Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Electronic books. Teachers Lesson planning"

Given the strict guideline and significant innovation from the Laos Government, there are certain limitations in teacher training in Laos. This paper focuses on selected internationally published works on training teaching skills for prospective teachers (pre-service teachers) with document analysis method on articles and books of authors outside Laos. Subsequently, some recommendations to help innovate the pre-service teacher training process in Laos would be proposed in order to contribute to the development of teachers’ pedagogical competencies. It is suggested that the time allowance for pedagogical practice in high schools with the guidance of expert teachers, possibly through lesson planning and micro-teaching be increased. It is also necessary to pay more attention to equip teacher trainees with skills in using information technology and software in teaching (in particular pre-service mathematics teachers).

Encouraging critical thinking (CT) in the EFL classroom is something that every professional in the educational field should be responsible for. The aim of this paper was to make an analysis of different studies on the topic. The methodology used was based on a descriptive study through the analysis of several primary sources such as research papers on the topic that have been published in scientific journals, books, records of or- ganizations, among others. These sources lead to the identification of important elements in a lesson plan for critical thinking: elements of thought, intellectual standards and intellectual traits. Writing good learning objectives is just as important as selecting effective activities and determining ideal assessments to facilitate that teachers and students perceive what is to be achieved in the class and how. Aligning the tenets of critical thin- king when planning a lesson promotes real learning in our students through the achievement of effective learning outcomes. In conclusion, critical thinking skills need to be developed on a daily basis rather than as a part of isolated lessons that uncommonly take place.

Rasyidiyah Khalidiyah Islamic Boarding School is an Islamic boarding school in South Kalimantan. It is famous for Kitab Kuning (The Classical Books) and it focuses on function of language as system, which means that Arabic is an instrument to understand the classical books/kitab kuning. This Islamic boarding school has been synchronized with Public Islamic High School standard today. The purpose of this study is to know the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and monitoring of learning Arabic language based on Sears’s theory in Rasyidiyah Khalidiyah Islamic High School for women in Amuntai, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study is classified as case study which becomes part of qualitative research. The management of Arabic learning in Rasyidiyah Khalidiyah Islamic Boarding School covers: (1)Planning includes; (a) schools use short-term planning (b) lesson plan/RPP and syllabus which refer to School- Based Curriculum (KTSP). (2) Organization includes; (a) preliminary activities, (b) core activities, and (c) final activities. The core activities include; exploration, elaboration and confirmation (b) only some teachers use methods and media in learning. (3) Directing includes; (a) the principal gives directions to the teachers (b) the teachers give directions to the students by motivating them to learn Arabic. (4) Coordinating includes; internal coordination (5) Controling includes evaluation of student learning outcomes and evaluation of Arabic learning process.

Textbooks as a prominent product of educational content’s didactical transformation are usually published as a series. Textbooks are often accompanied by workbooks and teacher’s books. These publications are designed to support teacher’s work and can have a significant impact on the teaching practice. To deepen the understanding of chemical education at lower-secondary schools, the goal was to map chemistry teachers’ use of workbooks and teacher’s books. An electronic questionnaire containing close-ended questions as well as scales was used for this purpose. Information about workbooks and teacher’s books’ use, frequency of use, perceived importance and purpose were gathered. Whereas 63% of the 387 respondents reported using workbooks they consider important for the quality of education, teacher’s books are only used by 24% of teachers, with only 4% reporting their frequent use. The results indicate that workbooks are mostly used during chemistry lessons or for student homework, however a significant share of teachers mentioned using them for lesson preparation. The absence of a teacher’s book, coupled with the teachers’ reluctance to use them even when available, also pointed to their approach to teaching preparation based on the search for educational content and specific activities rather than methodological support in a broader sense.

This research aims to determine the strategy of civic education teachers in integrating nationalist character and tolerance in Junior High School based on pesantren in Yogyakarta City. Research type used in this research is qualitative research with case study method. The research subjects consisted of teachers of civic education who taught at Junior High School based on pesantren in Yogyakarta City. The research data was collected through semi-structured interview, observation and documentation. Data analysis using qualitative analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. Data validity uses two forms of triangulation, ie source triangulation and engineering triangulation. The result of the research is that teachers have integrated nationalist character and tolerance into learning planning and implementation. Learning strategies used to integrate nationalist character and tolerance are lecture method, question and answer, and assignment. Media and learning resources used in the form of books, and video or picture display. This study finds that the implementation of civic education learning done by teachers is not based on lesson planning and effective lecture method is used as a learning strategy if teachers use media and learning resources such as video shows, slide point power usage of the media can increase the enthusiasm of learners.

With the developments in information and communication technologies, books which are fundamental information sources for students throughout their education and training process are being transformed into electronic book (e-book) formats. E-books provide interactive environments, and they are also updateable materials, which shows that, in time, they can almost completely replace printed materials. In addition, there are no spatial and temporal limitations in conveying the lesson content to students using e-books, and they are accessible online as well, both of which increase the preference toward e-books. In this context, the study aimed to examine the e-book design process based on the ADDIE model used by the pre-service teachers in the Computer and Instructional Technologies department. E-books were include subjects radioactivity, acid rain and the greenhouse effect. The study was conducted throughout a period of 12 weeks with 54 sophomores in the Computer and Instructional Technologies department of Giresun University's Education Faculty who were taking the Material Design and Use in Education course during the 2015 Fall semester. The study data were collected using data collection forms and reflection reports. The data derived from these tools were analyzed using content analysis. The study results revealed that the pre-service teachers had problems particularly in the development process of the e-books. In addition, the pre-service teachers recognized their deficiencies when designing their e-books, and they eliminated these deficiencies to a great extent.

This research discusses implementing a European document (European Portfolio of Student Teachers of Language EPOSTL) as a selfassessment tool. The research design experiments the European portfolio for pre-service language teachers (EPOSTL), which has been translated by the researcher and published by the Council of Europe. The portfolio is used with the aim of assessing the key teaching competencies of pre-service English language teachers during the teaching practice or the practicum. The paper examines key 5 descriptors of didactic competencies in the EPOSTL which are (Lesson planning- Conducting a lesson- classroom management- Independent learning- Assessment of learning). It highlights implementing the portfolios as means of assessing the competencies of language teachers in pre-service context. Instruments of the research include EPOSTL, teaching competence scale and portfolio assessment rubric. Results of implementing the portfolio on a sample of (N. 30) students at Hurghada Faculty of Education during their practicum (3 groups in 3 official language schools) are reported. The results indicate that using EPOSTL as a self-assessment tool has positive impacts on developing the five areas of the portfolio as measured by the Teaching Competencies Scale (TCS) designed by the researcher. The scale includes the main areas of the EPOSTL to be examined by the students while the fifth area "classroom management" was included as in the EPOSTL with "conducting a lesson" area. The recommendations include: implementing the electronic portfolios as self-assessment tools, the need for assessing didactic competencies using authentic assessment tools and designing valid and reliable tools of assessing the whole teaching practice or “practicum” of pre-service English language teachers.

