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1
Voigt, Astrid. "Bioavailability of trace metals to plants". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19561.
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Soil quality guidelines are currently based on total trace metal loads. There is a need to define indices of bioavailability to allow reasonable predictions for plant metal uptake and toxicity in soils. Trace metal toxicities to plants often correlate best with free metal ion activities. The first objective was to develop a plant bioassay that is sensitive to trace metals at concentrations realistic for soils. The root elongation of lettuce Lactuca sativa 'Buttercrunch' was used as toxicological endpoint. This endpoint was sensitive and reproducible to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The second objective was to test whether free metal ion activities are constant predictors of metal toxicities in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts that differ in their concentrations of cations and ligands. The root elongation assay was used to test this hypothesis. In synthetic solutions, the rhizotoxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn decreased with increasing Ca and H concentrations. This could not be explained with the effect of higher cationic concentrations on root growth or on solution speciation. It was concluded that Ca and H inhibited the rhizotoxicity of all metals tested. The rhizotoxicity of Cu and Cd was further examined in soil extracts. Both metals became less rhizotoxic at higher H and dissolved organic matter concentrations. The rhizotoxicity endpoints from the experiments in synthetic solution were used to develop parameters for a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The BLM accounts for solution speciation and interprets cationic inhibition of rhizotoxicity as competition of metals with Ca and H for potential sites of rhizotoxicity. The BLM predicted metal rhizotoxicity better than the free metal ion activity in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts. Different models were tested against literature rhizotoxicity data for metals at different Ca and H concentrations. Predictions for metal rhizotoxicity given by BLM, Gouy-Chapman-Stern model and Freundlich equation model were compared with predictions based on free metal ion activities in solution. The BLM predicted rhizotoxicity most accurately. The BLM seems promising for predictions of metal toxicity and metal bioavailability in soils to support site-specific environmental risk assessments.
2
Reyes, Delgadillo Dulce B. "Modeling natural attenuation of trace elements in soils". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101169.
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Trace elements added to the soil by human activities could contaminate it and occasionally cause a threat to environmental and human health. The toxicity and mobility of a trace element are affected by the element's solubility, which in turn is influenced by the soil properties. When mobile, trace elements can be leached out of the soil. If leaching occurs at a faster rate than atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in the soil will decrease by natural attenuation.We analyzed soil properties in 40 soils and their soil solutions to obtain a set of equations with the most significant predictors of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn in solution. The total element concentration and the pH were the best predicting variables of the amount of element in solution for all trace elements analyzed, while organic carbon and Al or Mn oxides also influenced the solubility of some trace elements. Using the equations predicting elemental solubility, we wrote a model for natural attenuation in the computer program Stella that considers atmospheric deposition as the input for trace elements and leaching as the output. Simulations were carried out for the 40 soils during 1,000 years with steady deposition inputs.
At current atmospheric deposition rates and the neutral to alkaline pH of these soils, attenuation occurred in most soils for Mo. For As, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni it occurred only in soils with abundant total element concentrations or an acidic pH. Minor retention occurred with Pb and Zn. Only Cd and Cu were of concern in leaching waters. The developed model can serve as a decision making tool in the selection of natural attenuation as a remediation strategy.
3
Khandoker, Rafiqul Alam. "Distribution of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Soils of Southwest Oregon". PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4691.
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Soil samples from 118 sites on 71 geologic units in southwest Oregon were collected and analyzed to determine the background concentrations of metals in soils of the region. Sites were chosen in areas that were relatively undisturbed by human activities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved total-recoverable method was used to recover metals from samples for analysis. The twenty six metals analyzed were: Ag, AI, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V and Zn.
The Klamath Mountains followed by the Coast Range contain the highest soil concentrations of AI, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, V and Zn. Soils of the Coastal Plain and High Lava Plains contain the lowest concentrations of these metals. Unusually high soil As concentrations are found at two sites in the Klamath Mountains. All Be and Cd values above laboratory's reporting limits are also from the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range. Concentrations of soil Ba and La are fairly uniform throughout the region. Soil Pb levels are generally low with a few exceptions in the Klamath Mountains, Coast and Cascade Ranges. The region west of the Cascade Range has higher soil Hg contents than in the east.
Soil metal concentrations are generally much higher in the region west of the Cascade Range, excluding the Coastal Plain, than in the east with the exception ofNa, because of more ultramafic rocks and a wetter climate. Soil metal concentrations are directly related to soil development with the highest concentrations being found in well developed Alfisols and Ultisols and the lowest concentrations in poorly developed Entisols. Most metals have similar averages and ranges of concentration compared to the rest of the United States (U.S.). Metals with high values compared to the rest of the U.S. are Cr, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni.
In general, AI, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, and V are concentrated in the B horizon while Ba, Ca, Hg, K, Mn, Pb and Zn are concentrated in the A horizon.
4
Harley, Rachel. "Ion transport physiology and its interaction with trace element accumulation and toxicity in inanga (Galaxias maculatus)". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10738.
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Inanga (Galaxias maculatus) are a culturally and economically important fish species in New Zealand and abroad. However, very little is known about their ability to deal with trace element contamination. As a scaleless fish with the ability to survive in relatively extreme environments, they may not fit toxicity models (such as the biotic ligand model; BLM) based on other fish species. The aim of this study was to determine how this fish responds to elevated trace elements in both the laboratory and field in order to determine the applicability of these toxicity models.
In order to determine the impacts of stress on ion transport and subsequent metal toxicity, inanga were exposed to handling stress and measures of ion uptake were collected. Handling stress was shown to result in increased ventilation rates, resulting in stimulated sodium (Na+) efflux. A compensatory increase in Na+ influx was also measured as a result of this stress. Inanga largely recovered from this ionoregulatory stress within 2 hours, with full recovery after 24 hours. This was indicative of a rapid homeostatic response for maintaining ion balance. Enhanced Na+ uptake in response to this stress resulted in increased copper (Cu) uptake in Cu-contaminated water, suggesting stressed fish will accumulate more Cu (and likely other Na+ mimics) than an unstressed fish. These results suggest a heightened vulnerability of inanga to this type of contaminant as a result of exercise stress during migrations.
