Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Elk River Valley"

An American Elk calf (Cervus elaphus) that was captured near human habitation in Jasper National Park, Alberta, was fitted with a radio-collar and released 40 km away in the park's main valley of the Athabasca River. The calf joined a local herd of elk, and its radio signal revealed that the elk, in two months' time, travelled eight times back and forth between the herd's traditional semi-open winter range at Devona and a largely wooded area at Rocky River >3 km away. Each time, on their trans-valley route the elk crossed a busy highway, a railway, and a partly frozen river. Sightings of elk and Wolves (Canis lupus) were inversely correlated on 97 days of observation at Devona. We conclude that the elk's migrations were prompted by their urge to avoid and flee from Wolves, which were common at both locations.

This paper examines the temporal distribution of 163 distinct species recovered from 21 well-dated Holocene age archaeological sites in the Ohio River valley to determine patterns of faunal resource procurement and their response to periods of climate change. Climate change proxies include bison, long-billed curlew, pine marten, porcupine, prairie vole, and swamp rabbit. While the rice rat may be a proxy of climate change, its initial appearance in the Archaic cultural period co-occurs with storable starchy and oily seed crops such as erect knotweed, little barley, marsh elder, maygrass, and sunflower. Subsistence proxies that transcend climate change include variety of aquatic (bass/sunfish, buffalo, channel catfish, freshwater drum, gar, mussels, snails, snapping and spiny softshell turtles, and river redhorse sucker), avian (blue-wing teal, Canada goose, and turkey), and terrestrial species (dog, eastern cotton-tail, elk, gray and fox squirrels, opossum, raccoon, timber rattlesnake, and woodchuck). Caldwell’s Primary Forest Efficiency remains a valid theoretical model of Holocene subsistence strategy in the Ohio River valley.

From a vantage point on a rise above the Snake River, the valley below is shrouded in darkness. A faint glow on the eastern horizon heralds the dawn. The only sound comes from the river as water gurgles over rocks and other impediments. As the sky grows brighter, the shadows in the valley begin to take form, revealing numerous small streams that braid through dense thickets of willows and other shrubbery before returning to the main river channel. Small dark shapes dart among the trees and shrubs, filling the air with a variety of birdsongs. As the rising sun gradually illuminates the valley a herd of elk rise, one-by-one, in a distant meadow and begin grazing on the spring grasses. Moments later a cow moose and her calf emerge from behind the willows at the water’s edge, scattering the birds. This area, with its mosaic of habitats, teems with wildlife. It is not surprising, then, that this upper part of Jackson Hole became the chosen site for the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park (JHWP) and became the Park’s main animal viewing area for tourists and scientists alike.

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) wintering in the lower Athabasca River valley of Jasper National Park, Alberta, were monitored from 1981 to 2010 by recording maximum band sizes per annum on two traditional but separate sheep ranges. In study area #1, the ram band declined significantly from a 20-year mean of 18 in the period 1981-2001 to a 5-year mean of 11 in the period 2001-2006, with a slight recovery in 2006-2010. Ewes in area #1 dwindled from a mean of 20 in the period 1981-1995 to zero in the period 1995-2010. In area #2, the ewe band dropped significantly from a mean of 40 in the period 1981-2001 to 24 in the period 2001-2010. The declines in area #1 coincided with an invasion of Russian Thistle (Salsola kali). Range conditions in area #2 deteriorated following four years with lower than average annual precipitation. The mean lamb:ewe ratio in area #2, pooled for 29 years, was 22:100 (n = 646). The sheep were protected from hunting, but were subject to a full range of indigenous carnivores. However, predation did not appear to be the primary cause of the declines, nor was competition for forage with American Elk (Cervus elaphus).

