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Calle, Emilio José. "The sleeves of Dollarization’s straitjacket over Ecuador". Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación 3, n.º 27 (3 de abril de 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31876/er.v3i27.557.
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IntroductionEcuador's inflation is not converging towards that of the United States; that the drop in Ecuador's inflation is due to the domino effect of the fall in interest rates on public debt, that is, the "price" of money for using a hard currency, which in turn is due to the dollarization which is a commitment tool that guarantees that the country will not devalue. Objective tries to demonstrate that this elimination of the senora has direct repercussions on all aspects of the economy of the country, and that when eliminated requires these variables to be reorganized to fill such a gap. Materials and methods will summarize the ideas of Solow's economic convergence model, followed by the market model of human capital and endogenous growth through the technology proposed by Romer Result. This re-organization of the variables of the Ecuadorian economic model will result in Ecuador's economic growth rate is a reflection. Discussion Dollarization creates the necessary conditions for projects aimed at improving industries Conclusions This study also shows that social mobility in Ecuador will almost stagnate.
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Flores-Chamba, Jorge, Ronny Correa-Quezada, José Álvarez-García y María Río-Rama. "Spatial Economic Convergence and Public Expenditure in Ecuador". Symmetry 11, n.º 2 (23 de enero de 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020130.
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In Ecuador, the sectorial policies, public policies and state investment, increase the presence of polarized and polycentric territories with very heterogeneous characteristics and with asymmetric levels of economic growth and development. The explanation for the unequal growth of regions in Ecuador is determined by the existence of different types of asymmetries; that determine economic dynamics and non-convergent development processes. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of an increase in public spending on physical infrastructure and education, on the improvement of productive conditions and on the process of reducing disparities (convergence) at the regional level in Ecuador. To do this, the hypothesis of beta convergence will be tested, which is conditioned by the proxy variables of public expenditure or investment in infrastructure and education at provincial level, for the 2001–2015 period. The results show the existence of a "slight" process of convergence per capita and productivity, although with a significant level of territorial "segregation". In the same way, it is observed that public investment made in this period did not increase the productivity of small and medium-sized provinces significantly, severely conditioning the sustainability of the process of reducing disparities at regional level.
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Ulloa-de Souza, Raúl Clemente, Luis Adrián González-Quiñonez, Luis Jheovanny Reyna-Tenorio, Patricia Janella Salgado-Ortiz y Byron Fernando Chere-Quiñónez. "Renewable Energy Development and Employment in Ecuador’s Rural Sector: An Economic Impact Analysis". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2024): 464–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15297.
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The article provides an empirical analysis on the impact of renewable energy development on the unemployment rate, agricultural output and relative rural population in Ecuador. Using an empirical approach, the study examined how the production and consumption of this energy affects the labor market in rural regions. To this end, relevant data on the development of renewable energies in the context of Ecuador were collected, and statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the relationships between these and the variables of interest. The results obtained indicate that the development of renewable energies has can reduce the unemployment rate and has a positive effect on the relative population of rural regions, however, it does not seem to significantly affect agricultural production. These findings support the idea that the production and consumption of renewable energies can generate jobs directly, due to the need for workers for the construction and maintenance of these technologies, and indirectly, through cheaper energy, increased productive efficiency and better conditions for the expansion of companies. The study offers a significant contribution to the field of energy economics in developing countries and highlights the importance of the adoption of renewable energy sources for rural regions.
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Sanchez, Marcos. "Ecuador: Revisión a las principales características del recurso forestal y de la deforestación". Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE 3, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v3i1.70.
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El presente trabajo pretende ubicar al lector sobre las principales características del recurso forestal en el Ecuador, ya que al poseer condiciones climatológicas innatas que favorecen el crecimiento de especies forestales, dispone de amplias zonas para su aprovechamiento; sin embargo, el incremento de la actividad económica ha ocasionado un considerable deterioro ambiental, que ha dado como consecuencia una modificación de la cobertura boscosa y el uso de los suelos. Adicionalmente, se analiza los patrones históricos causantes de la deforestación y la evolución que experimenta la tasa de deforestación. En este contexto, el diseño de una adecuada política ambiental, que promueva equilibrio entre el crecimiento económico y la sustentabilidad de los recursos naturales, le permitiría al sector maderero desarrollarse y mejorar las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales del País. AbstractThis paper seeks to place the reader on the main characteristics of forest resources in Ecuador, as it has innate weather conditions that favor the growth of forest species, having large areas for exploitation; however, the increase in economic activity has caused considerable environmental deterioration, producing a change in the forest cover and land use in the country as a consequence. Additionally, historical patterns of deforestation and the evolution of deforestation rate are analyzed. In this context, the design of an adequate environmental policy, which promotes a balance between economic growth and the sustainability of natural resources, will allow the timber industry to develop and improve social, economic and environmental conditions of the country.
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Mullo, Héctor, Ismael Sánchez-Borrego y Sara Pasadas-del-Amo. "Respondent-Driven Sampling for Surveying Ethnic Minorities in Ecuador". Sustainability 12, n.º 21 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 9102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219102.
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In this work, we consider the problem of surveying a population of young Indigenous, Montubios and Afro-Ecuadorians to study their living conditions and socioeconomic issues. We conducted a Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey in the canton of Riobamba, Ecuador. RDS is a network-based sampling method intended to survey hidden or hard-to-reach populations. We have obtained RDS estimates and confidence intervals of these characteristics. We have illustrated and discussed some of the assumptions of the method using some available diagnostic tools. Our results suggest that RDS is an effective methodology for studying social and economic issues of this ethnic minority in Ecuador. This technique is relatively easy to implement and has the potential to be applied to survey other hidden populations in other settings.
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Romero Cardenas, Erika, Mario Fernandez Ronquillo, Jessica Macias Onofre y Katherine Zuñiga Gurumendi. "Producción y comercialización del cacao y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico del cantón Milagro / Production and marketing of cocoa and its impact in the socio-economic development of Milagro canton". Ciencia Unemi 9, n.º 17 (7 de junio de 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol9iss17.2016pp56-64p.
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El cultivo del cacao en Ecuador es fuente de ingreso para muchos hogares de distintas ciudades del país. Se considera al sector cacaotero de gran importancia ya que el rol que desempeña el agricultor como el comerciante es esencial para el desarrollo socioeconómico, no sólo del Cantón Milagro sino también de Ecuador. La participación del sector en relación a la producción provincial y nacional no es muy alta, sin embargo si representa un aporte a la matriz productiva del país. Además, se ve afectado por las condiciones en las cuales se encuentran los caminos vecinales. A través de encuestas realizadas a comerciantes y productores, se levantó la información necesaria para establecer su situación real, conocer y analizar la forma de comercialización del cacao y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico de Ecuador, con la finalidad de conocer los diferentes problemas que tiene este sector y que no le permite interactuar adecuadamente en el mercado nacional e internacional. Abstract Cocoa cultivation in Ecuador is a source of income for many households in different cities of the country. Cocoa sector is considered of great importance since the role played by farmers and traders is essential for the socio-economic development, not only of Milagro Canton but also of Ecuador. The share of this sector in relation to the provincial and national production is not high; however, it does represent a contribution to the productive matrix of the country. In addition, it is affected by the conditions in which the country roads are. Through surveys applied to traders and producers, the information needed to establish their real situation was collected, as well as to know and analyze the way of marketing for cocoa and its impact on the socio-economic development of Ecuador in order to identify the different problems that this sector has, which does not allow it to interact appropriately in the national and international market.
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Jarrín-V., Pablo Santiago, Luis Tapia Carrillo y Giannina Zamora. "Demografía y transformación territorial: medio siglo de cambio en la región amazónica de Ecuador/ Demography and territorial transformation: half a century of change in the Amazonian Region of Ecuador". Eutopía, Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, n.º 12 (27 de noviembre de 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/eutopia.12.2017.2913.
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Una población numerosa puede favorecer el crecimiento económico (un bebé puede ser un futuro aportador de impuestos), generar oportunidades para la innovación tecnológica (un bebé puede ser un futuro genio e innovador) y dinamizar la economía (más consumidores y más costos compartidos). Pero esto solo puede ser posible si el tejido social y económico de una sociedad es el propicio. ¿Será el crecimiento poblacional amazónico en Ecuador lo suficientemente elevado para garantizar más pobreza y conflicto social a corto y largo plazo, o será un factor de desarrollo? La región amazónica posee la tasa más alta de natalidad en Ecuador. En 60 años, la población se ha multiplicado 16 veces. La ausencia de servicios básicos y educación promueve tasas de natalidad elevadas, especialmente en los indígenas. Existe evidencia de que el crecimiento poblacional (natalidad y migración) promueve la deforestación en la región amazónica. El presente ensayo es una síntesis del cambio demográfico y sus efectos sobre la deforestación, frontera agrícola, urbanización y las estrategias indígenas frente al cambio. Una población en rápido crecimiento puede contribuir a la economía y estabilidad social, solamente si se cumplen las condiciones necesarias de educación y oportunidades laborales. Estas últimas características particularmente ausentes de forma histórica para la región amazónica de Ecuador.