Rational construction site planning is especially important when building in cramped urban environments. This requires good training of qualified professionals. Currently, the system of higher professional education imposes new requirements on the technologies of vocational training. The introduction of interactive teaching methods and the improvement of the scientific, methodological and material and technical base are the most important stages on the way to the transition to a new level of education. This process is facilitated by practical exercises using electronic reference books and electronic simulators. As an example, the organization of the interactive form of a practical lesson "Designing temporary warehouses for a construction site" is considered. The lesson is part of the course for training specialists in the development of building master plans. The structure and organization of the lesson is described. It includes such forms of interactive teaching methods as mini-lecture, case-method, discussion. During the lesson, students actively participate in the discussion of the issues under consideration. They offer their own options for solving the tasks assigned to them. Consolidation of the acquired skills for calculating warehouse areas is carried out using an electronic simulator. The simulator allows you to optimize the required warehouse area. To do this, the simulator enters the initial data on the materials required for the construction of the facility. The ability to vary various parameters is provided. The simulator makes it easier to assimilate the studied material. The proposed simulator can also be used for practical purposes, for example, for rational planning of a construction site.

The main purpose of this paper is to present Slovenian and Finnish prospective chemistry teachers? perceptions of their future profession, especially with regard to their understanding of the role of the triple nature of chemical concepts (macro, submicro and symbolic) and their representations in chemistry learning. A total of 19 prospective teachers (10 Slovenian, 9 Finnish) at master?s level in chemical education participated in the research. The prospective teachers? opinions were gathered using an electronic questionnaire comprising six open-ended questions. The study revealed many parallels between Slovenian and Finnish prospective chemistry teachers? perceptions of their future profession and their understanding of the role of the triple nature of chemical concepts, especially particle representations, in chemistry learning. The majority of the prospective teachers from both countries believe that personal characteristics are the most important attribute of a successful chemistry teacher. Thus, they highly value teachers? enthusiasm for teaching and the use of contemporary teaching approaches in chemistry. The prospective teachers displayed an adequate understanding of the role of the triple nature of chemical concepts (i.e., particle representations) in the planning and implementation of a specific chemistry lesson.

This research adopted the qualitative research content analysis on the 4th grade of elementary school students which aimed to know the literary material contained in the 2013 curriculum student book in Indonesia as the compulsory guidebook. The results of this research could be useful for guidelines for the development of literary materials by teachers when implementing learning planning. The findings show that students’ literature material is only about 30% of the Indonesian language learning material found in the 4th grade of elementary school. The lesson was limited to reading the text of the story then answering questions about the content of the text. In general, literary competence material in student books has not been emphasized on the cultivation of literary concepts. The development of literary materials in the 4th grade of elementary school should include the introduction of literary concepts, analyzing the contents of literary texts, and applying moral values in literature to be applied in daily life.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic caused many schools to close and forced educators to replace face-to-face learning to online learning overnight. The process of transitioning to the application of distance learning cannot occur in a short time. So that it takes adequate facilities and teacher skills in designing learning. E-learning facilities are still unfamiliar to both teachers and students, especially in Situbondo Regency. So that mentoring and training in the use of e-learning for teachers in physics learning is needed to make it easier for teachers and students in the learning process. Planning activities include making e-learning modules using moddle and camtasia. The training and mentoring process was even attended by 93 physics teachers outside Situbondo Regency. However, those who can participate in the training gradually decrease due to the busyness of each participant. So that at the end of the Moodle e-learning training and mentoring session, there are 25 (18 from Situbondo) participants who can design a complete lesson including assignment features, quizzes (aiken format), labels, lessons, Bigblue buttons, pages, books and forums. Keywords: Abstrak Masa pademi covid-19 menyebabkan banyak sekolah tutup dan memaksa pendidik mengganti pembelajaran tatap muka ke pembelajaran online dalam waktu singkat. Proses transisi penerapan pembelajaran jarak jauh tidak bisa terjadi dalam waktu yang singkat, sehingga dibutuhkan fasilitas dan keterampilan guru yang memadai dalam merancang pembelajaran. Fasilitas e-learning pun masih asing baik bagi guru maupun siswa, khususnya di Kabupaten Situbondo. sehingga pendampingan dan pelatihan penggunaan e-learning untuk guru dalam pembelajaran fisika dirasa sangat dibutuhkan untuk mempermudah guru dan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Perencanaan kegiatan meliputi pembuatan modul e-learning menggunakan moddle dan camtasia. Proses pelatihan dan pendampingan diikuti bahkan oleh guru fisika di luar Kabupaten Situbondo sebanyak 93 peserta. Namun yang dapat mengikuti pelatihan secara bertahap berkurang karena kesibukan masing-masing peserta. Sehingga di akhir sesi pelatihan dan pendampingan e-learning moodle terdapat 25 (18 dari Situbondo) peserta yang dapat merancang pembelajaran secara lengkap meliputi fitur assignment, quiz (aiken format), label, lesson, Bigblue button, page, book dan forum.

The teaching of grammar and vocabulary is a complex but crucial process in the course of an educationaland epistemological programmeforlearning any language, especially English. It is all mandatory fora teacher of English to teach vocabulary and grammar so that the learner can develop the four basic skills of learning a language. In every teaching strategy, a method followed by a theory, objectives determination (general and specific), syllabus designing, curriculum scheduling, checklist assembling, material selecting, and lesson planning are marked as the mandatory steps to be taken by a teacher of English. In case of methods, generally four types of method i.e. Grammar Translation method, Directmethod, Audio-lingual method and Communicative Language Teaching method can be specified. Further, in case of teaching vocabulary, diverse methods particularly- keyword method, word map,restructuring reading materials, root analysis and so on can also be marked as necessary. While we come across syllabus designing, we find: Grammatical syllabus, Structural syllabus, Situational syllabus and Notional-functional syllabus. In case of materials we have textbooks, workbooks, reference books, teachers manual, supplementary materials, remedial materials and so on. After selection of materials, the selection of gradation comes including linear and cyclic gradation. The checklist is a kind of manual or work-plan provided by the teacher to the students. As a whole, the checklist includes daily programme of topics selected in specific to be taught in a lecture or several lectures whereas a lesson plan is a detail discussion of the topic with the division of time scheduling for each and every class.