AbstractObjectiveOn January 9, 2014, a faulty storage tank leaked 10,000 gallons of an industrial coal-processing liquid into the Elk River in West Virginia, contaminating the drinking water of 9 counties collectively known as the Kanawha Valley. In the context of this event, we explored the relationship between social determinants and (1) the timeliness with which residents learned about the crisis, (2) the source of information, (3) opinions on the source of information, (4) information-seeking behaviors, and (5) knowledge acquired.MethodsBetween February 7 and 26, 2014, we conducted a survey of 690 adult residents of West Virginia. Descriptive statistics and multivariable statistical models were performed.ResultsInformation about water contamination spread quickly, with 88% of respondents from the affected counties hearing about the incident on the same day it occurred. Most people received the information from local television news (73%); social media users had 120% increased odds of knowing about the recommended behaviors. People who had a favorable opinion of the source of information demonstrated better knowledge of recommended behaviors.ConclusionsThe use of local television news during a crisis is important for timely dissemination of information. Information exposure across segments of the population differed on the basis of the population’s background characteristics. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:196–206)

The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake (M = 7.2) triggered a rock avalanche from the north face of Mount Colonel Foster, central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Approximately 1.5 × 106 m3 of Triassic volcaniclastic rocks detached from between el. 1965 m and el. 1600 m. Although just over half of this volume was deposited in the upper part of the track above el. 1080 m, approximately 0.7 × 106 m3 descended the lower part of the track and entered the waters of Landslide Lake at el. 890 m. The resultant displacement wave ran up a maximum vertical distance of 51 m on the opposite shore and the wave crest was about 29 m high when it spilled over the lip of the lake. Water displaced during the event destroyed forest in the upper reaches of the Elk River valley up to 3 km from Landslide Lake. The wave at Landslide Lake is comparable to other waves generated by similar magnitude rock avalanches in Peru and Norway and it is the largest recorded in the Canadian Cordillera. The case history illustrates the conditions where substantial damage may be caused by a rock avalanche well beyond the limits of its debris when it produces a landslide-generated wave in the mountainous terrain of the Cordillera. Key words: rock avalanche, earthquake-induced landslides, landslide-generated waves, mountains.

Abstract Sediment from a wetland receiving runoff from a coal mine waste dump in the Elk River Valley of southeast British Columbia was assessed for potential selenium uptake. Selenite [SeO32-, Se(IV)] was found to adsorb to the washed sediment at pH 7 to 8, whereas no selenate [SeO42-, Se(VI)] was adsorbed, in the concentration range of 8 to 225 μg L-1 Se as selenite or selenate. Sulfate- and selenate-reducing bacterial activity was detected in the sediment. In the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria growth medium, Se as selenate was reduced from 619(±53) μg L-1 to 15(±0.7) μg L-1, and in the presence of selenate-reducing bacteria growth medium, Se as selenate was reduced from 364(±66) mg L-1 to 22(±10) mg L-1. Semi-continuous microcosms containing sediment overlaid with selenate (500 μg L-1 Se) and sulfate (0.9 g L-1) containing water were amended with plant debris from the site or nutrients (lactate and fertilizer). Potential selenate reduction rate (0.76 h-1) was highest in the unamended microcosms. Amendment with plant debris from the site had a negative effect on selenate reduction rate in the short term (after one hour) and a positive effect on Se removal in the long term (after one week). This study suggests that wetland sediments at the mine site may be important sinks for Se.

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was extirpated from Yellowstone National Park by U.S. Government personnel during 1914-1926. Since then, occasional reports of wolves in Yellowstone National Park have been recorded (Weaver 1978), but no recent records exist of wolves breeding in the park. In recent years, public attitudes towards predators have changed such that predators are more commonly viewed as an integral component of natural ecosystems (see e.g., Mech 1970, Despain et al. 1986, Dunlap 1988). An increasing proportion of the American public desires that wolves be reestablished in Yellowstone National Park (McNaught 1987, Bath 1991). ln 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved a Recovery Plan for the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1987). Before proceeding with wolf recovery, however, Congress appropriated funds in 1988 and 1989 and directed that studies be conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service to determine the effects of wolf recovery on ungulate populations. Boyce (1990) developed a predator-prey model for ungulate populations in Yellowstone National Park as a part of this Congressional charge to determine the probable outcome of wolf recovery. Our purpose is to expand upon the simulation model of Boyce (1990) to predict the probable consequences of wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park to ungulate populations in Jackson Hole and along the North Fork of the Shoshone River. As in the previous model, this model allows the user to choose among several likely management scenarios. By manipulating alternatives, the user of the model can explore the consequences of management actions. In particular, it is essential to be able to anticipate if wolves will be culled if they leave the parks, if poaching can be controlled within the park, and if hunting for bison and elk will continue in the Yellowstone River valley north of Gardiner, Montana. Any such model must incorporate the natural variability in the environment, because the vagaries of climate can have enormous effects on ecological processes. Therefore, the model is a stochastic one, i.e., it contains random variation in climatic variables. Such stochastic model structure is important because it helps to educate the user that it is impossible to predict precisely the consequences of wolf recovery. It is not the purpose of this effort to offer recommendations for whether wolf recovery should take place, but rather to provide resource managers with an additional tool which will assist them in making that decision.

