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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Electrons"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 25 de julio de 2025

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1

Wang, Xiaoping, Shusai Zheng, Zhen Li, et al. "Radiation electron trajectory modulated DC surface flashover of polyimide in vacuum." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 20 (2022): 205201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4cf8.

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Abstract Improving surface flashover voltage on vacuum-dielectric interface irradiated by electrons is a long-standing challenge for developing high-voltage and high-power spacecraft technology. The basic issue is understanding the role of radiation electrons in the process of surface flashover. In this paper, a ‘three-segment’ curve concerning the surface flashover properties under electron irradiation is discovered experimentally. As the gap distance of electrodes increase, the surface flashover voltage of polyimide during electron irradiation presents a trend of firstly increasing, then dec
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2

Suzuki, Kosuke, Ayumu Terasaka, Tomoya Abe, and Hiroshi Sakurai. "Modification of Electronic Structures with Lithium Intercalation in LixMn2O4 (x = 0 and 1) Studied by CRYSTAL14 Calculation Code." Key Engineering Materials 790 (November 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.790.15.

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In this study, we calculate electronic structures for Mn2O4 and LiMn2O4 by using CRYSTAL14 ab-initio calculation code in order to understand electrode reaction mechanism of LixMn2O4 by lithiation/delithiation. Mulliken population analysis for all electrons show that the redox orbitals with lithiation and delithiation is O 2p orbitals. However, difference charge densities between majority and minority electrons indicate the change of distribution in Mn 3d orbitals by lithiation. This modification of distribution in Mn 3d orbitals suggests the change of electron configuration because the number
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3

Schultheiss, Katrin, Joachim Zach, Bjoern Gamm, et al. "New Electrostatic Phase Plate for Phase-Contrast Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application for Wave-Function Reconstruction." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 6 (2010): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610093803.

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AbstractA promising novel type of electrostatic phase plate for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is presented. The phase plate consists of a single microcoaxial cable-like rod with its electrode exposed to the undiffracted electrons. The emerging field is used to shift the phase of the undiffracted electrons with respect to diffracted electrons. The design overcomes the drawback of the spatial frequency-blocking ring electrode of the Boersch phase plate. First, experimental phase-contrast images are presented for PbSe and Pt nanoparticles with clearly varying phase contrast, which depend
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4

Troyon, Michel, and He Ning Lei. "Electron Trajectories Calculations of an Energy - Filtering Field-Emission Gun." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179713.

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In many cases, the contribution of beam energy spread to the limitation of the performances of an electron microscope is strong. In the case of the field emission gun (FEG) , Troyon has experimentally shown it is possible to reduce considerably the energy spread by energy filtering at the gun level. The system developed consists basically of a magnetic FEG with a retarding electrode working as the retarding electrode of an energy filter. The principle is recalled in Fig. 1 and the cross section of the accelerator is given in Fig. 2. In this paper, the results of electron trajectories calculati
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5

Joens, Steve. "Hitachi S-4700 ExB Filter Design and Applications." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 878–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030464.

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Electron beam - specimen interactions and SEM signals have been well understood and documented for many years. These interactions result in a variety of electron signals including the most common, secondary and backscattered electron. Each electron signal produces unique characteristic information about the sample surface, subsurface, and elemental composition. Important information can be gained by controlling and filtering electron signals collected by the electron detector system.The S-4700 Cold Field Emission SEM incorporates a set of electrodes and plates positioned in the objective lens
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6

Dedulewich, S., Z. Kancleris, A. Matulis, and Yu Pozhela. "Electron-electron scattering in hot electrons." Semiconductor Science and Technology 7, no. 3B (1992): B322—B323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/7/3b/081.

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7

Mitrokhovich, M. F., V. T. Kupryashkin, and L. P. Sidorenko. "Correlation of the Auger electrons direction of movement with the internal electron conversion direction of movement." Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy 14, no. 2 (2013): 129–34. https://doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2013.02.129.