Penelitian ini bertujuan: 1.) Mendeskripsikan perencanaan pendidikan karakter yang dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah, dan guru; 2.) Mengetahui peran kepala sekolah, guru dan karyawan; 3.) Mengidentifikasi nilai-nilai yang diimplementasikan dalam pen-didikan karakter; 4.) Menghasilkan pola implementasi pendidikan karakter; dan 5.) Menemukan faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam implementasi pendidi-kan karakter. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan doku-mentasi, dan dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Penelitian ini meng-hasilkan simpulan sebagai berikut. Kepala madrasah telah melakukan perencanaan pendidikan karakter secara terprogram dalam visi dan misi. Guru telah melakukan perencanaan pendidikan karakter dalam membuat rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Kepala madrasah memiliki peran sebagai leader. Para guru memiliki peran mem-persiapkan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran, melakukan transfer of knowledge dan transfer of value. Karyawan memiliki peran sebagai penyedia fasilitas sarana dan prasarana. Nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang dikembangkan adalah religius, jujur, toleransi, disiplin, kerja keras, kreatif, mandiri, peduli lingkungan, dan tanggung jawab. Implementasi pendidikan karakter dilaksanakan secara terintegrasi pada setiap mata pelajaran dan setiap kegiatan ekstrakurikuler. Faktor pendukung implementasi pendidikan karakter meliputi visi dan misi madrasah, komitmen kepala madrasah, SDM guru, karyawan, dan orang tua siswa serta lingkungan masyarakat yang Islami. Sedangkan faktor penghambat implementasi pendidikan karakter di MIN 2 Sleman meliputi sistem manajerial madrasah, persepsi yang belum sama, beban kerja guru, siswa yang nakal, wali siswa yang kurang peduli dan perkembangan media elektronik. AbstractThis study aims to 1.)To describe character education planning by the headmaster and teachers; 2.) To Determine the roles of the headmaster, teachers and staffs; 3.) To identify value implemented in character education; 4.) To result the pattern of implementation of character education; and 5.) To find supporting and inhibiting factors in the implementation of character educaiton. The research data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed by using qualitative analysis technique. The research produced the following conclusions. The head of the madrasah had performed character education planning systematically in the vision and mission. The teachers had performed character education planning in making lesson plans. The head of the madrasah was the leader. The teachers prepared lesson plans; performed transfer of knowledge and transfer of value. The staffs were providers of facilities and infrastructures. The values of character education develop-ped were religiousity, honesty, tolerance, discipline, hardworking, creativeness, in-dependence, care of environment, and responsibility. The implementation of character education was integrated in every subject and every extracurricular activity. The sup-porting factors of the implementation of character education were the availability of vision and mission of madrasah, commitment of the head of madrasah, teachers, staffs, and students’ parents, and Islamic community. While the inhibiting factors included the non-standard managerial system of madrasah, non-uniform perception, teachers’ workload, insubordinate students, indifferent students’ parents, and the misuse of electronic technology.

The development of education is inextricably linked with high paced technological progress and its multitude of products. Such advancement requires foreign language teachers to not only learn about and utilize such new technological products in their classrooms, but also to discover creative ways they can be applied in enhancing their personal career development. As a result, during the last decade (2008  2018) the number of electronic portfolios on the Internet has increased significantly. They include materials for the educational process and teacher achievements by means of PowerPoint presentations, Wiki-pages, blogs, and sites. Thus, the purpose of this article is to cover the basics of constructing a professional electronic portfolio as a technique of developing creativity of a foreign language teacher aimed to maximize professional skills; meeting professional needs; deepening; expanding and updating corresponding general and specialized knowledge. To facilitate the presentation of the example the article briefly introduces the concepts of «teacher portfolio», «electronic portfolio», «creativity», as they relate to the process of creating an electronic portfolio. The research also presents and describes an electronic portfolio structure taking into account the «can-do» descriptors, which characterize knowledge and skills (e.g., creativity) that a foreign language teacher should demonstrate and develop. Besides, there is a recommendation to use such Google services as Google Drive, YouTube, Google Photos, Google Maps, Google Calendar, Google Play, Google Hangouts, Google Classroom, Blogger, and Google Sites for creating an electronic portfolio. The authors offer an example of the electronic portfolio that consists of three main parts: «Personal Statement», «Self-Assessment», and «Dossier». The «can-do» descriptors are divided into seven categories there: «Context», «Methodology», «Resources», «Lesson Planning», «Conducting a Lesson», «Independent Learning», and «Assessment of Learning».

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan sertifikasi jalur portofolio bagi guru Sekolah Dasar di Kota Semarang. Peneliti-an ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dilaksanakan di Di-nas Pendidikan Kota Semarang. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari Kepala Bidang Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Dinas Pen-didikan, kepala sekolah, dan guru. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi proses pembelajar-an, penelusuran dokumen perencanaan pembelajaran dan por-tofolio. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis kualititatif melalui langkah pengumpulan, penyajian, reduksi, dan penarik-an kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Peren-canaan sertifikasi jalur portofolio tidak berjalan dengan baik, dari aspek sosialisasi prosedur tidak tuntas dan data tidak valid, (2) Pengorganisasian sertifikasi jalur portofolio tidak berjalan dengan baik, dari aspek penyusunan dan verifikasi dokumen portofolio tidak sesuai dengan buku panduan, (3) Pelaksanaan sertifikasi guru jalur portofolio tidak berjalan dengan baik, (4) Pengawasan sertifikasi jalur portofolio tidak berjalan dengan baik. Kata Kunci: manajemen, sertifikasi guru, profesi ______________________________________________________________THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CERTIFICATION THROUGH THE PORTFOLIO SYSTEM FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN SEMARANG CITY Abstract This study aims to investigate the planning, organizing, actuating and controlling functions in the certification through the portfolio system for elementary school teachers in Sema-rang City. This study employed the qualitative approach, con-ducted in the Office of Education of Semarang City. The research subjects consisted of the Head of the Educator and Educational Personnel Section in the Office of Education, principals, and teachers. The data collecting techniques included interviews, observations, and document tracing. The data were collected through interviews, supported by observations on learning processes and tracing documents of lesson plans and portfolio. The collected data were analyzed using the qualitative technique involving steps of collection, display, reduction, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study are as follows: (1) the planning of the portfolio system certification does not run well; from the aspect of socialization, procedures are income-plete and the data are invalid, (2) organization of portfolio system certification does not run well; from the aspects of portfolio preparation and verification, the documents are not in accordance with the guide books, (3) the actuation of the portfolio system certification does not run well, (4) the control of the portfolio system certification does not run well.Keywords: management, teacher certification, profession

The study was carried out with the purpose of assessing school record management in FCT secondary schools. Record management is the area of administrative management that is concerned with achieving economy and efficiency in the creation, maintenance, use and disposal of records of an organization throughout its life cycle. Implementing good record management practices in schools would provide information for educational planners and administrators, serves as historical source for documenting history of the school. School records comprise all existing and accessible records, books, files and other documents containing useful information that relates to what goes on in the school system They are evaluation tools for accessing progress made by schools and also show evidence of compliance with legislative laws. The descriptive research design was used for this study. The population was drawn from ten (10) secondary schools in FCT. The instrument for data collection comprised of questionnaire titled “Assessment of School Record Management in Secondary Schools in FCT” (ASRMSS). A sample size of eighty respondents from schools was used. Simple percentage was adopted in analyzing the research questions while chi-square was adopted in analyzing the hypotheses. Research findings revealed that the various record books used in schools include: log-book, attendance register, lesson plan, syllabus, staff movement book, visitors’ book, admission and withdrawal register, to mention a few. It was also revealed in the findings that most of the records in school are not properly kept. Also, timely supply of school records, availability of funds, teachers’ training and proper back up of records were the solutions proffered by respondents. It was however recommended that stakeholders in the school should make use of the school’s record books for efficiency purposes. Furthermore, stakeholders should ensure timely update of record materials and finally, delegation and follow-up on record procedures should be given adequate attention by school principals. Odeniyi, O. A. | Department of Education Administration and Planning, National Open University, Abuja, Nigeria