A combination of field and laboratory studies was used in order to measure trace element accumulation in inanga. In situ field studies showed changes to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) body burdens when inanga were placed in streams of varying trace element concentrations along the West Coast of the South Island. However, other trace elements measured did not alter over the period of exposure (9-10 days). Biochemical biomarker analysis showed no changes in the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), but a marker of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) was elevated in one stream. Analysis suggested that stream pH was the major driver of this effect, whether directly or via changes to metal bioavailability. Subsequent laboratory exposures (96 h) of inanga to 1.2, 2.7, 10.8, and 44 µg L-1 dissolved Fe and 5.6, 23.3, 60.7, and 128.7 µg L-1 dissolved zinc (Zn) showed no difference in whole body trace element accumulation, ammonia excretion, ion influx (Ca2+ and Na+), and TBARS. There were significant differences in oxygen consumption (MO2) after Fe exposures, with increases in the 2.7 and 44 µg L-1 dissolved Fe exposures. Laboratory exposure results suggest inanga are relatively insensitive to short-term Fe and Zn exposures.
Both in vivo (whole body partitioning) and in vitro (Ussing chamber) techniques were used to determine the influence of cutaneous ion transport on preventing trace element accumulation. Results suggest inanga use their skin as an additional site of calcium (Ca2+) and Na+ uptake. This is the first study to confirm these ion transport capabilities in inanga, and revealed that up to 48% of Na+ uptake may occur across the skin. Pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+ uptake was achieved by known Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil and lanthanum). Furthermore Fe and Zn impaired cutaneous Ca2+ transport, indicating that ion transport pathways in the skin modulate in response to these metals.
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Fernandes, Felippe. "Histórico da urbanização e enriquecimento por metais em núcleos de sedimentos: geoquímica e geocronologia por 210Pb". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-06072018-115332/.
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A barragem Mãe d\'Água foi construída em 1962, com o intuito de atender à demanda da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS, mais precisamente o Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas – IPH, porém, devido à falta de planejamento urbano, durante os últimos anos, vem acarretando uma diversificada série de passivos ambientais, como contaminantes orgânicos e/ou inorgânicos. Neste seguimento, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar as concentrações totais dos metais e a composição isotópica por chumbo 210 nas diferentes frações de sedimentos produzidos na bacia hidrográfica que compõe a barragem Mãe d\'Água e, assim, caracterizar a distribuição da concentração dos metais ao longo da coluna sedimentar e inferir quanto ao processo de urbanização da bacia hidrográfica caracterizando a evolução. Com referência nestas concentrações dos metais encontradas nos sedimentos, construir uma perspectiva do processo evolutivo da degradação ambiental na qual a bacia vem sendo submetida através de estudos de geocronologia (210Pb). As coletas das amostras foram realizadas em junho de 2014, sendo amostrados testemunhos sedimentares distribuídos no lago da referida barragem e o levantamento batimétrico. Para a extração dos testemunhos foi utilizado um amostrador de núcleo Piston core. Com os resultados obtidos, foramrepresentadas as concentrações dos metais Zn e Ni os quais apresentaram tendências de enriquecimento, a geocronologia datou as camadas assoreadas sendo o maior intervalo de 42 anos de deposição sedimentar, o volume do assoreamento ocupando aproximadamente 44% do volume útil do reservatório e a taxa de urbanização com tendências de crescimento e para o ano de 2014 com 88,42% da bacia urbanizada, configurando portanto uma distribuição espacial e estabelecendo correlações entre os estudos da sedimentação ao longo das últimas cinco décadas. As concentrações dos metais presentes nas amostras foram, também, comparadas com os valores de background do local para melhor visualizar o processo de enriquecimento dos sedimentos por ações antropogênicas. Foi possível concluir que com a ampliação das áreas urbanizadas, acarretou no aumentou das concentrações dos metais e no volume de sedimentos depositados no reservatório, onde a urbanização sem planejamento desta bacia é o principal fator poluidor.The Municipality of Viamão is located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande Sul. The Mãe d\'Água dam was built in 1962, with the purpose of meeting the demand of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. Precisely because of the lack of urban planning during the last forty years, has led to a diversified series of environmental liabilities, such as organic and/or inorganic contaminants. The present work aimed to evaluate the total concentrations of metals and the isotopic composition per lead 210 in the different fractions of sediments produced in the watershed that make up the Mãe d\'Água dam and thus characterize the distribution of the concentration of metals along of the sedimentary column and infer about the process of urbanization of the watershed characterizing evolution. With reference to these concentrations of the metals found in the sediments, to construct a perspective of the evolutionary process of the environmental degradation in which the basin is being submitted through studies of geochronology (210Pb). Samples were collected in June 2014, and sediment deposited in the lake of the dam and bathymetric survey were sampled. A \"Piston core\" core sampler was used to extract the samples. With the results obtained, the concentrations of the metals Zn and Ni were presented, which presented enrichment tendencies, geochronology dating to the silted layers, silting volume occupying approximately 44% of the useful volume of the reservoir and the rate of urbanization with growth tendencies and for the year 2014 with 88% of the urbanized basin, thus constituting a spatial distribution and establishing correlations between sedimentation studies over the last four decades. The concentrations of the metals present in the samples were also compared with the background values of the site to better visualize the process of sediment enrichment by anthropogenic actions, where it was possible to verify that the expansion of the urbanized area increased the concentrations of the analyzed metals (Zn and Ni). It was possible to conclude that with the expansion of the urbanized areas, the increase of the concentrations of the metals and the volume of sediments deposited in the reservoir, where unplanned urbanization of this basin is the main polluting factor, resulted.
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LEMES, MARCOS J. de L. "Avaliacao de metais e elementos - traco em aguas e sedimentos das bacias hidrograficas dos rios Mogi - Guacu e Pardo, Sao Paulo". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10841.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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McCaslin, Luke. "Methodology for predicting microelectronic substrate warpage incorporating copper trace pattern characteristics". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24641.
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SOARES, EUFEMIA P. "Caracterizacao de componentes inorganicos e tipos de polimeros em materiais plasticos metalizados". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11066.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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GOMES, MARCELO da S. "Determinacao de elementos metalicos em sedimentos da Baia do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Penisula Antartica". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10762.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
10
Menendez-Alonso, Elena. "Trace metal and speciation analysis using ion-exchange and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/896.