Abstract
A large population can promote economic growth (a baby could be a future tax payer), can generate new opportunities for technological innovation (a baby can be a future genius and innovator), and can contribute to a dynamic economy (more consumers and more shared costs). However, this is possible only if the social and economic conditions of a society are the necessarily required. Would the population growth in Amazonian Ecuador be sufficiently large as to guarantee more poverty and social conflict in the short and long term, or will it be a factor for development?. The Amazonian region has the highest birth rate in Ecuador. The population has grown 16 times over the last 60 years. The absence of basic services and education promotes high birth rates, especially on indigenous people. There is evidence that population growth (births and migration) promotes deforestation in the Amazonian region. The present essay is a synthesis of demographic change and its effects on deforestation, the agricultural frontier, urbanization and the indigenous strategies to confront this change. A population under rapid growth can contribute to the economy and social stability, only if the necessary conditions for education and available employment are met. These last characteristics have been particularly absent in the history of Amazonian Ecuador.
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Goyes Balladares, Andrea Cristina, Ingrid Dennise Pardo Jara y Roberto Carlos Moya Jiménez. "A Novel Proposal for an Adapted Vehicle for Informal Waste Pickers in Ambato – Ecuador". INGENIO 7, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2024): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/ingenio.v7i2.6738.
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Solid waste management represents a challenge for contemporary cities because it involves various levels of management and processing. At the base of the recycling pyramid, the crucial role of informal recyclers stands out, whose work improves the environmental conditions of cities. Despite its valuable contribution, informality has marked this profession, with deplorable working conditions at a social and economic level and low occupational safety. Recyclers roam the city in search of as much recyclable material as possible, so they can later sell it and continue the chain. However, the operational process of the recyclers is striking due to the inadequate conditions, in terms of personal protection and mobilization. Traditionally, they move with a cart, a product intended for transporting heavy loads over short distances. However, it is used by waste pickers to travel long distances during the daily working day. Through the methodology of early and continuous validation for product design, a vehicle adapted for the work of informal recyclers in the city of Ambato is proposed. It shows a valuable vision of addressing management in an inclusive, effective way for the city, with adequate working conditions at the operational level for waste pickers.
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Valverde-Arias, Omar Roberto, Paloma Esteve, Ana María Tarquis y Alberto Garrido. "Remote sensing in an index-based insurance design for hedging economic impacts on rice cultivation". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-345-2020.
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Abstract. Rice production in Ecuador is steadily affected by extreme climatic events that make it difficult for farmers to cope with production risk, threatening rural livelihoods and food security in the country. Developing agricultural insurance is a policy option that has gained traction in the last decade. Index-based agricultural insurance has become a promising alternative that allows insurance companies to ascertain and quantify losses without verifying a catastrophic event in situ, lowering operative costs and easing implementation. But its development can be hindered by basis risk, which occurs when real losses in farms do not fit accurately with the selected index. Avoiding basis risk requires assessing the variability within the insurance application area and considering it for representative index selection. In this context, we have designed an index-based insurance (IBI) that uses a vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index – NDVI) as an indicator of drought and flood impact on rice in the canton of Babahoyo (Ecuador). Babahoyo was divided in two agro-ecological homogeneous zones (AHZs) to account for variability, and two NDVI threshold values were defined to consider, first, the event impact on crops (physiological threshold) and, second, its impact on the gross margin (economic threshold). This design allows us to set up accurate insurance premiums and compensation that fit the particular conditions of each AHZ, reducing basis risk.
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Forero, Jorge Enrique. "State, Illegality, and Territorial Control". Latin American Perspectives 43, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2015): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15571274.
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The inevitable incursion of Colombian armed groups into Ecuador remained at low levels for decades, but in the late 1990s the United States increased its level of engagement in the conflict and the Colombian government permitted the expansion of paramilitaries into the South of the country. While Rafael Correa’s Plan Ecuador privileged economic development in the border region as a way of promoting peace there, the massacre by the Colombian military in Angostura (Sucumbíos) in March 2008 led to an increase in military spending and increasing violations of the human rights of the region’s people. Socioeconomic conditions remain favorable to the expansion of the paramilitary organizations, linked to drug trafficking, gasoline smuggling, and other illegal activities. Without the resurrection of Plan Ecuador, their presence will continue to threaten the sovereignty of the state and the consolidation of its progressive national project. La incursión inevitable de los grupos armados colombianos en Ecuador se mantuvo en niveles bajos durante décadas, pero a finales de los 90s los Estados Unidos aumentaron su nivel de participación en el conflicto y el gobierno colombiano permitió la expansión de los paramilitares en el sur del país. Si bien el Plan Ecuador de Rafael Correa privilegió el desarrollo económico en la región fronteriza como una forma de promover la paz allí, la masacre por el ejército colombiano en Angostura (Sucumbíos) en marzo de 2008 generó un incremento en el gasto militar y el aumento de violaciones de los derechos humanos de la gente de la región. Las condiciones socioeconómicas siguen siendo favorables a la expansión de las organizaciones paramilitares, vinculadas al tráfico de drogas, contrabando de gasolina, y otras actividades ilegales. Sin la resurrección del Plan Ecuador, su presencia seguirá amenazando la soberanía del Estado y la consolidación de su proyecto nacional progresista.
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Sánchez, Francisco y John Polga-Hecimovich. "The Tools of Institutional Change under Post-Neoliberalism: Rafael Correa's Ecuador". Journal of Latin American Studies 51, n.º 2 (30 de octubre de 2018): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x1800072x.
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AbstractHow have governments in Latin America been able to counteract two decades of neoliberalism and pursue post-neoliberal developmental reforms, and what tools have they used to do so? We argue that post-neoliberal projects are possible through the use of three necessary conditions in a context of economic bonanza: (1) extensive use of the legal-constitutional framework to facilitate interventionism; (2) an increase in the centrality of public planning agencies to design those policies; and (3) growth of the bureaucracy to implement the policies. Through a case study of Rafael Correa's Ecuador, we show how a constituent assembly, empowerment of the state planning agency, and an increase in the size of the public administration allowed the president to combat neoliberalism and pursue his ambitiousBuen Vivir(Good Living) plan. This simple framework offers important clues for understanding post-liberalism and the return of the state in Ecuador and beyond.
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Rogel Gutierrez, Edith Marlene, Juan Isaac Urquizo Villafuerte, Cesar Javier Quezada Abad y Eduardo Antonio Muñoz Jácome. "Modelo de gestión con enfoque de responsabilidad social para microempresas. Estudio de caso empresa Reyursa S.A Machala Ecuador". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 22 (30 de agosto de 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n22p164.
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Today, corporate social responsibility considers social, environmental and economic factors, ethical values, people, communities and the environment. ISO 26000 promotes decision making for the benefit of society, reduces the labor risk, contributes to public confidence, it generates innovation and business competitiveness, strengthening ties with its stakeholders, maximizing loyalty of its employees minimizes conflicts with consumers. The main beneficiaries of Corporate Social Responsibility are stakeholders (shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, community and environment). Moreover, the design and implementation of the management model of Corporate Social Responsibility in micro, is not only a priority, but a strategic decision of vital importance, seeking economic, social, environmental well-being from the company and to the community. A level micro business in Ecuador CSR is not evident, so it became necessary research to meet the situational state of CSR and from the same generate a model for this group of companies based on the case study company Reyursa SA , representative at the level of the city of Machala, province of El Oro, Ecuador, becoming a sample of what is happening and what you can do for microenterprises in similar conditions, also contributing to the control mechanisms microenterprise to ensure timely and fair payment of wages and profits; generate awareness actions and respect for human rights; promote a culture of respect for nature; develop and implement good social and environmental practices; promote integrated processes and citizen campaigns to promote environmental awareness and ethical aspects related to the Plan of Good Living in Ecuador from 2013 to 2017.
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Jimenez, Carolina, Luis Moncada, Diego Ochoa-Jimenez y Wilman-Santiago Ochoa-Moreno. "Kuznets Environmental Curve for Ecuador: An Analysis of the Impact of Economic Growth on the Environment". Sustainability 11, n.º 21 (23 de octubre de 2019): 5896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215896.
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In the present investigation, an analysis of the impact of economic growth on the environment during the period 1971–2015 in Ecuador was made. The hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve was used as a study tool. We estimated this relationship in a country with strong dependence on revenues from the exploitation of natural resources and a low level of industry participation in gross domestic product (GDP). To generate empirical evidence, the methodology of the third degree Almon polynomial was applied with three lags in time. The variables were examined by informal econometric tests such as graphs of time series, stationarity, and seasonality as well as formal differences such as Dickey Fuller to check the effectiveness of their contribution in the research. Finally, the results reveal a direct, positive relationship in the short term between economic growth and CO2 emissions. The confirmation of the hypothesis opens the door to the discussion of optimal conditions of production while minimizing pollution, which is a dilemma that states face since they require a way to produce while maintaining a healthy and balanced environment.
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Trujillo-Sandoval, Danny, Carlos Puente-Guijarro y Karla Andrade-Quevedo. "Concentración Económica en el Mercado Cervecero Ecuatoriano. // Economic Concentration in the Ecuadorian Brewery Market." Ciencia Unemi 10, n.º 25 (26 de febrero de 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol10iss25.2017pp67-78p.