One of the important components of mathematical competence is the ability to solve practical tasks. According to G. Hristova “... with the teaching of mathematics in elementary classes, the skills to learn, to handle information, to communicate, to work independently and to work in a team are formed in the students” [4]. K. Alexieva stresses in her publication that “key competences are interdependent and represent a set of knowledge, skills and relationships necessary for the individual's personal development throughout life, for building an active civic position and participation in social life as well as for the suitability for his/her realization on the labour market. Through learning in each of the subjects, key competence learning skills are acquired, which includes understanding the personal needs in the learning process and discovering the opportunities and abilities to overcome learning difficulties, both individually and in groups; critical thinking, problem solving and decision making, initiative, creativity, responsibility, teamwork, and other key competences specified in the curriculum [1]. The ability to solve practical tasks develops to a greater extent in group, teamwork on projects. Project work is one of the active learning methods. It is not widely accepted in modern mathematical education in Bulgaria. The reasons for this are many. One of them is the lack of methodological literature on the subject for elementary teachers. Many specialists organize project work with their students, including mathematics, but their experience remains unpopular. Project work is difficult to organize, involves serious planning, and often involves spending money to buy the necessary materials. To successfully integrate into project activities, it is necessary for the young students to have a certain degree of autonomy, organizational skills, communicative skills, teamwork skills, skills for individual search of information, presentation skills, and so on. Teachers with creative abilities and innovative ideas develop, organize, and work on projects in primary school but this is a matter of their goodwill and professional skills. Mathematics teaching specialists in primary schools are in debt to primary school teachers in terms of published methodological work and project activities, including mathematics. Teachers' books for mathematics curricula for primary classes should include developments of at least one class project. This is done in the Bulgarian mathematics training kits of Anubis Publishing House, where I am the author [2] [3]. In this article I will present a description of the project – Thematic Classroom “The Room of Mysteries” for the third grade. It would be good the lesson to be held at the end of the school year. It solves tasks from all of the learning content studied in mathematics in the third grade. The idea of the project is based on the so-called “Escape Room” – a place where participants have to solve a series of puzzles to leave the room. Students of the class will not be locked in their classroom, of course. They will find a locked suitcase in their room that they want to unlock to see what's in it. For better motivation students will be given the role of police inspectors, who will be divided into 6 teams to solve a series of challenges – tasks. The lesson is held in the presence of parents and relatives of the students. A team of “veteran investigators” is formed from the parents, who also have to solve puzzles. Solving each task will lead to the opening of a new puzzle, and so pupils and parents will have to deal with a series of challenges that will lead to the discovery of 7 keys, identical at first glance, only one of which unlocks the briefcase. The prize, hidden away from the students, may be their annual third-grade certificates, may be holiday books for the end of the year as well as small gifts. Materials required for the project are purchased in advance with funds collected from students' parents.

The current state of education has drastically changed, maintaining virtual learning and teaching, educators adapting to utilizing existing technology by implementing information transformation. The fact shows that educators face problems to be able to present interesting learning for students, and interactive learning, especially learning for early childhood aged 3-4 years (Play Group) and 4-6 years (Kindergarten), so creative teachers are needed. and innovative (Ahmed et al., 2020). The implementation of online learning in PAUD is better known as PAUD from home (PFH). PFH is an early childhood activity held at home by families with children with remote teacher guidance and assistance. Of course, PFH is different from online learning at the elementary, junior high, high school, and university levels. Previously, PAUD services focused more on the relationship between families and schools, then Covid-19 teaches all parties to implement real PAUD by paying attention to the reciprocal relationship between institutions, families, and the environment. This research is carried out with a qualitative approach, with the type of case study, because the research carried out examines one field of study or variables in depth, namely learning management from home. The results of the study show that online learning at the Kindergarten level is not necessarily carried out without careful planning, following the stages of implementing PFH which are carried out in three stages: 1. Preparation stage; this stage starts from checking the condition of the students' families, then choosing the type of learning whether online, offline, or blended learning. Furthermore, preparing children, preparing parents, preparing themed lesson plans, and preparing communication guides between teachers and students' families. 2. Implementation stage; families discuss with children about the activities to be sent, families also look for various learning resources (books, videos, pictures related to themes, etc.), children are free to follow the teacher's ideas or their own ideas, there is interaction, children play, and documentation of activities. 3. Post-implementation stage; families report PFH results by documenting children's activities.

AbstrakGuru adalah pelaksana langsung dari kurikulum di suatu kelas. Pencapaian implementasi kurikulum yang baik sangat bergantung pada faktor kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh seorang guru. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian tentang “Peran Guru dalam Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus pada Sekolah Luar Biasa di Sidoarjo”. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data dilakukan secara triangulasi. Teknik analisis data bersifat induktif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus pada Sekolah Luar Biasa di Sidoarjo dilaksanakan secara bertahap, dimulai sejak tahun ajaran 2015/2016 pada kelas 1 dan 4 dan pada tahun ajaran 2016/2017 ditambah kelas 2 dan kelas 5. Implementasi pembelajaran di kelas menggunakan perpaduan antara Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan khusus dan Kurikulum KTSP; (2) Sebagian guru Sekolah Luar Biasa di Sidoarjo sudah menjalankan perannya sesuai kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus dengan beberapa adaptasi dari kurikulum KTSP, mulai perencanaan pembelajaran seperti program tahunan, program semester, rincian minggu efektif, silabus, dan Rencana Pembelajaran (RPP), melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan pendekatan saintifik, dan evaluasi yang meliputi aspek sikap, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan; dan (3) Kendala yang dihadapi dalam Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus pada Sekolah Luar Biasa di Sidoarjo, antara lain: kurang lengkapnya ketersedian buku guru dan buku siswa, prasarana juga masih banyak yang perlu dibenahi, kurang lengkapnya alat peraga pendidikan, kurangnya pemahaman guru tentang penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran berdasarkan kurikulum 2013. AbstractTeacher is an implementator of Curriculum in a class. Good achievement of curriculum’s implementation depends on the teacher’s capability. Therefore, this research performed “The Role of Special Teachers in Implementation of Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus at Special School in Sidoarjo”. The research was qualitative descriptive study. The Techniques of collecting data were observation, interview and documentation. The data validity use triangulation. Data analysis was inductive. Results are: (1) Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus at special school in Sidoarjo is implemented gradually, starting from the academic year of 2015/2016 on Grades 1 and 4 and at academic year 2016/2017 was added Grades 2 and 5. Implementation of the curriculum in the classroom at special school is an assimilation between Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus and Kurikulum KTSP; (2) Some special teachers in Sidoarjo are already running their role corresponding to Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus with some adaptations from Kurikulum KTSP, including Planning Learning as Annual Program, Semester Program, effective weeks list, syllabus, and Lesson Plan (RPP), implementing learning with scientific approach, and Evaluation which covers Attitude, knowledge, and skills aspects; And (3) The obstacle in implementation of Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus at Special School in Sidoarjo, including: the lack of Teacher's books and student’s books, infrastructure, learning tools, and teacher’s understanding on learning tools based on Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus.Keywords: The Role of Special Teachers, Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Khusus, Special School

The aim of this article is to analyze the capabilities of Google services and their combination with traditional approaches to studying the novel by L.N. Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”. Based on the generalization of the experience of teachers, school practice, the author proposes a model of an educational navigator, which is used in the study of a voluminous epic work – the novel “War and Peace”. Particular attention in the article is paid to ways of introducing students to reading and methods of working with the text of the novel using Google-services. The expediency and efficiency of using this resource for organizing the activities of students in the lesson and in extracurricular activities have been revealed. To build an educational navigator, it is relevant to turn to Google services: electronic encyclopedias, numerous Internet resources, multimedia tools (video encyclopedias, e-books, etc.). Separately, the specifics of the use of Google services in guiding students’ independent work through a specially organized interactive educational and information environment, which saves educational time, ensures long-term memorization of educational material, contributes to the development of the necessary reading skills of students, creates conditions for differentiated learning. The didactic capabilities of Google services are demonstrated using the example of different types of the educational navigator content. The article describes individual navigator modules. Based on the study, it was concluded that the Google services in the modern educational space should become a didactic toolkit for developing methodological recommendations and organizing a system for working with the text of a literary work, aimed at developing the reading activity of schoolchildren, their independence and creativity, and personal growth.

