Tesis: "Efficiency of treatmen"

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Procházková, Petra. "Posouzení účinnosti pokročilých oxidačních procesů prostřednictvím testů ekotoxicity". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401843.

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Recently, an increasing problem in wastewater treatment is the insufficient removal of organic pollutants. These substances can be toxic to the environment already in a small amount, either acutely or chronically. The goal is therefore to develop of technologies that ensure their effective removal. One possibility is to use advanced oxidation processes. Advanced oxidation processes work on the principle of non-selective oxidation mediated by OH radicals. Several methods such as O3/H2O2 (Peroxone), UV/H2O2 or Fenton´s reaction can be used to generate them. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of the used advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment via ekotoxicity tests. Wastewater samples treated with advanced oxidation processes on the pilot unit showed low values of acute toxicity for selected test organisms (D. magna, T. platyurus, S. alba, L. minor). For the sample of waste water that was treated with the UV/H2O2 on AOP laboratory unit, there was an increase in acute toxicity on the testing organism D. magna and L. minor. The similar effect was observer in the tests with the D. magna with the model samples treated with the same method, while the tests on the L. minor showed a reduction in toxicity.

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2

Sandberg, Maria. "Efficient treatment of forest industrial wastewaters : Energy efficiency and resilience during disturbances". Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13031.

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This work concerns the efficient treatment of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills by means of aerobic biological processes. For treatment processes there are many aspects of efficiency and the present study investigates both energy efficiency and purification efficiency during disturbances. Special focus is put on wood extractives, such as resin acids and fatty acids, since they can cause negative effects in fish and other organisms in the receiving waters. They can furthermore be toxic to microorganisms in a biological treatment plant. They also affect oxygen transfer, which is important for energy efficient aeration of aerobic biological treatment processes. This thesis includes five papers/studies and presents a strategy for efficient treatment of forest industrial wastewaters. The results should help creating resilient wastewater treatment strategies with efficient use of energy. One new strategy proposed here includes separation of extractives before the wastewater is treated biologically, and the use of the extra amount of sludge as an energy source, shifting the energy balance from negative to positive.

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3

Liu, Pailing. "Enhancing TK rubber extraction efficiency with fungus and enzyme treatments". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515162731667997.

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Piner, Thomas J. "Improving clinical efficiency of military treatment facilities". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FPiner.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Moshe Kress and Olaf Haugen. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-70). Also available in print.

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Wahl, Mark D. "Key Influences on Hydraulic Efficiency in Treatment Wetlands". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1385421888.

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6

Kuwabara, Kazuaki. "Quality and productive efficiency in simple laceration treatment". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144611.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(社会健康医学)
甲第11787号
社医博第8号
新制||社医||2(附属図書館)
23527
UT51-2005-F817
京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻
(主査)教授福原俊一, 教授白川太郎, 教授中原俊隆
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Lazaro, Ezra Lyimo. "Improvement of the dehulling efficiency of sorghum and millet". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299349.

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Zhang, Yi, Jenna K. Buchanan, Geoff Holmes y Sujay Prabakara. "High-efficiency chrome tanning using pre-treatments - 98". Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34286.

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Content: Pre-treatments are widely used during tanning processes as to improve the performance of the main tannage. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study four common types of pre-treatments, viz. monodentate complexing agent (sodium formate, SF), chelating agent (disodium phthalate, DSP), covalent cross-linker (glutaraldehyde, GA) and nanoclay (sodium montmorillonite, MMT) about their effects on chromium-collagen cross-linking reaction during tanning. Based on the results, the performance of chromium-collagen cross-linking with and without pre-treatments was presented considering five aspects: cross-linking, the level of hydration, hydrothermal stability, uniformity through leather cross-section and the uptake of chrome. Comparing to the original ThruBlu chrome tanning, at the same chrome offers, leather pre-treated using SF, DSP and MMT showed improved hydrothermal stability, uniformity and the level of hydration, while GA showed decreased hydration. All of the pre-treatments reduce surface fixation by decreasing the reactivity of chromium with collagen. Changes in the reaction performance can influence the properties of the leather products as well as the efficiency of the leather manufacturing processes. Insights into the structural changes of collagen during tanning with varied reaction conditions can guide the design of novel, benign tanning processes to reduce environmental impact. Take-Away: 1. Uniformity of the hydrothermal stability through leather cross-section were improved by all of the studied pre-treatments. 2. Reactivity of chromium to cross-link with collagen was reduced as a result of the complexing, covalent cross-linking, or preferential adsorption. 3. Complexing agents and nanoclay pre-treatments tend to retain collagen bound water, while covalent cross-linker causing decrease in the level of hydration of collagen.

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Malan, Cheryl. "The efficiency of drinking water treatment plants in removing immunotoxins". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5762_1308732795.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment processes of two drinking water plants to remove immunotoxins and steroid hormones. Raw and treated drinking water was screened for effects on inflammatory activity using the biomarker IL-6, humoral immunity using the biomarker IL-10 and cell mediated immunity using the biomarker IFN-&gamma
. In vitro human whole blood culture assays were used in order to elucidate potential immunotoxicity.

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10

Lundgren, Sandra. "Efficiency of two wastewater treatment plants situated in Zomba, Malawi". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201901.

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McCann, Brian Patrick. "The efficiency of aeration and COD removal of a modified rotating biological contractor". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333844.

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12

Olofsson, Ulrika. "Removal processes in sewage treatment plants : Sludge quality and treatment efficiency of structurally diverse organic compounds". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51315.

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Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of compounds displaying significant time-trends generally decreased following declines in the quantities used nationally. However, a quarter of these compounds showed increasing trends, of which the linear methylsiloxanes followed the same trend as used quantities. The decaBDE was also found to be increasing in sludge, probably as a result of the phase-out of pentaBDE and octaBDE. The results indicate that the STP removal efficiency of anthropogenic substances, in Sweden, is generally good and that STPs, at least those in cold climates, do not efficiently remove certain polar contaminants. A non-targeted screening (by use of environmetrics and GCxGC-TOFMS) was performed and found to fulfil the objective to assess the STP removal efficiency, with emphasis to systematically analyse which compound classes that are not efficiently removed using the current STP technology. Many polar aromatic compounds were identified to be poorly removed. The acquired data on levels, profiles and variations in sludge contaminants (sludge quality) extend both the available information and understanding of the degree and nature of sludge contamination, which should help attempts to track changes in its contaminants and revisions, if necessary, of guideline values. This thesis also contributes to improve the knowledge base for the development of future STP technologies, and that archived sewage sludge can be used in retrospective analysis of new and emerging pollutants.

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13

Milovanovic, Ivan. "Components for area-efficient stormwater treatment systems". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83877.

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Kristoffersson, Marcus. "Efficient treatment of adolescents with behavioural problems". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24551.

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The purpose of this essay is to investigate which components previous scientific studies suggest that an efficient treatment for adolescents with behavioural problems should contain. For this purpose, an extensive review of scientific research conducted in Scandinavia has been read and will be presented in this essay. This essay also present an introduction to residential care in Sweden as well as to an alternative form of treatment for adolescents with behavioural problems called Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC). The result of this essay suggest that treatment of adolescents with behavioural problems should be based on the emphasis of risk/resilience factors of the youth and that the treatment should be adapted to the youth’s individual personality and way of learning. Furthermore should the method of treatment be well incorporated within the staff and be based on methods proven effective by scientific research. Based on the scientific research previously conducted, one could argue that the MTFC treatment is more efficient when it comes to treatment of adolescents with behavioural problems than residential care due to the residential cares inconsistency in treatment methods.

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Mohammed, Kasim. "Microalgal photobioreactors for carbon-efficient wastewater treatment". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2318.

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Algae-based wastewater treatment technologies are gaining popularity because of their sustainable treatment capabilities, coupled with their ability to capture carbon and consequently reduce the carbon footprint of the overall treatment process. Research was undertaken to develop a low-cost hybrid mixed microalgae-activated sludge municipal wastewater treatment system coupled with CO2 sequestration. Red light-emitting diodes were used as light source to illuminate 1 L and 21 L microalgal photobioreactors. Three phases of laboratory experiments (I, II and III) were conducted to treat real or synthetic municipal wastewater using batch and continuous modes of operation, either with or without CO2 addition. Phases I and II experiments were conducted in batch mode using a mixed microalgae-bacteria culture as inoculum, while Phase III was conducted in continuous mode using a mixture of microalgae and activated sludge as inoculum. The added gas in Phases I and II had O2 supplementation whereas the gas in Phase III had no O2 but a substantial amount of CO2. Average ‘optimal’ irradiance (582.7 μmol.s-1.m-2) was used in Phases II and III, while Phase I investigated a range of lower light regimes (i.e. 25.3 to 234.3 μmol.s-1.m-2). Results showed high wastewater treatment efficiency, in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) removal. SCOD removal efficiency greater than 70% was achieved in all the three experimental phases. Furthermore, NH4-N removal efficiencies greater than 90, 70 and 40%, were achieved in Phases I, II and III, respectively. However, nitrite accumulation was observed in Phases I and II, indicating that NH4-N removal was due to partial nitrification. Furthermore, low phosphate removal efficiencies were achieved in Phase III. Results confirmed that considerable reduction of operational costs could be achieved by satisfying bacterial oxygen requirement through photosynthetic oxygenation in the hybrid microalgae-activated sludge (HMAS) photobioreactors, with considerable energy savings possible whilst maintaining high levels of SCOD removal. Typically, a dissolved oxygen concentration > 2 mg.L-1 could be maintained in the HMAS photobioreactors without external aeration. Microbial analyses of samples collected from Phase II and III photobioreactors revealed a dominance of bacteria over microalgae. In order to prevent system failure, it was recommended that HMAS photobioreactors be set-up with an initial microalgae-bacteria ratio of at least 90:10, as determined by flow cytometry. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential for achieving high treatment efficiency by coupling wastewater treatment with carbon capture in HMAS photobioreactors. The potential for realising cost savings in wastewater treatment through use of HMAS photobioreactors at full-scale are discussed.

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Tota-Maharaj, Kiran. "Geothermal paving systems for urban runoff treatment and renewable energy efficiency". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4909.

