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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Embryonic stem cells"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de junio de 2025

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1

Pera, M. F., B. Reubinoff, and A. Trounson. "Human embryonic stem cells." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.1.5.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the early embryo that can be propagated indefinitely in the primitive undifferentiated state while remaining pluripotent; they share these properties with embryonic germ (EG) cells. Candidate ES and EG cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of somatic cell. The phenotype of the blastocyst-derived cell lines is very similar to that of monkey ES cells and pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells, but differs from that of mouse ES cells or the human germ-cell-derived stem cells. Although our understanding of the control of growth and differentiation of human ES cells is quite limited, it is clear that the development of these cell lines will have a widespread impact on biomedical research.

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2

HOSSEINI, Hamid, and S. MOOSAVI-NEJAD. "1A34 Shock waves effects on embryonic stem cells." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2014.26 (2014): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2014.26.35.

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3

Challa, Stalin Reddy, and Swathi Goli. "Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Engrafting Myogenic Precursor Cells." Stem cell Research and Therapeutics International 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2643-1912/002.

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Degenerative muscle diseases affect muscle tissue integrity and function. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are an attractive source of cells to use in regenerative therapies due to their unlimited capacity to divide and ability to specialize into a wide variety of cell types. A practical way to derive therapeutic myogenic stem cells from hESC is lacking. In this study, we demonstrate the development of two serum-free conditions to direct the differentiation of hESC towards a myogenic precursor state. Using TGFß and PI3Kinase inhibitors in combination with bFGF we showed that one week of differentiation is sufficient for hESC to specialize into PAX3+/PAX7+ myogenic precursor cells. These cells also possess the capacity to further differentiate in vitro into more specialized myogenic cells that express MYOD, Myogenin, Desmin and MYHC, and showed engraftment in vivo upon transplantation in immunodeficient mice. Ex vivo myomechanical studies of dystrophic mouse hindlimb muscle showed functional improvement one month post-transplantation. In summary, this study describes a promising system to derive engrafting muscle precursor cells solely using chemical substances in serum-free conditions and without genetic manipulation.

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4

Cezar, Gabriela Gebrin. "Embryonic Stem Cells." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine 20, no. 2 (2006): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00124363-200620020-00004.

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5

Wagner, Erwin F. "Embryonic stem cells." Current Opinion in Oncology 4 (December 1992): S2—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001622-199212001-00002.

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6

Rippon, H. J., and A. E. Bishop. "Embryonic stem cells." Cell Proliferation 37, no. 1 (February 2004): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00298.x.

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7

Biswas, Atindriya, and Robert Hutchins. "Embryonic Stem Cells." Stem Cells and Development 16, no. 2 (April 2007): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.0081.

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8

Etches, Robert J. "Embryonic stem cells." Lancet Oncology 2, no. 3 (March 2001): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(00)00252-7.

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9

Hampton, Tracy. "Embryonic Stem Cells." JAMA 297, no. 5 (February 7, 2007): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.5.459-a.

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10

Morowitz, Harold. "Embryonic stem cells." Complexity 8, no. 3 (January 2003): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.10080.

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11

Bishop, Anne E., Lee D. K. Buttery, and Julia M. Polak. "Embryonic stem cells." Journal of Pathology 197, no. 4 (2002): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1154.

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12

Liu, De Wu, Yong Tie Li, De Ming Liu, and Pu Ning. "Culture and Characteristics of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.835.

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Human induced pluripotent stem cells is promising for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this chapter, we focus on the culture and characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cells. The induced pluripotent stem cells were plated on murine embryonic fibroblast feeder cells and expanded in human embryonic stem cells media contained basic fibroblast growth factor. The cells were passaged by collagenase IV digestion method and observed under invert microscope. The expression of alkaline phosphatase was detected by immunocytochemistry. The cultured induced pluripotent stem cells grew well and stability with similar characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. These cells also expressed alkaline phosphatase. They formed embryoid body in feeder-free and suspension culture conditions. The results provide an experimental basis for improvement of induction study and further application to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.

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13

Azab, Azab. "Stem Cells: Insights into Niche, Classification, Identification, Characterization, Mechanisms of Regeneration by Using Stem Cells, and Applications in Joint Disease Remedy." Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/024.