An assessment of the formation of general cultural and professional competencies of students of future teachers of the subject of physical education in the conditions of distance learning was carried out. A study was organized consisting in comparing the assessments of graduate qualification works of bachelors of physical education by sophomore students conducted as part of classes in the subject: "Fundamentals of scientific and methodological activities" at the Faculty of Physical Culture of Moscow State Regional University in May-June 2020, with the final assessments of the state certification commission. It was established that the shortcomings of distance learning, according to the students surveyed, include: an increase in the volume of homework, technical problems with electronic communication, a lack of live communication with teachers and fellow students and hypodynamy. The advantages of distance learning by students included: saving time and money for moving, conducting classes in a comfortable home environment, flexibility in training planning and the ability to learn new courses. A study of the homogeneity of a group of respondents found that according to examination estimates, students were divided into two groups (with high and low grades), and according to the attendance of classes into three groups of students: absentees who go through the lesson and attend constantly. At the same time, approximately 29% of the assessment in the exam is determined by the number of visits to classes. In the remote format, attendance significantly increased by 12% (t-criterion) from the initial to the quarantine period. It is also determined that 13% of the value of the final assessment of graduate qualification works is determined by the personality of the student expert in the sample under study, and not by the content of the applicant's report and presentation. As a result of cluster analysis, three clusters of expert students are identified, differing in levels of responsibility, social and cognitive intelligence. It was established that criterion-evaluation competencies in terms of assessing knowledge in the subject area of ​ ​ "physical culture" are formed in most students by the end of the second year. More than 80% of sophomore students begin to evaluate graduate work almost the same as members of the state certification commission

The paper discusses a blended learning concept for a university teacher training course for prospective teachers of English. The concept aims at purposeful learning using different methods and activities, various traditional and electronic media, learning spaces covering contact and distance learning, and task-based learning modules that begin with multimedia-based case stories. The learning concept is based on theories of situated learning in multimedia-enhanced learning environments. The activities discussed include classroom recordings and multimedia-based case stories, an electronic interview with an expert who is an experienced grammar school teacher, and mini-practices, which implement micro teaching in a classroom setting. Case stories used as a didactic tool in teacher education are supposed to contribute to a closer and more reflective relationship between theory-driven and practically-oriented aspects of teacher education. The multimedia-based case stories are hypertexts designed as essential components of computer-based learning modules that support various ways and styles of learning. Students worked with the case story material either in guided or in self-regulated scenarios several times during the course. Three types of learners could be distinguished: students who mainly create and apply experiences, students who mainly study the theoretical resources, and students who create with focused selection of resources. The e-interview promotes an exchange between theory and practical teaching and experience with this format of e-learning at the same time. The mini-practice offers guided insights into analyzing teaching materials, hands-on experiences with lesson planning and the experience of acting as a teacher in an authentic teaching context. Furthermore, the mini-practice is meant to help the students broaden their perspectives on “English lessons at school” and change their perspective, that is, from a pupil’s to a prospective teacher’s. These activities combine contact learning and interactive e-learning. This combination is highly appreciated by our learners and represents our concept of integrated interactive e-learning and contact learning.

The focus of this study is about the materials of History of Islam in Indonesia on Indonesian National History Textbook in the Perspective of Islamic Education. It�s not only knowing of this materials but also can be useful for people who want to master of historical of Islam in Indonesia. In the process of learning the teacher presenting the material, starting with the creation of teaching materials interesting and innovative. Teaching materials have great contribution for the success of the learning process. In this occasion the role of the teacher as a facilitator is very important because it also as a resource in teaching and learning. Learning based on the students-oriented could be possible to learn from a variety of sources of information independently, both of graphic media such as books, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and others; or on electronic media such as radio, television, film slides, video, computer, or perhaps from the internet. Writing the past of historical of human life is strongly influenced by the ideology of the author, also at the time who was in the power in that country. So that it is presented to be criticize on its truth do not accept what if it were going to leave uncertainty forever. The method is used in this research is descriptive narrative, that research on describing what the data that the author has found from many sources that are the subject of a study of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly opinion which strengthens. While the theory is used in this case is theories have Framing in content analysis. Framing analysis is used to determine how the reality framed by the media. Through analysis of the framing will be known who controls whom, who opposed the who, where friends where the opponent, where the patron and which clien. At the high school level (high school) or Madrasah Aliyah (MA) History teaching aims to encourage pupils can critical thinking, analysis and synthesis. Understanding the past life to be used as the foundation of life of the present and future. Also understand that history is a part of everyday life. The observation of the author after reading the teaching material for the National History Indonesia SMA / MA, there are theories that led to the materialist sourced from Western secular theory. The next presentation of teaching materials national history in SMA / MA when viewed from the perspective of Islamic education efforts are needed to Islamization include Islamization of Sciences, the Islamization of writing and teaching history, because history, as well as other science today predominantly influenced by the theories of secularism which considers a value-free and not nothing to do with religion; especially the Islamic religion that comes from revelation of Allah (Qur'an) and hadiths of The Messenger of Allah SAW. The teachers that administer the National History Lesson is expected to exploit the opportunities available that actively attending activities Subject Teachers Council (MGMP) to formulate, discuss and criticize the teaching materials that have been available in the Handbook both for teachers and for students. Of these activities are expected to grow curiosity continuously so that the teachers are always seeking to prepare themselves before teaching in the classroom. Likewise, students are stimulated to seek his own experiences with the task given of their selves both structured and unstructured task. Hopely the students can take advantage of opportunities for critical thinking in viewing and studying the teaching materials are available that they can eventually finds himself to be used as provision of his life in the future.<p><strong>Keyworld</strong>: teaching material, history of Islam, islamic education</p>

The analysis of competences that should be formed in the future foreign language teachers by the tools of modern information and communications technologies is presented by the authors. It is been determined that generic (core) competences include: informatics, informational, organizational and methodological competences; profile (specific) competences include the abilities of information and communications technologies usage for such pupils` skills forming as: listening, speaking, reading and writing. The program of electronic study course to support the realization of above-mentioned task is presented. The purpose of the program is to create a modern level of informational and computer culture, acquiring practical skills of application information technologies by teachers and philologists in order to increase the efficiency of the educational process; students of philological specialties and their preparation for the pedagogically effective use of information technology training in further professional activities. The content of the program modules has been given. Module 1. Network technologies in foreign languages, module 2. Office technologies in foreign languages, module 3. Multimedia technologies. The stages of using ICT in education have been identified, they are search, analysis and research of information, software, methodological resources for a lesson preparation with the further discussion; planning of organizational and methodological measures aimed at achieving goals and objectives of a certain lesson type; developing information materials according to the topic and type of lesson using ICT tools; assessment of future foreign language teachers readiness for the introduction of informational materials on the basis of software resources into the learning process. The usage of ICT for listening, speaking, reading and writing skills forming is demonstrated on the examples of software, on-line services and various podcasts.