Glacial retreat from the North Cascade Range after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at approximately 21 ka until the end of the Pleistocene at 11.6 ka was complex and included both continental and alpine glaciers. Alpine valley glaciers reached their maximum extent before 21.4 ka, then underwent a punctuated retreat to valley heads. In the south, beyond the reach of ice sheet glaciation, several end moraines were deposited after the LGM. Moraines marking a re-advance of alpine glaciers to <5 km below modern glaciers were deposited from 13.7 to 11.6 ka.The Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south from near 52° north latitude in British Columbia into the North Cascades. At its maximum size the ice sheet covered more than 500 km2 and had a surface elevation of 2200 m in upper Skagit valley. Deglaciation commenced about 16 ka by frontal retreat of ice flanking the mountains. Surface lowering eventually exposed regional hydrologic divides and stranded ice masses more than 1000 m thick in valleys. Isolated fragments of the ice sheet disintegrated rapidly from 14.5 to 13.5 ka, with the pattern of deglaciation in each valley controlled by valley orientation, topography, and climate. Like alpine glaciers to the south, retreat of the ice sheet remnants was slowed by millennial scale climate fluctuations that produced at least one large recessional moraine, and multiple lateral moraines and kame terraces from elevations of 200-1400 m in most valleys. Large volumes of glacial meltwater flowed through the North Cascades and was concentrated in the Skagit and Methow rivers. Outburst floods from deep proglacial lakes spilled across divides and down steep canyons, depositing coarse gravel terraces and alluvial fans at valley junctions.Climate at the LGM was characterized by a mean summer temperature 6 to 7 ºC cooler than today, and 40% lower mean annual precipitation. Persistence of this climate for thousands of years before the LGM caused a 750-1000 m decrease in alpine glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA). In the southern North Cascades at 16 ka, glacial ELAs were 500-700 m lower than today, and during advances from 13.7 to 11.6 ka alpine glacier ELAs were 200-400 m lower.

AbstractIn the north-western Himalaya, the distribution of modem glaciers and snowlines in the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges adjacent to the Indus River valley suggests comparable climatic conditions prevail in the two ranges. Similarly, the positions of terminal moraines and reconstructed equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) indicate equivalent magnitudes of Neoglacial and Late Glacial advances in both ranges. However, the terminal positions and reconstructed ELAs from the late Pleistocene maximum advances are at least 400 m lower in the Ladakh Range than in the nearby Zanskar Range. These differences do not appear to reflect either climatic or tectonic controls. Rather, they are caused by an unusual bedrock configuration in the Zanskar Range, where vertical strata of indurated sandstones and conglomerates, and narrow steep-walled canyons cut through them, created a bulwark that effectively precluded significant down-valley advance. Without recognition of this physical impedance to glacial advance, uncritical reconstructions would greatly overestimate the altitude of the ELA in the Zanskar Range.

AbstractIn the north-western Himalaya, the distribution of modem glaciers and snowlines in the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges adjacent to the Indus River valley suggests comparable climatic conditions prevail in the two ranges. Similarly, the positions of terminal moraines and reconstructed equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) indicate equivalent magnitudes of Neoglacial and Late Glacial advances in both ranges. However, the terminal positions and reconstructed ELAs from the late Pleistocene maximum advances are at least 400 m lower in the Ladakh Range than in the nearby Zanskar Range. These differences do not appear to reflect either climatic or tectonic controls. Rather, they are caused by an unusual bedrock configuration in the Zanskar Range, where vertical strata of indurated sandstones and conglomerates, and narrow steep-walled canyons cut through them, created a bulwark that effectively precluded significant down-valley advance. Without recognition of this physical impedance to glacial advance, uncritical reconstructions would greatly overestimate the altitude of the ELA in the Zanskar Range.