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Studies have been carried out on specific ion-exchange (Dowex 50W-X8 and Dowex 1-X8) and chelation (Chelex-100) resins, in order to determine their physical and chemical characteristics, to understand and explain their limits of function and to optimise their use as substrates in trace metal and speciation measurement by EDXRF. Structural information was obtained by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis showing a homogeneous distribution of functional groups and retained ions on both sectioned and whole resins. Particle size experiments performed on Dowex 50W-X8 (38 - 840 µm) showed that this parameter has no effect on the relationship between intensity of fluorescence and concentration or mass of resin. Inter-element effects were not observed in the analysis of multielemental specimens prepared on ion-exchange / chelation media by EDXRF. This indicates that the proposed method has a significant advantage when compared with other methodologies. A theoretical ‘model’, based on the formation of thin films on the surface of the resin beads, has been proposed in order to link and explain the effects observed in these experiments. The use of a batch retention system has shown distinct advantages over using columns in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, rapidity and simplicity. Parameters such as pH and ionic strength of the solution, concentration of competing ions and volume of the sample have been proven to be critical. The maximum retention capacity has been determined as 3.2, 1.1 and 0.67 mEq/g for Dowex 50W-X8, Dowex 1-X8 and Chelex-100 respectively. The optimum mass of resin for XRF analysis was found to be 0.5 g, for all resins tested. The linear range covered 4 to 5 orders of magnitude. These findings show the potential of the investigated media to overcome instrumental and sample limitations. Based on the physico-chemical information found, methodologies for three different applications of the resins to EDXRF determinations have been developed and their analytical possibilities explored. The multi-elemental determination of metals in sewage sludge digests was achieved by retaining the metals on Dowex 50W-X8 at pH 2 and Chelex-100 at pH 4. Chelex-100 allows quantitative recoveries for Cu and Zn. A wider range of elements was determined on Dowex 50W-X8, although with poorer recoveries (60 - 90%). The limits of detection were 10 - 21 µg when Dowex 50W-X8 was used and 8 - 49 µg for Chelex-100. The method was validated by the analysis of a certified material. The determination of Kβ/Kα intensity ratios for Cr and Mn species and its potential as a tool for direct elemental speciation has also been studied. A difference in Kβ/Kα between the oxidation states of the analytes was only observed during the analysis of solutions of the metal species by EDXRF at the 98% level of confidence. Finally, the speciation and preconcentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waters has been performed by retention on Dowex 50W-X8 and Dowex 1-X8 followed by EDXRF determination. Efficient recoveries and preconcentration factors of up to 500 were achieved, leading to limits of detection of 30 µg/L for Cr(VI) and 40 µg/L for Cr(III). This method is simple, fast and inexpensive, allowing quantitative recoveries in the speciation of chromium in waste waters.
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PEDREIRA, FILHO WALTER dos R. "Determinacao de impurezas metalicas em oxidos de terras raras de alta pureza pela espectrometria de massa (setor magnetico) com fonte de plasma induzida por argonio (HR ICP-MS) e cromatografia liquida de alto desempenho (HPLC)". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10904.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Demangeat, Edwige. "Devenir des nanoparticules dans l'environnement : stabilité colloïdale, réactivité chimique et impacts sur le végétal". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B050/document.
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Les nanoparticules de fer manufacturées (NPs-Fe) sont des matériaux de taille nanométrique dont l’utilisation s’est, depuis peu, étendue à des domaines environnementaux. Leur dispersion dans les milieux aqueux et solides, et leurs interactions avec le vivant soulèvent toutefois encore de nombreuses questions. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous conduisons un travail approfondi de caractérisation des NPs-Fe et précisons comment ces propriétés sont impliquées dans les processus contrôlant la stabilité colloïdale puis la réactivité chimique (capacité d’adsorption du cuivre) des NPs-Fe en solution aqueuse. Des modifications à la fois surfaciques et cristallochimiques sont appliquées afin de mettre en évidence le rôle clés de la chimie de surface des NPs-Fe. Dans cette étude, il est montré que les acides humiques limitent l’agrégation des NPs-Fe et procurent des sites d’adsorption pour les métaux. Les conditions physico-chimiques du milieu s’avèrent également jouer un rôle crucial. Le pH modifie notamment la charge de surface des NPs-Fe et les forces d’interactions électrostatiques qui en résultent. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions les interactions entre les NPs-Fe et les végétaux, en solution puis dans un sol. Après 63 et 57 jours, les mesures de susceptibilité magnétique montrent que les NPs-Fe s’accumulent au niveau des racines avant d’être transloquées, en moindre quantité, dans les parties aériennes des plantes. La réponse des plantes à l’exposition aux NPs-Fe se traduit par une augmentation de la biomasse végétale et des teneurs en chlorophylles et une diminution de la peroxydation lipidiqueEngineered Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are specific nanoscale materials that have recently been used into wide environmental applications. The dispersion of IONPs into soils and waters, as well as their interactions with living organisms, raise many scientific issues. The first part of this work is intended to provide a thorough characterization of IONPs in aqueous solution, from their intrinsic physico-chemical properties to their colloidal behavior and chemical reactivity. Surface modifications are applied to evidence the key role of surface chemistry towards most interactions IONPs encounter. In particular, humic acid reduce NPs-Fe aggregation and display a high adsorption capacity for trace metals, especially copper (Cu).On the other hand, the pH of the solution play a critical role towards NPs-Fe interactions. Depending on the pH, the surface charge of the particles are modified and hence pH is involved in the electrostatic forces that drive the particles aggregation state and contribute to metal adsorption. The second part of the study is focused on the interactions occurring with IONPs in presence of plants. Several experiments are conducted in aqueous solution and in soil columns to precise the impacts of IONPs on the growth medium and to assess the effects of IONPs on plants. Results (magnetic susceptibility) show that IONPs manage to penetrate the roots of beans and sunflower plants (57 and 63 days-old) and that they are translocated to the aerial parts in low amounts. Plants respond to IONPs penetration by increasing the plant biomass and the chlorophyll contents and by decreasing the lipid peroxidation
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Trapp, John Michael. "Chemistry of Iron and Other Trace Elements in Trade Wind Aerosols and Precipitation". Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/323.