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Background: Stem cell therapy has attracted much interest in the 21st century, not only because of the controversy surrounding the ethics involving pluripotent stem cells, but their potential for clinical use. Objectives: The present review highlights the stem cells niche, types, identification, and characterization, mechanisms of regeneration by using stem cells, and applications in joint disease remedy. Stem cells could be well differentiated cells with the potential to display different cell types depending on the host niche. Niche is defined as the cellular microenvironment providing support and stimuli to control the properties of stem cells. It consists of signaling molecules, inter-cell contacts and interaction between stem cells and their extracellular matrix neighbors. Stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. Cultured cells can be made to differentiate into exclusive lineages by providing selective media components that can be identified by histochemical staining and quantified by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be identified based on the expression of specific proteins called surface antigen phenotype of mesenchymal stem cell markers. MSCs secrete a variety of interleukins, several neurotrophic factors, many cytokines, and growth factors. These secreted bioactive factors have both paracrine and autocrine effects, which are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. Furthermore, they stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue-intrinsic reparative stem cells. Systemic MSC transplantation can engraft to an injured tissue and promote wound healing through differentiation, and proliferation in synergy with hematopoietic stem cells. MSCs have been shown to express a variety of chemokines and chemokine receptors and can home to sites of inflammation by migrating towards injury or inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. MSCs are proven to have immunomodulatory properties that are among the most intriguing aspects of their biology. The immunosuppressive properties of MSCs inhibit the immune response of naive and memory T cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture and induce mitogen. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. MSCs have become an alternative source of cells that can be drawn from several these cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages sources. Using the MSCs and directing them into chondrogenic differentiation might lead to the formation of higher quality cartilage, which has a great composition of hyaline, adequate structural reorganization and therefore improved biomechanical properties. Conclusion: It can be concluded that stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. MSCs secrete bioactive factors that are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. These cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages.

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14

Bhartiya, Deepa, Sandhya Anand, and Hiren Patel. "Making gametes from pluripotent stem cells: embryonic stem cells or very small embryonic-like stem cells?" Stem Cell Investigation 3 (October 14, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/sci.2016.09.06.

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15

Pacholczyk, Tadeusz. "Rethinking Embryonic Stem Cells." Ethics & Medics 33, no. 4 (2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em20083347.

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16

Wilmut, I. "Human Embryonic Stem Cells." Science 310, no. 5756 (December 23, 2005): 1903c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1123832.

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17

Daley, George Q. "Histocompatible embryonic stem cells." Cell Research 18, S1 (August 2008): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.92.

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18

Clements, M. "Human Embryonic Stem Cells." British Journal of Cancer 90, no. 2 (January 2004): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601577.

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19

HENRY, CELIA. "EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS' SUPPORT." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 42 (October 20, 2003): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n042.p009a.

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20

Wray, Jason, and Christine Hartmann. "WNTing embryonic stem cells." Trends in Cell Biology 22, no. 3 (March 2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2011.11.004.

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21

Choong, Cleo, and Mahendra S. Rao. "Human Embryonic Stem Cells." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 18, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2006.10.004.

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22

Trounson, Alan, and Martin Pera. "Human embryonic stem cells." Fertility and Sterility 76, no. 4 (October 2001): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02880-1.

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23

Letso, Reka R., and Brent R. Stockwell. "Renewing embryonic stem cells." Nature 444, no. 7120 (December 2006): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/444692b.

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24

Nichols, Jennifer. "Introducing embryonic stem cells." Current Biology 11, no. 13 (July 2001): R503—R505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00304-9.

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25

West, J. A., and G. Q. Daley. "Human embryonic stem cells." Bone Marrow Transplantation 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1704315.

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26

Gama, Vivian, and Mohanish Deshmukh. "Human embryonic stem cells." Cell Cycle 11, no. 21 (November 2012): 3905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.22233.

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27

Damdimopoulou, Pauliina, Sergey Rodin, Sonya Stenfelt, Liselotte Antonsson, Karl Tryggvason, and Outi Hovatta. "Human embryonic stem cells." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 31 (February 2016): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.010.

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28

Dani, C., A. G. Smith, S. Dessolin, P. Leroy, L. Staccini, P. Villageois, C. Darimont, and G. Ailhaud. "Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 11 (June 1, 1997): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.11.1279.

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Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of murine blastocysts, can be maintained in a totipotent state in vitro. In appropriate conditions embryonic stem cells have been shown to differentiate in vitro into various derivatives of all three primary germ layers. We describe in this paper conditions to induce differentiation of embryonic stem cells reliably and at high efficiency into adipocytes. A prerequisite is to treat early developing embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies with retinoic acid for a precise period of time. Retinoic acid could not be substituted by adipogenic hormones nor by potent activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Treatment with retinoic acid resulted in the subsequent appearance of large clusters of mature adipocytes in embryoid body outgrowths. Lipogenic and lipolytic activities as well as high level expression of adipocyte specific genes could be detected in these cultures. Analysis of expression of potential adipogenic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and delta and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, during differentiation of retinoic acid-treated embryoid bodies has been performed. The temporal pattern of expression of genes encoding these nuclear factors resembled that found during mouse embryogenesis. The differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes will provide an invaluable model for the characterisation of the role of genes expressed during the adipocyte development programme and for the identification of new adipogenic regulatory genes.