Riparian ecology research in Arizona and California has documented the likelihood of a subsurface linkage between irrigation, especially flood-irrigation, and riparian function (Smith et al. 1989; Stromberg et al. 1996). Initial groundwater monitoring results from rural New Mexico indicate water tables rose 1 to 2m after the onset of field irrigation and subsurface flow paths towards the Rio Grande River developed soon after (Fernald et al. 2008). Results from a study of wetlands in southeastern Wyoming suggest that declining flood-irrigation levels would lead to a reduction in the total area of wetlands and related areas of wetland vegetation types in the Laramie Basin (Peck and Lovvorm 2001). Stringham et al. (1998) have reported further evidence for a linkage between irrigation and riparian function. These Oregon researchers noted lower water temperatures in stream reaches receiving subsurface return flows from irrigated hayfields than similar reaches flowing through non-irrigated lands. This information is timely because Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) managers have begun an evaluation of historic irrigation operations within the Park and are endeavoring to learn how cessation of flood irrigation will affect Park wetlands. The historically irrigated hayfields at the Elk Ranch provide an opportunity to address the Park Service's informational needs through identification of vegetation composition, soil physical characteristics and groundwater patterns associated with irrigated and naturally occurring wetlands. Successful description of patterns unique to natural wetlands will provide an avenue for predicting which Park wetlands would remain functional should irrigation efforts be brought to a close. Development of criteria for identifying naturally occurring wetlands could also serve as a basis for identifying areas for wetland mitigation and rehabilitation elsewhere in GTNP and the mountain valleys of the Northern Rocky Mountains.

Analysis of spatial distribution of soil properties like soil aggregate stability presents an important outset for precision agriculture. The study area was classified into different landscape units according to physiographic features namely: mountains, plateaus, uplands, valleys, pen plains, alluvial plains, lacustrine plains and hills and maps were drawn. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of landscape and land use interaction on the spatial variability of aggregate stability. The variability of aggregate stability exhibited spatial dependence (SDP) which helped in the generation of a spatial dependence index (SDI) that was described using semivariogram models. SPD Gaussian(%) ≤ 25% gave a weak spatial dependence, moderate spatial dependence was given by 25% ( SDP ( % ) ≤ 75% and strong spatial dependence by SDP (%) ) 75%, while SDI Gaussian (%) ≤ 25% gave a strong spatial dependence index while moderate spatial dependence index was indicated by 25% ( SDI (%) ≤ 75%, and weak spatial dependence index SDI (% ) ) 75%. Mean Weight Diameters (MWD) of 0.25 – 0.45 represented unstable soils mostly found in wetlands occurring in valleys, mountains, plains, and depressions in hills, 0 55 –0.62 represented moderately stable soils mostly in agricultural and grassland areas which include plateaus, uplands, and plains, while 0.62 – 0.92 represented stable and very stable soils being found in forested areas, mountains and hills. Various interpolation (kriging) techniques capitalized on the spatial correlation between observations to predict attribute values at unsampled locations using information related to one or several attributes that helped in the construction of an aggregate stability prediction map using Empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) technique.