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Water and energy are two of the most precious and essential resources which are inseparably connected; vital for the survival and well-being of humanity. Sustainable water resources and energy management emphasizes the requirement for a holistic approach in meeting the needs of the present and future generations. In order to indentify the needs and obstacles relating to water reuse and renewable energy initiatives, Hanson Formpave in partnership with The University of Edinburgh implement a five-year pilot project between May 2005 and June 2010. The research project addressed the use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) such as permeable pavements systems (PPS) and integration of renewable energy tools such as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). The research uses the novel and timely urban drainage system and focuses on water quality assessment when incorporated with GHPs. Twelve-tanked laboratory scaled experimental PPS were evaluated at The King’s Building campus (The University of Edinburgh, Scotland) using different compositions. Variations in designs included the presence of geotextiles layers and geothermal heating/cooling applications. The experimental rigs were examined for a two year period (March 2008 to April 2010). Two types of urban stormwater were used in the analysis; (i) gully pot liquor and (ii) gully pot liquor spiked with Canis lupus familiaris (dog) faeces. This urban wastewater represented the extreme worstcase scenario from a storm event, which can occur on a permeable pavement parking lot. The pavement systems operated in batch-flow to mimic weekly storm events and reduce pumping costs. Six PPS were located indoor in a controlled environment and six corresponding PPS were placed outdoors to allow for a direct comparison of controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. The outdoor rig simulated natural weather conditions whilst the indoor rig operated under controlled environmental conditions such as regulated temperature, humidity and light. The project assessed the performance of these pavement rigs with the integration of ground-source heating and cooling, standalone PPS and the abilities for water quality treatment from a physical, chemical and microbiological perspective. The performance efficiency of the GHP was measured by the energy efficiency ration (EER) for steady state cooling efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the heating cycle efficiency. Findings from the combined PPS and GHP system and standalone systems were able to significantly lower levels for all physiochemical and microbial water quality parameters in the range of (70-99.99%) respectively. Outflow concentrations for all pavement systems met the European Commission Environment Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The presence of geotextiles resulted in a significant reduction of contaminants when compared to PPS systems without (p <0.05). Photocatalytic disinfection with titanium dioxide (TIO2) was applied to the effluent from PPS for further treatment and polishing of the stormwater. After the photocatalytic disinfection, the water met the requirements for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) water recycling guidelines and the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for potable water consumption with regards to microbial contamination. An Energy and temperature balance was developed for two PPS using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method to model the heat fluxes and energy balance within the pavement system. Machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (backpropagatioin feed forward neural networks) and self-organising maps (SOM) were applied and successfully predicted the effluent concentrations of nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and microbial pollutants. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the development of a new generable of sustainable and eco-friendly pavements. The research project proves scientifically that PPS is one of the most appropriate systems for GHP installation and does not affect its efficiency for water pollutant removal.

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Kalinauskaitė, Solveiga. "Environmental and energy efficiency evaluation of straw treatment and conversion technology". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141223_145125-20389.

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Research goal. We seek to validate optimal composition of straw biomass fuel and energy efficiency of straw utilization for energy needs, to assess straw biomass fuel preparation technology in respect to energy efficiency, and to determine emissions that are generated during straw combustion. Research objectives. The following objectives were planned to reach the goal of the research: 1) Process analysis of preparation of biomass fuel (pellets and briquettes) for burning, 2) Validation of mixture of lime additive (CaO) into straw biomass fuel, 3) Property analysis of prepared biomass fuel, 4) Measurement and assessment of emissions generated while burning straw biomass fuel, 5) Assessment of energy consumption by straw pellet production equipment.
Tyrimų tikslas. Pagrįsti šiaudų biokuro optimalios sudėties paruošimo ir panaudojimo energinėms reikmėms efektyvumą, atlikti šiaudų biokuro paruošimo technologijos energinį vertinimą ir nustatyti deginimo metu išskiriamas emisijas. Tyrimų uždaviniai. Tyrimų tikslui pasiekti numatyta: 1) Atlikti šiaudų biokuro (briketų ir granulių) paruošimo deginimui technologinę analizę; 2) Pagristi kalkių priedo (CaO) įmaišymo į šiaudų biokuro sudetį tikslingumą; 3) Ištirti pagaminto šiaudų biokuro savybes; 4) Nustatyti ir įvertinti šiaudų biokuro deginimo metu išskiriamas emisijas; 5) Įvertinti šiaudų granulių gamybos technologinės įrangos energijos sanaudas.

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Ali, Qurban. "Development of novel multifunctional nanocomposites for antimicrobial efficiency in water treatment". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2018. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/25416/.

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Water pollution is a major concern worldwide. Bacteria, viruses and fungi present in drinking water cause various diseases as a result of poor hygienic conditions in developing countries. Similarly, presence of microorganisms in drinking water is a threat to public health in developing world due to poor hygienic condition. Numerous disinfectants and biocides are used for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbial contamination, producing carcinogenic by-products which are dangerous to human health. This work involved the synthesis, characterisation and application of novel multifunctional nanocomposites by the modification of cost effective available materials for antimicrobial treatment of contaminated water and the detection of specific DNA associated with water-borne bacteria. A series of multifunctional nanocomposites composed of commercially available carbon (activated charcoal and multi-walled carbon nanotubes), and silica-based materials such as diatomeous earth, celatom-80 and celatom-14 were modified with silver and iron oxide nanoparticles via a simple one-pot synthesis protocol in order to incorporate antimicrobial and superparamagnetic properties. The resultant materials have been tested for antimicrobial efficiency using model water system containing Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 and Gram-positive Staphylococcus. aureus (S. aureus) microorganisms. It was found that all materials ranging from 10 to 200 μg/mL produced excellent inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli. All nanocomposites have been fully characterised by several physico-chemical techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nitrogen gas adsorption and (BET) surface area analysis. Surface area of the materials measured in range of 5 to 560 m2/gm. XRF along with EDAX/SEM analyses have been used for the confirmation of silver and iron oxide presence in the nanocomposite materials. TEM images showed nano-sized silver particles with an average diameter of 15-17 nm and iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 30 nm embedded into the nanocomposites. FT-IR spectroscopy measurement confirmed the presence of Fe-O bonding of iron oxide nanoparticles due to a characteristic stretching vibration at 570 cm-1. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the crystalline structure of the iron oxide nanocomposite mostly magnetite (Fe3O4). Nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption experiments suggests the presence of average pore diameter 28 to 79 Å, micropore volume: 0.01 to 0.16 cm³/g, and surface area 5 to 560 m2/g. Gram-negative E. coli K12 and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria were used for anti-bacterial activity study where the nutrient agar was used for the growth of the bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of the nanocomposites was quantified by counting the number of colonies (colony forming unit, CFU/mL) grown on the media compared with a blank solution. Different concentrations (0.2 µg/mL to 300 µg/mL) of the nanocomposite materials were used for this study. MBC of QM1-3 and QM2-3 was found 10 µg/mL for the S. aureus and 30 µg/mL for E. coli K12, while other samples of QM3-3, QM4-3 and QM5-3 were higher such as 30 µg/mL for the S. aureus and 100 to 200 µg/mL for E. coli. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the data presented are the mean values of triplicate experiments ± standard deviation. Detection of water-borne microorganisms is the second application of the developed nanocomposites via surface modification with specific oligonucleotides sequences of E. coli gene followed by hybrid capture with complementary sequence. It was observed that multi-walled carbon nanotubes, activated charcoal and diatomeous earth gave good and satisfactory results (0.384 to 0.400 nmol/mg) in hybrid capture of complementary oligonucleotides sequences in model assay. Surface modified optimum materials (carbon nanotubes and activated carbon) with efficient hybrid capture were also efficient in detecting amplicon of 97 base pairs (bp) of E. coli specific genome by PCR experiment.

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Tolvtin, Alfred. "Porous C@TiO2 nanomaterials for efficient wastewater treatment". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75847.

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Rhodamine B (RB) as a fluorescent dye has toxic effects in the environment, humanity and potentially harmful to ecological systems, therefore it needs to be removed. Adsorption is a simple and cost friendly approach, but the adsorption capacity of the reported adsorbents needs to improve. Herein, the preparations of C@titania core-shell nanoparticles for the efficient elimination of RB from simulated textile wastewater was studied. The nanoparticles were prepared by first coating a layer of titania gel on ZIF-8 and HKUST-1 nanoparticles via hydrolysis of Titanium butoxide (TBOT) and followed by carbonization. XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis was used to explore the obtained products. The adsorption for RB in the simulated textile wastewater with different pH was investigated. TEM pictures visibly illustrate the core-shell structures with a thickness of the titania layer of 14 to 25 nm. N2 adsorption-desorption results display the textural characteristics of the products with mainly meso-pores and a relative high surface area of 107 and 43 m2 g-1 for C@titania core-shell prepared from ZIF-8 and HKUST respectively. The equilibrium adsorption capacities have its climax at pH 7. The maximum RB adsorption capacities of the C@titania core-shell nanoparticles prepared from ZIF-8 and HKUST are 174.4 and 106.3 mg g-1, which is higher than the parental carbons. The C@titania nanoparticles can be easily made and their RB adsorption capacities is relatively high. The results show that the C@titania nanoparticles are potential candidates for elimination of RB from water.

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20

Cameron, Kimberley A. "The efficiency and mechanisms for pollutant removal in biological wastewater treatment systems /". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33724.

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The research project was initiated to refine the knowledge available on the treatment of rural municipal wastewater by constructed wetlands. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the treatment capacity of a constructed wetland system and to determine a substrate that would be most efficient as a phosphorus adsorption filter. The wetland system consisted of three free-water surface cells, three blast furnace slag filters and a vegetated filter strip, treating municipal wastewater. Bimonthly water samples at the inlet and outlet of each component of the wetland system were analysed for biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate and nitrite, ammonia and ammonium, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, fecal coliforms and E. coli. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations were determined in the sediment, plant tissue and water column of the free-surface wetland cells. The free-surface wetland cells achieved removals as follows: ammonia and ammonium (52%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (37%), total suspended solids (93%), total phosphorus (90%) and ortho-phosphate (82%). The vegetated filter strip achieved removals as follows: ammonia and ammonium (28%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (11%), total suspended solids (22%), total phosphorus (5%) and ortho-phosphate (0%). The slag filters reduced total phosphorus by more than 99%. Phosphorus adsorption measurements were conducted on slag, calcite and shale. Slag was found to be the most effective at removing phosphate.