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29

Koestenbauer, Sonja, Nicolas H. Zech, Herbert Juch, Pierre Vanderzwalmen, Luc Schoonjans, and Gottfried Dohr. "Embryonic Stem Cells: Similarities and Differences Between Human and Murine Embryonic Stem Cells." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 55, no. 3 (March 2006): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00354.x.

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30

Nagy, Andras, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. "Differentiating Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells into Embryoid Bodies." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 2 (July 2006): pdb.prot4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4405.

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31

Zhang, Yue Shelby, Ana Sevilla, Leo Q. Wan, Ihor R. Lemischka, and Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic. "Patterning pluripotency in embryonic stem cells." STEM CELLS 31, no. 9 (September 2013): 1806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.1468.

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32

Guo, Jitong, Baojiang Wu, Shuyu Li, Siqin Bao, Lixia Zhao, Shuxiang Hu, Wei Sun, Jie Su, Yanfeng Dai, and Xihe Li. "Contribution of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Chimeras through Injection and Coculture of Embryos." Stem Cells International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/409021.

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Blastocyst injection and morula aggregation are commonly used to evaluate stem cell pluripotency based on chimeric contribution of the stem cells. To assess the protocols for generating chimeras from stem cells, 8-cell mouse embryos were either injected or cocultured with mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively. Although a significantly higher chimera rate resulted from blastocyst injection, the highest germline contribution resulted from injection of 8-cell embryos with embryonic stem cells. The fully agouti colored chimeras were generated from both injection and coculture of 8-cell embryos with embryonic stem cells. Additionally, microsatellite DNA screening showed that the fully agouti colored chimeras were fully embryonic stem cell derived mice. Unlike embryonic stem cells, the mouse chimeras were only generated from injection of 8-cell embryos with induced pluripotent stem cells and none of these showed germline transmission. The results indicated that injection of 8-cell embryos is the most efficient method for assessing stem cell pluripotency and generating induced pluripotent stem cell chimeras, embryonic stem cell chimeras with germline transmission, and fully mouse embryonic stem cell derived mice.

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33

Perlingeiro, Rita C. R., Michael Kyba, and George Q. Daley. "Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with primitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential." Development 128, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 4597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.22.4597.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body formation in vitro, but to date, an ES-derived hematopoietic stem cell has not been identified and subjected to clonal analysis in a manner comparable with hematopoietic stem cells from adult bone marrow. As the chronic myeloid leukemia-associated BCR/ABL oncogene endows the adult hematopoietic stem cell with clonal dominance without inhibiting pluripotent lymphoid and myeloid differentiation, we have used BCR/ABL as a tool to enable engraftment and clonal analysis. We show that embryoid body-derived hematopoietic progenitors expressing BCR/ABL maintain a primitive hematopoietic blast stage of differentiation and generate only primitive erythroid cell types in vitro. These cells can be cloned, and when injected into irradiated adult mice, they differentiate into multiple myeloid cell types as well as T and B lymphocytes. While the injected cells express embryonic (β-H1) globin, donor-derived erythroid cells in the recipient express only adult (β-major) globin, suggesting that these cells undergo globin gene switching and developmental maturation in vivo. These data demonstrate that an embryonic hematopoietic stem cell arises in vitro during ES cell differentiation that constitutes a common progenitor for embryonic erythroid and definitive lymphoid-myeloid hematopoiesis.

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34

Sharma, Dinesh Kumar. "Comparative Study of Human Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells: A Review." Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijgmr.2319.4782.8119.4.

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35

Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (December 1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817-6820.1990.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. The potential role of SmN in the regulation of alternative splicing in embryonic cell lines and early embryos is discussed.

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36

Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (December 1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. The potential role of SmN in the regulation of alternative splicing in embryonic cell lines and early embryos is discussed.

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37

Wang, Yuan, Frank Yates, Eugenia Dikovskaia, Patricia Ernst, Alan J. Davidson, Leonard I. Zon, and George Q. Daley. "Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.223.223.