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The atmospheric transport of various substances from the continents to the oceans plays an important role in biogeochemical processes. Trace metals, iron in particular is of great interest as its availability regulates the growth of phytoplankton over large areas of the ocean. This dissertation focuses on examining and characterizing the factors that affect the solubility of trace metals in Miami and Barbados aerosols and precipitation, in particular species that could play a role in surface seawater biogeochemistry (Fe and trace metals such as Al, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Tl, Ba, Cd, Pb, Th, Ti, Zr, and REE's). To enable this study existing methods of colorimetric spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis were improved and modified. This dissertation examines several issues related to source inputs: 1.) Are single spot sources within the North African dust source distinguishable after long transport by their bulk metal composition and thus important in the characteristics of individual mineral dust samples? 2.) What is the temporal variability and controlling factors in trace metal solubility in trade wind aerosols collected over Barbados? 3.) Which factors control the observed trend of speciation and increasing iron solubility in decreasing aerosol loading? Additionally a kinetic model of species specific iron (II) to iron(III) oxidation kinetics in NaCl Brines was conducted at nano-molar levels. This study greatly expands the ability to predict rates of iron oxidation at concentrations closer to those observed in natural systems.
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Bárány, Ebba. "Trace elements in adolescents /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/v117.pdf.
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Silva, Sharlleny Alves. "Avaliação da concentração de micro e macroconstituintes do sedimento do reservatório Itupararanga/Sorocaba-SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-10122012-131218/.
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O reservatório de Itupararanga foi construído pela LIGHT para gerar energia elétrica, iniciando suas operações em 1912. É formado pela barragem das águas do rio Sorocaba, o qual possui como afluentes os rios Sorocamirim, Sorocabuçu e Una. O reservatório localiza-se em uma área de fortes pressões ambientais devido à poluição difusa da produção agrícola, à carga orgânica e uso e ocupação do solo com atividades antrópicas. Desde 2003 vem recebendo alertas da CETESB, devido à presença de grande quantidade de cianobactérias que têm se mantido até os dias atuais. Em decorrência dos problemas observados nesse reservatório, o presente estudo teve por objetivo, avaliar a concentração, dos micro e macroconstituintes em amostras de perfil sedimentar de quatro pontos distintos do reservatório. Para estas análises foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas analíticas e os respectivos elementos analisados: Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA): As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb e Zn; Espectrometria de Emissão Ótica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP OES): Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sn, Sr, Ti, V e Zn; Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite (FG AAS) As, Cd e Pb e Analisador Direto de Mercúrio: Hg total. A validação das metodologias utilizadas foi realizada por meio das análises de materiais de referencia certificados. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos valores de referência NASC (North American Shale Comosite) e UCC (Upper Continental Crust). Foram calculados o fator de enriquecimento (FE) e o índice de geoacumulação (Igeo), ferramentas usadas para avaliação da presença de fontes de poluição antrópicas. As concentrações dos metais obtidos por ICP OES e FG AAS foram comparadas aos valores orientadores TEL e PEL do Conselho Canadense de Ministros do Meio Ambiente (CCME) e adotado pela CETESB. A partir desse estudo, foi possível realizar um diagnóstico da qualidade e a carga de fósforo contida nos sedimentos do reservatório, direcionando para ações corretivas que antecipem um dano maior a qualidade do reservatório.The Itupararanga reservoir was constructed by LIGHT for generating electrical energy, starting its operations 1912. It is formed by the barrage of the waters of the Sorocaba river, formed by the rivers Sorocamirim, Sorocabuçu and Una. The reservoir finds itself in an area of strong environmental pressures due to the diffuse pollution from the agricultural production and the organic load and the use and the occupation of the soil with anthropic activities. Since 2003 it keeps receiving alerts from CETESB due to the presence of cyanobacteria that continues today. In its waters there is the presence of a toxicity which did not correlate with the results of chemical analyzes performed. Due to the problems observed in this reservoir, the present study aimed to evaluate the concentration of micro and macro constituents in samples of sedimentary profile of four different reservoir points. For these analyzes the following analytical techniques were used, with the respective elements analyzed: Analysis by Instrumental Neutron Activation (INAA): As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb and Zn; Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP OES): Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Graphite Furnace (FG AAS) As, Cd and Pb and Direct Mercury Analyzer: total Hg. The validation of used methodologies was performed by the analysis of certified reference materials. The results obtained were compared to reference values NASC (North American Shale Comosite), UCC (Upper Continental Crust). The enrichment factors (EF) and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), were calculated; they are tools used to evaluate the presence of anthropic pollution sources. The metal concentrations obtained by ICP OES and FG AAS were compared to the guiding values TEL and PEL from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and adopted by CETESB. From this study, it was possible to make a diagnosis of the quality and load of phosphorus in the reservoir sediments, directing to corrective actions that prevent greater harm to the quality of the reservoir.
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Ambrose, Andrea Jane. "A preconcentration technique for the determination of trace elements". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1662.
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Balman, J. A. "Trace metal complexation by some pharmaceutical agents". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376552.
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Mellor, A. "The uptake of metals by marine macroalgae". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268333.
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Miao, Aijun. "Trace metal accumulation and toxicity in marine phytoplankton /". View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202006%20MIAO.
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Cook, Nicola. "Bioavailability of trace metals in urban contaminated soils". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34934.
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There are two main components to the research: the theoretical and the experimental. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the state of soil quality guidelines and the scientific methods used to determine them. A number of recommendations to improve soil quality criteria for trace metals are offered including the importance of considering bioavailability and the need to use realistic conditions, trace metal sources and organisms.A critical review of the literature dealing with predicting the availability of trace metals to plants is presented in Chapter 3. We found little agreement among hundreds of similar studies which relate plant metal uptake to the amount of metal extracted by selective chemical dissolution procedures. An extensive summary of the data shows clearly that the extraction methods are not widely applicable. Differences between individual soils, their metal retention capacities, as well as plant factors and environmental conditions contribute to the variability of the results. Alternative ways of assessing bioavailability are suggested.
The experimental component of the thesis focuses on the availability of trace metals to plants. In Chapter 4 the uptake of Cu from different soil pools was examined and the free metal ion (Cu2+) was found to be the best predictor of uptake by lettuce (Latuca sativa cv. Buttercrunch), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Barmultra) and radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Cherry Belle).
In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the effect of low-cost in-situ treatments on the availability of metals to plants in greenhouse and field experiments. Synthetic zeolites, P amendments, organic matter and clean soil were used and their effect on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn evaluated. The plants for the experimental work were lettuce and perennial ryegrass. Only the clean soil treatment was consistently effective in reducing the concentration of metals in the plant. We also wanted to determine whether the trace metals in the plant tissue came from the soil or from direct deposition of pollutants on the leaf surfaces. We found little evidence that metals in plants were a result of atmospheric fallout.