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By registering coincidences of γ-quanta with electrons and with low (about zero) energy electrons, the spatial correlation of the direction of emitted Auger-electrons and electron of internal conversion was investigated in the 152Eu decay. Auger-electrons were registered by е0-electrons of the secondary electron emission (γеICе0-coincidences). It was established that Auger-electrons of M-series, as well as electrons "shake-off" at β-decay and internal conversion, are strongly correlated at the direction of movement with the direction of movement of basic particle (β-particle, conversion electr
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8

Golden, Joel, Matthew D. Yates, Michelle Halsted, and Leonard Tender. "Application of electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) to the study of electroactive microbial biofilms." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 40 (2018): 25648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03898h.

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Results reveal that for an electrode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilm, as much as 70% of cytochrome hemes residing within hundreds of nanometers from the electrode surface store electrons even as extracellular electron transport is occurring across the biofilm/electrode interface.
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9

Toth, M., and M. R. Phillips. "Space Charge Artifacts in ESEM Images: Shadowing and Contrast Reversal." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036369.

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The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) employs a series of pressure limiting apertures and a differential pumping system to allow for electron imaging at specimen chamber pressures of up to 50 torr. Images rich in secondary electron (SE) contrast can be obtained using the gaseous secondary electron detector (GSED) or ion current (Iion) signals. The GSED and Iion signals are amplified in a gas cascade. SEs emitted from a sample are accelerated through the gas in the specimen chamber by an electric field, EGSED, produced by a positively biased electrode located in the chamber, abo
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10

Nur-E-Habiba, Rokon Uddin, Kalle Salminen, Veikko Sariola, and Sakari Kulmala. "Carbon Particle-Doped Polymer Layers on Metals as Chemically and Mechanically Resistant Composite Electrodes for Hot Electron Electrochemistry." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (2022): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2021.00640.

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This paper presents a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate chemically and mechanically resistant hot electron-emitting composite electrodes on reusable substrates. In this study, the hot electron emitting composite electrodes were manufactured by doping a polymer, nylon 6,6, with few different brands of carbon particles (graphite, carbon black) and by coating metal substrates with the aforementioned composite ink layers with different carbon-polymer mass fractions. The optimal mass fractions in these composite layers allowed to fabricate composite electrodes that can inject hot electrons
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11

Liu, Qingyu, Qinhe Zhang, Min Zhang, and Fazhan Yang. "Study on the Discharge Characteristics of Single-Pulse Discharge in Micro-EDM." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010055.

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To further study the discharge characteristics and machining mechanism of micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM), the variation trends of the discharge energy and discharge crater size with actual discharge duration are discussed based on single-pulse experiments. The polarity effect of micro-EDM was analyzed according to the motion characteristics of electrons and ions in the discharge plasma channel. The results show that the discharge current and voltage of micro-EDM were independent of the discharge width and open-circuit voltage. The energy utilization rate of the short-pulse di
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12

ZHANG, C. "EFFECT OF INELASTIC SCATTERING OF HOT ELECTRONS ON THERMIONIC COOLING IN A SINGLE-BARRIER STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 14 (2000): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200001503.

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One of the important problems in thermionics using layered structures is the inelastic scattering of hot electrons in the electrodes and in the barrier region. Scattering in these systems is mainly via the electron–phonon interaction, or indirectly via the electron–electron interaction. In semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature, the LO-phonon plays a crucial role in thermalising electrons. In this work we study the effect of electron–phonon scattering on thermionic cooling in a single-barrier structure. Because of the asymmetry of the barrier under a bias, a larger fraction of the
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13

Si, Putu Gede Gunawan Tista, Siswanto Eko, Nur Sasongko Mega, and Nyoman Gede Wardana I. "Development of voltage generation using bamboo-based activated carbon with water electrolyte in three types of electrodes." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 6(108) (2020): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.213099.