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Abstract Despite the significant in vitro blood-forming potential of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), deriving hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can reconstitute irradiated mice has proven to be challenging. Previously, we successfully engrafted lethally irradiated adult mice with ESCs engineered to ectopically express the homeodomain gene hoxB4. In engrafted animals, blood reconstitution showed a myeloid predominance, likely due to an inability to fully pattern the adult HSC from these embryonic populations. Recently, we have investigated cdx4, a caudal-related homeobox gene whose function has been linked to blood development in the zebrafish. During in vitro differentiation of murine ESCs, cdx4 is expressed during a very narrow time interval on day 3, coincident with the specification of hematopoietic mesoderm. To further characterize the function of cdx4 in mouse hematopoiesis, we have established a tetracycline-inducible murine embryonic stem cell line. When cdx4 expression is conditionally induced over a protracted period from day 2 and 6, we observe a marked enhancement of hemangioblast formation as well as significant increases in primitive and definitive hematopoietic colonies. Cdx4 acts to induce a broad array of hox genes, including a modest elevation in hoxb4. Co-expression of cdx4 and hoxb4 promotes robust expansion of hematopoietic blasts on supportive OP9 stromal cultures. When injected intravenously into lethally-irradiated mice, these cell populations provide robust radio-protection, and reconstitute high-level lymphoid-myeloid donor chimerism. Marrow from engrafted primary animals can be transplanted into irradiated secondary mice. B220+ splenic lymphoid cells and Mac-1/Gr-1+ marrow myeloid cells purified from primary and secondary mice show multiple common sites of retroviral integration, thereby proving the derivation of long-term hematopoietic stem cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro. Our data support a central role for the cdx4-hox gene pathway in specifying murine HSC development, and establish a robust system for hematopoietic reconstitution from ESCs. We have coupled techniques for generating ESCs by nuclear transfer with these methods for blood reconstitution to model the treatment of genetic disorders of the bone marrow.

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38

LarrÃº, M. "Adult stem cells: an alternative to embryonic stem cells?" Trends in Biotechnology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01867-4.

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39

LENGERKE, C., and G. DALEY. "Patterning definitive hematopoietic stem cells from embryonic stem cells." Experimental Hematology 33, no. 9 (September 2005): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.004.

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40

Andrews, Peter W. "From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1420 (April 29, 2002): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1058.

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The recent derivation of human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, together with results suggesting an unexpected degree of plasticity in later, seemingly more restricted, stem cells (so–called adult stem cells), have combined to focus attention on new opportunities for regenerative medicine, as well as for understanding basic aspects of embryonic development and diseases such as cancer. Many of the ideas that are now discussed have a long history and much has been underpinned by the earlier studies of teratocarcinomas, and their embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells, which present a malignant surrogate for the normal stem cells of the early embryo. Nevertheless, although the potential of EC and ES cells to differentiate into a wide range of tissues is now well attested, little is understood of the key regulatory mechanisms that control their differentiation. Apart from the intrinsic biological interest in elucidating these mechanisms, a clear understanding of the molecular process involved will be essential if the clinical potential of these cells is to be realized. The recent observations of stem–cell plasticity suggest that perhaps our current concepts about the operation of cell regulatory pathways are inadequate, and that new approaches for analysing complex regulatory networks will be essential.

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41

Zerhouni, E. "EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS: Enhanced: Stem Cell Programs." Science 300, no. 5621 (May 9, 2003): 911–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084819.

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42

Wang, Y., F. Yates, O. Naveiras, P. Ernst, and G. Q. Daley. "Embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic stem cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 52 (December 15, 2005): 19081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506127102.

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43

Chen, Yifei, and Dongmei Lai. "Pluripotent States of Human Embryonic Stem Cells." Cellular Reprogramming 17, no. 1 (February 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cell.2014.0061.

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44

Koch, Cody A., Pedro Geraldes, and Jeffrey L. Platt. "Immunosuppression by Embryonic Stem Cells." Stem Cells 26, no. 1 (January 2008): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2007-0151.

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45

Calabrese, Edward J. "Hormesis and embryonic stem cells." Chemico-Biological Interactions 352 (January 2022): 109783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109783.

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46

Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas, and Peter McCullagh. "Embryonic Stem Cells and Totipotency." Ethics & Medics 25, no. 7 (2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em200025713.

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47

Travis, J. "Human Embryonic Stem Cells Found?" Science News 152, no. 3 (July 19, 1997): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3980870.

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48

Daley, George Q. "Customized human embryonic stem cells." Nature Biotechnology 23, no. 7 (July 2005): 826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0705-826.

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49

Borge, Ole. "Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 45, Suppl 1 (2004): S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-45-s1-s39.

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50

Redi, Carlo Alberto. "Human embryonic stem cells handbook." European Journal of Histochemistry 57, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2013.br2.

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