in Greenland ice cores and variations in N isotope records from sedimentary cores recovered from the Arabian Sea and the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) has provided evidence for teleconnections between changes in marine denitrification in the tropics and climate variations in the northern high latitudes. Changes in tropical denitrification have been attributed to changes in productivity, changes in the source of intermediate waters and the flux of dissolved oxygen to suboxic zones. Variations in marine denitrification and anammox occurring at intermediate depths in proximity to productive continental margins have had profound effects on the N:P ratio of upwelled waters between stadials and interstadials, and may have indirectly affected carbon sequestration in the ocean by changing the balance of nutrients available to primary productivity. Competitive equilibrium, the changing stoichiometric balance of elements available as nutrients and the shorter residence time of N compared to P are factors that are believed to favour diazotrophs (N2-fixing organisms) during interstadials and shift the competitive advantage to non-N2-fixing ecosystems during stadials. This study presents a very high-resolution analysis of sedimentary nitrogen isotope records, phosphorus concentrations and bulk detrital element concentrations from two cores collected along the Pacific Mexican Margin. The results show that the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) bathing intermediate waters in ETNP is modulated by the interaction of a Northern Hemisphere climate component with the “leakage” of heavy nitrate believed to derive from the Eastern South Pacific (ESP). This southerly component has a more “Antarctic” timing and is similar to records from the Peru-Chile margin. The sedimentary core recovered from the Mazatlan margin shows a “Greenland” timing of millennial-scale events, with reduced upwelling and reduced primary productivity, a less intense OMZ leading to reduced denitrification and a more southerly position of the mid-tropospheric subtropical ridge during stadials. This would have increased the onshore flow of moist air, ultimately leading to increased precipitation along the western Mexican Margin. Interstadials show a reversal of these conditions. In contrast to the Mazatlan core, the N isotope record from the core recovered from the Gulf of Tehuantepec records an element of “Antarctic” timing superimposed on local, millennial-scale variations in denitrification that are more similar in timing to Greenland temperature changes. In addition, the interpretation of observed variations in detrital elements from the Gulf of Tehuantepec highlights latitudinal displacements of the ITCZ that are consistent with those observed in the Cariaco Basin in Venezuela. Bulk P concentrations from both cores suggest that although phosphorite formation in the ETNP during interstadials is not as widespread as previously thought, the very high accumulation rates in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and Mazatlan Margin lead to total Holocene phosphorus burial rates that are up to 4-5 times higher than had been estimated in previous studies. These observations lead to the argument that the ETNP may play a more important role in regulating global P budgets than was previously thought and call for an improved appreciation of the benthic microbial communities that modulate biomes at tropical latitudes.
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Rainsford, Clare E. "Animals, Identity and Cosmology: Mortuary Practice in Early Medieval Eastern England". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17224.
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Arts & Humanities Research Council Studentship under the Collaborative Doctoral Award scheme with Norwich Castle Museum as the partner organisation.The full text will be available at the end of the embargo, 18th July 2021
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Navarro, Sigourney Nina. "The Crematorium of Hanga Hahave on Rapa Nui (Easter Island): What stories can the skeletal remains reveal". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325498.