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Las fusiones entre competidores son una práctica empresarial común que genera importantes consecuencias para el mercado, una de ellas es la concentración económica, que puede perjudicar la libre competencia a corto, mediano y largo plazo. En Ecuador el mercado cervecero es un interesante eje de estudio, pues constituye un mercado altamente concentrado, con pocos participantes y en él, la Superintendencia de Control de Poder de Mercado estableció las condiciones para la fusión entre dos de sus participantes más relevantes: Cervecería Nacional (SABMiller) y Ambev (Anheuser-Busch Inbev). Este artículo analiza la concentración económica del sector cervecero ecuatoriano y los efectos de la fusión entre éstos dos competidores. Es un estudio cuali - cuantitativo en el cual se evaluaron las características del sector cervecero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de la fusión efectuada, para determinar, a través de indicadores de concentración y datos de volúmenes de venta del sector entre 2013 y 2015- cuáles son los niveles de concentración y posibles tendencias en cuanto a la oferta y comportamiento de dicho sector; demostrándose que existe un mercado altamente concentrado, con un índice de Herfindahl superior a 9000, y con condiciones que nublan la posibilidad de competencia en el mercado a corto plazo. AbstractMergers between competitors are a common business practice that generates important consequences for the market, one of them is economic concentration, which can affect the free competition in the short, medium and long term. In Ecuador, the beer market is an interesting area of study, since it represents a highly concentrated market, with few participants in which the Superintendence of Market Power Control has established the conditions for the merger between two of its most relevant participants: National Brewery (SABMiller) and Ambev (Anheuser-Busch Inbev). This article analyzes the economic concentration of the Ecuadorian beer sector and the effects of the merger between these two competitors. This research is a qualitative-quantitative study in which the characteristics of the Ecuadorian beer sector and the conditions of the merger were evaluated, to determine the levels of concentration and possible trends in the supply and behavior of this sector by using concentration indicators and data of sales volumes between 2013 and 2015. That showed that there is a highly concentrated market, with a Herfindahl index above 9000, and with conditions that null the possibility of short-term market competition.
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Gachet, Iván, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl Ponce y Damián Rodríguez. "The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom". Cuadernos de Economía 36, n.º 72 (4 de octubre de 2017): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821.
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In this paper we analyse the evolution of the middle class in Ecuador during the commodities boom (2005-2015). Using the definition of middle class proposed by López-Calva and Ortiz-Juárez (2014), we document an impressive rise of the middle class, which doubled in this period and peaked at 37.4% of the population in 2015. We show that both economic growth and inequality reduction have played an important role in this social change, although growth is responsible for over three-quarters thereof. Based on an analysis of the macroeconomic and labour conditions associated with the evolution of the middle class, we argue that the recent slow-down in growth and in inequality reduction following the end of the commodities boom poses a risk for the size of the middle class, which represents a serious challenge for policy makers.
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Monteros-Altamirano, Álvaro, Cesar Tapia, Nelly Paredes, Valeria Alulema, Marcelo Tacán, Alberto Roura, Luis Lima y Marten Sørensen. "Morphological and Ecogeographic Study of the Diversity of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ecuador". Agronomy 11, n.º 9 (14 de septiembre de 2021): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091844.
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crop of nutritional and economic importance worldwide, cultivated in more than 100 tropical and subtropical countries including Ecuador, where it is traditionally cultivated in the three continental regions: Amazonia, the Coast and in the valleys of the Sierra. The purpose of this study is to characterize 195 accessions from INIAP’s Ecuadorian cassava collection through (1) morphological characterization with qualitative and quantitative descriptors; and (2) ecogeographic characterization to know the climatic, geophysical, and edaphic conditions in which cassava grows and which environments are frequent or marginal for its cultivation. For the morphological characterization, 27 morphological descriptors were used (18 qualitative and nine quantitative), and for the ecogeographic characterization, 55 variables (41 climatic, two geophysical and 12 edaphic). Four morphological groups and three ecogeographic groups were identified. Morphological variability was evidenced mainly in descriptors related to the leaves, stems, and inflorescences. In addition, it was possible to identify accessions that appear capable of growing under extreme conditions of drought and poor soils. These accessions could be used for improvement.
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Mihai, Raluca A., Diana C. Ortiz-Pillajo, Karoline M. Iturralde-Proaño, Mónica Y. Vinueza-Pullotasig, Leonardo A. Sisa-Tolagasí, Mary L. Villares-Ledesma, Erly J. Melo-Heras, Nelson S. Cubi-Insuaste y Rodica D. Catana. "Comprehensive Assessment of Coffee Varieties (Coffea arabica L.; Coffea canephora L.) from Coastal, Andean, and Amazonian Regions of Ecuador; A Holistic Evaluation of Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity and Sensory Attributes". Horticulturae 10, n.º 3 (21 de febrero de 2024): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030200.
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In Ecuador, the cultivation of two main coffee species, Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora L., holds significant economic, environmental, social, and public health importance. C. arabica displays wide adaptability to diverse growing conditions, while C. canephora exhibits less versatility in adaptation but is superior in metabolite production in the ripe fruits (with the potential to double caffeine content). Our hypothesis revolves around the differences in the production of secondary metabolites, antioxidant capacity and sensory attributes based on the environmental conditions of the two studies species cultivated in Ecuador. The assessment of the metabolic composition of high-altitude coffee grown in Ecuador involved the determination of secondary metabolites and quantification of the antioxidant capacity through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) quenching assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. In the case of C. arabica, a high positive correlation was observed for total phenolic content (TPC) (4.188 ± 0.029 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (dw)) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.442 ± 0.001 mg quercetin (QE)/g dw) with the antioxidant activity determined through ABTS free-radical-scavenging activity (23.179 ± 1.802 µmol Trolox (TEAC)/g dw) (R = 0.68), a medium correlation with DPPH• radical-scavenging activity (65.875 ± 1.129 µmol TEAC/g dw) (R = 0.57), and a low correlation with ferric reducing antioxidant power assay ((100.164 ± 0.332 µmol Fe2+/g dw) (R = 0.27). A high correlation (R > 90) was observed for the values evaluated in the case of C. canephora. The caffeine content was high in C. arabica beans from Los Ríos province and in C. canephora beans from Loja.
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Vertinskaya, T. S. y Pedro Colon Valdivieso Salinas. "Theoretical, methodological and practical foundations for developing a joint strategy for trade cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Ecuador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 68, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2023): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2023-68-2-160-171.
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The article is devoted to the scientific, methodological and practical aspects of developing a joint strategy for trade cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Ecuador.The review and systematization, taking into account the criteria proposed by the authors (the degree of external openness of the national economy, foreign trade priority, the impact on international trade, methods of its regulation), theories and concepts of foreign trade policy that determine its types, are carried out.The features of the foreign trade policy of the Republic of Ecuador are highlighted: orientation towards regional integration; establishing bilateral relations with third countries and concluding free trade agreements with non-Latin American (extra-regional) partners; strengthening economic cooperation at the level of integration groupings, etc.The methodological basis of the joint strategy of the Belarusian-Ecuadorian trade cooperation has been developed, which contains three stages.The key priorities of trade cooperation between Belarus and Ecuador were determined: increasing the volume of mutual trade according to the existing product range and commodity diversification of export baskets of partner countries; expansion of mutual trade on the basis of partners entering the markets of regional economic associations, of which Belarus and Ecuador are members; development and inclusion of the creative economy sector in the Belarusian-Ecuadorian relations; creation of joint institutions to support Belarusian-Ecuadorian trade relations, as well as increasing the efficiency of existing structures.Measures recommended for inclusion in the joint action plan for the development of Belarusian-Ecuadorian trade cooperation in the following areas are proposed: a) diplomatic support for mutual trade; b) implementation of special support measures in the field of the creative (orange) economy as a factor in international trade; c) cooperation with the world’s leading retail chains; d) revitalization of the activities of chambers of commerce and industry; e) creation of additional conditions for Belarusian-Ecuadorian trade cooperation at the level of regional associations, etc.
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Poveda, Leonardo Morán. "Sector florícola ecuatoriano y afectación en mercado internacional a causa del covid19". South Florida Journal of Development 2, n.º 3 (28 de julio de 2021): 4609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n3-061.
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RESUMEN
La exportación de flores representa un rubro importante dentro del sector exportador no tradicional, tanto así que desde el año 1984 se constituye la Asociación Nacional de Productores y exportadores de Flores de Ecuador, con la finalidad de consolidar y apoyar al sector floricultor del país, representando actualmente 188 socios, dentro de los cuales se encuentran fincas productoras, agencias de carga, comercializadoras, obtentores y operadoras logísticas, todas estas directamente relacionadas con los mercados de trabajo agrícola. Dentro de los procesos de reestructuración empresarial que se vive en las empresas productoras y exportadoras de flores ente la crisis internacional producto de la pandemia causada por el COVID19, las condiciones de trabajo en el sector se han vuelto inestables por cuanto ante la reducción de las exportaciones y esto sumado a un precio del 40% por debajo del precio habitual del producto es un futuro incierto y preocupante a miles de trabajadores vinculados de manera directa e indirecta al sector. La oferta y demanda que se vive en los mercados internacionales está ocasionando ingentes pérdidas económicas al sector florícola ecuatoriano, pues según datos del Banco Central del Ecuador, además de los efectos a causa del COVID19 hay que añadir también una caída de precios en el mercado internacional, altos costos de producción, mal clima, crisis económica en los países de destino y la falta de competitividad de Ecuador. Las empresas están obligadas a reevaluar nuevamente las cuestiones pendientes para la adaptación de los mercados agrarios ante las actuales condiciones del mercado, centrando los mecanismos de producción para enlazar las próximas campañas agrícolas en concordancia a las políticas económicas y fiscales que faciliten una mayor reactivación de este importante sector que en el año 2019 envío 15,000 toneladas de flores al exterior, inyectando millones de dólares en la economía ecuatoriana. Definitivamente el bienestar de la economía ecuatoriana debe de girar en torno al fortalecimiento de la agricultura y la agroindustria como pilares de la matriz productiva, y diversificar su oferta exportable en el comercio internacional que cada vez demanda más productos con sello orgánico, así como el reconocimiento a las flores ecuatorianas entre las mejores del mundo, constituyéndose en un bastión para el desarrollo económico y sostenibilidad de la economía, así como en paralelo la generación de nuevas empresa y miles de nuevas fuentes de empleo.