The article presents one of the most current problems of modern music and theoretical education concerning the use of multimedia music and theoretical training of future music teachers. The author actualizes an issue of updating music and pedagogic education through the introduction of a system of advanced computer technology, including the use of modern multimedia facilities in the educational process along with the traditional technologies. In the author’s opinion, it will not only increase motivation, enhance cognitive and creative activities, realize the maximum potential future professionals, but will provide an opportunity to integrate a large amount of knowledge into almost single system. The author supposes an objective demand for the active introduction of multimedia technology in the educational process of art education for the transition to a new level of music and theoretical training of the future music teachers. The article presents the term “multimedia” and defines the concept of “multimedia technology”, which is the amount of technologies that allow the computer to enter, process, store, transmit and display data such as text, graphics, animation, images, video, sound, speech, etc. The article states that the use of multimedia technologies in this field has its limits, according to the nature of music education. However, the use of multimedia technologies during the music and theoretical cycle caused by a wide range of the following tasks: increasing information saturation of the lesson, visibility, savings organizational efforts of the teacher, optimization control skills of the student, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, improvement of learning and memorizing, etc. The author emphasizes that the multimedia product as one of the most modern ways of presenting information in music and theoretical subjects, which can be represented as presentations, video-anthologies, encyclopedic textbooks, reference books, electronic books and manuals, the simulator for practicing various skills tests, quizzes and highlights the most common applications used in modern practice of teaching music and theoretical subjects

The title of this research is “Growing up Students’ Curiosity Character in Learning History Through Puzzle Media in Class XI MIA 3 SMA Negeri 1 Lembang”. This research was held in Class XI MIA 3 SMA Negeri 1 Lembang. This research was motivated by the low of students’ curiosity character in learning history. The purpose of this research is how to grow the students’ curiosity in learning history among senior high school student, because most of them have wrong perception about learning history that considered as a boring lesson and only focused on text memorize without get the comprehensive perception related to the historical events. The developed indicators of the curiosity character in this research are the ability to ask questions, ability to answer questions from friends or teachers, ability to find out the information from books and the internet, then to contribute in group activities and class discussions, ability to interpret images in puzzles, and the ability to provide solutions of each questions in student work sheet (LKS). The research method used in this research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) by Kemmis and Mc Taggart. It consists of several stages, including the planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Based on the results of research, the character of the students’ curiosity in learning history has increased. It could be seen from the percentage that indicates students’ significant change. The percentage showed the change of students’ curiosity character which was not good enough to the good category. It can be a good recommendation for teachers or school to develop the learning process to grow students’ curiosity character, so that the learning would be more meaningful.

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> The purpose of this research was to describe the planning, implementation process of learning undertaken by teachers of mathematics and constraints experienced during the process of mathematical problem-based learning with a scientific approach in class X SMAN 1 Jogorogo. This research was a qualitative study. These subject are taken using purposive sampling. The subjects of this study were the teacher math in class X. Data collection techniques in this study were documentation, interviews and observations. Techniques to validate that the data source triangulation and triangulation time. The data analysis technique used was the concept of Miles and Huberman consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results showed that the planning process of mathematical problem-based learning with a scientific approach was not maximal yet, seen in the preparation of lesson plans which teachers only see examples of other schools and only see a reference to the syllabus. Implementation of the learning process is done the math teacher in class X SMAN 1 Jogorogo was not maximal yet. Visible in the indicator 5M on core activities are observing, asking, gather information, and communicate their associates have not done all. In observing the activities of students had no difficulty, however, go into the next phase indicator and students are still difficulties in doing so. In the event of problem making students ask questions, lack of motivation and imagination. Collect information on the activities of students also have difficulty in learning resources are used only for math books grade students associate X. At this stage also looks still difficulty in processing information, although sometimes the teacher has given direction that the students tried to process the information that has been obtained. At that last stage quite well in communicating the results, good enough student responses revealed the results even though the teacher had to call one of the students without first. Overcoming the problems found in the process of mathematical problem-based learning with a scientific approach to teacher always gives motivation at any stage of learning and trying to develop a problem-based learning with a scientific approach.</p><p><br /> <strong>Keywords:</strong> PBL, Scientific Approach</p>