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This paper uses an osteological approach and applies the study of entanglement in an attempt to understand the crematoria on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), which represent a unique tradition within the ceremonial spheres of the Polynesian area. Skeletal remains from the crematorium of ahu Hanga Hahave, which consist of both cremated - and unburned remains, have been analysed to reveal the different practices that took part in the cremation process and to identify the individuals that were deposited in such structure. Ethnohistorical records were applied to interpret the osteological evidence and to discuss the circumstances surrounding the possible use of the crematorium, as either a site for sacrificial offerings or a site for burials. This paper aims at creating an underlying basis for the study of crematoria on Rapa Nui and provides an overview of the processes central to the disposal of the dead and the usage and significance of this structure. The results of this study showed that the ancient Rapanui through the practice of cremation, followed an internalised structure within their society to complete each cultural act that constituted the crematorium, and these were divided in the construction of the crematorium, the making of fire, and the treatment of the dead. The complexity of each cultural act presents the possibility that an organised society, with at least one designated head, may have been in charge of the practice of cremation physically and spiritually. The skeletal remains could not be applied to determine whether the crematorium of Hanga Hahave was used for sacrificial offering or for burial since the analysed remains only represented one-fifth of the entire bone collection from the crematorium. However, the findings of this study have pointed towards a burial practice rather than a sacrificial one.Denna uppsats använder ett osteologiskt tillvägagångssätt och Hodders’’entanglement’ studie i tolkningen av krematorierna på Rapa Nui (Påskön), som representerar en unik tradition inom Polynesien. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave har analyserats för att upptäcka de olika metoder som deltog i kremeringsprocessen och identifiera vilka individer som deponerades här. Etnohistoriska källor användes också i tolkningen av det osteologiska materialet och för att behandla frågorna kring krematoriernas användning: antigen som en plats för offring eller en plats för begravning. Syftet är att skapa en underliggande grund för studiet av krematorierna på Rapa Nui för att ge en överblick på de centrala processerna. Resultatet visade att den forntida Rapanui följde en internaliserad struktur inom sitt samhälle för att slutföra varje kulturell handling som utgjorde kremerings praktik och var uppdelade i konstruktionen av krematoriet, bruken av eld och hantering av de döda. Komplexiteten hos varje handling möjliggör att ett organiserat samhälle, där minst en ledare har varit ansvarig i fysisk eller andlig form. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave kunde inte användas för att bestämma krematoriets användning eftersom det analyserade materialet endast representerade en femtedel av den totala bensamlingen, dock pekar studiet på en begravningsritual snarare än en offer.
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Jones, Emma G. "'Burial at sea' : consumption and dispersal of large fish and cetacean food-falls by deep-sea scavengers in the abyssal Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Mediterranean Sea". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU484683.
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The fate of cetacean carcasses in the deep-sea was investigated using autonomous lander vehicles incorporating time-lapse camera and acoustic tracking systems, as well as fish and amphipod traps. Four lander deployments placed cetacean carcasses at depths of 4000-4800m in the Northeast Atlantic for periods of 36h, 152h, 276h and 480h, before being recovered. The photographic sequences revealed that the soft tissue of carcasses was consumed at rates varying from 0.05-0.48kg.h-1, depending on how intact the carcass was. In each deployment, approximately 1h after emplacement, the grenadier Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus and large numbers of lysianassid amphipods had arrived at the food-fall. Amphipods appeared to be the only scavengers able to feed directly on the carcass. They tunnelled through the skin and connective tissue layer to reach the blubber and muscle, which was consumed in preference to anything else. Despite being unable to feed on the carcass directly, grenadier numbers remained high until the majority of the bait had been consumed. They were believed to be preying on amphipods attracted to the food-fall. Acoustic tracking studies suggested that, although overall fish numbers remained high during this phase, individuals did not stay significantly longer at the site of the large food-fall compared to a small one, and a "conveyer-belt" of fish arrived, fed and dispersed on a scale of 10s to 100s of km. Once the soft tissue had been removed, grenadier numbers declined and mobile scavengers were replaced by a variety of more benthic fish and invertebrates, some of which took up residence amongst the bones, e.g. eelpouts and galtheid crabs. Funnel traps recovered with the carcass and from a series of fish trap deployments of varying duration indicated a succession in species composition of amphipods, with specialist necrophages such as Eurythenes gryllus and Paralicella sp. being replaced by more generalist feeders of the Orchomene species complex.
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Brezina, Cynthia A. "The detrital mineral record of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Central Burma Basin : implications for the evolution of the eastern Himalayan orogen and timing of large scale river capture". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6730.