ABSTRACT
The export of flowers represents an important item within the non-traditional export sector, so much so that since 1984 the National Association of Flower Producers and Exporters of Ecuador was established with the purpose of consolidating and supporting the flower growing sector of the country, currently representing 188 members, among which there are producing farms, cargo agencies, marketing companies, breeders and logistic operators, all of them directly related to the agricultural labor markets. Within the business restructuring processes being experienced in the flower producing and exporting companies in the face of the international crisis caused by the pandemic caused by COVID19 , the working conditions in the sector have become unstable because of the reduction of exports and this added to a price 40% below the usual price of the product is an uncertain and worrying future for thousands of workers linked directly and indirectly to the sector. According to data from the Central Bank of Ecuador, in addition to the effects of COVID19 , there is also a drop in prices on the international market, high production costs, bad weather, the economic crisis in the destination countries and Ecuador's lack of competitiveness. Companies are obliged to reevaluate again the pending issues for the adaptation of agricultural markets to the current market conditions, focusing the production mechanisms to link the next agricultural campaigns in accordance with economic and fiscal policies that facilitate a greater reactivation of this important sector that in 2019 will send 15,000 tons of flowers abroad, injecting millions of dollars into the Ecuadorian economy. Definitely the welfare of the Ecuadorian economy should revolve around the strengthening of agriculture and agribusiness as pillars of the productive matrix, and diversify its exportable supply in international trade that increasingly demands more products with organic seal, as well as the recognition of Ecuadorian flowers among the best in the world, becoming a bastion for economic development and sustainability of the economy, as well as in parallel the generation of new businesses and thousands of new sources of employment.
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Dashkina, Irina. "Response mechanisms of Latin American countries in the context of COVID-19". Latinskaia Amerika, n.º 2 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0017975-1.
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The article compares the strategies of Latin American countries to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their policies in the context of the first pandemic wave. The study was conducted on the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Ecuador. The authors attempted to determine how severe the situation caused by coronavirus infection was in each of these countries, and to figure out influencing factors. The study showed that the epidemiological situation was influenced by such factors as the socio-economic conditions of the country, the degree of urbanization, the level of healthcare system, living conditions, population density, environmental indicators, the degree of trust in the authorities, etc. The collected data indicate that there are serious problems with the medical statistics in the region and with the financing of healthcare.
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Guevara Rosero, Jairo Mauricio, Noryuan Carlos Leyva Vásquez y Diego Marcelo Caicedo Rosero. "The orchids, a sustainable alternative for the development of ecotourism. Case study, Carchi province, Ecuador". SATHIRI 14, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.32645/13906925.911.
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The research completed proposes a development of thematic tourist route, taking advantage of the emblematic natural resource “the orchids” to develop the tourist activity in Carchi province, Ecuador. The design process is described through methodologies established by the Tourism Ministry to determine tourist attractions and their hierarchies. With the geographical representation systems, the route is determined and each point of tourist interest are represented. Marketing strategies are established to promote the route, as alternative for the economic development through sustainable ecotourism. Finally, a tourist rout is based with the highlights natural’s values of the region, diversifying the tourist offers in the province, to become an important element for the development of the communities, with the linkage of its inhabitants and the use of existing natural resources and improve living conditions and encourage new ventures, as well as, the conservation of the environment.
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Ambrosi De la Cadena, Marco. "Labour and consumption. A new opportunity for capitalism resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic". Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 5, n.º 26 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v5i26.735.
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The article presents a philosophical discussion about how the economic restructuring after the COVID-19 recession is based on two main factors: labour precariousness and consumption stimulation. From a review of data and literature about global economic growth and incomes from big companies like Amazon, it is possible to suggest that capitalism is facing a decline yet not a structural crisis. Nonetheless, labour after the outbreak is damaged by the application of flexibilization and informality – particularly telecommuting and immaterial labour – as seen in countries like Ecuador, Italy, India, and United States. Also, companies and governments are calling for a boost of consumption to save the economy based on fiscal policies, consumerism, and a ‘cleaning’ of consumption. In conclusion, a theoretical alternative is a microphysics of struggle understood as a politicization of the private space and a re-definition of labour as a material activity that requires better conditions for workers.
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Cielo, Cristina y Lisset Coba. "Extractivism, Gender, and Disease: An Intersectional Approach to Inequalities". Ethics & International Affairs 32, n.º 2 (2018): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000291.
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AbstractSocial inequalities can only be understood through the interaction of their multiple dimensions. In this essay, we show that the economic and environmental impacts of natural resource extraction exacerbate gendered disparities through the intensification and devaluation of care work. A chikungunya epidemic in the refinery city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, serves to highlight the embodied and structural violence of unhealthy conditions. Despite its promises of development, the extraction-based economy in Esmeraldas has not increased its vulnerable populations’ opportunities. It has, instead, deepened class and gendered hierarchies. In this context, the most severe effects of chikungunya are experienced by women, who bear the burden of social reproduction and sustaining lives under constant threat.
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Landaburú-Mendoza, Jimmy, León Arguello, Néstor Montalván-Burbano, Lady Chunga-Montalván y Roberto Pico-Saltos. "Development of Community and Agricultural Associations through Social and Solidarity Economy with Collaboration of University". Social Sciences 13, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2024): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060306.
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The Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is a unique economic model that addresses contemporary community problems by democratising the economy through activities that promote sustainability, solidarity, and collective prosperity. Research on the SSE has increased in recent years, showing its potential as an alternative to dominant economic schemes. This article aims to analyse how the SSE can contribute to sustainability in rural sector associations in Ecuador through the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. This method empowers various stakeholders, including the community, associations, and the university, to be actively involved in designing, developing, and implementing solutions to alleviate their problems. The results show that in the context of a developing country, this active participation, interaction, and commitment can identify the various problems that the rural sector and its associations are experiencing. This situation allows for possible joint action solutions, involving people who usually do not have decision-making power or are vulnerable, by diagnosing their socio-economic conditions and establishing a training programme where knowledge production is democratic, thus combining theoretical and practical elements according to the needs detected.
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Ricardo Labrada. "Major weeds of Ecuador IV. Coffee plantations in Jipijapa". GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 12, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2022): 051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0185.
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Coffee is a crop of economic importance in Ecuador, grown in area of 199 215 ha, 38,6% of it in Canton of Jipijapa, located in the south of the province of Manabí. Coffee here is grown by small farmers, who spend who spend little annually for the maintenance of plantations. One of the main constraints for getting optimal crop yields is the presence of weeds, which affect water stress during dry spells, and bring about deficient plant uptake of essential nutrients. Weeds are not usually properly controlled in all areas of this crop. Some farmers eliminate weeds twice or three times a year, others do that only once. The most common control method is hand hoeing, but some growers use foliar-applied herbicides, any of these practices are commonly carried out without knowledge of prevailing weed species. Suitable weed management strategy should include data about main weeds and their biology during dry and rainy seasons in Jipijapa. To this end, in 15 ha of coffee plantations during 2014 dry period and in another 15 ha during 2015 rainy one, weed cover and species present were visually evaluated using a scale 0-5, where 1- up to 5% weed cover and 4-more than 50%. These values were processed to determine Absolute and Relative Frequencies, average weed cover and finally Severity Infestation (SI). A total 39 weed species belonging to 19 families were found in both seasons, mostly broadleaves plants, while grasses were found in less shady spots of the plantations. The prevailing weed during rainy period appears to be Senna occidentalis followed by Commelina erecta, Laportea aestuans, Alternathera flavescens and Xanthosoma spp., while during dry season, the fern Pteridium aquilinum was the leading species followed by perennials Alternathera flavescens and the C4 grass Megathyrsus maximus. The species found only responded to the humidity conditions in each season and not to the effect of a certain control measure. Most of the evaluated plantations show poor crop management, scarce crop plant density, and even coffee planted in favor of the slope. Improved plantation management is the key measure to reduce the weed presence of weeds. In the rainy season, with more weed abundance, two early weeding operations, with an additional one later are advisable, while in the dry season, in the case of plantations with adequate shade, one weeding may satisfactorily reduce the weed presence. Perennial Geophila macropoda, found during rainy season, is a potential living cover in coffee plantations since it may help to reduce soil erosion and smothers weeds.
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Barragán, E., E. Garcia, C. Minchala y E. Zalamea. "Technical, economic, and environmental analysis to define the conditions for the implementation of charge stations, a case study in the city of Azogues - Ecuador". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 21, n.º 1 (julio de 2023): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj21.454.