A method for the accurate analysis of total metal concentrations in a range of contaminated soils including those containing oil and grease was developed (Chapter 7). For this research the trace metals of concern are Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn---all commonly found in urban/industrial soils. The proposed method using HNO3/HClO4 has several advantages over the common HNO3/H2O2 procedure. We were able to digest larger soil samples and hence the final concentration of trace metals was usually in the range for analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Shi, Dalin. "Effects of trace metal pre-exposure on their bioaccumulation in marine bivalves /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20SHI.
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Aggarwal, Jugdeep K. "The mobility of trace elements and boron isotopes in Icelandic hydrothermal systems". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294571.
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Pan, Jinfen. "Bioavailability of trace metals to marine bivalves mediated by dissolved and colloidal organic carbon /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202004%20PAN.
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Sze, Kwan-Lok. "Electrophoretic methodologies for the determinations of minerals and trace elements in milk". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43085246.
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Herselman, J. E. "The concentration of selected trace metals in South African soils /". Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1390.
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Ge, Ying 1974. "Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in urban contaminated soils". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21555.
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Urban soils are often contaminated with trace metals and the toxicity of the metals depends, in part, on their speciation in soil solutions. The objectives of this project were to estimate the metal speciation in urban soils and to evaluate the predictability of soil metal pools on plant uptake. The chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was estimated by using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM). In soil solutions, Cd, Ni and Zn were present mainly as free ions when the solutions were acidic and their organic complexes were dominant as the pH was over 7.5. The other two metals mostly formed complexes with organic ligands. The activities of Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn 2+ were affected by soil pH and total soil metal burdens. All five metals were under-saturated with respect to the minerals which could potentially control the metal solubility.Metal uptake by plants in the contaminated railway yards was generally not correlated with free, dissolved and total soil metal pools. A pot experiment demonstrated better correlations between the metal pools and the metal content in wild chicory. Multiple regression analysis showed that the metals in the leaves and roots of wild chicory could be adequately predicted by the soil total metals and soil properties such as pH and exchangeable Ca.
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Denney, Susan y susan denney@deakin edu au. "Trace metal speciation in the Pieman River catchment, Western Tasmania". Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071107.111755.
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The Pieman River catchment has seen continuous mining of economic deposits of gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and tin since the 1870s. Tributaries of this river which receive mining effluent, either directly or from acid mine drainage (AMID), have total metal concentrations considerably above background levels and are of regulatory concern. The lower Pieman River is however classified as a State Reserve in which recreational fishing and tourism are the major activities. It is therefore important that water entering the lower Pieman River from upstream hydroelectric impoundments is of high quality.
Metals in natural waters exist in a variety of dissolved, colloidal and particulate forms. The bioavailability and hence toxicity of heavy metal pollutants is very dependant on their physico form. Knowledge of the speciation of a metal in natural aquatic environments is therefore necessary for understanding its geochemical behaviour and biological availability.
Complexation of metal ions by natural ligands in aquatic systems is believed to play a significant role in controlling their chemical speciation. This study has investigated temporal and spatial variation in complexation of metal ions in the Pieman River. The influence of pH, temperature, organic matter, salinity, ionic strength and time has been investigated in a series of field studies and in laboratory-based experiments which simulated natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
Labile metals were measured using two techniques in various freshwater and estuarine environments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) allowed in situ measurement of solution speciation whilst differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to measure labile metal species in water samples collected from the catchment.
Organic complexation was found to be a significant regulating mechanism for copper speciation and the copper-binding ligand concentration usually exceeded the total copper concentration in the river water. Complexation was highly dependent on pH and at the river-seawater interface was also regulated by salinity, probably as a result of competitive complexation by major ions in seawater (eg. Ca 2+ ions).
Zinc complexation was also evident, however total zinc concentrations in the water column often far exceeded the potential binding capacity of available ligands. In addition to organic complexation, Zn speciation may also be associated with adsorption by flocculated or resuspended colloidal Mn and/or Fe oxyhydroxides.
Metal ion complexation and hence speciation was found to be highly variable within the Pieman River catchment. This presents major difficulties for environmental managers, as it is therefore not possible to make catchment-wide assumptions about the bioavailability of these metals. These results emphasise the importance of site-specific sampling protocols and speciation testing, ideally incorporating continuous, in situ monitoring.
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ROGER, BERTRAND. "Repartition et localisation des metaux traces dans les sediments : application a l'estuaire de la loire". Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2021.
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La premiere partie methodologique porte sur la validite des schemas de mineralisations selectives actuels. La comparaison de deux schemas permet de mettre en evidence l'importance des readsorptions en cours de mineralisation sur les phases encore presentes. Il est necessaire de conserver a l'echantillon toute son integrite lors des attaques effectuees pour determiner la disponibilite vraie des metaux. La deuxieme partie traite du comportement des metaux lies au sediment dans l'estuaire de la loire. La covariance des teneurs en metaux avec la granulometrie et le carbone organique reste bonne tout au long de l'estuaire et les speciations ne font pas etat d'evolutions notables de repartitions lors du transit estuarien
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Sze, Kwan-Lok y 施均樂. "Electrophoretic methodologies for the determinations of minerals and trace elements in milk". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085246.
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Rohman, Joshua. "A Novel Trace Elemental Analysis of Potassium Phosphates". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1459243950.
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Zhang, Li. "Bioavailability of Cd, Zn and Se in two marine fish /". View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202007%20ZHANG.
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Chan, Hing-man. "An ecotoxicological study of trace metals in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (L.) (Bivalvia : Mytilacea) /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12224856.
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Miller, Thomasin Clare. "Development of novel bonded-phase ion exchange systems for the preconcentration and recovery of trace metals from aqueous systems /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008395.
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Santos, Jefferson Nunes dos. "Valores de referência geoquímicos do solo nos estados do Piauí e Maranhão: a nova fronteira agrícola brasileira". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3484.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The establishment of geochemical reference values (GRVs) is necessary for the determination of the actual state of soil and sediment contamination to avoid subjective and unreliable risk assessments. The Parnaíba River Basin is emerging as one of Brazil’s agricultural frontiers. The objective of this study is to establish GRVs for the Upper Parnaíba River Basin via an integrated method using direct and indirect soil analyses. The predominant soil in the region is yellow latosol. Soil samples were collected in permanent preservation areas along the Parnaíba River. The amounts of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil samples were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of the elements in the soil of the Parnaíba River Basin follow the sequence Fe > K > Mg > Na > Mn > Ca > Zn > Pb > Cu> Ni > Co > Cr > Cd. The soil chemical element concentration data were not normally distributed nor independent; therefore, it was appropriate to apply non-parametric statistical methods based on the third quartile to establish the GRVs.