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This study contributes to the understanding of major river evolution in Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic. In order to trace the evolution of a hypothesized palaeo-Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River, this work undertakes the first systematic provenance study of detrital minerals from Cenozoic synorogenic fluvial and deltaic sedimentary rocks of the Central Burma Basin, employing a combination of high precision geochronology, thermochronology, and geochemistry analytical techniques on single grain detrital zircon and white mica. The dataset is compared to published isotopic data from potential source terranes in order to determine source provenance and exhumation history from source to sink. A Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy connection existed as far back as ca. 42 Ma and disconnection occurred at 18–20 Ma, based on provenance changes detected using a combination of U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values on detrital zircons, and ⁴ºAr/³⁹Ar dating on detrital micas. During the Eocene and Oligocene, units are dominated by U-Pb age and high positive εHf(t) values, characteristic of a southern Lhasa Gangdese magmatic arc source. An antecedent Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River system formed the major river draining the eastern Himalaya at this time. A significant change in provenance is seen in the early Miocene, where detritus is predominantly derived from bedrock of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, western Yunnan and Burma, a region drained by the modern Irrawaddy-Chindwin river system characterized by Cenozoic U-Pb ages and negative εHf(t) values. This is attributed to the disconnection of the Yarlung-Irrawaddy River and capture by the proto-Brahmaputra River, re-routing Tibetan Transhimalayan detritus to the eastern Himalayan foreland basin. Re-set zircon fission track ages of 14-8 Ma present in all units is used to infer post-depositional basin evolution related to changes in the stress regime accommodating the continued northward migration of India. The early Miocene initiation of the Jiali-Parlung-Gaoligong-Sagaing dextral shear zone and the continued northward movement of the coupled India-Burma plate aided in focusing deformation inside the syntaxis contributing to the disconnection of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy system, linking surface deformation and denudation with processes occurring at deeper crustal levels.
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Tsui, Min y 崔. 銘. "The Study on Logistic Clothing Supplement from Electronizational Viewpoint -A Case Study on Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52vaw6.
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碩士國立臺東大學
進修部公共事務管理碩專(假日)
96
This study examines the clothing supplement problems in the logistic service of Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau, and assesses four dimensions from the electronizational viewpoint and management concept. The four above-mentioned dimensions are logistic organization unit and executional personnel disposition, supplement energy and process, personnel profile establishment, and clothing supplement storage management and application. This study refers to a study by National Central University in 1994 called
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Ming, Tsui y 崔銘. "The Study on Logistic Clothing Supplement from Electronizational Viewpoint -A Case Study on Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56351500125667843574.
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碩士國立臺東大學
區域政策與發展研究所
96
This study examines the clothing supplement problems in the logistic service of Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau, and assesses four dimensions from the electronizational viewpoint and management concept. The four above-mentioned dimensions are logistic organization unit and executional personnel disposition, supplement energy and process, personnel profile establishment, and clothing supplement storage management and application. This study refers to a study by National Central University in 1994 called “Integration and Vision Plan of the Logistic System in CGA”, which has set five ultimate goals：practicalize on the logistic equipment purchase , standardize on the logistic procedure, logisticize on the supplement system, specialize executional personnel and informationize on the financial management, and develops the feasibility of the four dimensions described in the first paragraph. This study utilizes documental analyses approach and interviews as its main tool. It interviews 14 personnels from the clothing supplement field. The followings are discovered from this study: 1. More propaganda on the “five” ultimate goals. 2. Lack of specialty for the logistic personnel. 3. The transportation capacity of each unit doesn’t satisfy the supplement demand. 4. Lack standardization in the execution and the process of the supplement. 5. Difficulty on the execution and the process due to lack of fully implemented electronization. There are also some suggestions for CGA and the Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau according to this study. 1. for CGA （1） Set up a fully electronizational working environment. （2） Be appropriate on the contents of clothing supplies. （3） Strengthen the logistic specialty and have rational career advancement opportunities. 2. for the Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau （1）Information profile sharing and management among the organization units. （2）Strengthen the career training on logistic execution. （3）Combine the local logistic merchandising to execute the supplement. Keywords：CGA（Coast Guard Administration）,Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau, Logistic Clothing Supplement, Electronization
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MIN, HUANG YI y 黃義閔. "The effects of organizational change recognition on CGA military colleagues retaining intention- Taking Eastern Coastal Patrol Bureau as example". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22104NTTU5749002%22.&searchmode=basic.