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21

Vidal, Brenda. "On-site sanitation systems - An integrated assessment of treatment efficiency and sustainability". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71120.

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Small on-site sanitation systems for wastewater collection and treatment are prevalent in suburban and rural areas in many countries. However, these systems often underperform, causing potential impact to the receiving waters and increasing the risks to public health, thus hindering the overall sustainability of the systems. Understanding the different sustainability dimensions and trade-offs between assessment indicators can support the planning of sustainable on-site sanitation systems for a specific context. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the sustainability and function of on-site sanitation systems by defining a set of indicators to assess on-site sanitation options and estimating them for different scenarios, and by investigating the treatment efficiency of on-site facilities for domestic wastewater treatment in a field study. Particular attention was given to the removal of phosphorus (P) and indicator bacteria due to their relevance in terms of eutrophication risk and public-health concern. In a multi-criteria approach, twelve indicators were defined to assess nine on-site sanitation systems. A reference group representing stakeholders’ views assigned weights to express the relative importance of each indicator. The reference group assigned the highest weights to the indicators robustness, risk of pathogen discharge and nutrient removal. Assessing the robustness proved to be challenging, as there is a gap between how the sanitation systems are expected to perform based on their design, and how they actually perform in practice, mainly due to incorrect construction, operation and maintenance. The discriminating power of the indicators was calculated using the entropy method, which showed that the indicators energy recovery and capital cost had little impact in the final ranking of the alternatives. A sustainability ranking was obtained by using the method ELECTRE III. A scenario analysis based on different settings of interest based on socio-economic and geographical factors was done to evaluate the changes in the ranking of alternatives. Overall, the greywater–blackwater separation system ranked the highest in the baseline scenario and when nutrient-related indicators were important (Scenario 2), together with the urine diversion system. The sand filter and drain field were the most sustainable options when nutrient removal and recycling was not important (Scenario 1), and (in combination with chemical P-removal) when the indicators related to energy and climate change had the highest weights (Scenario 3). In terms of P-removal, chemical removal outranked the alkaline P-filter. In a field study, the effluent wastewater from twelve on-site wastewater treatment facilities with sand and alkaline P-filters was evaluated in terms of removal and discharge of organic content, total and dissolved phosphorus, and indicator bacteria (E. coli, total coliforms, intestinal enterococci and C.perfringens). The results showed that the investigated sand filters generally had low P-removal capacity and sometimes exceeded the criteria for excellent water quality set by the EU bathing water directive with regard to intestinal enterococci and E. coli. Only one sand filter of eight was confirmed to remove P according to the Swedish guidelines for areas with non-sensitive receiving waters with a tot-P effluent concentration below 3 mg L−1. This indicates that a downstream treatment step is needed to meet the guidelines regarding P discharge concentrations. Alkaline P-filters generally removed P efficiently. Despite high effluent pH, the collected data did not generally confirm a further reduction of the bacterial content of the wastewater in the P-filters, as had been previously hypothesized. However, effluent concentrations of indicator bacteria showed moderate positive correlations with effluent concentrations of P and organic matter, indicating the potential of the P-filters to serve as a polishing step also for bacteria.
Små lokala avloppssystem för insamling och rening av avloppsvatten är vanligt förekommande i omvandlings- och landsbygdsområden i många länder. Dessa system fungerar ofta sämre än förväntat vilket kan leda till effekter på recipienter, ökad risk för folkhälsan och begränsa systemens hållbarhet. En djupare förståelse för hållbarhetsdimensioner och avvägningar mellan olika indikatorer kan stödja planering och implementering av hållbara lokala avloppsystem för specifika sammanhang. Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats var att utvärdera hållbarhet och funktion av enskilda avloppssystem. Detta utfördes genom att först definiera en uppsättning indikatorer för bedömning av ett antal enskilda avloppsalternativ och sedan utvärdera dem för olika scenarier. Vidare var syftet att undersöka några systems prestanda för rening av hushållsavloppsvatten i en fältstudie. Särskilt fokus lades på reduktion av fosfor (P) och indikatorbakterier på grund av deras relevans i relation till övergödningsrisk och folkhälsoperspektiv. I en multikriteriestudie definierades tolv indikatorer för att bedöma nio typer av enskilda avloppssystem. En referensgrupp som representerade olika intressenter viktade indikatorerna för att uttrycka den relativa betydelsen av varje indikator. Referensgruppen gav systemens robusthet, risk för utsläpp av patogener, och näringsreduktion störst vikt. Att bedöma robusthet var en utmaning i studien, eftersom det finns ett gap mellan hur systemen förväntas fungera, och hur de faktiskt fungerar i praktiken, mestadels på grund av felaktig konstruktion, drift och underhåll. Indikatorernas diskriminerande effekt räknades ut med entropimetoden, som visade att indikatorerna energiåtervinning och kapitalkostnad hade liten inverkan på alternativens slutgiltiga rangordning. En scenarioanalys genomfördes baserad på socioekonomiska och geografiska faktorer. En hållbarhetsrankning erhölls genom att använda ELECTRE III-metoden. Överlag rankades system som separerar gråvatten – svartvatten samt urinseparerande system högst i basfallsscenariot och när näringsrelaterade indikatorer var viktiga (scenario 2). Markbäddar och infiltrationsanläggningar var de mest hållbara alternativen när rening och återvinning av näringsämnen inte var viktigt (scenario 1) och (i kombination med kemisk P-rening) när indikatorer relaterade till energi och klimatförändringar viktades högst (scenario 3). När det gäller P-rening, gav system med kemisk rening ett bättre utfall än de med alkaliska P-filter. I en fältstudie utvärderades tolv enskilda avloppsanläggningar med markbaserade system och alkaliska P-filter med avseende på rening och utsläpp av organiskt innehåll, totalt och löst P och indikatorbakterier (E.coli, totala koliformer, intestinala enterokocker och C.perfringens). Resultaten visade att de markbaserade systemen generellt hade låg P-reningskapacitet och ofta överskreds kriterierna för utmärkt vattenkvalitet enligt EUs badvattendirektiv avseende intestinala enterokocker och C. perfringens. Endast ett markbaserat system av åtta uppvisade en P-rening som låg under de svenska riktlinjerna för områden med normal skyddsnivå, med en utsläppskoncentration på under 3 mg L-1 tot-P. Detta indikerade att markbäddar behöver nedströms placerade reningssteg för att uppfylla nuvarande riktlinjer för utsläpp av P. Alkaliska P-filter avskilde generellt P effektivt. Trots högt pH-värde kunde ingen ytterligare minskning av bakterieinnehåll i avloppsvattnet från P-filtren påvisas statistiskt. Utsläppen av indikatorbakterier uppvisade emellertid måttliga positiva korrelationer med utsläpp av P och organiskt material, vilket visar på en viss potential att P-filtren kan fungera som ett ytterligare poleringssteg även för bakterier.

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22

Odize, Victory Oghenerabome. "Diffuser Fouling Mitigation, Wastewater Characteristics And Treatment Technology impact on Aeration Efficiency". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82852.

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Achieving energy neutrality has shifted focus towards aeration systems optimization, due to the high energy consumption of aeration processes in modern advanced wastewater treatment plants. The activated sludge wastewater treatment process is dependent on aeration efficiency which supplies the oxygen needed in the treatment process. The process is a complex heterogeneous mixture of microorganisms, bacteria, particles, colloids, natural organic matter, polymers and cations with varying densities, shapes and sizes. These activated sludge parameters have different impacts on aeration efficiency defined by the OTE, % and alpha. Oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) is the mass of oxygen transferred into the liquid from the mass of air or oxygen supplied, and is expressed as a percentage (%). OTE is the actual operating efficiency of an aeration system. The alpha Factor (α) is the ratio of standard oxygen transfer efficiency at process conditions (αSOTE) to standard oxygen transfer efficiency of clean water (SOTE). It is also referred to as the ratio of process water volumetric mass transfer coefficient to clean water volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The alpha factor accounts for wastewater contaminants (i.e. soap and detergent) which have an adverse effect on oxygen transfer efficiency. Understanding their different impacts and how different treatment technologies affect aeration efficiency will help to optimize and improve aeration efficiency so as to reduce plant operating costs. A pilot scale study of fine pore diffuser fouling and mitigation, quantified by dynamic wet pressure (DWP), oxygen transfer efficiency and alpha measurement were performed at Blue Plains, Washington DC. In the study a mechanical cleaning method, reverse flexing (RF), was used to treat two diffusers (RF1, RF2) to mitigate fouling, while two diffusers were kept as a control with no reverse flexing. A 45 % increase in DWP of the control diffuser after 17 month of operation was observed, an indication of fouling. RF treated diffusers (RF1 and RF2) did not show any significant increase in DWP, and in comparison to the control diffuser prevented a 35 % increase in DWP. Hence, the RF fouling mitigation technique potentially saved blower energy consumption by reducing the pressure burden on the air blower and the blower energy requirement. However, no significant impact of the RF fouling mitigation treatment technique in preventing a decrease in alpha-fouling (𝝰F) of the fine pore diffusers over time of operation was observed. This was because either the RF treatment method maintained wide pore openings after cleaning over time, or a dominant effect of other wastewater characteristics such as the surfactant concentration or particulate COD could have interfered with OTE. Further studies on the impact of wastewater characteristics (i.e., surfactants and particulate COD) and operating conditions on OTE and alpha were carried out in another series of pilot and batch scale tests. In this study, the influence of different wastewater matrices (treatment phases) on oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) and alpha using full-scale studies at the Blue Plains Treatment Plant was investigated. A strong relationship between the wastewater matrices with oxygen transfer characteristics was established, and as expected increased alphas were observed for the cleanest wastewater matrices (i.e., with highest effluent quality). There was a 46 % increase in alpha as the total COD and surfactant concentrations decreased from 303 to 24 mgCOD/L and 12 to 0.3 mg/L measured as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the nitrification/denitrification effluent with respect to the raw influent. The alpha improvement with respect to the decrease in COD and surfactant concentration suggested the impact of one or more of the wastewater characteristics on OTE and alpha. Batch testing conducted to characterize the mechanistic impact of the wastewater contaminants present in the different wastewater matrices found that the major contaminants influencing OTE and alpha were surfactants and particulate/colloidal material. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) measurements from the test also identified surfactant and colloidal COD as the major wastewater contaminants present in the influent and chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) effluent wastewaters impacting OTE and alpha. Soluble COD was observed to potentially improve OTE and alpha due to its contribution in enhancing the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Although the indirect positive impact of OUR on alpha observed in this study contradicts some other studies, it shows the need for further investigation of OUR impacts on oxygen transfer. Importantly, the mechanistic characterization and quantitative correlation between wastewater contaminants and aeration efficiency found in this study will help to minimize overdesign with respect to aeration system specification, energy wastage, and hence the cost of operation. This study therefore shows new tools as well as the identification of critical factors impacting OTE and alpha in addition to diffuser fouling. Gas transfer depression caused by surfactants when they accumulate at the gas-liquid interface during the activated sludge wastewater treatment process reduces oxygen mass transfer rates, OTE and alpha which increases energy cost. In order to address the adverse effect of surfactants on OTE and alpha, another study was designed to evaluate 4 different wastewater secondary treatment strategies/technologies that enhances surfactant removal through enhanced biosorption and biodegradation, and to also determine their effect on oxygen transfer and alpha. A series of pilot and batch scale tests were conducted to compare and correlate surfactant removal efficiency and alpha for a) conventional high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), b) optimized HRAS with contactor-stabilization technology (HRAS-CS), c) optimized HRAS bioaugmented (Bioaug) with nitrification sludge (Nit S) and d) optimized bioaugmented HRAS with an anaerobic selector phase technology (An-S) reactor system configuration. The treatment technologies showed surfactant percentage removals of 37, 45, 61 and 87 %, and alphas of 0.37 ±0.01, 0.42 ±0.02, 0.44 ±0.01 and 0.60 ±0.02 for conventional HRAS, HRAS-CS, Bioaug and the An-S reactor system configuration, respectively. The optimized bioaugmented anaerobic selector phase technology showed the highest increased surfactant removal (135 %) through enhanced surfactant biosorption and biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, which also complemented the highest increased alpha (62 %) achieved when compared to the conventional HRAS. This study showed that the optimized bioaugmented anaerobic selector phase reactor system configuration is a promising technology or strategy to minimize the surfactant effects on alpha during the secondary aeration treatment stage
Ph. D.