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Reducing environmental pollution caused by traditional mobility solutions, such as combustion vehicles, requires a deep dive into sustainable mobility. Consequently, promoting electric vehicles (EVs) constitutes a long-hanging fruit for establishing a route map for decarbonizing city mobility. Nevertheless, several tasks require urgent attention to allow EV technology to deploy in cities. For instance, optimal locations of charging stations for EVs by considering a multicriteria approach are urgently required. This work studies the most feasible alternatives for locating and implementing EV chargers (EVC) in Azogues, Ecuador. This study applies Promethee multicriteria method, considering three different location alternatives in the city and four criteria that will be divided into ten subcriteria for the analysis. First, the multi-objective function´s weighting factors were established using three weighting methods: equal weighting, point allocation, and critical weighting. Once the matrix of sub-criteria with their weights was established, Visual Promethee, which works with Promethee II, was applied to establish the optimal candidate site. The results of this optimization analysis indicate an optimal location for the EVC.
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Santos Rivera, Arianna Lilibeth, Andrea Fernanda Leones Cedeño, Jenrry Fredy Chávez Arizala y Wilter C. Morales-García. "Knowledge and practices on anemia in representatives of children under 5 years of age from the "Luz y Libertad" Educational Unit in La Concordia, 2023". Interamerican Journal of Health Sciences 3 (20 de diciembre de 2023): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.59471/ijhsc2023170.
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Childhood anemia is a public health problem that negatively affects the cognitive and physical development of children, with multifactorial causes including nutritional deficiencies and socioeconomic conditions. Diagnosis is based on a complete blood count, and low hemoglobin levels indicate anemia. In Ecuador, factors such as rural residence and micronutrient deficiencies contribute to the prevalence of anemia, with 25.7% of children under five years of age affected. This study, conducted at the "Luz y Libertad" Educational Unit, evaluated the knowledge and practices of 66 mothers about childhood anemia through questionnaires. The results showed a good level of knowledge, especially about the importance of iron, although areas such as the relationship between prolonged breastfeeding and anemia require more education. The economic situation influences child nutrition, with some prioritizing price over nutritional value. It is recommended that educational programs and economic support be implemented to improve the prevention of childhood anemia and ensure healthy development.
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Calle, Juan Carlos Vázquez, Doris Alexandra Alvear Calle y Julio Pintado Farfán. "Habitability and Hygrothermal Comfort Analysis of Social Housing in Ecuador, Temperate Continental Climatic Zone". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 032121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032121.
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Abstract Housing sector plays an essential role in the sustainable development of the countries; however, there are significant problems in terms of its ability to access which promotes the occurrence of solutions that guide the housing deficit reduction as well as economic savings and natural resources preservation. One key strategic would be the use of social housing as a mechanism to ensure a decent house accessed by vulnerable population. The general housing design requires satisfying characteristics of indoor environmental comfort, arising the need outlook technical solutions. This research aims to propose functional and hygrothermal improvements for social housing located in a temperate continental climate zone in The Sierra region of Ecuador. The methodology was focused on energy simulations using Design Builder software and comparing the results with the application of passive bioclimatic recommendations. In addition, based on the quantitative housing deficit this research achieves qualitative contributions in order to improve the living conditions of low-income population whose get access to social housing in Ecuador. An experimental case study, located in Azogues a canton of the province of Cañar, has been selected for the simulation analysis which belongs to a housing governmental program named Manuela Espejo promoted by the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing and special designed for people with disabilities. The research has an applicative nature approach, with a sectional scope and explanatory depth, based on primary and secondary information sources; data collection techniques were social perception surveys used to determine comfort levels of the social housing users. The results show, based on the energy simulations carried out, improvements in terms of habitability conditions and an architectural proposal compiles passive bioclimatic recommendations focused on the design of social housing in Ecuador. Therefore, this research contributes to the implementation of new social housing plans that not only would help to reduce the housing deficit, but also contribute to improving the housing indoor environmental comfort perceived by the users.
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Arteaga Linzan, Angel Rafael, Ángel Luis Brito Sauvanell, Manuel Ángel Cantos Macías y Enrique Gilbert. "Selección del esquema de cogeneración para una industria de pescado enlatado. Caso Ecuador." Revista de Investigaciones en Energía, Medio Ambiente y Tecnología: RIEMAT ISSN: 2588-0721 1, n.º 2 (4 de julio de 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/riemat.v1i2.926.
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The determination of the parameter β=1.868 (the ratio of heat output (Q=4,771x109 kJ\mes) and electricity consumed (W=2,549x109 kJ\mes) by the industry) was per-formed selection of more suitable cogeneration scheme for its application in the conditions of a fish canning industry. Considering that the proposed cogeneration scheme would represent a savings in US dollars for the company as well as the fuel subsidy and various economic and environmental points of view, were calculated, the time of amortization for several cogeneration schemes with steam Turbines (TV= 20,89 years), with gas turbines (TG= 3,16 years) and with internal diesel combustion engines (MCID= 2,72 years) concluding that as the first alternatives to be considered are internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Whereas thermal energy of the internal diesel combustion engine is very disjointed, and fish canning industry need steam parameters from 0.8 to 1.3 bar absolute so the tons of CO2 not-emitted to the atmosphere by the use of this technology (TV= 2137, TG= 4490 y IDCE= 4987), it was concluded that the cogeneration scheme with gas turbine is the most viable technology ecological and economically for this type of industry.
Index Terms Cogeneration, rate heat and power, repayment period, β parameter, fuel savings.
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León Torres, Henry. "uso de aplicaciones tecnológicas y su impacto sobre el desempeño de las micro y pequeñas empresas latinoamericanas". Revista Relayn - Micro y Pequeñas empresas en Latinoamérica 1, n.º 1 (21 de febrero de 2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46990/relayn.2019.1.1.315.
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El uso frecuente de aplicaciones tecnológicas y demás instrumentos disponibles en la actualidad, como herramientas adecuadas y factores económicos para la producción, comercialización y gestión de las mype, por su bajo costo y fácil acceso, constituyen una de las principales oportunidades para el avance de este tipo de organizaciones en Latinoamérica. A través de la presente investigación, se pretende identificar cómo incide el uso e implementación de este tipo de tecnologías, sobre la competitividad y ámbito de ventas en las mype latinoamericanas de México, Perú, Ecuador, Argentina y Colombia y sobre las cuales, las condiciones de formalidad o informalidad de la mype, puede tener efectos diferenciados sobre su desempeño. Abstract The frequent use of technological applications and other instruments currently available as appropriate tools and economic factors for the production, marketing and management of mype, due to their low cost and easy access, constitute one of the main opportunities for the advancement of this type of organizations in Latin America. This research aims to identify how the use and implementation of this type of technology affects competitiveness and sales in Latin American mype in Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia, and on which conditions of formality or informality of the mype may have different effects on their performance.
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Hidalgo-Leon, Ruben, Fernando Amoroso, Javier Urquizo, Viviana Villavicencio, Miguel Torres, Pritpal Singh y Guillermo Soriano. "Feasibility Study for Off-Grid Hybrid Power Systems Considering an Energy Efficiency Initiative for an Island in Ecuador". Energies 15, n.º 5 (28 de febrero de 2022): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051776.
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This paper shows the technical–economic, operational and environmental feasibility of four off-grid hybrid power systems to supply energy to the Cerrito de los Morreños community in Ecuador. These configurations consist of combinations of diesel generators, solar photovoltaic systems, and battery energy storage systems. Each configuration was simulated and the results were analyzed for two different load conditions: (1) the existing load profile and (2) a reduced load profile by incorporating an energy efficiency initiative. Homer Pro software was used to perform the simulations. The planning horizon for the simulations was selected to be 15 years. The results showed the diesel/photovoltaic/battery configuration with energy efficiency showed the best performance, which was achieved with a photovoltaic system of 160 kWp, the existing generator of 165 kW and a storage system of 283 kWh. The stand-alone diesel generator and photovoltaic/diesel configurations showed higher Net Present Costs, instability problems and higher CO2 emissions. Additionally, the configurations without energy efficiency had increases of between 15% and 40% higher costs compared to their respective energy-efficient scenarios. The information in this work could be useful for some organizations in Ecuador who are interested in investing in rural electrification projects with renewable energy to reduce and/or compensate their CO2 emissions.
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Cando Brito, Verónica Mercedes, Sandra Noemí Escobar Arrieta, Hugo Sanchez-Moreno, Dalila Ortega Baño, Nelly Ivonne Guananga Díaz y Angélica Salomé Herrera Molina. "Evaluation of the rational use of antibiotics in an Ecuador hospital". Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 2 (23 de diciembre de 2023): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2023672.
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Introduction: The inappropriate use of antibiotics is a public health problem at hospital and public level, which has generated unfavorable consequences such as bacterial resistance, unsafe therapeutic efficacy and undesirable adverse effects; negatively affecting the economic aspect of the patient (1).Objective: To evaluate the rational use of antibiotics in the internal medicine area of a hospital in Riobamba - Ecuador.Methods: Non-experimental, observational, descriptive and retrospective research where 247 clinical histories of hospitalized patients were collected during the period July-December 2021.Results: During the period July - December 2021, a population of 247 clinical histories was identified, aged between 18 +/- 65 years, of which 43.72% belonged to the female gender and 56.28% to the male gender. The most prevalent conditions were respiratory diseases with 26.4% and diseases of the genitourinary system with 23.85%. Among the most prescribed antibiotics were ceftriaxone with 20.44% and Azithromycin with 10.10%. It is worth mentioning that combined therapy was the therapy of choice with 64.4 %, during the treatments. In addition, it was identified that the most relevant DRP was interactions with 55.36%. The most frequent interactions between antibiotics were Ampicillin + Sulbactam and clarithromycin (19.32%; n=17); Azithromycin and Amoxicillin (13.64%; n=12); Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid and Clarithromycin (11.36%; n=10), the interactions between antibiotics and other drugs with the highest percentage were clarithromycin and dexamethasone (13.27%; n=13).It was observed that 22.47% did not comply with the recommendations of the MSP. However, 65.75% of the patients did not comply with the recommendations of the MSP.Conclusion: A rational use of antibiotics is evidenced, due to the high compliance with the therapeutic protocols of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador.