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The use of a battery as a power supply for small electronic devices, such as camera, laptop, and handphone, with a wireless sensory network, is currently being developed. Besides, climate change keeps on worsening because of the use of fossil fuel emitting carbon and increase in global warming. However, due to climate change, many have sought alternatives to reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly material such as bamboo is essential. The generation of electrical energy in this study used bamboo-based activated carbon as an electrode, which was put between count
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14

Stetsun, A. I. "The Density of MoSi2 Electron States for the Amorphous Film." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 3 (2016): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.3.372-374.

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The density of MoSi2 electron states for the amorphous film has been calculated. An electron states at the top of valence band for this material are provided d electrons of molybdenum, p electrons of silicon and p electrons of molybdenum. d electrons of molybdenum are significant especially for physical properties of MoSi2.
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15

McMorran, Benjamin J., Peter Ercius, Tyler R. Harvey, Martin Linck, Colin Ophus, and Jordan Pierce. "Electron Microscopy with Structured Electrons." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (2017): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617002926.

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16

AMEMIYA, H., B. M. ANNARATONE, and J. E. ALLEN. "The double sheath associated with electron emission into a plasma containing negative ions." Journal of Plasma Physics 60, no. 1 (1998): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377898006837.

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The double sheath formed by thermal electrons and negative ions in a plasma and electrons emitted from an electrode is investigated. The ion energy at the sheath edge and the electric field at the electrode surface are calculated for several values of the ratio of negative-ion density to electron density. The maximum beam density above which a virtual cathode appears is given. The relation to the Langmuir limit is shown. The numerical results for the electric potential, the electric field and the space charge density are presented. The floating potential is calculated from the current balance
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17

Haddad, Raoudha, Jean-Gabriel Mattei, Jessica Thery, and Aurélien Auger. "Novel ferrocene-anchored ZnO nanoparticle/carbon nanotube assembly for glucose oxidase wiring: application to a glucose/air fuel cell." Nanoscale 7, no. 24 (2015): 10641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr00497g.

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Glucose oxidase is immobilized on a ZnO-Fc nanoparticle modified electrode. The new architecture of ZnO supported electron mediators to shuttle electrons from the redox centre of the enzyme to the surface of the working electrode can bring about successful glucose oxidation.
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18

Seol, Youbin, Hong Young Chang, Seung Kyu Ahn, and Shin Jae You. "Effect of mixing CF4 with O2 on electron characteristics of capacitively coupled plasma." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (2023): 013503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120850.

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Effect of mixing CF4 with O2 on electron parameters in capacitively coupled RF plasma was studied. Adding CF4 gas to fixed O2 flow, electron energy probability functions were measured by a Langmuir probe method. As the CF4 gas was added, the decrease in the probability of low energy electrons was observed. The proportion of low energy electrons decreased gradually as the CF4 gas ratio increased, respectively. From electron energy probability functions, electron densities and electron temperatures were calculated. As the CF4 gas ratio increased, electron density decreased and electron temperatu
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19

VALERI, SERGIO, and ALESSANDRO di BONA. "MODULATED ELECTRON EMISSION BY SCATTERING-INTERFERENCE OF PRIMARY ELECTRONS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 01 (1997): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9700016x.

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We review the effects of scattering-interference of the primary, exciting beam on the electron emission from ordered atomic arrays. The yield of elastically and inelastically backscattered electrons, Auger electrons and secondary electrons shows a marked dependence on the incidence angle of primary electrons. Both the similarity and the relative importance of processes experienced by incident and excident electrons are discussed. We also present recent studies of electron focusing and defocusing along atomic chains. The interplay between these two processes determines the in-depth profile of t
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20

Kumar, Amit, Krishna Katuri, Piet Lens, and Dónal Leech. "Does bioelectrochemical cell configuration and anode potential affect biofilm response?" Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (2012): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120130.