Miro fala ao telefone com sua amiga Bia e simultaneamente assiste pela tevê ao jogo do Guaraní, do Paraguai, contra o Independiente del Valle, do Equador. Essa peleja decide, em Assunção, quem entrará no grupo do Atlético Mineiro na Copa Libertadores, time pelo qual ele torce.O jogo está em seus minutos finais e o placar é de 2 a 1 para os paraguaios, mas, com esse gol sofrido em casa, vão se desclassificando, pois perderam a primeira partida por 1 a 0 nos domínios equatorianos – regra do gol fora de casa.Lançou a palavra focaliza as reações de Miro ao assistir esse jogo, narrado ao fundo através da televisão. Ele torce pelo Independiente del Valle, porque, além de considerar o Guaraní um adversário teoricamente mais forte, planeja ir a todos os jogos do Atlético na competição de 2016. Conhecer Quito e as Ilhas Galápagos sempre foi uma de suas aspirações, dizem que lá tem uma torcida organizada do time, a “Galópagos”.Miro fala, grita e xinga ao torcer para que isso aconteça. Ele se levanta e se alonga, inquieta-se. Bebe, fuma e “lança palavras” a São Victor do Horto, o santo que fecha o gol. Sua amiga Bia (ou Mop) está distante, desinteressada do jogo, mas o resultado final os unirá.Curiosamente, em 2016, o pequeno Independente del Valle conquistou o inédito vice-campeonato da Libertadores, vencendo adversários como o Atlético Mineiro, River Plate e Boca Juniors. Mas o que os equatorianos ainda não sabem é que foi o São Victor do Horto quem interveio e operou mais um de seus milagres em Assunção, no dia 12 de fevereiro de 2016. * * * Miro habla al teléfono con su amiga Bia y simultáneamente asiste por la TV el partido del Guaraní, del Paraguay, con el Independiente del Valle, del Ecuador. Este partido decide, en Asunción, quién entrará en el grupo del Minero en la Copa Libertadores, equipo de Miro.El partido está en sus minutos finales y el marcador es de 2 a 1 para los paraguayos, pero con ese gol sufrido en casa, van se desclasificando, porque perdieron el primer partido por 1 a 0 en Equador – regla del gol fuera de casa.Lanzó la palabra enfocó las reacciones de Miro al ver el partido, relatado al fondo a través de la televisión. Él hincha por el Independiente de Valle porque, además de considerar al Guaraní un adversario teóricamente más fuerte, planea ir a todos los partidos del Atlético en la competición de 2016. Conocer Quito y las Islas Galápagos siempre fue una de sus aspiraciones, dicen que allí tiene una hinchada organizada del equipo, la "Galópagos".Miro habla, grita y insulta al hinchar para que eso suceda. Él se levanta y se alarga, se inquieta. Bebe, fuma y "lanza palabras" a San Victor del Horto, el santo que tapa el larco. Su amiga Bia (o Mop) está lejos, desinteresada del partido, pero el resultado final los unirá.Curiosamente, en 2016, el pequeño Independiente del Valle ha conquistado el inédito subcampeonato de la Libertadores, venciendo adversarios como el Minero, River Plate y Boca Juniors. Y lo que los ecuatorianos aún no saben es que fue el San Victor del Horto quien intervino y operó otro de sus milagros en Asunción, el día 12 de febrero de 2016.

Abstract Erosion related to glacial activity produces enormous amounts of sediment. However, sediment mobilization in glacial systems is extremely complex. Sediment is derived from headwalls, slopes along the margins of glaciers, and basal erosion; however, the rates and relative contributions of each are unknown. To test and quantify conceptual models for sediment generation and transport in a simple valley glacier system, we collected samples for 10Be analysis from the Kahiltna Glacier, which flows off Denali, the tallest mountain in North America. We collected angular quartz clasts on bedrock ledges from a high mountainside above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), amalgamated clast samples from medial moraines, and sand samples from the river below the glacier. We also collected sand from nine other rivers along the south flank of the Alaska Range. In the upper catchment of the Kahiltna drainage system, toppling, rockfall, and slab collapse are significant erosional processes. Erosion rates of hundreds of millimeters per thousand years were calculated from 10Be concentrations. The 10Be concentrations in amalgamated samples from medial moraines showed concentrations much lower than those measured from the high mountainside, a result of the incorporation of thick, and effectively unexposed, blocks into the moraine, as well as the incorporation of material from lower-elevation nearby slopes above the moraines. The 10Be sediment samples from downstream of the Kahiltna Glacier terminus showed decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from the moraine, indicating the incorporation of material that was less exposed to cosmic rays, most likely from the glacier base as well as from slopes downstream of the glacier. Taken together, 10Be concentrations in various samples from the Kahiltna drainage system indicated erosion rates of hundreds of millimeters per thousand years, which is typical of tectonically active terrains. We also measured 10Be concentrations from river sediment samples collected from across the south flank of the Alaska Range. Calculation of basinwide weighted erosion rates that incorporated hypsometric curves produced unrealistically high erosion rates, which indicates that the major source of sediment was not exposed to cosmic rays and was primarily derived from the base of glaciers. Moreover, the apparently high erosion rates suggest that parts of each drainage system are not in erosional steady state with respect to cosmogenic isotope accumulation.