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23

Karlsson, Ingela. "Distal movement of maxillary molars. Studies of efficiency and timing of treatment". Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7764.

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Den vanligaste bettavvikelsen som behandlas bland barn och ungdomar är trångställning. När funktionellt och estetiskt störande trångställning i överkäken ska behandlas kan man vanligtvis ta bort tänder eller flytta de första stora kindtänderna (sexårständerna) bakåt för att sedan göra tandraden jämn. Det finns flera vetenskapliga studier som beskriver behandlingseffekterna av olika tandställningar för att flytta de stora kindtänderna bakåt. Det är oklart vilken typ av tandställning som är effektivast och i allmänhet saknas ett evidensbaserat perspektiv. Det är också oklart vid vilken tidpunkt som det är mest effektivt att flytta sexårständerna bakåt, dvs. före eller efter det att de andra stora kindtänderna kommit på plats i tandbågen. Licentiatavhandlingen är baserad på följande studier: Med randomiserad kontrollerad studiedesign var syftet i Studie I att utvärdera behandlingseffekterna av två olika tandställningar för att flytta överkäkens sexårständer bakåt i tandbågen. Fyrtio patienter randomiserades, 20 till en avtagbar tandställning (extraoralt drag) och 20 patienter till en fast tandställning. Studie II hade syftet att analysera när behandlingen var effektivast, dvs. att tandreglera sexårstanden bakåt innan eller efter att den bakomvarande stora kindtanden kommit på plats i tandbågen. I ramberättelsen utfördes dessutom en systematisk litteraturöversikt med syfte att på ett evidensbaserat sätt utvärdera olika metoders effektivitet i att tandreglera de stora kindtänderna bakåt i tandbågen och att göra en kvalitetsbedömning av de utvalda studierna. Översikten omfattade tidsperioden från januari 1966 t o m april 2008 vilket innebar att bedömningen även inkluderade studierna I och II. Konklusioner: • Fast tandställning var effektivare än avtagbar för att flytta de första stora kindtänderna bakåt i tandbågen. • Sidoeffekter i form av 1-2 mm ökat överbett (förankringsförlust) uppstod vid behandling med fast tandställning medan avtagbar tandställning bidrog till minskat överbett. • Det var mest effektivt att tandreglera sexårstanden bakåt innan den bakomvarande stora kindtanden kommit på plats i tandbågen. • I litteraturen fanns det begränsat bevisvärde för att fast tandställning är mer effektiv än avtagbar för bakåtförflyttning av första stora kindtanden i överkäken och att sidoeffekter (1-2 mm ökat överbett) blir följden av den fastsittande apparaturen. • Det är fortfarande svårt att via litteraturen dra några slutsatser om vilken typ av fast tandställning som är mest effektiv och därför behövs det ännu mer forskning om detta.
Maxillary molar distalization is a frequently used treatment method in cases with crowding associated with dental Class II molar relationship or Class I skeletal relationship. Despite the fact that several studies have been published concerning the treatment outcome of different appliances for distal movement of maxillary molars, it is still difficult to interpret the results and evidence presented in these studies because a variety of study designs, sample sizes and research approaches exists. In view of this, well-designed randomized clinical trials comparing patient compliant and non patient compliant extra- and intraoral appliance as methods of distalizing maxillary first molars is desirable as well as a systematic review of the present knowledge. Furthermore, there is a need for further evaluations and knowledge about the most appropriate time to move maxillary molars distally, i.e. evaluation of movement efficiency including anchorage loss before and after eruption of second maxillary molars. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the outcome measures by distalizing maxillary molars with either the conventional extraoral traction (EOA) or a intraoral fixed appliance (IOA) and also to evaluate the optimal timing of distalizing treatment – either before or after the eruption of the second maxillary molars. This thesis was based on two studies and a systematic review included in the frame story: Paper I was a randomized controlled trial involving 40 patients in orthodontic treatment. The study evaluated and compared the treatment effects of an EOA and an IOA for distal molar movement of maxillary first molars. Paper II was a retrospective study involving 40 patients evaluating the maxillary molar distalization and anchorage loss in two groups, one before (MD 1 group) and one after eruption of second maxillary molars (MD 2 group). The systematic literature search was made in 4 different databases to determine what appliances for distal molar movement of maxillary molars have been evaluated in an evidence based manner and with focus on the most efficient method and outcome of molar movement and anchorage loss. Also, the evidence-based standard of Paper I and II was evaluated. These conclusions were drawn: • The IOA was more effective than the EOA to create distal movement of maxillary first molars, and thus, for the clinician the IOA is the most favourable method. • Moderate and acceptable anchorage loss was produced with the IOA implying increased overjet whereas the EOA created decreased overjet. • The two appliances did not have any considerable corrective effect on Class II skeletal relationships and these appliances shall therefore only be used in cases of moderate dental sagittal discrepancies and arch-length deficiencies. • The most opportune time to move maxillary first molars distally is before eruption of the second molars, since molar movement is then most effective and the anchorage loss lesser. • There is limited level of evidence that intraoral appliance is more efficient than extraoral to create distal movement of maxillary molars and that anchorage loss was produced with the intraoral appliance. • It is still difficult to draw any conclusions as to which of the intraoral appliances that were the most effective, and therefore, more RCTs are desireable.

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24

Bengtsson, Conny. "Energianalys av luftbehandling". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-15234.

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Elanvändningen till ventilation har ökat med 40 % sedan 1990 i Sverige. Ventilationen är en miljöbov enligt undersökningar som visar att elanvändningen till ventilationssystemens fläktar kan reduceras. Minskning av elförbrukningen kan t.ex. uppnås genom utbyte av fläktmotor till en EC-motor eller till en fläkt med bakåtböjda skovlar och direktdrift. Effektivieringsåtgärder kan ge en lägre elförbrukning på upptill 50 % i vissa applikationer. Ventilationsfläktarna i Sverige förbrukar 12,3 TWh per år. Idag har 175 000 ventilationsaggregat en för hög elanvändning och saknar värmeåtervinning. Enligt Energimyndigheten har området ventilation en stor besparingspotential eftersom energianvändningen till ventilation kan minska med 30 % (3,5 TWh), vilket ungefär motsvarar vindkraftsproduktionen i Sverige under ett år. Det analysverktyg som utvecklats i detta examensarbete är användarvänligt utformat och är tänkt som ett hjälpmedel vid utvärdering av funktion och effektivitet i luftbehandlingssystem. Verktyget analyserar mätdata från luftbehandlingssystemet och producerar nyckeltal som sedan jämförs mot givna nyckeltal och riktvärden, samt myndigheters gällande krav. Analysverktyget har provats på ett referensobjekt och fungerade som tänkt men får, i nuvarande utformning, anses vara en prototyp som kan vidareutvecklas. Viss utbildning krävs innan användning av analysverktyget sker, med hänsyn till elsäkerhet och mätnoggrannhet. Detta examensarbete avser vidare att kartlägga hur stor besparingspotential det finns för energieffektivisering av byggnaders ventilation samt att utveckla ett beräkningsverktyg för att kunna möta efterfrågan som troligtvis kommer att uppstå från fastighetsägare som vill spara energi.
Electricity consumption for ventilation has increased by 40% since 1990 in Sweden. Ventilation is an environmental villain since inquiries indicates that the electricity consumption for ventilation system fans can be much reduced. Reduction of electricity consumption for ventilation purposes can be achieved through e.g. the exchange of fan motors to EC motors or to fans with backward curved blades and direct drive. Such measures can provide reduced power consumption by up to 50 % in some applications. The ventilation fans in Sweden consume 12.3 TWh each year. Today Sweden has 175 000 ventilation systems with too high consumption of electricity and no heat recycling. According to the Swedish Energy Agency the ventilation sector has a large potential for savings and the energy consumption for ventilation could be lowered by 30 % (3,5 TWh), which roughly corresponds to the total annual wind power production in Sweden. The Analytical tool developed in this thesis work is designed to be user friendly and is thought to be an aid when evaluating functionality and efficiency in air treatment system. The tool analyzes data from measurements and produces key ratios which are then compared with given key ratios and standard guidelines. The Analysis tool was tested on one reference object and functioned as intended, but may at this stage be considered as a prototype that can be further developed. Specific training will be required before using the analysis tool with consideration to electrical safety and accuracy of measurement. This thesis work aims at evaluating the potential savings within air treatment systems in energy efficient buildings, and to develop a calculation tool to meet the demand that is likely to arise from property owners who want to save energy.