While the term “visual literacy” has grown in popularity in the last 50 years, its meaning remains nebulous. It is described variously as: a vehicle for aesthetic appreciation, a means of defence against visual manipulation, a sorting mechanism for an increasingly data-saturated age, and a prerequisite to civic inclusion (Fransecky 23; Messaris 181; McTigue and Flowers 580). Scholars have written extensively about the first three subjects but there has been less research on how visual literacy frames civic life and how it might help the public as a tool to address disadvantage and assist in removing social and cultural barriers. This article examines a forerunner to visual literacy in the push to create an international symbol language born out of popular education movements, a project that fell short of its goals but still left a considerable impression on graphic media. This article, then, presents an analysis of visual literacy campaigns in the early postwar era. These campaigns did not attempt to invent a symbolic language but posited that images themselves served as a universal language in which students could receive training. Of particular interest is how the concept of visual literacy has been mobilised as a pedagogical tool in design, digital humanities and in broader civic education initiatives promoted by Third Space institutions. Behind the creation of new visual literacy curricula is the idea that images can help anchor a world community, supplementing textual communication. Figure 1: Visual Literacy Yearbook. Montebello Unified School District, USA, 1973. Shedding Light: Origins of the Visual Literacy Frame The term “visual literacy” came to the fore in the early 1970s on the heels of mass literacy campaigns. The educators, creatives and media theorists who first advocated for visual learning linked this aim to literacy, an unassailable goal, to promote a more radical curricular overhaul. They challenged a system that had hitherto only acknowledged a very limited pathway towards academic success; pushing “language and mathematics”, courses “referred to as solids (something substantial) as contrasted with liquids or gases (courses with little or no substance)” (Eisner 92). This was deemed “a parochial view of both human ability and the possibilities of education” that did not acknowledge multiple forms of intelligence (Gardner). This change not only integrated elements of mass culture that had been rejected in education, notably film and graphic arts, but also encouraged the critique of images as a form of good citizenship, assuming that visually literate arbiters could call out media misrepresentations and manipulative political advertising (Messaris, “Visual Test”). This movement was, in many ways, reactive to new forms of mass media that began to replace newspapers as key forms of civic participation. Unlike simple literacy (being able to decipher letters as a mnemonic system), visual literacy involves imputing meanings to images where meanings are less fixed, yet still with embedded cultural signifiers. Visual literacy promised to extend enlightenment metaphors of sight (as in the German Aufklärung) and illumination (as in the French Lumières) to help citizens understand an increasingly complex marketplace of images. The move towards visual literacy was not so much a shift towards images (and away from books and oration) but an affirmation of the need to critically investigate the visual sphere. It introduced doubt to previously upheld hierarchies of perception. Sight, to Kant the “noblest of the senses” (158), was no longer the sense “least affected” by the surrounding world but an input centre that was equally manipulable. In Kant’s view of societal development, the “cosmopolitan” held the key to pacifying bellicose states and ensuring global prosperity and tranquillity. The process of developing a cosmopolitan ideology rests, according to Kant, on the gradual elimination of war and “the education of young people in intellectual and moral culture” (188-89). Transforming disparate societies into “a universal cosmopolitan existence” that would “at last be realised as the matrix within which all the original capacities of the human race may develop” and would take well-funded educational institutions and, potentially, a new framework for imparting knowledge (Kant 51). To some, the world of the visual presented a baseline for shared experience. Figure 2: Exhibition by the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Vienna, photograph c. 1927. An International Picture Language The quest to find a mutually intelligible language that could “bridge worlds” and solder together all of humankind goes back to the late nineteenth century and the Esperanto movement of Ludwig Zamenhof (Schor 59). The expression of this ideal in the world of the visual picked up steam in the interwar years with designers and editors like Fritz Kahn, Gerd Arntz, and Otto and Marie Neurath. Their work transposing complex ideas into graphic form has been rediscovered as an antecedent to modern infographics, but the symbols they deployed were not to merely explain, but also help education and build international fellowship unbounded by spoken language. The Neuraths in particular are celebrated for their international picture language or Isotypes. These pictograms (sometimes viewed as proto-emojis) can be used to represent data without text. Taken together they are an “intemporal, hieroglyphic language” that Neutrath hoped would unite working-class people the world over (Lee 159). The Neuraths’ work was done in the explicit service of visual education with a popular socialist agenda and incubated in the social sphere of Red Vienna at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum (Social and Economic Museum) where Otto served as Director. The Wirtschaftsmuseum was an experiment in popular education, with multiple branches and late opening hours to accommodate the “the working man [who] has time to see a museum only at night” (Neurath 72-73). The Isotype contained universalist aspirations for the “making of a world language, or a helping picture language—[that] will give support to international developments generally” and “educate by the eye” (Neurath 13). Figure 3: Gerd Arntz Isotype Images. (Source: University of Reading.) The Isotype was widely adopted in the postwar era in pre-packaged sets of symbols used in graphic design and wayfinding systems for buildings and transportation networks, but with the socialism of the Neuraths’ peeled away, leaving only the system of logos that we are familiar with from airport washrooms, charts, and public transport maps. Much of the uptake in this symbol language could be traced to increased mobility and tourism, particularly in countries that did not make use of a Roman alphabet. The 1964 Olympics in Tokyo helped pave the way when organisers, fearful of jumbling too many scripts together, opted instead for black and white icons to represent the program of sports that summer. The new focus on the visual was both technologically mediated—cheaper printing and broadcast technologies made the diffusion of image increasingly possible—but also ideologically supported by a growing emphasis on projects that transcended linguistic, ethnic, and national borders. The Olympic symbols gradually morphed into Letraset icons, and, later, symbols in the Unicode Standard, which are the basis for today’s emojis. Wordless signs helped facilitate interconnectedness, but only in the most literal sense; their application was limited primarily to sports mega-events, highway maps, and “brand building”, and they never fulfilled their role as an educational language “to give the different nations a common outlook” (Neurath 18). Universally understood icons, particularly in the form of emojis, point to a rise in visual communication but they have fallen short as a cosmopolitan project, supporting neither the globalisation of Kantian ethics nor the transnational socialism of the Neuraths. Figure 4: Symbols in use. Women's bathroom. 1964 Tokyo Olympics. (Source: The official report of the Organizing Committee.) Counter Education By mid-century, the optimism of a universal symbol language seemed dated, and focus shifted from distillation to discernment. New educational programs presented ways to study images, increasingly reproducible with new technologies, as a language in and of themselves. These methods had their roots in the fin-de-siècle educational reforms of John Dewey, Helen Parkhurst, and Maria Montessori. As early as the 1920s, progressive educators were using highly visual magazines, like National Geographic, as the basis for lesson planning, with the hopes that they would “expose students to edifying and culturally enriching reading” and “develop a more catholic taste or sensibility, representing an important cosmopolitan value” (Hawkins 45). The rise in imagery from previously inaccessible regions helped pupils to see themselves in relation to the larger world (although this connection always came with the presumed superiority of the reader). “Pictorial education in public schools” taught readers—through images—to accept a broader world but, too often, they saw photographs as a “straightforward transcription of the real world” (Hawkins 57). The images of cultures and events presented in Life and National Geographic for the purposes of education and enrichment were now the subject of greater analysis in the classroom, not just as “windows into new worlds” but as cultural products in and of themselves. The emerging visual curriculum aimed to do more than just teach with previously excluded modes (photography, film and comics); it would investigate how images presented and mediated the world. This gained wider appeal with new analytical writing on film, like Raymond Spottiswoode's Grammar of the Film (1950) which sought to formulate the grammatical rules of visual communication (Messaris 181), influenced by semiotics and structural linguistics; the emphasis on grammar can also be seen in far earlier writings on design systems such as Owen Jones’s 1856 The Grammar of Ornament, which also advocated for new, universalising methods in design education (Sloboda 228). The inventorying impulse is on display in books like Donis A. Dondis’s A Primer of Visual Literacy (1973), a text that meditates on visual perception but also functions as an introduction to line and form in the applied arts, picking up where the Bauhaus left off. Dondis enumerates the “syntactical guidelines” of the applied arts with illustrations that are in keeping with 1920s books by Kandinsky and Klee and analyse pictorial elements. However, at the end of the book she shifts focus with two chapters that examine “messaging” and visual literacy explicitly. Dondis predicts that “an intellectual, trained ability to make and understand visual messages is becoming a vital necessity to involvement with communication. It is quite likely that visual literacy will be one of the fundamental measures of education in the last third of our century” (33) and she presses for more programs that incorporate the exploration and analysis of images in tertiary education. Figure 5: Ideal spatial environment for the Blueprint charts, 1970. (Image: Inventory Press.) Visual literacy in education arrived in earnest with a wave of publications in the mid-1970s. They offered ways for students to understand media processes and for teachers to use visual culture as an entry point into complex social and scientific subject matter, tapping into the “visual