Mediante un estudio descriptivo y correlacional, se analizó la relación entre la percepción de la calidad de la gestión administrativa del director y el grado de compromiso laboral de los docentes de algunos colegios privados de El Salvador, en un contexto donde cada año los docentes renuncian a sus trabajos y pasan a laborar al sector gubernamental. Se administraron dos instrumentos, uno para medir la percepción de la gestión administrativa del director y otro para medir el grado de compromiso de los docentes, a 87 docentes de los siete colegios de las regiones metropolitana y occidental de El Salvador. Se encontró que los docentes tienen un compromiso laboral muy bueno. De igual manera, la percepción que tienen los docentes de la gestión administrativa del director es muy buena. Al observarse la correlación entre ambas variables, se determinó que es positiva y alta. Se observó que cuánto mejor perciben los docentes la gestión administrativa del director mayor es el compromiso con su trabajo. El liderazgo del director es importante para el compromiso laboral de los docentes, por lo cual su selección y nombramiento deben ser realizados con cuidadoso análisis. Referencias Alam, S. (2017). A study on leadership styles executed by principal and academic coordinator in one of the private schools in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 8(3), 71-78. Calik, T., Sezgin, F., Kavgaci, H. y Kilinc, A. (2012). Examination of relationships between instructional leadership of school principal’s and self-efficacy of teacher and collective teacher efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(4), 2469-2504. Chiang Vega, M., Núñez Partido, A., Martín, M. J. y Salazar Botello, M. (2010). Compromiso del trabajador hacia su organización y la relación con el clima organizacional: un análisis de género y edad. 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A chemical storage tank was found leaking into the Elk River, West Virginia, on January 9, 2014. The tank held ~10,000 gallons (38,000 L) of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM). The chemical spilled 2.4 km away from the West Virginia American Water’s (WVAW) Kanawha Valley Water Treatment Plant, traveling downstream and entering the treatment plant (50 MGD). West Virginia Poison Center started to get phone calls from the public, concerned about nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, and other symptoms. Simultaneously, the emergency departments observed an increase in the visit rates to emergency rooms, which were related to the above-mentioned symptoms. It was determined that the chemical spill ended up in the tap water and started affecting the people who used the tap water and inhaled the contaminated indoor air due to tap water use. This study employed available shower, tap water use at the sink, washing machine and dishwasher models and the reported tap water concentrations for the MCHM to determine the indoor air concentrations of MCHM. The results indicated that the exposure to hazardous levels of MCHM is most likely through showering and while during flushing out of the home plumbing. This study also considered natural and forced ventilation to provide guidance while flushing the home plumbing as it plays a critical role in indoor air concentrations of MCHM.