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25

Silva, Henrique Joaquim Lopes da Silva e. "Optimization of air micro-bubble bioreactor for the winery wastewater treatment under oxygen-limited conditions". Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5308.

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Mestrado em Tecnologias do Ambiente - Tecnologias Ambientais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The energy consumption of wastewater treatment processes had become an important tool parameter for designers and engineers in the wastewater treatment industry, and efforts to improve the energy efficiency of the equipments represent a great challenge. The present study proposes the use of the Air Micro-Bubble Bioreactor (AMBB), with a working volume of 14 dm3 and a hydraulic retention time of 14 days, operating in continuous mode to treat winery wastewater from second racking period, for seven different runs, during 167 days. The organic loads fluctuations, usual in the winemaking industry, and the aeration time rate (ATR), both related to energy costs, were the studied variables. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected as a key parameter to monitor the AMBB performance. The total polyphenol compounds were also followed. The effect of the organic loading rate OLR was assessed by adjusting feed substrate concentration between 0.16-0.44 kg COD m-3 d-1. The ATR varied between 1, 5 and 15 min h-1. Each run was operated until steady state was reached with respect to COD concentration. All runs showed a positive answer for COD removal, having a minimum efficiency of 70%. Also the COD removal efficiency showed to be not dependent on the applied OLR and the decrease in the ATR to 5 min h-1 was accompanied by a nearly three-fold reduction in energy consumption without relevant changing on the final COD removal efficiency (93-96%). However, the total polyphenol compounds removal was highly affected by decreasing the ATR from 15 to 1 min h-1, leading to a decrease in the total polyphenols removal efficiency from 94% to 4%. In the present study, we report for the first time the impact of oxygen-limited conditions in the AMBB performance with emphasis on the efficiency energy use. The polyphenols as a performance indicator, the energy costs of treated wastewater and COD removal efficiency achieved in pilot scale show the technical feasibility of the process, giving a sustainable solution for this important sector of activity.

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26

Momba, MNB, CL Obi y P. Thompson. "Survey of disinfection efficiency of small drinking water treatment plants: Challenges facing small water treatment plants in South Africa". Water SA, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001759.

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Abstract A survey involving 181 water treatment plants across 7 provinces of South Africa: Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape was undertaken to identify the challenges facing small water treatment plants (SWTPs) in South Africa . Information gathered included ownership and design capacity of the plants, water sources, and various methods of disinfection, equipment currently employed and performance of the treatment plants. In general, the majority (over 80%) of the SWTPs surveyed in the designated provinces were owned by the district municipalities. The designed capacities of these plants varied between 1 and 60 Mℓ/d; the smallest capacity was 100 m3/d and the largest 120 Mℓ/d. The small water treatment plants abstracted their raw water from either surface or groundwater or a combination of both water sources with greater preponderance for surface water sources (over 86%). Water treatment practices were noted to be the conventional types mainly coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Two types of coagulants namely polyelectrolyte (66%) and alum (18%) were commonly used by the water treatment plants across the provinces studied. Rapid gravity filtration, pressure filter and slow sand filtration systems accounted for 60%, 23% and 9% of the filtration systems across the provinces, respectively. The predominant types of disinfectants employed were chlorine gas (69%) followed by sodium (15%) and calcium (14%) hypochlorite. Over 50% of the various SWTPs did not comply with the SANS 241 Class I (< 1 NTU) and Class II (1 to 5 NTU) recommended turbidity values. The recommended target range of 0.3 to 0.6 mg/ℓ free chlorine residual concentrations at the point of use was not always met by 40% of the plants. Seventy percent of the SWTPs complied with the SANS 241 criteria of microbiological safety of drinking water vis-à-vis total and faecal coliforms. Operational problems affecting the efficiency of small water treatment plants included: inability to appropriately determine the flow rate, chemical dosage and turbidity, lack of chlorine residual at the point of use and lack of water quality monitoring. To produce safe drinking water, appropriate operational practices must be implemented in all small water treatment plants.

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27

Park, Eunyoung. "Wastewater Reuse: Comprehensive Study about Treatment System Efficiency and Potential Public Health Concerns". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440451065.

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Willis, Alistair. "An efficient treatment of quantification in unspecified semantic representations". Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249353.

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Good, Joseph Francis. "Water quality treatment and hydraulic efficacy of laboratory and field rain gardens". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5895.

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Urbanisation leads to increases in stormwater runoff, resulting in elevated contaminant (e.g. metal, sediment, and nutrient pollutant) loads, decreased local infiltration and greater peak flow intensities. Heavy metal contaminants of concern, primarily copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), originate from a variety of sources including wear-and-tear of vehicle parts, corrosion of alloy roofs, legacy petroleum contamination, and multifarious construction practices. Different technologies have been used to mitigate stormwater runoff, ranging from traditional drainage networks fitted with concrete proprietary devices (e.g. vortex sediment separators and filters) to more environmentally integrated sustainable solutions. Rain gardens, a type of Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) or Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), are employed to control stormwater peak flows and runoff volumes and simultaneously reduce contaminant loads to neighbouring waterways through biologically-active landscaped design. Despite increases in use of rain gardens as a best management practice (BMP) to treat urban stormwater runoff, there is a dearth of knowledge about their treatment and infiltration performance worldwide. It is believed that incorporating topsoil into rain garden design is likely to improve contaminant removal efficiencies (Davis et al. 2001; ARC 2003; Fletcher et al. 2004; Carpenter and Hallam 2010), but design recommendations are not informed by performance data which is limiting. Performance data is necessary for understanding the long-term responses of bioinfiltrative treatment systems and for modelling efforts aiming to predict their mitigation behaviour (Fletcher et al. 2004). In order to evaluate the influence of substrate composition on stormwater treatment and hydraulic effectiveness in rain gardens, mesocosm-scale (180 L, 0.17 m2) laboratory systems were established. Saturated (constant-head) hydraulic conductivity was determined before and after contaminant (Cu, Zn, Pb and nutrients) removal experiments on three rain garden systems comprising various proportions of organic topsoil. Raw stormwater runoff from a neighbouring Christchurch city catchment was collected, characterised, and applied in the removal efficiency experiments. The system with only topsoil had the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity (160 mm/hr initial to 164 mm/hr final) and poorest metal (Cu, Zn) removal efficiency (Cu 0.3%, Zn 60.5% and Pb 89.5%) at a ‘standard’ contaminant loading rate (Cu = 5.99 ± 0.73 µg/min, Zn = 57.89 ± 6.06 µg/min, Pb = 13.65 ± 2.80 µg/min). The sand-only system demonstrated good metal removal (Cu 56.4%, Zn 73.5%, and Pb 81.6%) with hydraulic conductivity (up to 805 mm/hr) adequate for practical implementation (i.e. greater than the 13 mm/hr minimum requirement (ARC 2003; MDE 2009; SFPUC 2009)). Overall, total metal amounts in the effluent were <50% of influent loads for all experiments, with the exception of Cu in the topsoil-only system, whose removal was negligible (0.3%). Greater metal removal was observed when effluent pH was elevated (up to pH 7.38). The pH increase (from an initial pH of 6.23 in raw stormwater) was provided by the calcareous sand, whereas the topsoil-only system lacked an alkaline source. Consequently, organic topsoil had poorer contaminant removal due to higher dissolved metal fractions, which are more difficult to immobilise at the lower pH. The relationship between pH and dissolved fraction was highly significant (Pearson’s Correlation, p < 0.0001, df = 74) for Cu, Zn, and Pb. Mesocosm-scale systems were then re-established with a calcareous substrate supplement to quantify the effects of pH augmentation on contaminant removal and hydraulic efficiencies. Mussel shells, a waste product from the shell-fish industry, were employed in two different volumetric proportions. Metal removal efficiency was increased in systems with mussel shells (Cu up to 46.6%, Zn up to 80.2%, Pb up to 88.7%) compared to the topsoil-only system (Cu 27.5%, Zn 55.5%, Pb 81.0%). Larger increases in removal efficiency were seen for Cu and Zn because increases in pH from mussel shell enhanced particulate fractions, which are easier to remove in filtration systems, while Pb is mainly in the particulate form at influent pH (Morrison et al. 1990). Effluent from systems with mussel shells also had higher hardness (hardness up to 101.7 mg/L as CaCO3) compared with 22.4 mg/L as CaCO3 in topsoil-only effluent. Hardness reduces metal ecotoxicity (Hyne et al. 2005). Results of these experiments show that mussel shells are a promising rain garden substrate capable of increasing metal removal efficiency and also decreasing metal ecotoxicity in effluent of bioinfiltration systems. Concurrently, an operational field-scale “rain garden” (42 m3; 60 m2) in Christchurch was monitored for hydraulic throughput and contaminant removal. The field system performed extremely well at mitigating peak flows, detaining water throughout storm events and removing total suspended solids (TSS) (90.6% average removal). However, the system failed to reduce effluent median total metal concentrations (Cu = 15.9 µg/L, Zn = 139.6 µg/L, Pb = 11.7 µg/L) below relevant ANZECC guidelines (Cu = 1.8 µg/L, Zn = 15.0 µg/L, Pb = 5.6 µg/L) highlighting the opportunity to optimise these field designs to improve metal removal.

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30

Ukale, Valiant. "Pleurodesis in chronic effusions : studies on inflammatory mediators, respiratory function, predictability of treatment outcome, drug efficiency and survival after treatment /". Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-031-1/.

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31

Rohmer, Stanimira. "Novel strategies to improve the efficiency of therapeutic adenoviruses for the treatment of cancer". kostenfrei, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1002480280/34.

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32

Samorì, Giulia <1981&gt. "Algal wastewater treatment and biomass producing potential: nutrient removal efficiency and cell physiological responses". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4629/.