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碩士國立臺東大學
進修部公共與文化事務碩士專班(假日)
104
The Researcher works in Coast Guard Administration, working mainly in preventing smuggling, crime prevention and other crime investigation. In view of the transformation of the organization on the occasion of the Executive Yuan, Coast Guard Administration (hereinafter referred to as CGA) also in the context of reform original CGA by the two executive adjustment for the three administrative offices, while the CGA by the three agencies namely the restructuring of four organs. The researcher is a volunteer soldier. He went through the impact of the eight-year sunset clause in1994 and once again faced the reformation of Coast Guard organization in 2005. At last, he deeply realized the interplay between recognizing the reformation of the organization and being willing to retain in army. By discussing the interplay between Organizational identity change and Retaining intention of organization members, to realize the influence of organizational reformation on the retaining intention of volunteer soldiers. Approach to the study questionnaire to Eastern Patrol Bureau each Coast Patrol Corps (the military unit level) of the Volunteer military officers, noncommissioned officers and soldiers for the study.Supplemented by statistical variation in the number of single-factor analysis of SPSS software,Pearson correlation analysis method, multiple regression analysis. The results show : (a.) Volunteer military military colleagues agree on the extent of organizational change to "Communication interests recognized" the highest, followed by "change benefits recognized" the lowest. Camp will to stay "unit recognition " will of the highest "retention tendency "willingness minimum. (b.) individual characteristics and organizational change identity: 1. highest sex with "female" organizational change level of acceptance. 2. The job title to "officer" the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 3. Age with "21-30 years old" the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 4. marital status to "married" the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 5. Years of Service to "less than five years," the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 6. In the workplace "in the Hualien area," the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 7. The nature of the work to "Field" the highest level of acceptance of organizational change. 8. Education with "High School (level)," Identification and analysis of the degree of organizational change "university" highest. (c.) personal identity and the will to stay Camp: 1. To sex "male" retaining intention highest degree. 2. The job title with "non-commissioned officers" retaining intention highest degree. 3. Age with "41-50" retaining intention highest degree. 4. marital status to "married" retaining intention highest degree. 5. Years of Service to "less than five years" minimum retaining intention level. 6. No significant difference in the workplace. 7. The nature of the work to "back office" retaining intention highest degree. (d.) the overall organizational change recognition and retaining intention have significant correlation. (e.) multiple regression analysis, "Communication interests recognized" the will to leave the camp have significant influence, Volunteer military military colleagues on the occasion of organizational change if the interest in strengthening communication and other matters will help to enhance retaining intention. According to the research, we propose three suggestions as the following. (i)Establishing the platform for communication networks. (ii)Arranging the professional training of sea shore linking. (iii)Establishing educational institution stands for CGA. These will contribute to create the new CGA culture of their own.
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Hsiu-Chu, Chen y 陳秀菊. "The Relationship among Superiors’ Transformational Leadership, Employees’ Communication Satisfaction, and Job Performance: Eastern Region Engineering Office, Railway Reconstruction Bureau, MOTC". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gg774y.