consciousness of the ‘television generation’” (Fransecky 5). Visual culture was often seen as inherently democratising, a break from stuffiness, the “artificialities of civilisation”, and the “archaic structures” that set sensorial perception apart from scholarship (Dworkin 131-132). Many radical university projects and community education initiatives of the 1960s made use of new media in novel ways: from Maurice Stein and Larry Miller’s fold-out posters accompanying Blueprint for Counter Education (1970) to Emory Douglas’s graphics for The Black Panther newspaper. Blueprint’s text- and image-dense wall charts were made via assemblage and they were imagined less as charts and more as a “matrix of resources” that could be used—and added to—by youth to undertake their own counter education (Cronin 53). These experiments in visual learning helped to break down old hierarchies in education, but their aim was influenced more by countercultural notions of disruption than the universal ideals of cosmopolitanism. From Image as Text to City as Text For a brief period in the 1970s, thinkers like Marshall McLuhan (McLuhan et al., Massage) and artists like Bruno Munari (Tanchis and Munari) collaborated fruitfully with graphic designers to create books that mixed text and image in novel ways. Using new compositional methods, they broke apart traditional printing lock-ups to superimpose photographs, twist text, and bend narrative frames. The most famous work from this era is, undoubtedly, The Medium Is the Massage (1967), McLuhan’s team-up with graphic designer Quentin Fiore, but it was followed by dozens of other books intended to communicate theory and scientific ideas with popularising graphics. Following in the footsteps of McLuhan, many of these texts sought not just to explain an issue but to self-consciously reference their own method of information delivery. These works set the precedent for visual aids (and, to a lesser extent, audio) that launched a diverse, non-hierarchical discourse that was nonetheless bound to tactile artefacts. In 1977, McLuhan helped develop a media textbook for secondary school students called City as Classroom: Understanding Language and Media. It is notable for its direct address style and its focus on investigating spaces outside of the classroom (provocatively, a section on the third page begins with “Should all schools be closed?”). The book follows with a fine-grained analysis of advertising forms in which students are asked to first bring advertisements into class for analysis and later to go out into the city to explore “a man-made environment, a huge warehouse of information, a vast resource to be mined free of charge” (McLuhan et al., City 149). As a document City as Classroom is critical of existing teaching methods, in line with the radical “in the streets” pedagogy of its day. McLuhan’s theories proved particularly salient for the counter education movement, in part because they tapped into a healthy scepticism of advertisers and other image-makers. They also dovetailed with growing discontent with the ad-strew visual environment of cities in the 1970s. Budgets for advertising had mushroomed in the1960s and outdoor advertising “cluttered” cities with billboards and neon, generating “fierce intensities and new hybrid energies” that threatened to throw off the visual equilibrium (McLuhan 74). Visual literacy curricula brought in experiential learning focussed on the legibility of the cities, mapping, and the visualisation of urban issues with social justice implications. The Detroit Geographical Expedition and Institute (DGEI), a “collective endeavour of community research and education” that arose in the aftermath of the 1967 uprisings, is the most storied of the groups that suffused the collection of spatial data with community engagement and organising (Warren et al. 61). The following decades would see a tamed approach to visual literacy that, while still pressing for critical reading, did not upend traditional methods of educational delivery. Figure 6: Beginning a College Program-Assisting Teachers to Develop Visual Literacy Approaches in Public School Classrooms. 1977. ERIC. Searching for Civic Education The visual literacy initiatives formed in the early 1970s both affirmed existing civil society institutions while also asserting the need to better inform the public. Most of the campaigns were sponsored by universities, major libraries, and international groups such as UNESCO, which published its “Declaration on Media Education” in 1982. They noted that “participation” was “essential to the working of a pluralistic and representative democracy” and the “public—users, citizens, individuals, groups ... were too systematically overlooked”. Here, the public is conceived as both “targets of the information and communication process” and users who “should have the last word”. To that end their “continuing education” should be ensured (Study 18). Programs consisted primarily of cognitive “see-scan-analyse” techniques (Little et al.) for younger students but some also sought to bring visual analysis to adult learners via continuing education (often through museums eager to engage more diverse audiences) and more radical popular education programs sponsored by community groups. By the mid-80s, scores of modules had been built around the comprehension of visual media and had become standard educational fare across North America, Australasia, and to a lesser extent, Europe. There was an increasing awareness of the role of data and image presentation in decision-making, as evidenced by the surprising commercial success of Edward Tufte’s 1982 book, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Visual literacy—or at least image analysis—was now enmeshed in teaching practice and needed little active advocacy. Scholarly interest in the subject went into a brief period of hibernation in the 1980s and early 1990s, only to be reborn with the arrival of new media distribution technologies (CD-ROMs and then the internet) in classrooms and the widespread availability of digital imaging technology starting in the late 1990s; companies like Adobe distributed free and reduced-fee licences to schools and launched extensive teacher training programs. Visual literacy was reanimated but primarily within a circumscribed academic field of education and data visualisation. Figure 7: Visual Literacy; What Research Says to the Teacher, 1975. National Education Association. USA. Part of the shifting frame of visual literacy has to do with institutional imperatives, particularly in places where austerity measures forced strange alliances between disciplines. What had been a project in alternative education morphed into an uncontested part of the curriculum and a dependable budget line. This shift was already forecasted in 1972 by Harun Farocki who, writing in Filmkritik, noted that funding for new film schools would be difficult to obtain but money might be found for “training in media education … a discipline that could persuade ministers of education, that would at the same time turn the budget restrictions into an advantage, and that would match the functions of art schools” (98). Nearly 50 years later educators are still using media education (rebranded as visual or media literacy) to make the case for fine arts and humanities education. While earlier iterations of visual literacy education were often too reliant on the idea of cracking the “code” of images, they did promote ways of learning that were a deep departure from the rote methods of previous generations. Next-gen curricula frame visual literacy as largely supplemental—a resource, but not a program. By the end of the 20th century, visual literacy had changed from a scholarly interest to a standard resource in the “teacher’s toolkit”, entering into school programs and influencing museum education, corporate training, and the development of public-oriented media (Literacy). An appreciation of image culture was seen as key to creating empathetic global citizens, but its scope was increasingly limited. With rising austerity in the education sector (a shift that preceded the 2008 recession by decades in some countries), art educators, museum enrichment staff, and design researchers need to make a case for why their disciplines were relevant in pedagogical models that are increasingly aimed at “skills-based” and “job ready” teaching. Arts educators worked hard to insert their fields into learning goals for secondary students as visual literacy, with the hope that “literacy” would carry the weight of an educational imperative and not a supplementary field of study. Conclusion For nearly a century, educational initiatives have sought to inculcate a cosmopolitan perspective with a variety of teaching materials and pedagogical reference points. Symbolic languages, like the Isotype, looked to unite disparate people with shared visual forms; while educational initiatives aimed to train the eyes of students to make them more discerning citizens. The term ‘visual literacy’ emerged in the 1960s and has since been deployed in programs with a wide variety of goals. Countercultural initiatives saw it as a prerequisite for popular education from the ground up, but, in the years since, it has been formalised and brought into more staid curricula, often as a sort of shorthand for learning from media and pictures. The grand cosmopolitan vision of a complete ‘visual language’ has been scaled back considerably, but still exists in trace amounts. Processes of globalisation require images to universalise experiences, commodities, and more for people without shared languages. Emoji alphabets and globalese (brands and consumer messaging that are “visual-linguistic” amalgams “increasingly detached from any specific ethnolinguistic group or locality”) are a testament to a mediatised banal cosmopolitanism (Jaworski 231). In this sense, becoming “fluent” in global design vernacular means familiarity with firms and products, an understanding that is aesthetic, not critical. It is very much the beneficiaries of globalisation—both state and commercial actors—who have been able to harness increasingly image-based technologies for their benefit. To take a humorous but nonetheless consequential example, Spanish culinary boosters were able to successfully lobby for a paella emoji (Miller) rather than having a food symbol from a less wealthy country such as a Senegalese jollof or a Morrocan tagine. This trend has gone even further as new forms of visual communication are increasingly streamlined and managed by for-profit media platforms. The ubiquity of these forms of communication and their global reach has made visual literacy more important than ever but it has also fundamentally shifted the endeavour from a graphic sorting practice to a critical piece of social infrastructure that has tremendous political ramifications. Visual literacy campaigns hold out the promise of educating students in an image-based system with the potential to transcend linguistic and cultural boundaries. This cosmopolitan political project has not yet been realised, as the visual literacy frame has drifted into specialised silos of art, design, and digital humanities education. It can help bridge the “incomplete connections” of an increasingly globalised world (Calhoun 112), but it does not have a program in and of itself. Rather, an evolving visual literacy curriculum might be seen as a litmus test for how we imagine the role of images in the world. 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