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Electrochemical gradients are the backbone of basic cellular functions, including chemo-osmotic transport and ATP synthesis. Microbial growth, terminal respiratory proteins and external electron transfer are major pathways competing for electrons. In BESs (bioelectrochemical systems), such as MFCs (microbial fuel cells), the electron flow can be via soluble inorganic/organic molecules or to a solid surface. The flow of electrons towards a solid surface can be via outer-membrane cytochromes or electron-shuttle molecules, mediated by conductive protein nanowires or extracellular matrices. In MEC
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21

Kirdyashev, K. P. "Anomalous transport of electrons in an electric discharge with transverse magnetic field." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2056, no. 1 (2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2056/1/012050.

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Abstract The experimental data showing the relationship of excitation of microwave oscillations with abnormally transport of electrons across the magnetic field in turbulent plasma are presented. The mechanism of the formation of the discharge current due to scattering of drift electrons in the near-electrode layers of the electric discharges on microwave oscillations has been substantiated. The conditions for the manifestation of the turbulent mechanism of anomalous electron transport through the magnetic barrier at the boundary of the toroidal electric discharge have been studied most fully.
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22

Hauga, E. "Electron-electron bremsstrahlung for bound target electrons." European Physical Journal D 49, no. 2 (2008): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2008-00156-5.

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23

Al-Owais, A., and I. S. El-Hallag. "Investigation of The Electrode Pathway of Quinoline Azo Dye Compound via Convolutive Voltammetry and Digital Simulation." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, no. 2 (2016): 091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v19i2.335.

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The electrochemical behavior and the electrode reaction of quinolone azo dye compound was investigated using convolutive cyclic voltammetry at mercury electrode in 50% (v/v) ethanolic Britton-Robinson solutions of pH 2.5 – 12.0. Four electrons slow reduction wave was consumed in acidic and alkaline solutions corresponding to the reduction of the more easily N = N center. A second more cathodic irreversible , pH – dependent, 2-electron wave represents the reduction of quinolone ring. Cyclic voltammetry and convolution transforms were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the electroactive
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24

Nishide, Hiroyuki, Kenichiroh Koshika, and Kenichi Oyaizu. "Environmentally benign batteries based on organic radical polymers." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 11 (2009): 1961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-12-03.

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A radical polymer is an aliphatic organic polymer bearing densely populated unpaired electrons in the pendant robust radical groups per repeating unit. These radicals’ unpaired electrons are characterized by very fast electron-transfer reactivity, allowing reversible charging as the electrode-active materials for secondary batteries. Organic-based radical batteries have several advantages over conventional batteries, such as increased safety, adaptability to wet fabrication processes, easy disposability, and capability of fabrication from less-limited resources, which are described along the f
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25

Rigler, Mark, and William Longo. "High Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy Theory and Applications." Microscopy Today 2, no. 5 (1994): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066256.

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A variety of energy emissions occur as a result of primary beam interaction with the specimen surface. Secondary electrons, x-rays, visible photons, near IR photons, and Auger electrons are emitted during inelastic scattering of electrons. Backscattered electrons (BSE) are emitted during elastic scattering of primary electrons. Backscattered electrons are those electrons which pass through the electron cloud of an atom and change direction without much energy loss. BSEs may diffuse into the sample or may escape from the sample surface. In practice, the primary electron beam penetrates deeply i
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26

Son, Dong Hee. "(Invited) Upconverted Hot Electrons from Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Enhancing Photocatalysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 35 (2024): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01351984mtgabs.

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The exciton-to-hot electron upconversion phenomenon in Mn-doped semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) produces highly energetic hot electrons. These electrons have an average energy just a fraction of 1 eV below the vacuum level, with a subpopulation of hot electrons existing above the vacuum level. This hot electron upconversion process is similar to photon upconversion in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. However, the final state here is a highly excited hot electron in the conduction band of the host QDs, not a state emitting higher-energy photons. These upconverted hot electrons can be harnessed
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27

Shi Han-Xu, Li Xin-Yang, Zhang Yu-Ru, and Wang You-Nian. "Numerical investigation of the secondary electron effect in capacitively coupled plasmas driven by ultra-low frequency/radio frequency sources." Acta Physica Sinica 74, no. 13 (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.74.20250341.