O estabelecimento de valores de referência geoquímica (GRVs) é necessário para a determinação do estado atual da contaminação do solo e dos sedimentos para evitar avaliações de risco subjetivas e não confiáveis. A Bacia do rio Parnaíba está emergindo como uma das fronteiras agrícolas do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é estabelecer GRVs para a Bacia do Alto Rio Parnaíba através de um método integrado, utilizando análises de solo diretas e indiretas. O solo predominante na região é o latossolo amarelo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em áreas de preservação permanente ao longo do rio Parnaíba. As quantidades de Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb e Zn nas amostras de solo foram medidas usando espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama. As concentrações dos elementos no solo da Bacia do rio Parnaíba seguem a sequência Fe> K> Mg> Na> Mn> Ca> Zn> Pb> Cu> Ni> Co> Cr> Cd. Os dados de concentração de elementos químicos do solo não eram normalmente distribuídos nem independentes; Portanto, era apropriado aplicar métodos estatísticos não paramétricos com base no terceiro quartil para estabelecer os GRVs.
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Soares, Wálace Anderson Almeida. "Estudo da distribuição de metais em água, sedimento e organismos aquáticos de rios e reservatórios pertencentes à rede de monitoramento da qualidade dos sedimentos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-16012013-144500/.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo dos níveis de concentração e da distribuição das espécies metálicas Arsênio, Cádmio, Crômio, Cobre, Níquel e Chumbo em água, sedimento e nos organismos bentônicos dos rios e reservatórios pertencentes à Rede de Monitoramento de água e sedimento da CETESB, utilizando as técnicas analíticas de espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização em forno de grafite (GF AAS) e espectrometria de emissão ótica (ICP OES). Paralelamente, avaliou-se a toxicidade da água e do sedimento para a bactéria Vibrio fischeri e a comunidade bentônica local. A caracterização multielementar (concentração total) dos sedimentos pela técnica de análise por ativação neutrônica (NAA) também foi realizada. Todas as metodologias analíticas foram avaliadas quanto à precisão, exatidão e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram calculados. Nas amostras de água, foram obtidas concentrações dos metais analisados inferiores aos limites estipulados pela Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA para corpos de água classe 2. Os elementos estudados foram determinados, muitas vezes em concentrações que podem causar efeitos adversos à biota aquática, nas amostras de sedimento de dez dos treze pontos estudados, o que sugere que estes elementos tendem a se depositar nos sedimentos. Obtiveram-se concentrações dos elementos Cd, Cu, Pb e Ni em muitas das amostras de invertebrados bentônicos estudados, demonstrando que estes elementos podem ser absorvidos e bioacumulados nos organismos expostos aos sedimentos contaminados. A correlação entre as concentrações dos elementos no sedimento e nos organismos foi significativa e positiva. As correlações entre as concentrações dos elementos detectados e a massa dos organismos também foram significativas, porém negativas, ou seja, quanto menor a massa, maiores concentrações são esperadas. Não foi detectada toxicidade aguda nas amostras de água para o Vibrio fischeri, porém foi detectada na água intersticial de oito das treze amostras de sedimento testadas. Quanto à avaliação da comunidade bentônica, um ponto foi classificado como qualidade Ruim, oito como Regular e quatro como Boa, segundo critério adotado pela CETESB. Os resultados obtidos na análise de sedimentos por análise por ativação neutrônica demonstraram existir valores mais enriquecidos para os elementos As, Br, Cr, Hf, Ta, Th , U e Zn e os elementos terras raras (ETR) Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Sm, Tb e Yb em muitas das amostras analisadas indicando que pode estar havendo contribuição antrópica para esses elementos.The present study analyzed concentration levels and distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb metallic species in water, sediment and aquatic organisms in rivers and reservoirs of a water and sediment quality monitoring network belonging to CETESB. For this purpose two analytical techniques Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) and Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP OES) were used. Water and sediment toxicity for Vibrio fischeri bacteria and the local benthic community were also evaluated. The multielemental characterization of sediments was undertaken by neutron activation analysis technique (NAA). All the analytical methodologies were evaluated for precision and accuracy, and detection and quantification limits calculated. In water samples metal concentrations were below the CONAMA 357/2005 resolution limits for class 2 water bodies. For sediment samples metal concentration levels that can cause adverse effects on aquatic biota were found in 10 of the 13 collection points studied. Metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni were detected in many invertebrate benthic organisms samples studied, indicating that these elements can be absorbed and bioaccumulated by these organisms when exposed to contaminated sediments. Significant correlations were found for metal concentrations in sediments and organisms. Negative correlations between detected element concentrations and weight of the sampled organisms were significant, so that the lower the weight the higher metal concentrations were measured. Acute toxicity for Vibrio fischeri was not observed for the water samples, but was detected in 8 of the 13 sediment interstitial water samples tested. As for the benthic community evaluation, one of the 13 points was rated as BAD quality, 8 rated as REGULAR and 4 as GOOD, using CETESB´s classification. The results for sediment samples by NAA showed higher enrichment values for As, Br, Cr, Hf, Ta, Th , U e Zn and rare earth elements (REE) Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Sm, Tb and Yb in many of the tested sediment samples indicating that there may be and anthropic contribution for these elements.
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Linde, Mats. "Trace metals in urban soils : Stockholm as a case study /". Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005111.pdf.
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Jin, Li. "Determination of trace metals and copper complexation in freshwater systems of the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland by stripping voltammetry". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25853.pdf.
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Leclerc, Marlène Déborah. "Cosmochemistry of iron meteorites : trace element composition of metal and sulfide phases". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/40429.