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Andrade, Melina Veliz, Andrea Vega Granda, Víctor Garzón Montealegre, Jessica Quezada Campoverde y Eveligh Prado-Carpio. "Análisis de la inclusión económica de los jóvenes al Mercado laboral en ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019". South Florida Journal of Development 2, n.º 4 (23 de septiembre de 2021): 6072–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n4-083.
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El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la inclusión económica juvenil en el mercado laboral del Ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019, tomando como referencia información de fuentes secundarias, correspondientes a la recopilación de evidencias investigativas como la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), el Ministerio de Trabajo, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), entre otras revisiones bibliográficas enfocadas en la situación real que atraviesan la mayoría de los jóvenes en el país, en base a los resultados obtenidos se establecen los factores más relevantes que determinan la empleabilidad, como son la educación, la oferta y demanda laboral, las condiciones socio-económicas, instituciones labores, entre otros que como consecuencia, ha disminuido el pleno empleo, el subempleo y por lo contrario el desempleo ha aumentado.
This article aims to analyze youth economic inclusion in the Ecuadorian labor market in the period 2009 to 2019, taking as reference information from secondary sources, corresponding to the compilation of investigative evidence such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Ministry of Labor, the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), among other bibliographic reviews focused on the real situation that the majority of young people in the country go through, based on the results obtained establish the most relevant factors that determine employability, such as education, labor supply and demand, socio-economic conditions, labor institutions, among others, which as a consequence, has decreased full employment, underemployment and on the contrary, unemployment has increased.
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Villamarín-Tapia, Edgar Rolando, Jesús Alberto Pérez-Rodríguez y Ciaddy Gina Rodríguez-Borges. "Solar panels as an energy saving alternative in the Monteverde maritime dock, Santa Elena, Ecuador". Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2023): e23012. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v4i1.623.
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The objective of this study was to analyze solar panels as an energy saving alternative in the Monteverde Maritime Dock, Santa Elena, Ecuador. Methodology: The type of research was quantitative, descriptive and field, with the support of a bibliographic-documentary study. The population consisted of 10 participants. The data collection technique used was the survey and the instrument was a questionnaire type Likert scale. Data processing was carried out using descriptive statistics. Results: 50% of those surveyed agree with the use of renewable energies; 60% indicate that traditional or conventional sources of energy are the most used; 60% consider the installation of photovoltaic technology possible; 70% consider it profitable to invest in solar panels in lighting systems on the dock and its buildings. Conclusion: applying a gradual approach to the use of photovoltaic technology, it is possible to incorporate solar panels in buildings and for external lighting of the Santa Elena Maritime Dock, since the radiation conditions, regulations, economic resources and trained personnel exist, only the will is needed to execute the pertinent actions in favor of environmental and social responsibility.
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Rivadeneira, María F., Ana L. Moncayo, Betzabé Tello, Ana L. Torres, Gladys J. Buitrón, Fabricio Astudillo, Todd R. Fredricks y Mario J. Grijalva. "A Multi-causal Model for Chronic Malnutrition and Anemia in a Population of Rural Coastal Children in Ecuador". Maternal and Child Health Journal 24, n.º 4 (14 de diciembre de 2019): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02837-x.
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Abstract Objectives Chronic malnutrition and anemia are prevalent in developing countries. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic malnutrition and anemia and their associated factors in children under five using a multi-causal model in a rural community in the coast of Ecuador. Methods The study included 314 children under 5 years old who were residents of San Isidro, Ecuador. Indicators of chronic malnutrition and anemia were identified. Mothers/caregivers were surveyed on socio-economic and environmental conditions, feeding and care practices, access to health services and biological characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable Poisson regression were performed. Results The prevalence was 12.42% (n = 39) for chronic malnutrition and 16.98% (n = 54) for anemia. There was a significant and independent association between chronic malnutrition and family income less than $80 USD per month (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 2.74, 95% CI 1.04, 7.20), maternal height less than 150 cm (PR 3.00, 95% CI 1.69, 5.32) and residence in a household with more than 4 children (PR 3.05, 95% CI 1.48, 6.29). Anemia was 2.57 times higher (95% CI 1.17, 5.65) in children with more than two episodes of diarrhea in the last 6 months. Prenatal care (5 to 8 visits) provided a protective effect for anemia (PR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27, 0.89). Conclusions for Practice Findings support the need for comprehensive interventions targeted toward chronic malnutrition and anemia in children from rural coastal communities. Improvement of socioeconomic conditions, family planning, prenatal care and reduction of diarrheal diseases should be prioritized.
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SALTOS-LAYANA, Andrea, Mauricio CARVACHE-FRANCO, Galo CASTRO-ITURRALDE, Wilmer CARVACHE-FRANCO, Santiago GRANDA-MALDONADO y Orly CARVACHE-FRANCO. "Rural Farms as a Strategy for the Development of Agritourism: A Study in the City of Milagro, Ecuador". Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 14, n.º 3 (2 de junio de 2023): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.3(67).26.
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This article aims to evaluate the current conditions of rural farms located in Milagro-Ecuador to analyze the importance of development of agritourism in this city. The study was carried out through the application of a questionnaire to know the perspectives of the owners of tourist farms. The findings showed that most of the tourist farms in the city are managed by the family, main activity of the farms is still agriculture, however they have decided to invest in tourism as an activity of additional economic income, that indicates that farm-based tourism in farming offers some potential to generate supplemental revenues. This study provides useful information for understand this kind of business and its implications in order to facilitate the integrated and Sustainable Tourism Planning of this city.
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SIERRA, RODRIGO. "Traditional resource-use systems and tropical deforestation in a multi-ethnic region in North-West Ecuador". Environmental Conservation 26, n.º 2 (marzo de 1999): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000181.
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There is general consensus that resource-use strategies of recent migrants in tropical rainforests result in extensive deforestation and other negative environmental impacts. Less agreement exists about the nature and extent of the impact of indigenous and long-standing migrant communities living in rainforests. It has often been argued that the high value these communities place on local resources results in environmental conservation in areas under their control, but this is being increasingly challenged. The aim of this study was to contribute to this debate by comparing the regional environmental impact of indigenous and non-indigenous households in North-west Ecuador, with emphasis on tropical deforestation. The basic premise was that long-term resource-use strategies and related decision-making processes should be discernible as characteristic land-use patterns. Three indigenous and non-indigenous populations coexist in the study region, and demographic, land-use and historical sources of information were used to evaluate their relationship to regional deforestation in the period 1983-93. No significant differences were found in the recent deforestation associated with each group based on their cultural or ethnic background, although differences did exist in the past. The need to differentiate between a given environmental impact and the decision-making process behind it was also evident. In North-west Ecuador, markets, factors of production, and access to and control of resources, are key for understanding the environmental impact of local communities. Low-impact resource-uses often result from low-return productive activities in forest environments with low labour opportunity costs, high discount rates for income generated through activities compromising food security, and from uncertainty about future conditions. Environmental policy-making and programme design need to recognize this relationship. Conservation will be possible only if the perceived benefit to local users is greater than that of resource transformation, both of which respond to the dominant environmental, economic and social conditions at a given time and place. Creating or fostering the appropriate conditions should be a key objective of both.
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Chuquin-Vasco, Daniel, Cristina Calderón-Tapia, Nelson Chuquin-Vasco, María Núñez-Moreno, Diana Aguirre-Ruiz y Vanesa G. Lo-Iacono-Ferreira. "Mathematical modeling of a binary ORC operated with solar collectors. Case study—Ecuador". AIMS Energy 11, n.º 6 (2023): 1153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023053.
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<abstract> <p>The present study is significant because it can contribute to developing sustainable energy strategies and expanding knowledge about renewable energies in Ecuador, specifically by modeling two modules: the thermal module (parabolic solar collectors and energy storage tank) and the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) module. The objective was to determine a region in Ecuador where the thermal module exhibits the highest efficiency for solar collectors. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the ORC module was conducted, considering the working fluid, boiling temperature, condensation temperature, pinch point temperature, solar collector area, and the collector area-to-energy storage volume ratio (<italic>Ac/V</italic>). Finally, an economic analysis was performed based on the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and payback period of implementing this type of system. After conducting all the respective analyses in the thermal module, while considering the yearly average meteorological data of ten years (2012–2022), it was determined that due to its meteorological conditions, ambient temperature (14.7 ℃) and solar beam radiation (184.5 W/m<sup>2</sup>), the efficiency of the collectors in the Andean region of Ecuador is higher. This efficiency is further enhanced by using Therminol VP-1 as the thermal fluid, as it possesses better thermodynamic properties than the other fluids analyzed. Similarly, the ORC module analysis results determined that cyclohexane is the working fluid for the ORC, thereby leading to a higher ORC efficiency (25%) and overall system efficiency (20%). Finally, the system was optimized to maximize the IRR and minimize the <italic>A</italic>c/<italic>V</italic> of the collector for a nominal power of 92 kW. As a result, the optimal operating conditions of the system include a solar collector area of 1600 m<sup>2</sup>, an energy storage tank volume of 54 m<sup>3</sup>, an electricity production of 23757 MW/year, a total system efficiency of 22%, an IRR of 15.65% and a payback period of 9.81 years.</p> </abstract>
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Velázquez-Martí, Borja, Marco Castillo, Fidel Rodríguez, Isabel López-Cortés y Stefany Alcivar-Bastidas. "Systems of Pruning on Jigacho (Vasconcellea stipulata Badillo) under Greenhouse Conditions". HortScience 52, n.º 8 (agosto de 2017): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12058-17.
