Literatura académica sobre el tema "Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)"

Introduction. The history of the development of photomedicine over the past one and a half years is directly related to the history of the development of artificial light sources. And the medical direction of using these sources, as befits the light, has always been extremely bright. The purpose of this study was to familiarize doctors, scientists, engineers working in the field of photomedicine, with the creators of artificial sources of the light that is used for the rehabilitation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the most common human diseases. Materials and methods. Sources of information were archival documents of scientific libraries, scientific journals, and conference proceedings. The search depth was almost 160 years. Results. As a result of this work, the names of three outstanding inventors of the first incandescent lamps born in the same 1847 and giving people artificial sun were mentioned again (Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, Russian military engineer Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov and American electrical engineer Thomas Alva Edison) . The work of the first arc lamps was based on research by the Russian inventor V.V. Petrov and the English naturalist G.Devi. As a result of complex experiments, the Russian physicist S.I. Vavilov discovered in 1924 that the efficiency of luminescent substances is much higher than the efficiency of incandescent lamps. The Nobel laureates of 1964 for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers of a new type - masers and lasers, became the American physicist C. Townes and Soviet physicists N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov. In 1960, the laser era began with the light arm of Theodor Harold Meiman, who created the first ruby-crystal laser operating at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. Then A. Javan, W. Bennet and D. Herriot created a gas (helium-neon) laser. In 1962, a semiconductor laser was created by a group of American (B.Lex, U. Dumke, M.Naten) and independently Soviet scientists (B.M. Vul and others). A carbon dioxide laser (molecular) was created in 1964 by K. Patel. A dye laser was created in 1966 by P. Sorokin and J. Lancard. The “father” of LEDs is considered by the whole world to Nick Holonyak, who in 1962 created the world’s first GaAsP luminescent diode emitting in the red spectrum. Findings. In the process of evolution of artificial light sources (from incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps to lasers and LEDs), phototherapy methods were also improved.

Depuis l’invention en 1877 du phonographe par Edison, il est devenu possible d'archiver ce qui jusqu'alors échappait à toute objectivation : les sons du dehors. Grâce à l'appareil technique, le son devient, sous sa forme enregistrée, un document, une trace, un témoignage du réel. À partir d’un choix d'exemples très divers empruntés à la musique contemporaine et à l'art sonore (Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Luigi Nono, Steve Reich, Luc Ferrari…), le présent travail étudie les conséquences de cette mutation sur le plan de l'esthétique musicale. Le document sonore est abordé comme "corps étranger" au sein de la structure autotélique du musical, un corps étranger qui ne cesse de faire signe vers le réel empirique : le moment t de la capture sonore. Le document affecte l'œuvre musicale dans sa supposée inaliénable autonomie, mais dans le même temps offre un terrain d’expression à une variété de pratiques jusqu'alors inédites dans le champ musical
Since 1877 and Edison's phonograph, it has become possible to archive the sounds of the outside real, which hitherto could not be objectified. A recorded sound can be considered the objective trace or document of a past event : a testimony of the empirical real. Through a bunch of examples chosen in contemporary music and sound art (Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Luigi Nono, Steve Reich, Luc Ferrari…), this thesis studies the consequences of this mutation on the aesthetic field. What is here called "sound document" is the "foreign body" which appears in a musical composition as a sign refering to the real, the very moment of the sound capture. This element affects the musical composition in its supposedly inalienable autonomy, yet at the same time offers a wide range of expressions for a variety of practices which were hitherto unfamiliar to the musical field

Sidney Stratton (Alec Guinness in The Man in the White Suit) knows exactly what he wants to make. He just doesn’t know how to make it. So, he engages in a trial-and-error search for the right conditions to create his nonstaining fiber. Every time he makes a new trial, however, he sets off an explosion. As the Birnley Mills building crumbles around him, he tries, tries, and tries again. Like Stratton, most movie inventors create oxymoronic products such as rechargeable batteries, flexible glass, bulletproof tires, and water-repellent hairsprays. Movie inventors are very closely associated with the slapstick humor of the 1910s to 1930s, but ultimately they owe the strength of their fictional existence to Thomas Alva Edison. His inventions brought him worldwide fame in 1877, when he was 29 years old. After that, he regularly made front-page news until his death in 1931. His creation of the phonograph, commercialization of the light bulb, and 1,091 other inventions changed the way we live. Of all his inventions, the phonograph truly came out of nowhere, so much so that a journalist dubbed him the “Wizard of Menlo Park.” He followed that up with the electric light bulb and, more important, the electric power generation and delivery system. His most profound creation was the research laboratory, discussed in the next section, which he didn’t even patent. The iconic power of Edison is evident in the observation that inventors before The Absent-Minded Professor in 1961 create in the absence of theory, while those after 1961 rely on theory to make their products. Edison wanted to invent things that interested him. He didn’t care how they worked, just that they did. He hired men with advanced degrees for their theoretical expertise but relied on them more for their specialized technical abilities. In contrast, the industrial research laboratories that were founded on Edison’s example, such as General Electric Laboratories and Bell Laboratories, among many others, were and are staffed by large numbers of trained scientists, engineers, and technicians who rely on the free flow of ideas and expertise between theory and practicality to solve problems.