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碩士長榮大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
98
Eastern Region Engineering Office (EREO), Railway Reconstruction Bureau (RRB), Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MOTC), is the traffic constructing unit in Taiwan. It is operated by the Taiwan Railways Administration after constructing completed. The major aim is to provide convenient transportation for the public. However, During the government organization reform, the superiors’ leadership style, and employees’ communication satisfaction have a significant influence on employees’ job performance. The subjects of the study were the employees in the Eastern Region Engineering Office, Railway Reconstruction Bureau, MOTC. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among superiors’ transformational leadership, employees’ communication satisfaction and job performance. A quantitative questionnaire survey was adopted in this study. A total of 260 questionnaires were sent to all employees of Eastern Region Engineering Office, Railway Reconstruction Bureau, MOTC. Two hundred and twenty-five questionnaires were returned. Nine of them were invalid. There were 216 valid questionnaires, and the effective returned rate is 83.07%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, Pearson correlation ion analysis, and linear structure relation to test the hypotheses of this study. The results of this study are as follows: 1.There is a significant and positive correlation between superiors’ transformational leadership and employees’ communication satisfaction. And there is a significant and positive correlation between employees’ communication satisfaction and job performance. 2.Superiors’ transformational leadership has a significant and positive influence on employees’ communication satisfaction; employees’ communication satisfaction has a significant and positive influence on job performance. 3.Employees’ communication satisfaction and job performance are significantly different among different gender, education level, and position level, respectively. 4.Employees’ communication satisfaction doesn’t show a significant mediating effect between superiors’ transformational leadership and employees’ job performance. 5.The relationship model among superiors’ transformational leadership, employees’ communication satisfaction and job performance showed a good fitness. According to the findings of this empirical study, the suggestions of future study and practice application were proposed. Furthermore, the managerial implications are also provided to Eastern Region Engineering Office, Railway Reconstruction Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications for references.
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PAO, CHEN-CHUN y 陳軍堡. "A Study on the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Professional Training of the Industrial Safety Bureau of the Eastern Coastal Patrol Office - Using the Kirkpatrick assessment model as a research approach". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u4x8m6.
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Croucher, Karina T. y S. Campbell. "Dying for a change? Bringing new senses to near eastern neolithic mortuary practice". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11105.
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Pearce, David Gareth. "Later Stone Age burial practice in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6119.
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McCauliff, Kristen L. "Burkas, books, and blogs selling a story of Middle Eastern democracy in the United States /". 2009. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/mccauliff%5Fkristen%5Fl%5F200912%5Fphd.
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Chen, Guan-Yi y 陳冠邑. "The Dragon Patterns and Burial World Focus on the region in Shangdong, northern Jingsu, Eastern Honan and northern Anhwei relief stone". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80445579654214024007.
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碩士國立臺南藝術大學
藝術史學系藝術史與藝術評論碩士班
100
More than any other creatures, the dragon is identified with China. Strange monsters are elaborate on many kinds of vessels. And lots scholars like to analyze and annotate. In the past, archaeologist, sinologist or art history scholars are focus on the meaning of the dragon. What they do is to connect the image to the interpretation in the books, like “Word and Expression,” “Shan-Hai-Geen,” and so on. But now more and more people notice the relationship within the decoration and space. Unlike jades or bronzes, the relief stone tomb in Han dynasty supplied not only a piece vessel, but a complicated three-dimensional space, including funerary objects, burial structures, and decoration. A monster with a long snake-like body, a large head with horns for long time can be recognized as a dragon. This outline of dragon now is almost fall into a pattern after Han dynasty, and the snake-like body dragon became animals-like body dragon. The dragon patterns present in many kinds design on the relief stone in the Han dynasty, They use such patterns to decorate tombs. Therefore, I separate the dragon into two types, snake-like body dragon and animals-like body dragon. Then analyzing the history of tombs to realize the meaning of every parts in tombs. According to these achievements, I try to find the decorate rules and to connect with thinking of the structures. In conclusion, there are several different influence as dragons show in different ways, and the ornament contains a grammar in itself. The snake-like body dragon with bi symbolizes the door to the heaven. It maintains a snake-like body but with tiger limbs in Chongzhou. Even this traditional profile was still popular in entire Han dynasty, it just show in only this design. In the other hand, the animals-like body dragon was more easily to close other divine animals than snake-like body dragon. It symbolizes a divine animal in heaven, or Green Dragon with protection power.