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Vasconcellea stipulata Badillo is a fruit tree native of the temperate areas of the Andes valleys, found between 2000 and 2600 m above sea level. The good organoleptic qualities and few seeds of its fruit, compared with those of other Caricas, give it a high potential in markets. The development of this crop would allow the economic development of small-scale farmers and contribute to the preservation of genetic resources native to the Andean region. However, there are few studies concerning its appropriate cultivation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of different pruning techniques under greenhouse conditions. Trees were pruned to one, two, or three axes, or not pruned (control). The experiment was performed in a tunnel greenhouse with polyethylene cover, located 2950 m above sea level in Querochaca (Ecuador), with an annual rainfall of 465 mm and an average annual temperature of 12.9 °C. The duration of each stage of development was recorded. The number of flower clusters, number of flowers, production, incidence of diseases, and weight and size of fruit were recorded. Cuttings took over 90 days for getting before being transplanted into the greenhouse. Flowering began 283 days (40 weeks) after transplantation; fruit set began at 30 days after flowering (44 weeks after transplant); and the fruit started to mature 170 days after fruit set (69 weeks after transplant). The plants pruned to three axes had the greatest number of flowers and fruits and the greatest production, with an average 54 fruits per tree. Pruning had no effect on fruit dimensions.
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Nasser, Nasser, Ned Vito Q. Arnaiz, Diego Xavier C. Valencia y Nasser El El-Kanj. "Application of the Neutrosophic COPRAS Information Fusion Method to Assess the Impact of Retirement on Well-being and Family Cohesion". International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 24, n.º 1 (2024): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.240111.
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This study leverages the Neutrosophic COPRAS method to assess strategies for easing the transition into retirement, focusing specifically on the critical role of emotional and psychological support. By incorporating neutrosophic sets, the research captures the complexity and ambiguity inherent in human perceptions of retirement and its impact on family dynamics, especially within the socio-economic and cultural context of Ecuador. The Neutrosophic COPRAS method facilitates a nuanced analysis, enabling the evaluation of strategies under conditions of uncertainty and indeterminacy. Key findings highlight the necessity of implementing targeted support programs that directly address the emotional and psychological challenges associated with retirement. The study’s innovative approach not only contributes to the understanding of retirement's effect on family dynamics but also showcases the Neutrosophic COPRAS method as a valuable tool for decision-making in complex scenarios. It calls for the development of policies and programs that are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the Ecuadorian population, emphasizing the importance of cultural and socio-economic considerations in crafting interventions to promote healthy retirement adaptation and family cohesion.
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Milán, Taymi y Cheryl Martens. "Venezuelan Migration, COVID-19 and Food (in)Security in Urban Areas of Ecuador". Land 12, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2023): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020517.
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The forced migration of nearly 6 million Venezuelans is a global issue that is transforming urban contexts, particularly in Latin America. Ecuador is the third main recipient country of displaced Venezuelans. The lack of State migration policies and the deteriorating economic situation throughout the region have had significant impacts on migrants. While food security and migration have been studied extensively in Latin America, their intersection remains under-explored. Through a systematic review and focus group research, this exploratory study analyzes the food security conditions of Venezuelans in Ecuador and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the levels of food insecurity using an intersectional approach. Quantitative, systematic review results demonstrate that demands for food assistance outweighed the planning and provisions supplied by both state and non-state actors. Focus groups results support the findings from the systematic review and demonstrate that in the medium-sized port cities of Manta and Machala, food demands during the pandemic lockdown measures were met through the direct food supply and resilience strategies, including the securing of personal loans and bartering. In contrast, in the cities of Quito and Huaquillas, strict enforcement of COVID-19 lockdown measures, reduced access to work and systematic food access and increased reliance on food assistance from non-governmental actors. This study also found that the impacts of food (in)security in the context of COVID-19 disproportionately affected women in all cities, as they offered their food rations to meet the needs of their children, grandchildren, or other dependents.
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Mena, Carlos F., Fátima L. Benitez, Carolina Sampedro, Patricia Martinez, Alex Quispe y Melinda Laituri. "Modeling Urban Growth and the Impacts of Climate Change: The Case of Esmeraldas City, Ecuador". Sustainability 14, n.º 8 (14 de abril de 2022): 4704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084704.
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This research has been developed in the city of Esmeraldas, which is one of the poorest urban centers of Ecuador. Historically, the economic dynamics of the city have been related to the extraction of natural resources, but little has been invested in local populations. The objectives of this paper are, first, to create a predictive scenario of urban growth linked to future climate projections for Esmeraldas, with a focus on vulnerability to landslides and flooding; and second, to generate methodological advances related to the linkage between urban growth simulation and the downscaling of global models for climate change. This paper is based on spatially explicit simulation, Cellular Automata (CA), to capture the dynamics of urban processes. CA is linked to the analysis of vulnerability to climate change based on socioeconomic conditions and is focused on flooding- and landslide-exposed areas. We found that the proportion of Afro-Ecuadorian people and the risk of landslides and flooding are positively related to urban growth. Based on our future scenarios, the urban growth area in Esmeraldas will increase 50% compared to the year 2016. Moreover, if the existing trends continue, natural vegetation—including mangroves—will be removed by that time, increasing the vulnerability to climate change.
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Suasti López, Claudia Alexandra, Angélica Victoria Guillén Pinargote, María Alexandra López Peñafiel y Joan Manuel Aucancela Bravo. "Educación virtual: acompañamiento al estudiante en tiempos post-pandemia, Ecuador". Revista Cognosis 8, n.º 4 (4 de octubre de 2023): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/cognosis.v8i4.5660.
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La pandemia por coronavirus cambió varios aspectos de la sociedad, entre ellos la educación superior, a partir de ello los entornos virtuales formativos surgieron como herramienta para el acompañamiento del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en el ámbito universitario. El objetivo del presente artículo es comprender el aporte de las aulas virtuales en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en los estudiantes de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador, en momentos de post pandemia. Se empleó un trabajo de tipo cuantitativo en el semestre de octubre de 2021 a febrero de 2022, desarrollando como instrumento de recolección de datos un cuestionario de encuesta digital. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante un muestreo casual, motivados por temas de pandemia, aspectos económicos, residencia en zonas rurales, poco acceso al internet y equipos informáticos, característica de la mayoría de los y las estudiantes de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software estadístico IBM SPSS v. 22, demostrándose que el aula virtual como herramienta educativa permite continuar y complementar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en condiciones socialmente adversas y acompañar el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes, ayudando al docente a adaptar su enseñanza de acuerdo con las necesidades de sus estudiantes. PALABRAS CLAVE: TIC; tecnología educativa; metodología; estrategias educativas. Virtual education: accompanying the student in post-pandemic time, Ecuador ABSTRACT The coronavirus pandemic changed several aspects of society, including higher education, and as a result, virtual learning environments emerged as a tool for monitoring the teaching and learning process in the university environment. The objective of this article is to understand the contribution of virtual classrooms in the teaching-learning process in students at the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador, in post-pandemic times. A quantitative type of work was used in the semester from october 2021 to february 2022, developing a digital survey questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The data were obtained through a casual sampling, motivated by pandemic issues, economic aspects, residence in rural areas, poor access to internet and computer equipment, characteristic of most of the students of the Technical University of Manabí. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v. 22 statistical software, demonstrating that the virtual classroom as an educational tool makes it possible to continue and complement the teaching-learning process in socially adverse conditions and to accompany students' academic performance, helping teachers to adapt their teaching according to the needs of their students. KEYWORDS: ICT; educational technology; methodology; educational strategies.
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Antrosio, Jason y Rudi Colloredo‐Mansfeld. "Risk‐Seeking Peasants, Excessive Artisans: Speculation in the Northern Andes". Economic Anthropology 1, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12008.
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AbstractThomas Friedman (referencing Harvard economist Lawrence Katz) declared that the economic future for the United States meant that “everyone today has to be an artisan” (The New York Times, October 23, 2010). But what does it mean to be an artisan in a globalized world? This article suggests that artisan economies may involve high levels of risk and excess, frustrating the search for economic justice and more equitable opportunities. Fieldwork with peasant agriculturists in southwestern Colombia and textile artisans in northern Ecuador challenges the stereotypes of conservative, risk‐averse peasants or of traditional, low‐output artisans. Rather, risk‐maximization and excessive behavior is widespread, and may be vital for maintaining the system. The chance at windfall profits encourages small‐scale production, making it seem worth persevering through adverse conditions. At times when traditional calculations of toil and expenditure make agriculture or artisanry seem like wasted effort, excessive display of winnings can provide motivation to continue. In booms and busts in the northern Andes, peasants and artisans have built an infrastructure of excess: overbuilt streetscapes, overcapacity in workshops, lost economic diversity, and production shifted to niche markets. To participate in a global economy, this is the meaning of “everyone today has to be an artisan.”