AbstractPakistan’s Karakoram region has a large variety of glacier types. Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of alpine or valley glaciers represents mass balance. Field observations for estimation of ELA of the majority of Karakoram’s glaciers are not available due to rugged glacier-covered terrains and lack of climatic data above 5000 masl. Therefore, we applied the hypsometrically controlled accumulation area ratio (AAR) and accumulation area balance ratio (AABR) methods for ELA estimation and glacier–climate reconstructions in the Shigar River Basin of the Karakoram region. Constrained by mountain topography, larger size and type of glaciers, several ranges of ELA are calculated and implemented for several ratios. Two parameters (ratio and interval) are provided to calculate AAR-ELAs between 0.4 and 0.8 with 0.05 interval and AABR-ELAs between 0.9 and 4.4 with 0.01 interval. By providing constant AAR (rather than constant glacier area), this approach adjusted glacier geometries (area) to future ELA variations. For constant AAR of 0.4–0.45, a 90-m ELA decrease from 5769 to 5679 m of Baltoro glacier adjusted its geometries by reducing ~ 5% area. The highest decrease of 140-m ELA of the same glacier is reported for constant AAR of 0.7–0.75, revealing a significant loss of 8% geometries. The projected geometry losses for all these glaciers are highly variable, with top-heavy glaciers (Biafo and Baltoro) projected to experience the major losses in glacier-ice area. It is concluded that the quality of ELAs is highly dependent on the reconstructed three-dimensional glacier surfaces.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan keskipohjalaisten ja pohjoispohjalaisten eli Oulun seudun murteiden rajaa. Kettusen murrekartastosta on poimittu kahdeksan piirrettä, jotka erottavat näitä murteita toisistaan. Näitä piirteitä ovat esimerkiksi t:n heikon asteen vastineet ja yksikön 3. persoonan päätteet. Nämä samat piirteet ovat myös itä- ja länsimurteita erottavia piirteitä siten, että keskipohjalaiset variantit ovat läntisiä ja pohjoispohjalaiset itäisiä. Analyysi pohjautuu pääosin Muoto-opin arkiston kokoelmiin. Murreanalyysin tulos on, että kaikki tähänastiset rajanvedot keski- ja pohjoispohjalaisten murteiden välillä ovat olleet liian pohjoisia. Murreraja on toki häilyvä, mutta pohjoispohjalaiset (ja itäiset) variantit ovat vallalla jo heti Pyhäjoella tai sen pohjoispuolella. Artikkelissa palataan myös siihen Kettusen esittämään argumenttiin, että puheena olevien murteiden raja on Pattijoessa, koska se on ollut Pähkinäsaaren rauhan (1323) rajalinja. Tässä Kettunen nojaa historiantutkija Jalmari Jaakkolan näkemykseen. Muissa tutkimuksissa rajaksi on tulkittu Pyhäjoki tai Petäjäisoja. Murreanalyysi tukee vahvasti Pyhäjoen tulkintaa rajajoeksi, varsinkinkin kun historiantutkimuksessa Pyhäjoen voidaan todeta olleen itä- ja länsisuomalaisen asutuksen välinen intressiraja. Viimeaikaisen tutkimuksen mukaan samoille alueille sijoittuu myös geneettinen raja. River Pyhäjoki – an old dialect boundary and a state border? This article discusses the boundary between the Central and Northern Ostrobothnian (Oulu region) dialects. The focus is on eight dialectal features (taken from Kettunen’s classic dialect map) that separate these dialects. These features include the weak-grade equivalents of t and the endings of 3rd-person singular verb forms. These features are also deemed to separate the eastern and western dialects of Finnish so that the Central Ostrobothnian variants represent the western dialect type and the Northern Ostrobothnian variants represent the eastern type. The present findings are based primarily on the materials of the Finnish Morphological Archive. The results suggest that all former borderlines between the Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects were drawn too far to the north. Naturally, the dialect boundary is rather fluid, but most of the Northern Ostrobothnian (and eastern) variants are already represented in the river valley around Pyhäjoki or in the parishes immediately to the north. In addition, the article re-examines Kettunen’s definition of this dialect boundary. Kettunen claims that the boundary runs along the Pattijoki valley, and in his estimation this reflects the borderline of the Pähkinäsaari Treaty (1323), the first treaty between the Swedish Kingdom and Novgorod. Here he cites the views of historian Jalmari Jaakkola. Some historians have subsequently suggested that the borderline ran along either the Pyhäjoki or Petäjäisoja rivers. Dialectological analysis strongly supports the interpretation of Pyhäjoki’s being the border, especially because historians have already proved that Pyhäjoki was once the northernmost border of the western Finnish settlement. According to recent research, it seems that Pyhäjoki represents a genetic border too.