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Trace elements composition of the metal and sulfide phases in iron meteorites have been studied in 42 iron meteorites and 2 pallasites. 19 iron meteorites thick sections containing sulfide inclusions have been mapped and their mineralogy, texture and major and minor element compositions analyzed by SEM and EPMA and their trace elements composition measured using LA-ICP-MS. A highly homogeneous fragment of Cape York troilite has been found suitable to be used as a sulfide standard for moderately volatile elements in LA-ICP-MS analysis. A further 34 sulfide samples were digested in ultrapure acids and analyzed by Solution-ICP-MS. In thick sections, the iron meteorites Dronino, Nantan and Patos de Minas showed a rim of Ni and Co-rich sulfides around troilite (FeS) nodules, they are terrestrial weathering products of the troilite. X-RD analysis produced the characteristic pattern for pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8) and heazlewoodite (Ni3S2). Analysis of powder from a sulfide nodule of Uruaçu also showed presence of magnetite (Fe3O4) and goethite (FeO(OH)), infilling cracks within the troilite nodule. Terres- trial weathering and shock-melting are found not to affect the moderately volatile trace elements content of the sulfide, except for Ni and Co that are enriched by terrestrial weathering. Bulk iron meteorite compositions have been calculated from LA-ICP-MS and Solution-ICP-MS measurements. They show a depletion of moderately volatile elements (condensing between 1350 and 650 degrees K) and the strongly volatiles Cd and In. The depletion is greater for IVA irons. IABs, IIABs, IIIABs and pallasites have similar levels of depletion which are greater than what has been observed for ordinary chondrites. The selenium content of the sulfide is inversely correlated with bulk Ni content and the bulk selenium vs. bulk sulfur content show loss of a sulfide liquid from the IIIAB and IVA parent-body but not from the IAB group which lies on the CI line.
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Murray, Patricia 1964. "Site specific evaluation of urban brownfields contaminated with trace metals". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21612.
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This thesis is part of a broader project that examines three different approaches to evaluating trace metal contamination in urban brownfields: the measure of total soil metals; calculating bioavailable metals; and the use of species as bioindicators of trace metals in soils. Chapter 1 discusses the problems inherent in each approach such as; inconsistent results due to differences in techniques, extrapolation from laboratory to field, and the influence of species differences and environmental conditions. Chapter 2 is a site description measuring biodiversity, community structure and activity of three urban brownfields. The site description was used to select organisms that were subsequently evaluated for their usefulness as bioindicators of trace metals (chapter 3). Of the three plant species used (dandelion, bladder campion, and chicory), dandelion has the possibility of being a suitable bioindicator of Cd, Ni, and Zn, while bladder campion may be suitable for evaluating Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn.
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Bissell, Corrina. "Transportation of Trace Metals and Major Elements in the Ottawa River, Northwest Ohio". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1342564813.
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Chapin, Thomas P. "Trace metal cycling in the central equatorial Pacific : results from the U.S. JGOFS EqPac survey cruises /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11029.
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Bertram, Caroline Jane. "Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in the Indian Ocean". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277641.
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Ge, Ying 1974. "Speciation and complexation of trace metals in eastern Canadian soils". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82879.
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An important task of research on trace metals in soils is to evaluate how much metals are potentially bioavailable and may cause toxic effects. In this thesis, the chemical speciation and complexation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were examined in eastern Canadian soils collected from different locations around smelters. Our goal is to be able to predict metal binding in the soil solution and on the solid phase under a wide range of field conditions.In Chapter 2, speciation of Cd, Cu and Pb in the lysimeter soil solutions was determined using an ion exchange technique (IET) involving a resin column. The IET-speciation data were used to estimate the metal-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) binding constants using the non-ideal competitive adsorption (MICA)-Donnan model, which assumed a continuous distribution of binding affinities on the DOC molecule. The published Cd and Pb speciation data in a variety of soils (Chapter 3) were also used to test the effectiveness of two speciation models, the MICA-Donnan model and WinHumicV. Both models satisfactorily predicted the concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The two chapters of metal speciation demonstrated that the NICA-Donnan model could estimate the binding strength of organic matter in soil solutions.
Proton and metal complexation to the surface of soil particles (Chapters 4 and 5) was investigated using back-titration and batch adsorption procedures. It was shown that the surface binding of H+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ was significantly related to soil organic matter (SOM). Though the soil particle surface was covered by a mixture of organic and mineral components, a two-site distribution could be identified from the titration curves. With the parameters derived from the back-titration and adsorption data, the MICA-Donnan model reasonably predicted the surface complexation of proton and metals. Furthermore, the statistically significant relationships between the model parameters and soil organic matter supported the assumptions in this thesis: (1) Organic matter was the most important sorbent on the particle surface; (2) The MICA-Donnan model may be used to interpret the surface binding data in these soils.
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Morneau, Jean Philippe. "Trace metal analysis of marine zooplankton from Conception Bay, Newfoundland". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23164.pdf.
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Onal, Gulay. "Determination Of Dry Deposition Fluxes Of Trace Elements In An Urban Atmosphere". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605666/index.pdf.
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In this work, dry deposition of metals is investigated in an urban areacity of Ankara using snow as a surrogate surface. Two sampling campaigns were conducted to determine dry deposited amount of 13 species namely
H+, Na, K, Al, Mg, Fe, V, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni. First sampling was performed after a major snow fall in Ankara in January 2001, from 4 points according to a predetermined sampling procedure in order to assess background composition of snow. After 12 days, snow samples were collected from 54 points. All samples are filtered, digested and divided into two aliquots in order to investigate soluble and insoluble fractions separately. Temporal changes of snow showed that snow is a good surrogate surface for dry deposition of metals and provide multifunctional informative data. Pollution maps of the city are drawn using Mapinfo software to investigate spatial pollution distributions. Factor analysis are applied and five main factors for these elements are found, indicating three main sources as traffic, soil and combustion. Enrichment factor calculations showed that Ni, Ca, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cd are highly enriched pointing out the anthropogenic sources affecting the city atmosphere drastically.
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Wu, Yonghong 1969. "Bioavailability and rhizotoxicity of trace metals to pea : development of a terrestrial biotic ligand model". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103309.