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In recent years, capacitively coupled plasmas driven by ultra-low frequency source have garnered increasing attention, because they are beneficial for generating ions with high energy and small scattering angle, which aligns well with the current trend in high aspect ratio etching. Since the sheath becomes thicker when a ultra-low frequency source is applied, the secondary electron emission becomes significant. Indeed, these energetic secondary electrons could enhance the ionization process and even influence the discharge mode. In this work, a two-dimensional fluid model is employed to study
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28

Wayama, Fumiya, Noriyuki Hatsugai, and Yasuaki Okumura. "Bipyridines mediate electron transfer from an electrode to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (2022): e0269693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269693.

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Biocatalysts are widely used in industry, but few examples of the use of oxidoreductases, in which enzymatic function often requires electrons, have been reported. NADPH is a cofactor that supplies an electron to oxidoreductases, but is consequently inactivated and no longer able to act as an electron donor. NADP+ can not receive electrons from electrodes through straightforward electrochemistry owing to its complicated three-dimensional structure. This study reports that bipyridines effectively mediate electron transfer between an electrode and NADP+, allowing them to serve as electron mediat
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29

Xie, Mengjun, Dagang Liu, Huihui Wang, and Laqun Liu. "Study on the Correlation between Magnetic Field Structure and Cold Electron Transport in Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094104.

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In most negative hydrogen ion sources, an external magnet is installed near the extraction region to reduce the electron temperature. In this paper, the self-developed CHIPIC code is used to simulate the mechanism of a magnetic filter system, in the expansion region of the negative hydrogen ion source, on “hot” electrons. The reflection and the filtering processes of “hot” electrons are analyzed in depth and the energy distribution of electrons on the extraction surface is calculated. Moreover, the effects of different collision types on the density distribution of “cold” electrons along the X
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30

Petrov, G. M., and A. Davidson. "Collisional and transport parameters of Cu in the warm dense matter regime calculated using the average atom model." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63, no. 12 (2021): 125011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac2e3f.

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Abstract Collisional and transport parameters for Cu are computed using the average atom model. Transition metals such as copper are difficult to model within the framework of the average atom model due to the presence of a narrow band of 3d electrons that mix and hybridize with the broad 4s band of nearly-free electrons. With electron temperature increasing, the 3d electrons play a key role in the thermodynamics and transport properties of Cu (Lin et al 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 075133), as well as the stability of the lattice (Loboda et al 2011 High Energy Density Phys. 7 361). In this work, the
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31

LOTOV, K. V. "Optimum angle for side injection of electrons into linear plasma wakefields." Journal of Plasma Physics 78, no. 4 (2012): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000335.

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AbstractA unified model of electron penetration into linear plasma wakefields is formulated and studied. The optimum angle for side injection of electrons is found. At smaller angles, all electrons are reflected radially. At larger angles, electrons enter the wakefield with superfluous transverse momentum that is unfavorable for trapping. Separation of incident electrons into penetrated and reflected fractions occurs in the outer region of the wakefield at some ‘reflection’ radius that depends on electron energy.
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32

Keszei, Ernö, and Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin. "On the role of the parent cation in the dynamics of formation of laser-induced hydrated electrons." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (1992): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-004.

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A short account is given of the continuum and molecular descriptions of the formation of hydrated electrons. Starting with a scheme of hydration dynamics of laser-induced electrons that accounts for the formation of hydrated electrons without invoking the "direct" ionization of water, a new model explaining the dynamics of electron hydration in terms of a molecular description is proposed. According to this model, the parent cation plays an active role in the trapping of electrons, deepening electron traps that preexist in the liquid before excitation. Consequences of this description to the t
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33

MISHRA, M. K., and A. PHUKAN. "Electron heating in a multi-dipole plasma by electrostatic plugging." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 2 (2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000815.