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Microalgae are sun - light cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to biofuels, foods, feeds, and other bioproducts. The concept of microalgae cultivation as an integrated system in wastewater treatment has optimized the potential of the microalgae - based biofuel production. These microorganisms contains lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, pigments and other cell compounds, and their biomass can provide different kinds of biofuels such as biodiesel, biomethane and ethanol. The algal biomass application strongly depends on the cell composition and the production of biofuels appears to be economically convenient only in conjunction with wastewater treatment. The aim of this research thesis was to investigate a biological wastewater system on a laboratory scale growing a newly isolated freshwater microalgae, Desmodesmus communis, in effluents generated by a local wastewater reclamation facility in Cesena (Emilia Romagna, Italy) in batch and semi - continuous cultures. This work showed the potential utilization of this microorganism in an algae - based wastewater treatment; Desmodesmus communis had a great capacity to grow in the wastewater, competing with other microorganisms naturally present and adapting to various environmental conditions such as different irradiance levels and nutrient concentrations. The nutrient removal efficiency was characterized at different hydraulic retention times as well as the algal growth rate and biomass composition in terms of proteins, polysaccharides, total lipids and total fatty acids (TFAs) which are considered the substrate for biodiesel production. The biochemical analyses were coupled with the biomass elemental analysis which specified the amount of carbon and nitrogen in the algal biomass. Furthermore photosynthetic investigations were carried out to better correlate the environmental conditions with the physiology responses of the cells and consequently get more information to optimize the growth rate and the increase of TFAs and C/N ratio, cellular compounds and biomass parameter which are fundamental in the biomass energy recovery.

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33

Muthukrishnan, Karthikeyan. "Effects of phosphorus addition on treatment efficiency of an anaerobic filter treating landfill leachate". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26317.

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Sanitary landfill leachate is a source of environmental concern due to its high organic strength and chemical diversity. The widespread use of sanitary landfills has resulted in regulatory authorities requiring municipalities to give serious consideration to the treatment and safe disposal of this wastewater. A number of lab-scale and pilot scale studies have indicated that the anaerobic filter .is highly competitive with other forms of biological treatment and has distinct economic advantages. While there have been a number of studies based on a general overall approach to leachate treatment by the anaerobic filter, limited' information is available on the role played by essential nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) in the biological treatment process. Laboratory studies were conducted at room temperature (22°C) to study the effect of nutrient addition (specifically, phosphorus, the deficient constituent of most leachates) on treatment efficiency of landfill leachate by the upflow anaerobic filter. Two anaerobic filters (0.975 metres x 0.15 metres diameter) were constructed using plexiglass pipes and packed with strips of corrugated fibre-glass sheets in four layers to form the filter bed. Leachate collected from a nearby landfill was applied at moderate organic loadings (2.0-4.2 kg COD/m³.day) to the two units maintaining a HRT of 0.987 days. During runs 2 and 4, leachate collected from the Premier landfill had a very low organic strength, necessitating the addition of acetic acid to raise that strength to around 2000 mg/l COD. When phosphorus addition was made at the 10 mg/l level to this feed, no favourable effect on COD removal was observed, possibly because the feed was VFA based and not inclusive of complex organics. During run 3, the strength of the leachate increased to around 4000 mg/l, with a relatively lower proportion of the COD present as VFA (around 1600 mg/l as acetic acid). When phosphorus addition was made to this feed at a 40 mg/l level, COD removal capacity of the anaerobic filter improved significantly, indicating that phosphorus may be added to an organically diverse waste with distinct advantages.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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34

Wennerholm, Elin. "Performance Indicator Analysis as a Basis for Process Optimization and Energy Efficiency in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-218094.

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The aim of this Master Thesis was to calculate and visualize performance indicators for the secondary treatment step in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Performance indicators are a valuable tool to communicate process conditions and energy efficiency to both management teams and operators of the plant. Performance indicators should be as few as possible, clearly defined, easily measurable, verifiable and easy to understand. Performance indicators have been calculated based on data from existing wastewater treatment plants and qualified estimates when insufficient data was available. These performance indicators were then evaluated and narrowed down to a few key indicators, related to process performance and energy usage. Performance indicators for the secondary treatment step were calculated for four municipal wastewater treatment plants operating three different process configurations of the activated-sludge technology; Sternö wastewater treatment plant (Sweden) using a conventional activated-sludge technology, Ronneby wastewater treatment plant (Sweden) using a ring-shaped activated-sludge technology called oxidation ditch, Headingley wastewater treatment plant (Canada) and Kimmswick wastewater treatment plant (USA), both of which use sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated-sludge technology. Literature reviews, interviews and process data formed the basis of the Master Thesis. The secondary treatment was studied in all the wastewater treatment plants. Performance indicators were calculated, to the extent it was possible, for this step in the treatment process. The results showed that all the wastewater treatments plants, studied in this master thesis, were well below regulatory requirements of effluent concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. This gap between legislated requirements and performance provides an opportunity for improving energy efficiency and maintaining discharge requirements. The removal of organic matter was consistently high at all wastewater treatment plants studied but the removal of nitrogen was slightly lower during the colder months. The results further showed that the discharge of nitrogen from wastewater treatment plants is the largest stress on the recipient. Data regarding the energy usage was almost nonexistent and energy for aeration was therefore calculated when possible since it is aeration that accounts for the largest fraction of energy usage in a wastewater treatment plant. Sternö wastewater-treatment plant proved to be more energy efficient than Rustorp wastewater treatment plant.

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35

Tsai, Chih-min y 蔡志民. "Benchmarking to enhance industrial wastewater treatment efficiency". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j4x8bb.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
91
Abstract In Taiwan, industrial parks are major sources of water pollution. Inefficient operation of WWT often leads to improper discharge causing pollution of violating the percent standard. Continuous improvement in wastewater discharge management is the main objective of the Taiwanese government today. This research proposes a learning system that can be adopted by wastewater treatment plants to train its management staff, discover existing problems, and improve its wastewater treatment operation. The learning system is a benchmark used widely in management science. This study provides a learning model for wastewater treatment plants. Management staffs of a WWT the system can use this model to set improvement objectives, diagnose various problems within the plant, distinguish model employees from the rest, and improve the efficiency of the treatment plant. This study employed the following analysis: *Data envelopment analysis (DEA) to plants as appraise the study plant in terms of operation efficiency differentiate the efficiencies of various management styles. *System simulation analysis to predict the resulting savings by eliminating ?. DEA provides estimates of the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. The results serve as a benchmarking to help managers understand the input-output relationships. Results also point out weaknesses in the management and highlight possibility of improvement. DEA provides a reference standard to quantify the operational efficiency and improvement of treatment plants. System simulation is conducted with the BioWin32 simulator. This simulator provides a simulated view of how a plant functions. There is very minor difference in the simulated and the actual results. Simulation analysis is to discover crucial operating parameters of each unit operation. Adjustment in input-output and operating parameters will help to improve wastewater treatment. This paper provides a case study on the Lion Pup wastewater treatment plant in Taichung. After a year of practical study and promotion, we found that the continuous cycle of weakness analysis and improvement are crucial for the successful operation and management of a treatment plant. Major findings of this research include: 1. High concentration of wastewater inflow was frequent occurrence and decreased the biological treatment efficiency significantly. 2. The use of equalization tank could reduce wastewater concentration, stabilize the efficiency of secondary treatment unit and decrease the amount of coagulants usage.　 3. After the improvement action, the running efficiency analyzed by DEA enhanced from 0.42 to 0.64. The COD value of discharge were decreased from 94 to 60 mg/L, SS were decreased from 68 to 38 mg/L, and the total treatment cost droped from 9.0 to 7.7 NT dollar/m3. According to the benchmark procedure, the treatment function and efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant could be improved continuously.

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36

Jones, Laura. "The Impact of NOD Reaction Kinetics on Treatment Efficiency". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3040.

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In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate is a remedial technology that has been prevalent over the last decade. Permanganate is injected into the subsurface to oxidized reduced organic contaminants with the intent of mineralizing the organics to innocuous compounds such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. However, the demand for permanganate from the naturally occurring reduced components associated with aquifer materials inhibits the ability of permanganate to effectively oxidize the target contaminants. This demand for permanganate is referred to as the Natural Oxidant Demand (NOD) and results from the presence of naturally occurring reduced aquifer species such as inorganic species containing iron, manganese, or sulfur, and natural organic matter. Traditionally, NOD has been considered to be an instantaneous sink for permanganate that required satisfaction before permanganate could propagate through the subsurface. However, recent research has suggested that NOD is kinetically controlled and not instantaneous resulting in the effectiveness of ISCO systems to be underestimated using traditional approaches. The objectives of this research were to develop a comprehensive NOD kinetic model from existing laboratory data of several aquifer materials, and then to use this model to estimate the impact of NOD kinetics on treatment efficiency. The NOD kinetic model primarily was developed using results of bench-scale experiments performed on four aquifer materials, measuring the reduction of permanganate and oxidizable materials. Data analysis indicated that there are two bulk reactions occurring: a fast reaction and a slow reaction. For both of these reactions a second-order rate law was deemed to be appropriate; first-order with respect to each reactant. The slow reaction was subject to passivation and the reaction rate coefficient decreased hyperbolically as manganese oxide reaction by-products precipitated on grains. The developed NOD kinetic model was incorporated into a 1-dimensional transport model and was used to successfully simulate the results of NOD column studies. Experimental efforts were completed to validate the 1-dimensional reactive transport model with data for organic contamination. A column study was completed to characterize the oxidation of an isolated trichloroethylene residual source zone. The chloride breakthrough data were used to represent the rate of TCE oxidation and a bromide tracer test was used as a conservative tracer to determine the dispersivity and porosity of the column. Both the simulated bromide and chloride breakthrough curves fit the experimental data well using published and calculated transport and chemical parameters. The impact of NOD kinetics on treatment efficiency was evaluated through numerical simulations of four common organic contaminants using two injection schemes: vertical well flushing and inject-and-leave. The treatment efficiency was defined as the fraction of supplied permanganate used to oxidize the organic compound. Two aquifer materials were simulated representing a wide range of NOD characteristics. The results indicated that despite a great difference in the ultimate NOD (order of 15) the treatment efficiency only varied by 0-7% between the materials. In general, the treatment efficiency of the contaminant increased as the solubility and the reaction rate coefficient increased. For treatment of organic compounds with a low solubility and reaction rate coefficient, the fast and slow NOD reaction kinetics should both be characterized since both exert a strong demand for permanganate in both the vertical flushing and inject-and-leave schemes. For organic compounds having moderate solubility and reaction rate coefficient the NOD species that require kinetic characterization depends on the injection scheme used: for a vertical well flushing scheme only the fast NOD requires characterization, whereas for the inject-and-leave scheme both the fast and slow NOD require characterization. For treatment of organic compounds with high solubility and reaction rate coefficient only the fast NOD requires characterization since the organic and fast NOD are depleted at the same time and the slow NOD does not play a significant role in permanganate consumption while free phase organic and fast NOD remain. Traditional modelling approaches were compared, using the vertical well flushing scheme, to compare the treatment efficiency with the NOD kinetic model to past methods. The model was used to simulate ISCO treatment when NOD kinetics were not included and when the ultimate NOD was assumed. The simulations with no NOD term overestimated the treatment efficiency whereas the simulations with the ultimate NOD model underestimated efficiency. These findings further stressed the importance of the NOD kinetics on treatment efficiency. The kinetics of the NOD kinetics must be characterized to determine if ISCO is a viable, cost-effective treatment option when considering ISCO as a redial strategy. Mischaracterization of these reactions could result in either over or underestimation of the treatment efficiency and poor design of pilot and full-scale treatment systems.