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Ortiz, Darwin, Damián Calderón, Alfredo Viloria y Marvin Ricaurte. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Natural Gas Valuation in the Amazon Region to Increase the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Production in Ecuador". Resources 12, n.º 8 (2 de agosto de 2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources12080091.
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Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a C3/C4’s hydrocarbon mixture used as fuel gas, obtained through natural gas processing or crude oil refining. The Ecuadorian LPG production (~1.88 MMbbl/year) comes from the Shushufindi gas plant and the Esmeraldas refinery. However, LPG production cannot meet the Ecuadorian market demand, and over 90% of this commodity is imported. At the same time, the natural gas produced in the Amazon region is not fully valued. A significant quantity of the associated gas is flared (~100 MMscfd), representing wasted energy with a significant environmental impact. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a technical and economic assessment of the potential natural gas valuation in the Amazon region to increase LPG production. The study started with a detailed review of the associated gas produced in the Amazon region. The data were analyzed considering the geographic location of the hydrocarbon fields, molar composition, flowrates, and operational conditions. Then, a natural gas value chain visualization was proposed and technically analyzed. Finally, an economic feasibility (class V) study was conducted, considering a preliminary analysis of capital expenditure (CAPEX) and an economic balance. The outcome of this study showed that by processing 21.50 MMscfd of associated gas from the Sacha field, domestic LPG production could increase by 30.9%. The required infrastructure consists of conventional processes for natural gas processing, with an estimated CAPEX of 36.6 MMUSD. Furthermore, despite the domestic subsidies of commodities, the potential savings for the country would be 32.13 MMUSD/year, an alternative more economically viable than the current LPG imports. Thus, the investment cost will be justified.
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Jimenez, Maria, Lieselot Van der Veken, Heleen Neirynck, Helga Rodríguez, Omar Ruiz y Rony Swennen. "Organic banana production in Ecuador: Its implications on black Sigatoka development and plant–soil nutritional status". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2007): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001895.
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AbstractBlack Sigatoka, caused by the leaf fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, is a major constraint to banana production around the world. In Ecuador, the biggest banana-exporting country in the world, this disease has become increasingly aggressive. This has resulted in more fungicide applications, which have significantly increased costs in production and for the environment. Consequently, many banana growers have shifted to organic production, which produces greater economic returns as a result of higher sale prices. In addition, production costs are lower as no fungicides are applied. These organic bananas receive substantial amounts of organic products. This study describes the black Sigatoka disease and nutrient status in an organic banana plantation and compares it with a conventionally fertilized and fungicide-treated plantation. Black Sigatoka symptoms were evaluated in the vegetative and flowering stages under both production conditions and in vitro conditions. Univariate and multivariate descriptive statistics were used to analyze the parameters. Disease symptoms were more severe in leaves from the organic field than in leaves from the inorganic field, but the nutrient status (soil and foliar) did not differ between the two farms. Banana plants from the organic farm had 12 functional leaves at flowering and eight functional leaves at harvest. Average banana yields were over 40% lower for organic versus inorganic management; however, the average price received for organic bananas was over two times higher. Profit–cost analysis has shown that the organic banana farm was substantially more profitable than the inorganic one during the time period analyzed. These results indicated that bananas can be grown commercially without fungicides, and the lower productivity levels are compensated by higher prices of organic fruits in international markets. In addition, organic production has beneficial impacts on social and environmental issues.
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Navarrete, Brenda Cecilia Otero, Luis Daniel Zambrano Molina, Frank Ángel Lemoine Quintero y Norma Rafaela Hernández Rodríguez. "Identificación de atractivos y recursos turísticos como reactivación del destino bajo los efectos del covid19, Ecuador". South Florida Journal of Development 2, n.º 4 (23 de agosto de 2021): 5313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n4-027.
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La investigación se realizó con la finalidad de recopilar información del estado de conservación de atractivos y recursos turísticos existente en el cantón Sucre con la finalidad de identificarlo y reconocerle de acuerdo a indicadores y variables orientadas por el MINTUR con el propósito de fortalecer la actividad turística y económica en la zona objeto estudio bajo los efectos del Covid19. El método de observación permitió analizar minuciosamente cada aspecto físico del atractivo y su estado de preservación. El arte de la ciencia bibliográfica, revistas, artículo referente al tema aportó con datos que tributaron significativamente a la verificación de cada uno de estos bajo las condiciones pandémicas y a su abandono por confinamiento. La caracterización de los mismo permitió reconocer las especificaciones, los puntos fuertes y potencialidades para desarrollar un turismo sostenible en el destino Sucre. Se concluye atribuyéndole al estudio el desarrollo de estrategias publicitarias que potencialicen cada atractivo y recurso turísticos como factor contribuyente de la actividad económica en la zona.
The research was carried out in order to collect information on the state of conservation of tourist attractions and resources existing in the Sucre canton in order to identify and recognize it according to indicators and variables guided by the MINTUR in order to strengthen tourism activity and economic in the area under study under the effects of Covid19. The observation method allowed a detailed analysis of each physical aspect of the attraction and its state of preservation. The art of bibliographic science, magazines, an article on the subject contributed data that contributed significantly to the verification of each of these under pandemic conditions and their abandonment due to confinement. The characterization of the same allowed to recognize the specifications, the strong points and potentialities to develop a sustainable tourism in the Sucre destination. It is concluded by attributing to the study the development of advertising strategies that enhance each tourist attraction and resource as a contributing factor of economic activity in the area.
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Aguirre, Paulina, Esvar Diaz y Juan C. Gentina. "Evaluation of Parameters in the Bio-Oxidation Process of Refractory Gold Minerals". Advanced Materials Research 825 (octubre de 2013): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.364.
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The mining districts located in the western mountain range in the south of Ecuador have gold minerals with refractory characteristics, which do not allow gold recovery by traditional methods used in Ecuador. Therefore, it is necessary to apply some technology that permits to obtain greater metal recovery. Bio-oxidation, as treatment of refractory ores that contain low grade of gold, offers an economic and sustainable alternative for this purpose. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of particle size, pulp density and concentration of inoculum and inducer (Fe+2) on the bio-oxidation of refractory gold minerals in order to maximize gold recovery of the bioleached minerals by means of a cyanidation process. The microbial consortium used in this work was collected and isolated from the Portovelo mining district corresponding mostly toAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidansandLeptospirillum ferrooxidansspecies. The Eh, final concentration of ferric ion, total iron and sulfates were measured. Finally, the bio-oxidized material was tested using cyanidation to determine the gold recovery. The results after the cyanidation tests showed that the highest gold recovery was obtained when the bio-oxidation step was conducted with 68-91 µm particle size, 15% pulp density, 20% v/v inoculum and 2 g/L of Fe2+as inducer. At those conditions, gold recovery was 68% compared to 26% obtained when no bio-oxidation step was performed, demonstrating that this process was favorable compared with traditional gold recovery processes
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Gonzalez-Martinez, Ana, Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero, Martin González, Jorge Rodriguez, Cecilio Barba y Antón García. "Morphological Variations of Wild Populations of Brycon dentex (Characidae, Teleostei) in the Guayas Hydrographic Basin (Ecuador). The Impact of Fishing Policies and Environmental Conditions". Animals 11, n.º 7 (26 de junio de 2021): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071901.
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The Guayas, located in Ecuador, is the largest basin in the Pacific Ocean and has an inventory of 123 native freshwater species. Most of these are endemic species that are threatened or at-risk due to anthropogenic activity and the modification, fragmentation, and destruction of habitats. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variation in three wild populations of Brycon dentex in the Guayas basin rivers and their connections to fishing management and environmental conditions. A total of 200 mature fish were captured, and 26 morphometric parameters were measured. The fishing policies (Hypothesis 1) and environmental conditions (Hypothesis 2) were considered fixed factors and were validated by t-tests. The morphological variation among the three populations (Hypothesis 3) was validated through a discriminant analysis. Fishing policies and resource management were found to generate morphological differences associated with body development. In addition, the environmental conditions were found to influence the size and structure of Brycon dentex populations. The analyzed populations were discriminated by the generated morphometric models, which differentiated Cluster 1 (Quevedo and Mocache rivers) with high fishing pressure from Cluster 2 (Pintado river) with medium–low fishing pressure. Morphometric differentiation by discriminant analysis is a direct and economic methodology that can be applied as an indicator of diversity maintenance.
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Kohlhepp, Gerd. "Scientific findings of Alexander von Humboldt's expedition into the Spanish-American Tropics (1799-1804) from a geographical point of view". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77, n.º 2 (junio de 2005): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652005000200010.
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Alexander von Humboldt's expedition from 1799 till 1804 to the "equinoctial regions of the new world" led through Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico. In Europe an increased knowledge of the "New World" was connected with the privately funded journey, which served purely scientific purposes and had nothing to do with the exploration and exploitation of natural resources. Besides the research results, which were based on new measuring methods and the quantitative ascertainment of scientific basics, the journey also made possible detailed descriptions in matters of regional studies including social, socio-economic, political, and economic-geographic circumstances, which were based on empirical field studies. The expedition took place shortly before the political change in Latin America. Humboldt, who still experienced the feudal character of global economy based on slave labor in the colonies, vehemently criticized this economic structure - although he was a noble - and its unbearable social conditions. This is the reason why Humboldt is still admired in Latin America till this day. In Europe the scientific insights of his journey to the tropics and his innovative impulses in geog raphy as well as in many other disciplines brought him fame and lasting recognition as a universal scholar, who had crucial influence on the development of the sciences during the first half of the 19th century.