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AbstractThe effect of the electrostatic confinement potential on electron number densities and electron temperatures under bi-Maxwellian approximation for electron distribution function has been studied in an electrostatically plugged multi-dipole argon plasma system. Electrostatic plugging is implemented by biasing the electrically isolated multi-dipole magnetic cage. Experimental results show that the density ratio (N) and temperature ratio (T) of the two electron groups can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the magnetic cage. Out of the two groups of electrons, one group has
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34

Gilet, N., P. Henri, G. Wattieaux, et al. "Observations of a mix of cold and warm electrons by RPC-MIP at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937056.

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Context. The Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP) of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) onboard the Rosetta orbiter which was in operation for more than two years, between August 2014 and September 2016 to monitor the electron density in the cometary ionosphere of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Based on the resonance principle of the plasma eigenmodes, recent models of the mutual impedance experiment have shown that in a two-electron temperature plasma, such an instrument is able to separate the two isotropic electron populations and retrieve their properties. Aims. The goal of this paper is to identify
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35

Mitrokhovich, M. F. "Energy and correlation properties of "shake-off" electrons in β-decay". Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy 11, № 2 (2010): 125–35. https://doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2010.02.125.

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Measurements of energy spectrum of "shake-off" electrons in the decay of 152Eu and their correlations relatively to outgoing direction with a momentum of β-particle are conducted. The measurements are performed in the range of 150 - 2000 eV on the installation of coincidences of γ-quanta and β-particles with low energy electrons, including е0-electrons of the secondary electron emission (γβе0-coincidences). Registration of "shake-off" electrons was implemented on е0-electrons, created by them. Under the obtained data 70% of "shake-off" electrons in the measured part of the spectrum is arranged
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36

Kumar, Anil, David Becker, Amitava Adhikary, and Michael D. Sevilla. "Reaction of Electrons with DNA: Radiation Damage to Radiosensitization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (2019): 3998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163998.

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This review article provides a concise overview of electron involvement in DNA radiation damage. The review begins with the various states of radiation-produced electrons: Secondary electrons (SE), low energy electrons (LEE), electrons at near zero kinetic energy in water (quasi-free electrons, (e−qf)) electrons in the process of solvation in water (presolvated electrons, e−pre), and fully solvated electrons (e−aq). A current summary of the structure of e−aq, and its reactions with DNA-model systems is presented. Theoretical works on reduction potentials of DNA-bases were found to be in agreem
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37

KI, DAE-HAN, and YOUNG-DAE JUNG. "Density and temperature effects on a surface electron-acoustic wave in a semi-bounded dusty plasma of two-temperature electrons." Journal of Plasma Physics 73, no. 4 (2007): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377806004685.

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AbstractThe effects of density and temperature on a surface electron-acoustic plasma wave are investigated in a semi-bounded dusty plasma of two-temperature electrons. The dispersion relation of the surface electron-acoustic plasma wave is obtained by the plasma dielectric function with the specular reflection boundary condition. The phase velocity is found to be decreased when increasing the ratio of the temperature of hot electrons to that of cold electrons for large wave numbers. It is also found that the phase velocity increases with an increase in the ratio of the density of hot electrons
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38

Jung, Hyuck, Duck-Jin Lee, Hyun-Tae Chun, Nam-Je Koh, Young Rae Cho, and Dong-Gu Lee. "Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for Display Applications Using Screen Printing." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1889.

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In this study, a 10"-sized panel with novel tetrode structure was tried to prevent broadening of electrons emitted from CNTs. The structure of the novel tetrode is composed of CNT emitters on a cathode electrode, a gate electrode, an extracting electrode coated on the top of a hopping electron spacer (HES), and an anode. HES contains funnel-shaped holes whose inner surfaces are coated with MgO. Electrons extracted through the gate are collected inside the funnel-shaped holes and hop along the hole surface to the top extracting electrode. The effects of HES on emission characteristics of field
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39

Mesyats, G. A., A. G. Reutova, K. A. Sharypov, V. G. Shpak, S. A. Shunailov, and M. I. Yalandin. "On the observed energy of runaway electron beams in air." Laser and Particle Beams 29, no. 4 (2011): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034611000541.