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37

Wang, Chien-Ching y 王建清. "The Treatment Efficiency Evaluation of The Wet Detention Pond". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6469e4.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
93
In recent years, it is taken under the watershare management and protection in the domestic and foreign，devotes in abundance to the researchs of the stormwater management and the non-point source (NPS) pollution control. The Best Management Practices (BMPs) is the application of the NPS pollution control technology. In the domestic, it also use the BMPs on the watershare management. However, because the BMPs technology are still for development stagein, The developments of local design, site placement even the mangement and the efficiency evaluation which need to research on skills of local factor, infomations and evaluation are not mature. And it is useful on the watershare management in the domestic. The main BMPs of this study is the wet detention pond. This is widespread utilization in the NPS pollution control. They have two cases in this study, that one of the cases is the tea farm BMPs is near Donan Bridge in the watershared of Feitsui Reservoir, and another is the porcelain clay mine BMPs near Masu Creek in Taipei County, in Taiwan. They are two kinds of the NPS pollutions for the tea farm and the porcelain clay mine. It is used sampling and examined. Carries on the efficiency analysis using the Effluent Probability Method, which is to provide statistically. Obtained result mine BMPs, the effluent probability method, the treatment efficiency of the median effluent of the suspended solid is 75.9%, and the dissolved iron is 71.5%. In the BMPs of the tea farm, the removeing rate of the median effluent of the total phosphorus is 71.7%, the phosphate is 93.5%, the total nitrogen is 33.5%, and the ammonia nitrogen is 61.1%. And penetrates the model, “Low–Impact Development Management Practices Evaluation Computer Module”, carries on the value simulation, the analysis of the tea farm BMPs experiment model field rainstorm of event to different recurrence interval and under the duration, carries on the value simulation, the analysis efficiency of regarding the total phosphorus processing. Recurrence interval respectively is 1.1 year, 2 year, 5 years, the duration length different eight events carries on the analysis. The result to recurrence interval is 1.1 year short duration (1hr, 2hr) the storm event, the efficiency of the BMPs is 5 to 10%, best accounts for 40% total process load by the constrcution wetland of the close planting area processing efficiency is 40 to 60%, and the wet detention pond to account for 5 to 20% of the system total process load , but at the duration 24 hours events, always processes the efficiency best is 86.44%. Its because the Runoff flowrate is lower for other storm events, and the resident time long therefore, is detained the pond to account for 15% of about system total process load. The event of the recurrence interval is 2 year and duration is 2hr, the efficiency is 4.16 %, and the wet detention pond to account for 25% of the system total process load, it compares other events to be high. At the 24hr duration event, processing efficiency is 5.86 %.the recurrence interval is 5 years and 6hr duration events, the efficiency is 10.27 %, the efficiency to 24 hours duration events it is 4.43 %.

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38

Hsiao, Chung-Huang y 蕭仲晃. "The Efficiency and Pricing Analysis of Water Treatment Faculty". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93023688360858546897.

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39

Wu, Yu-chen y 吳宇蓁. "Effects of CMP wastewater on treatment efficiency and operation cost in industrial wastewater treatment plant". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61983604224515926923.

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碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所碩士在職專班
97
Abstract Since the technology of product process continuously is improved some of the specific pollutants potentially cause serious problems on operation and treatment of the wastewater treatment plant in the industrial parks. Further, these pollutants could increase the cost of operation and maintainance for the wastewater treatment plant. Thus, it is important to set up reasonable fee criteria for these specific wastewaters. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) wastewater on the removal efficiency of chemical treatment process in a wastewater treatment plant. Moreover, characteristics of the wastewater including high turbidity, low suspended solid (SS) and micro-size particles, which result in interference on the floc formation in the coagulation process, are also investigated. The results indicated pH value of the wastewater reaches limit level that generated the highest effect on the floc formation. It is suggested that the optimum coagulant (aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3) dose is 350 ppm when the pH level is adjusted to 10. However, without the CMP wastewater, the optimum coagulant dose for the general wastewater decreases to 50 ppm. The optimum dose for the simulated synthetic water is 100 ppm. When the raw wastewater mixed with the CMP wastewater was filtrated using the 0.45μm and 0.2μm filters, the optimum dose of the mixed wastewater is 50 ppm that is equal to general wastewater. Moreover, if the wastewaters were classified based on the pollution sources, the added amount of aluminum sulfate in CMP wastewater is two times than that of in general water with the similar coagulation efficiency. The fee criteria about wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment system in the industrial park is performed based on the concentration of SS through 1μm filter. In this case, the measured SS concentration cannot reflect on the pollution level for the CMP wastewater because some of the SS in the CMP wastewater can penetrate the 1μm filter. We suggested that the 0.45μm filter is used to measure SS concentration of the CMP wastewater which is a proper way for the cost assessment. Moreover, the increase in the fee according to the SS concentration is approximate 40%, which reduce the loading of operation cost.

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40

Lee, Chieh-Hsiu Jason. "Improvements to the Efficiency of the Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Process". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32596.

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Radiotherapy is one method of treating di erent diseases like cancer. It requires a treatment plan that clearly delineates target and non-target volumes, and the beams and their intensities to deliver the prescribed dose. Historical treatment plans often contain volume names that are unaccounted for. An approach is applied where desired volumes are detected and renamed to conform to current search standards. The mapped names provide an avenue for searching historical plans when performing outcomes analysis in the future to help improve quality in radiation therapy. A specific form known as intensity modulated radiation therapy is applied to total marrow irradiation, a method to remove all marrow in the body prior to bone marrow transplant. A set-covering approach is used, solved using heuristics and commercial packages to compare outcomes. Constraint programming is used in an attempt to better and to improve on the heuristic solutions.

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41

Lin, Chu-hsuan y 林鉅玹. "Assessment of Treatment Effect on Constructed Wetlands by Hydraulic Efficiency". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44439744488726897863.

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碩士
逢甲大學
水利工程與資源保育研究所
100
The capacity of constructed wetlands is affected by the hydrophyte, the material of beds, the cell geometry, the hydraulic retention time, and so on. By building a meandering waterway environment with limited space, pollutants will be purified effectively and the process of conversion will be completed. However, constructed wetlands will be formed in a case of short-circuiting or dead zones due to irregular of cell geometry or the vegetation growth. In this study, we used the SMS two-dimensional contaminant transfer model to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of constructed wetlands. We simulated also the changes in the boundary conditions of the site, the degree of river meandering and the changes of upstream configuration that affected the capacity of constructed wetlands which can be a reference when designing or improving the wetlands in future.

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42

Hung, Yang-Che y 洪揚哲. "Improve organic solar cells carriers extraction efficiency by surface treatment". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00983260957309993319.

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碩士
國立清華大學
光電工程研究所
94
At this research study, we evaluate the performance of organic solar cells by adding a HMDS or OTS-based self-assembly-monolayer (SAM) on the ITO electrodes. Because HMDS and OTS are amphiphilic molecules, the hydrophilic end preferably bonds with ITO molecules whereas the hydrophobic end links to the pentacene, the host material of solar cells. Two positive effects were observed due to this surface treatment. First, deposited pentacene on the electrode surface had large grain size and less defects. Second, amphiphilic SAM can induce surface dipoles at the interface between ITO and pentacene, where the polarization direction is equivalent to the hole-current direction. It results in better hole extraction from the host materials. To verify the effect, we fabricated solar cells with a layer structure of ITO/SAM/pentacene/C60/BCP/Mg: Ag. Exposed to 2.5 times suns luminance, the SAM-coated solar cells was measured with parameters of Voc＝0.441±0.001 V, Jsc＝23.87±0.29 mA/cm2,Pmax＝2.977±0.040 mW/cm2,η＝1.19±0.01％, and FF＝28.27±0.08％. The overall performance was improved by 18.1%, compared with the cells without the SAM.

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43

Lin, Po-Yu y 林伯諭. "Efficiency and Feasibility Study of Land Treatment on Household Wastewaters". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18456103584199902732.