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Ullah, Sahar Ishtiaque. "Medieval Arabic-Islamic Poetics: The Transformation of the Amatory Prelude". Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3Z3X.
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The dissertation investigates the medieval poetics of the amatory prelude beginning with the thirteenth century Qaṣīdat al-Burdah – or The Mantle Ode – by the poet Muhammad ibn Sa'īd al-Būṣīrī (d. 1294). Poets expanded the trope of the abandoned ruins to include urban space; incorporated sacred beloveds as poetic beloveds; and foregrounded the self-conscious authorial voice within the prelude. The first chapter locates the thirteenth century Qaṣīdat al-Burdah within the larger Arabic poetic legacy that extends to the ancient pre-Islamic period. The second chapter considers the discursive formation of sacred poetic beloveds, such as the Prophet Muhammad, incorporated among the repertoire of the amatory prelude’s classical and ancient poetic beloveds. The third chapter analyzes the authorial voice and role of the lyric “I” in the preludes of Shaʻbān al-Āthārī (d. 1425) and ʻĀʼishah al-Bāʻūniyyah (d. 1517) who pay homage to their literary predecessors including Ibn al-Fāriḍ (d. 1235), al-Būṣīrī, and Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Ḥillī (d. 1349) by mirroring their metrical composition. The fourth chapter interrogates the intersection of poetics and literary criticism in the medieval Arabic-Islamic devotional invocation that is the hallmark of medieval prolegomena. The preludes within the genre of instructive poems on rhetoric known as the badīʿiyyāt encapsulated literary criticism’s definition of “ingenious beginnings.” Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ṣafadī (d. 1362) demonstrates this intersection in his prose introduction to al-Ghayth al-Musajjam fī Sharḥ Lāmiyat al-ʿAjam. I conclude by returning to modern iterations of al-Būṣīrī’s Qaṣīdat al-Burdah in literary texts in order to further challenge and raise questions about the discontinuity of medieval Arabic poetics in modern culture.
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Wustenberg, Michael. "The big things bowed : the community ministry of Catholic funeral leaders in a rural South African context". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16502.
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Funeral leaders share the ministry of comfort with others. They make a specific religious contribution towards restoring life or decontaminating from death, which affects the faith and hope of the bereaved. Their ministry responds to a need of the bereaved by
affirming community in the face of death. It is based on spirituality and grounded in the biblical and apostolic tradition; it is carried out in a catholic contextualisation. The leaders' insertion into both the cultural background and the religious realm encourages
contextualisation. Their verbal proclamation is done in various ways and is linked to ritual. It reflects the three dimensions of the model employed in pastoral theology by taking life seriously, interpreting it in the light of faith, and leading a celebration that opens up the future of the participants. The leaders' proclamation is sincere when they link cultural family-procedures and church rituals in a parallel way. Sincerity suffers when community leaders, used to provide a comprehensive service, cannot preside over the promised celebration of the Eucharist, which could be the culmination of the rite of passage. Their ministry remains incomplete because of factors beyond their
control. It nevertheless contributes to justice in many ways, in particular by deploying local people. While the ministry is carried out independently, it depends on collaboration with the pastoral staff, in particular the priests. They safeguard the quality of ministry by
formation and through supervision. The collaborative formation contributes to the cultural insertion of the local and expatriate staff and enhances their competence. This collaborative ministry serves the bereaved, the community of faith, and theology. It allows the development of a contextualised liturgy, and a local theology. It is a step forward on the road towards a genuine form of community ministry in this particular African context. It corresponds with contemporary secular approaches towards leadership and management. African approaches emphasise the need for
contextualised management forms. They assume the compatibility of different practices employed in different contexts. The comprehensively grounded ministry seems to contribute to the avoidance or overcoming of some of the grave shortcomings of
ministry as provided in the past.Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)