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AbstractExperiments with an air electrode gap have been performed where the current/charge of a picosecond beam of runaway electrons was measured over a wide range (up to four orders of magnitude) downstream of the absorbing foil filters. Measurements and calculations have made it possible to refer the beam current to the rise time of the accelerating voltage pulse to within picoseconds. It has been shown that, in contrast to a widespread belief, the runaway electron energies achieved are no greater than those corresponding to the mode of free acceleration of electrons in a nonstationary, high
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40

HOLLETT, JOSHUA W., and RAYMOND A. POIRIER. "AN INTERESTING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERELECTRONIC DISTANCE AND THE CORRESPONDING COULOMB INTEGRAL." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 06, no. 01 (2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633607002782.

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A simple expression for the distance between two electrons, (δr12)ab, has been defined from one-electron expectation values. This value is calculated for triplet and singlet systems of two electrons, and closed-shell molecules of up to 58 electrons. When (δr12)ab is compared to the corresponding coulomb integral, Jab, an interesting relationship is observed. The relationship is followed extremely closely by all pairs of electrons, except for some deviations involving delocalized core–core electron pairs.
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41

MISHRA, M. K., A. PHUKAN, and M. CHAKRABORTY. "Effect of discharge voltage on bi-Maxwellian electrons in the diffusion plasma region of a double plasma device." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 5 (2013): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377813000597.

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AbstractThe effect of discharge voltage on bi-Maxwellian electrons in the diffusion region of a double plasma device has been studied. The increase in discharge voltage enhances the flux of ionizing electrons to the diffusion region separated by a mesh grid. This energetic electron flux in turn affects other important parameters such as density, electron temperature, plasma potential and floating potential in the diffusion region. Furthermore, the dependence of density and temperature of both ionizing and plasma electrons on discharge voltage is investigated. The electron energy probability fu
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42

Zhou, M., T. Li, X. Deng, S. Huang, and H. Li. "Comparisons of electron acceleration efficiency among different structures during magnetic reconnection: a Cluster multicase study." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 12 (2015): 1469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1469-2015.

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Abstract. Magnetic reconnection has long been believed to be an efficient engine for energetic electrons production. Four different structures have been proposed for electrons being energized: flux pileup region, density cavity located around the separatrix, magnetic island and thin current sheet. In this paper, we compare the electron acceleration efficiency among these structures based on 12 magnetotail reconnection events observed by the Cluster spacecraft in 2001–2006. We used the flux ratio between the energetic electrons (> 50 keV) and lower energy electrons (< 26 keV) to quantify
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43

Singh, S. V., and G. S. Lakhina. "Electron acoustic solitary waves with non-thermal distribution of electrons." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11, no. 2 (2004): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-275-2004.

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Abstract. Electron-acoustic solitary waves are studied in an unmagnetized plasma consisting of non-thermally distributed electrons, fluid cold electrons and ions. The Sagdeev pseudo-potential technique is used to carry out the analysis. The presence of non-thermal electrons modifies the parametric region where electron acoustic solitons can exist. For parameters representative of auroral zone field lines, the electron acoustic solitons do not exist when either α > 0.225 or Tc/Th > 0.142, where α is the fractional non-thermal electron density, and Tc (Th) represents the temperature of col
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44

Ram, Abhay K., Kyriakos Hizanidis, and Richard J. Temkin. "Current drive by high intensity, pulsed, electron cyclotron wave packets." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920301009.

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The nonlinear interaction of electrons with a high intensity, spatially localized, Gaussian, electro-magnetic wave packet, or beam, in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies is described by the relativistic Lorentz equation. There are two distinct sets of electrons that result from wave-particle interactions. One set of electrons is reflected by the ponderomotive force due to the spatial variation of the wave packet. The second set of electrons are energetic enough to traverse across the wave packet. Both sets of electrons can exchange energy and momentum with the wave packet. The trapping
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45

Abdelrazak Mansour Ali, Radwa Abdelrazak Ali, and Ahmed Abdelrazak Ali. "A study discovered the coherent wave function of electrons and the stability when observed." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (2023): 876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0485.