Este artigo discute as razões para que os estudos históricos sobre a bacia do Rio Branco (correspondente ao atual estado brasileiro de Roraima) levem em conta as suas relações com o espaço mais amplo das Guianas. Embora as fontes coloniais luso-brasileiras raramente denominem a fronteira setentrional como ”Guiana Portuguesa”, o topônimo desde muito cedo foi usado por estrangeiros e pela cartografia internacional para referir-se á região, sempre que ela era objeto de confrontação com as áreas controladas pelas demais potências coloniais (Espanha, França, Holanda e, mais tarde, a Inglaterra). Os europeus inteiraram-se das redes relacionais interétnicas do espaço das Guianas, interferindo no quadro de alianças e rivalidades locais. A história colonial do vale do Rio Branco se define pela disputa geopolá­tica e estratégica de Portugal com os competidores europeus nesse espaço. Os sucessivos tratados entre as metrópoles e, posteriormente, os Estados Nacionais foram modificando as configurações e relações sociais e étnicas na região. O Congresso de Viena (1815), contemporá¢neo das guerras de Independência na América Latina, encerrou um ciclo de conflito global entre França e Inglaterra e ratificou a nova correlação de forças entre as potências coloniais na ilha das Guianas, mas não encerrou os litá­gios territoriais. Além de impor a devolução de Caiena á França (e intervir na questão de fronteiras com a América Portuguesa), sancionou uma mudança indelével na região: a transferência das antigas colônias holandesas de Demerara, Essequibo e Berbice, para a soberania britá¢nica.Palavras-chave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionais. Amazônia colonial. Guianas - História. RORAIMA AS PART OF THE GUYANAS: Rio Branco Valley and the ”Guyana Island”Abstract: This paper discusses why historical studies on the basin of the Branco river (corresponding to the current Brazilian state of Roraima) should take in account its relations with the wider space of the Guyana. Although the Luso-Brazilian colonial sources rarely denominate the northern border as "Portuguese Guyana ", this toponym was used since an early age by foreigners and by international cartography to refer to the area where it was opposed to zones controlled by other colonial powers (Spain, France, Holland and later England). Europeans were aware of interethnic relational networks of the Guyana space, interfering in the framework of alliances and local rivalries. The colonial history of the Branco river Valley is defined by geopolitical and strategic disputes between Portugal and the European competitors in that space. Successive treaties between the colonial powers and subsequently the National States gradually modifyed the social and ethnic relations and settings in the region. The Congress of Vienna (1815), contemporary of independence wars in Latin America, ended a cycle of worldwide conflict between France and England and ratified the new correlation of forces between the colonial powers on the island of Guyana, but did not end the territorial disputes. In addition to imposing the return of Cayenne to France (and intervene on the issue of borders with Portuguese America), signed an indelible change in the region: the transfer of the former Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice to British sovereignty.Keywords: Colonial Brazil. Brazil - International Treaties. Colonial Amazon; Guianas - History. RORAIMA COMO UMA DE LAS GUYANAS: la cuenca del Rio Branco y la ”Isla de Guayana”Resumen: Este artá­culo analiza por que los estudios históricos de la cuenca del Rá­o Branco (correspondiente al actual estado brasileño de Roraima) deben tener en cuenta sus relaciones con el espacio más amplio de las Guayanas. Aunque las fuentes coloniales luso-brasileñas raramente denominan la frontera norte como "Guiana Portuguesa", el topónimo desde muy temprano fue empleado por los extranjeros y por la cartografá­a internacional, en relación con las zonas guayanesas controladas por otras potencias coloniales (España, Francia, Holanda y más tarde Inglaterra). Los europeos se interaron de las redes relacionales interétnicas del espacio de las Guayanas y se introdujeron en el marco de alianzas y rivalidades locales. La historia colonial del Valle del rá­o Branco se define por disputa geopolá­tica y estratégica entre Portugal y los competidores europeos en ese espacio. Tratados sucesivos entre las metrópolis y posteriormente los Estados Nacionales fueron modificando la configuración y las relaciones sociales y étnicas en la región. El Congreso de Viena (1815), contemporáneo de las guerras de independencia en América Latina, terminó un ciclo de conflictos globales entre Francia e Inglaterra y ratificó la nueva correlación de fuerzas entre las potencias coloniales de la isla de Guyana, pero no puso fá­n a las disputas territoriales. Además de imponer el regreso de Cayenne a Francia (e intervenir en la cuestión de las fronteras con la América portuguesa), firmaron un cambio indeleble en la región: la transferencia de las antiguas colonias holandesas de Demerara, Esequibo y Berbice a la soberaná­a británica.Palabras clave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionales. Amazon colonial. Guayana - Historia.