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Risk assessment of trace-metal contamination in soils requires predictive models that can accurately describe the complex uptake processes at the soil-plant interface, which are usually characterized by the coexistence of and interaction between multiple components. Competing cations such as Ca and H can affect metal availability to plants and subsequent rhizotoxicity. The biotic ligand model (BLM) has been proposed as a promising approach to model these interactive processes. Under the BLM assumption, we designed experiments to investigate how the solution chemistry is correlated with metal uptake and rhizotoxicity. Our first goal is to acquire a set of BLM parameters that can accurately represent the experimental data over varied solution conditions and parameters that are easy to integrate with general speciation models. The second objective is to get insight into the physical nature of the interactions. Our titration experiments revealed three types of biotic ligands in the pea roots with defined site densities and stability constants with H. Our ion sorption experiments estimated the surface-adsorption stability constants of Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn with excised fresh pea roots. Our 48-h root growth tests have established the formation constants (KMe's) of living pea roots with Ca, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn. In these studies, we hypothesized and confirmed that the concentration of the metal-root complexes correlated with observed rhizotoxicity and that Ca, H, and trace metals competed for root absorption where lower solution pH decreased both Ca and metal uptake. Root elongation was found to be highly sensitive to root Ca content rather than merely to the direct toxic effects of the trace metals. It is shown that the physiological complexity arising from a living root affected our modeling so that adjustable KMe values, as a function of solution and root chemistry, are required for good model fits. The established model parameters were tested in hydroponic mixture solutions for their ability to predict the uptake of multiple metals simultaneously. The joint effects of Cd, Cu, and Ni in mixtures on root growth were studied and the potential interactions between these ions were also investigated.
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Wilson, Jonathan. "Sorption of metals from aqueous solution by bone charcoal". Connect to e-thesis, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/756/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2002.Ph.D. thesis submitted to Environmental, Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, 2002. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Cheung, Ma Shan. "Trophic transfer of metals along marine rocky shore food chains /". View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202007%20CHEUNG.
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陳慶文 y Hing-man Chan. "An ecotoxicological study of trace metals in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (L.) (Bivalvia : Mytilacea)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3120806X.
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Herselman, Jacoba Elizabeth. "The concentration of selected trace metals in South African soils". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1390.
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Thesis (PhD (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Trace elements occur naturally in soils, usually at low concentrations (<0.1% or <1000 mg kg-1 of the earth’s crust), as a result of weathering and pedogenic processes acting on the rock fragments from which soil develops (parent material). Since about 98% of human food is produced on land, soil is the primary source supplying these elements to the food chain. Although cases of trace element deficiency and toxicity have been documented in many parts of South Africa, no comprehensive description of trace element concentration has yet been attempted for South Africa as a whole. The Natural Resources Land Type mapping project, initiated in the mid-1970s, has provided a collection of samples (approximately 4500) from soil profiles selected to represent the main soil forms in each land type and therefore to provide representative coverage of most of the soils of South Africa. These archived samples have now been analysed for a spectrum of trace elements, in terms of both available and total concentrations as well as other soil properties. Although detailed information is available on a wide range of trace metals, the seven trace metals considered to be of most interest in a South African context due to natural geological occurrences were selected for this study, including Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. This data was used to: • determine baseline concentrations in SA soils; • determining threshold values for South African agricultural soils receiving sewage sludge at agronomic rates; • determining the influence of certain soil properties on the baseline concentrations of these trace elements in SA soils; and • development of a bioavailable trace element distribution map for SA. The range, the mean and standard deviation (both arithmetic and geometric), and the median were used to summarize the data statistically. The baseline concentration range was calculated using the quotient and product of the geometric mean and the square of the geometric standard deviation, including data below the instrument detection limit. The upper limit of the baseline concentration range was set at the 0.975 percentile value of the population in order to minimize the influence of contamination and the lower limit at the 0.025 percentile value to minimize problems that might be associated with analytical uncertainty near the lower limit of detection. The quantile regression statistical approach was followed to illustrate the relationship between soil properties and trace element concentrations in soils. The soil properties that showed the strongest relation were CEC, clay content, pH (H2O) and S value (base status). The soils were then divided into different classes according to these soil properties and baseline concentrations were derived for the different classes. Soils with low clay contents have lower trace element concentrations than soils with higher clay contents, soils with low or high pH levels have lower trace element contents than soils with intermediate pH values and mesotrophic soils have higher trace element concentrations than dystrophic soils. This information is useful for the compilation of trace element distribution maps for South Africa where different soil forms and series/families could be classified into different classes to determine areas of potential deficiencies as well as toxicities. South Africa, with its diverse geology, has areas of both trace element toxicities and deficiencies and for decision-making purposes it is necessary to identify these areas. Mapping of trace element levels based on soil samples would provide valuable information, which cannot be obtained from geological or geographical maps. Statistical analyses of the data (clay %, base status, pH (H2O) and NH4EDTA extractable trace element concentrations) indicated that soils could be divided into five trace element classes based on their clay content, pH and base status (dystrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic). The soil series according to the binomial soil classification system for South Africa were then divided into these different classes. The geometric means for each clay class were determined and the baseline concentration range for each class was calculated. The land type maps were used as basis for the distribution maps. A general trace element distribution map for South Africa was derived from this data as well as Cu and Zn distribution maps. A random selection of 500 soil samples across the country was used to verify the accuracy of the distribution map. The general trace element distribution map indicate, with a confidence level between 89 and 96%, where the potentially available trace element content of South African soils are low (deficient) too moderately high, excluding rocky areas and areas with limited soil. The Cu and Zn maps indicate the distribution and expected baseline concentrations of these specific elements in South African soils. The same methodology could be applied to derive risk maps for all the individual trace elements to indicate the distribution and expected baseline concentrations of the elements in South Africa. This presentation of baseline concentrations, reflecting likely natural ranges in South African soils, is the first quantitative report on the spatial extent and intensity of Zn, Cu and Co deficiency in South African soils. The proposal of new threshold values for trace elements in agricultural soils will be valuable in setting more realistic norms for environmental contamination that accommodate the geochemical peculiarities of the region, one example being rather high Cr and Ni concentrations with low bio-availability. This information should be of value not only in environmental pollution studies but also in health, agriculture, forestry and wildlife management. The following recommendations are made: • The baseline concentrations could be used to determine site specific threshold values based on soil properties and soil type. Soils with lower pH, clay content and CEC would require more protection than soils with high pH, clay content and CEC and therefore the threshold levels for these soils should be lower. • Although the distribution maps can be used to indicate broad areas of trace element deficiencies and toxicities, more detailed investigations are recommended for areas where problems are experienced. The same methodology could be applied on smaller scale to increase the value of the map and to add more value on a regional scale. The maps could be used for regional soil quality assessment especially in areas where trace element deficiencies or toxicities could result in negative effects on plants and animals.