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The wave phase is the origin of creation and precedes the particulate (molecular) phase. The wave and particle are not two figures of the same thing, rather they are heterogeneous and different from each other due to the different sources of each of them. The particulate phase is just generated by impinging of the wave on its target of spatial forces (Higgs field), and the wave phase is considered the extra dimensions or the extended fuzzy end of the particle. Because electrons are forced to move in synchrony, they can produce heat and light. The light would be reflected from the electron form
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46

Abdelrazak, Mansour Ali, Abdelrazak Ali Radwa, and Abdelrazak Ali Ahmed. "A study discovered the coherent wave function of electrons and the stability when observed." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (2023): 876–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136014.

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The wave phase is the origin of creation and precedes the particulate (molecular) phase. The wave and particle are not two figures of the same thing, rather they are heterogeneous and different from each other due to the different sources of each of them. The particulate phase is just generated by impinging of the wave on its target of spatial forces (Higgs field), and the wave phase is considered the extra dimensions or the extended fuzzy end of the particle. Because electrons are forced to move in synchrony, they can produce heat and light. The light would be reflected from the electron form
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47

Hamabata, Hiromitsu, and Tomikazu Namikawa. "Instability of low-frequency waves in a cold plasma mixed with hot electrons." Journal of Plasma Physics 33, no. 3 (1985): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800002609.

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The instability of low-frequency waves in a cold plasma mixed with hot electrons is investigated using the first-order CGL equations for electrons. It is assumed that in an equilibrium state the electrons consist of two components, cold electrons and hot electrons with bi-Maxwellians. It is shown that low-frequency waves with right-hand polarization can be generated by the hot electron temperature anisotropy and the existence of cold electrons.
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48

Bhattacharjee, Debesh, Eduard P. Kontar, and Yingjie 英杰 Luo 骆. "Total Power and Low-energy Cutoff Time Evolution of Solar Flare Accelerated Electrons Using X-Ray Observations and Warm-target Model." Astrophysical Journal 987, no. 2 (2025): 211. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addf44.

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Abstract A primary characteristic of solar flares is the efficient acceleration of electrons to nonthermal deka-keV energies. While hard X-ray (HXR) observation of bremsstrahlung emission serves as the key diagnostic of these electrons. In this study, we investigate the time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model. This model, unlike the commonly used cold-target model, can determine the low-energy cutoff in the nonthermal electron distribution, so that the energetics of nonthermal electrons can be deduced more accurately. Here, we examine the time-evolution of non
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49

Wei, Y. Y., S. Y. Huang, K. Jiang, et al. "Direct Evidence of Electron Acceleration at the Dipolarization Front." Astrophysical Journal 950, no. 2 (2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd1dd.

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Abstract The dramatic changes in the magnetic field at the dipolarization front (DF) provide a suitable environment for electron acceleration, which usually can cause the flux enhancement of energetic electrons behind the front. However, it is unknown whether energetic electrons observed at the DF are energized locally, and which mechanism accelerates the electrons at the DF is unclear. Our study performs a direct quantitative analysis to reveal the acceleration process of energetic electrons at the DF using the high-time-resolution data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The fluxe
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50

Liu, Terry Z., Vassilis Angelopoulos, and San Lu. "Relativistic electrons generated at Earth’s quasi-parallel bow shock." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (2019): eaaw1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1368.

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Plasma shocks are the primary means of accelerating electrons in planetary and astrophysical settings throughout the universe. Which category of shocks, quasi-perpendicular or quasi-parallel, accelerates electrons more efficiently is debated. Although quasi-perpendicular shocks are thought to be more efficient electron accelerators, relativistic electron energies recently observed at quasi-parallel shocks exceed theoretical expectations. Using in situ observations at Earth’s bow shock, we show that such relativistic electrons are generated by the interaction between the quasi-parallel shock an
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