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碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
92
Land treatment was a kind of way to deal with wastewater on the strength of the physical, chemical and biological characters of the soil. We could use it to treat sewage without complicated equipment. Land treatment has the advantage including high efficiency, low power consumption and low upkeep costs on wastewater treatment. 　　The efficiency and mechanisms of land treatment on household sewage was the purpose of this research. Results obtained from a model of soil absorption system in Chiayi County. In order to survey the difference in efficiency among the treatment tanks, we select three kinds of the filter materials. NO.1 treatment tank was stuffed with natural soil, and its k value = 7.91×10-4 cm/sec. No.2 and NO.3 tanks were both stuffed with ameliorative soil, and we added 15cm "phosphorous absorption layer" over the filter layer. The sand/soil ratio of the filter layer in NO.2 treatment tank was 1:4(k value = 1.66×10-3 cm/sec), and 1:6(k value = 1.05×10-3 cm/sec) was for NO.3. Wastewater could be discharged to the distribution layer in treatment tanks by means of the subsurface irrigation. In treatment tanks influent could be distributed to the leaching layer using gravity flow distribution to carry out further treatment. We altered the wastewater flow from 1CMD to 0.25CMD in the operating period. 　　The experiment results in this study reveal that NO.1 was the most efficient component. The No.2 and NO.3 treatment tanks have not satisfied the expected efficiency. The NO.1 tank’s concentration of effluent BOD5 was less than 23 mg/L, and the best removal efficiency was 76%. The concentration of effluent suspended solid less than 9.4 mg/L, and the optimum removal efficiency was 89.5%. The concentration of effluent nitrogen was 2.22~ 18.78 mg/L，and the progressively worse removal efficiency was 36~ 93%. The removal efficiency of phosphorous was about 90~ 100%. The effluent pH was in the range of neutrality. The effluent temperature was close to atmospheric temperature. The concentration of effluent BOD5、SS and phosphorous have been conformed to the Effluent Standard(2001). Nonetheless, the effluent nitrogen can’t pass muster exactly with the standard. If the pretreating equipment could be ameliorated and add some aerating apparatus, the nitrogen removal mechanism of the system might be raised. 　　The experiment results reveal that land treatment was not only an efficient wastewater treatment method, but also a feasible system.

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44

Malshe, Priyadarshini Prakash. "Enhancing electrostatic properties and hydroentangling efficiency via atmospheric plasma treatment". 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06192009-073102/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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45

Liu, Yueh-Min y 劉岳旻. "The study of enhancing space efficiency of swine waste treatment". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41337932133879668612.

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碩士
環球科技大學
生物技術研究所
104
Pork is the main source of animal protein for people in Taiwan, and it leads to the development of raising pigs industry rapidly. Due to the problems of Foot and Mouth Disease and wastewater, they make the number of stock farms and raising pigs decline rapidly. To continue running the industry, the most important thing is to lower the wastewater and exhaust gas by improving the wastewater’s disposal system of pigs’ excreta. The research currently in Taiwan begins from the most common three stages’ wastewater treatment. We propose that plastic water tower replaces red mud plaster. The purpose is to proceed the anaerobic fermentation tank. There are some benefits as follows 1. Saving land about 30%. Enhancing the efficiency of using space. 2. Saving energy 3. Enhancing the length of using equipment and lower the cost of depreciation 4. Lower ozone about 90% 5. Increasing the amount of producing marsh gas 6. Lower the productive cost per unit

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46

Lin, Jyun-Sheng y 林峻陞. "The efficiency of petrochemical wastewater treatment by deep aeration system". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31760629638585672459.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
95
This study was focus at the efficiency of petrochemical wastewater treatment by deep aeration system The treating process was carried out from August, 2004 to September, 2006. There are 7 parameters including pH, COD, BOD loading, MLSS, SV30, SS was monitored. From the result of experiment, control at pH = 7∼8, MLSS = 1000∼2000 mg/l, SV30 = 100ml/l, DO = 4∼6 mg/l, retention time = 30∼35 hrs, SVI = 80~200, BOD loading = 0.25∼0.35 kg COD/kg MLSS-day. The removal efficiency of COD is 94％ and the effluent of COD is 59.5 mg/l. This effluent can meet the effluent standard.

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47

"The efficiency of Dr Reckeweg® R40 Daiglukon™ on insulin resistance". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8859.

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M.Tech. (Homeopathy)
Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic derangement and a documented clinical feature of the metabolic syndrome. It is an important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is often characterized by an increased Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index and hyperinsulinaemia, but it may also be present without increased insulin levels. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors characterized by visceral adiposity (a girth exceeding 102cm in men and 88cm in women), dyslipidaemia (low HDL and raised triglycerides levels), hypertension and dysglycaemia, particularly raised fasting blood glucose levels, predisposing individuals to cardiovascular disease and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Diaglukon™ Dr Reckeweg R40 is formulated as an adjunct in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to assist in lowering the blood glucose (hyperglycaemia). The aim of the research was to evaluate and document its efficacy in the treatment of insulin resistance. A cohort of forty five participants between the ages of nineteen to forty five years was randomized into a double blind placebo controlled, 16 week, clinical study. Participants were matched according to age, race and gender. Anthropometric evaluation consisted of weight, height, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure readings; these were recorded at 4 weekly intervals for sixteen weeks. Metabolic data included fasting insulin, glucose and a full lipogram at baseline (Week 0) and at study conclusion (Week 16). The insulin and glucose was used to calculate the HOMA index as a measure of insulin resistance (IR). Non parametric statistical analysis was conducted on all parameters using the SPSS statistical programme...

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48

阮雄英. "Treatment efficiency assessment of industrial park wastewater treatment phant in Tan Uyen Distict, Binh Duong province". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36156250637568117614.

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碩士
美和科技大學
健康與生技產業研究所
100
Currently, the rate of industrialization took place more rapidly in Tan Uyen. In the Tan Uyen district in the province has become a growth rate of the highest in the country. So far, the Tan Uyen district has three industrial parks: Nam Tan Uyen Industrial Park, Industrial Park Land Kurdish, VSIP II-A and 01 Beautiful Industrial City with a total area of 2,195 ha . Along with that development, waste water from industrial areas and more, the ability to accumulate heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms is higher. Thus, the need to adopt control measures more closely to control the waste water does not meet this standard, to avoid emissions standards without treatment, especially surface water for purposes activities of local people. Starting from the situation arising from waste water management and sewage treatment stations concentrated industrial zones, this thesis has studied management solutions wastewater from sewage treatment plants focus of industrial areas in the districts of Tan Uyen. Thesis was to investigate, survey collected information on the investment and operation of industrial parks and sewage treatment stations focus of the industrial park, and survey estimates of water mass distribution from the sewage treatment station focused Based on the amount of wastewater generated, the thesis has evaluated the wastewater samples from the 2-3 round of 03 industrial zones: Nam Tan Uyen, bet and the City Beautiful analysis of indicators to assess pollution possibility of pollution of industrial waste water. The results of the thesis has proposed the solution of industrial waste water management to develop an environmental health and safety, sustainability, while also strengthening the management of wastewater from wastewater treatment plants industry in the district of Tan Uyen

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49

chien-chia, chen y 陳建嘉. "A research of waste treatment efficiency promotion in a water treatment plant during high turbidity influent". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74434126004268484803.

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碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
94
A research of waste treatment efficiency promotion in a water treatment plant during high turbidity influent. Our analysis of batch wastewater treatment revealed that the turbidity of backwash wastewater and SS went down below 50 NTU, 13 minutes after backwashing. And the result of the sedimentation test for backwash wastewater showed that SS removal percentage reach as high as 80 % for only 15 minute operating time when we added PAC into the backwashing water. The operating time for the test without addition of PAC to reach the same effect is around 30-40 minutes. The difference in operating time shows that the PAC addition can improve the settling velocity. Furthermore, the sludge concentration test and precipitation test revealed that 1000 mg sludge bulk could be concentrated into 700 ml, after the cationic polymer was put into the sedimentation tank when the set time was at 1,440. That bulk was further reduced into about 500 ml after jar test. It was observed that the dose of 15 mg/l had the best effect, reducing the sludge into 510ml at 280 minute. It is observed that if we apply cationic polymer at some points before dosing treatment, we can highly improve the concentrating effect on sludge, reduce the size of the sludge. During high- turbidity influent, the filter run time can be shortened from regularly 60-80 hours to 36 hours or even fewer. The backwash wastewater volume increases with the backwashing frequency. For this, it is expedient to lower the SS density of supernatant. For example, the backwash wastewater in the early stage can be disposed in the wastewater tank and the backwash wastewater in the late stage can either be discharged directly or recycled on the purpose of decreasing the effluent rate. Another example is use PAC addition, by doing which the settling velocity of SS in wastewater is enhanced and the density of the discharged and recycled water decreases. Taking the economy into consideration, water treatment plant can use 4 times the turbidity rate of annual average or 95% cumulative probability of annual turbidity as design basis. Together with appropriate design criteria, the design for waste water disposal can count up the minimal size as waste treatment unit. During high turbidity influent, we can put coagulant into wastewater tank. The data of this research pointed out that it is economic to design a sedimentation tank on basis of 95 % cumulative probability of annual turbidity on 650NTU and improve waste-treating capability by dosing cationic polymer to the sedimentation tank. We analyzed the solids in the river by the waste treatment plant during the torrential rain. We found that turbidity of raw water is 2,110 mg/L and that of the effluent water is 2,111 mg/L. This finding showed that the effluent water from the waste treatment plant had little effect on density of SS in raw water. This finding showed that the waste in bypassing water, discharged from the waste treatment facility, had little effect on density of SS in raw water.

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50

CHIU, MEI-HUA y 邱美華. "The Efficiency Evaluation of Membrane Bio-Reactors Treatment for Comprehensive Wastewater in Hsinchu Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2qdrp7.

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碩士
南華大學
科技學院永續綠色科技碩士學位學程
106
In industrial areas, various types of plants result in multiple components of waste water, which increases the purification difficulty. Moreover, extreme weather induces the lack of water resources. If the waste water can be recycled, the water resources will be increased. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a purification system, which can purify the integrated wastewater to reach the recycling standard. In this study, the Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) system was used to calculate the wastewater treatment operation cost and estimate the efficiency of treatment of water quality. The Hsinchu Industrial Zone (Eastern) Wastewater Treatment Plant was adopted as the experimental area. The comprehensive wastewater entered the MBR system and the high-pressure oxidation system after primary physical treatment. The treatment efficiency of Suspended Solids (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) after MBR system treatment were 98.15%, 84.55% and 97.82%, respectively. The average purification efficiency of water quality standards of SS, COD and BOD are 1.93 mg / L, 24.6mg / L and 1.89mg / L , which reach the requirement in flushing, watering or dusting water, or the supply of pre-treatment water for wastewater recycling programs. As a result, the required area per ton of wastewater from the MBR treatment system is 0.11 m2/m3 and the operating cost is 10.52 yuan / m3.

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