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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Energia eolica"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 10 de marzo de 2023

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Álvarez Játiva, Luis Hernán, Jefferson Vladimir Andrade Villarreal, Pablo Francisco Puente Ponce y Jose Alberto Maldonado Tituaña. "Energia eolica en zonas rurales del Ecuador". AlfaPublicaciones 4, n.º 3.1 (29 de agosto de 2022): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/ap.v4i3.1.263.

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Introducción. Las energías renovables pretenden ser el camino a la descontaminación del planeta, muchas han sido las décadas de contaminación a la que se ha expuesto la tierra, uno de los grandes problemas es la gran dependencia a los combustibles fósiles, esto ha ocasionado grandes espacios del planeta contaminados, enfermedades a los seres humanos, extinción de especies y muchas otras consecuencias graves que aún falta por ver. Objetivo. La presente investigación pretende realizar una exposición de los posibles escenarios en cuanto al planteamiento del uso del aire como materia para generar recursos energéticos al Ecuador. Metodología. Por medio de una investigación del tipo bibliográfica documental, en la cual se revisan las diferentes fuentes de información al respecto como publicaciones científicas, tesis de grado, u otras que contribuyan a la construcción de la investigación. Resultados. Como resultados se destaca el hecho de que el Ecuador posee todas las características para poder realizar una transición al uso de energías renovables como la eólica, que incluso ya se cuenta con este tipo de proyectos; sin embargo, los altos costos y la falta de visión han mermado la capacidad y apuesta por un cambio amigable con el medio ambiente, por otro lado, se hace notoria el impacto positivo que tendría para las comunidades rurales que se cuente con este tipo de energías. Conclusión. Las características geográficas en las que se encuentra al país, en el cual se presenta una calma ecuatorial, no permite que en todos los espacios geográficos del país pueda aprovecharse la energía eólica. Esto no quiere decir que no sea posible, solo que se deben ubicar espacios en donde se pueda aprovechar al máximo el potencial eólico y de esta manera impactar positivamente a dichas zonas rurales.

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ORTEGA ALBA, SERGIO. "CONDICIONANTES PARA LA IMPLANTACION DE ENERGIA EOLICA EN INSTALACIONES AEROPORTUARIAS". DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD 2, n.º 3 (2013): [11 p.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es1026.

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Montanino, Gerardo, Luca Benedetti, Silvia Morelli y Andros Racchetti. "Lo sviluppo delle rinnovabili nel settore elettrico verso il traguardo del 2020". ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, n.º 1 (julio de 2010): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2010-001003.

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La possibilitŕ per l'Italia di raggiungere entro il 2020 l'obiettivo del 17% sulla quota di copertura dei consumi finali mediante energia rinnovabile, come imposto dalla Direttiva 2009/28/CE, passa attraverso quattro principali strategie di intervento: risparmio energetico, sviluppo delle fonti di energia rinnovabile negli usi termici, nei trasporti e per la produzione di energia elettrica. Sebbene un impegno incisivo in tutti e quattro i settori sarŕ fondamentale, l'elettrico č quello su cui si sono sino ad ora concentrati i maggiori sforzi. Esso č anche quello su cui, grazie ad un sistema di monitoraggio ormai consolidato, č possibile disporre di dati dettagliati dai quali analizzare i recenti andamenti. Idroelettrico, eolico, biomasse, geotermico e solare vengono esaminati alla luce delle stime sul loro potenziale di sviluppo stimato al 2020, per comprendere dove siamo arrivati e cosa ancora rimane da fare.

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Almeida Salazar, Byrone. "SISTEMA HIBRIDO EOLICO - FOTOVOLTAICO Para la comunidad del recinto Santo Domingo, provincia del Guayas". Ciencia Unemi 2, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol2iss3.2009pp24-31p.

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Las fuentes renovables de energía, a diferencia de los hidrocarburos y la energía nuclear, coexisten,se complementan y aportan su potencial energético sin contaminar el medio ambiente.Razón por la que se ha realizado la evaluación de la Isla Matorrillo, recinto Santo Domingo, ydemuestra la posibilidad de utilizar el viento y el sol como recursos naturales explotables paraobtener energía en esta localidad donde la conexión al sistema nacional interconectado resulta muy difícil decostear. Los resultados conducen a la adquisición de pequeños aerogeneradores y paneles fotovoltaicos, conla más avanzada tecnología en esta disciplina y ampliamente comercializados a escala mundial para diferentesusos. Su operación, casi exenta de mantenimiento, garantizará el suministro eléctrico en la Isla Matorrillo,donde el potencial eólico y solar es satisfactorio.

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Aranguri Cayetano, Denis Javier, Anapaula Marianella Solis Alberca y Ronny Jhonatan Sáenz Gutiérrez. "Caracterización y evaluación de potencia y eficiencia de un sistema híbrido eolico fotovoltaico off-grid". TecnoHumanismo 1, n.º 9 (2021): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53673/th.v1i9.56.

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La diversificación de la matriz energética es un ámbito fundamental para el desarrollo del Perú, lo cual conlleva al desarrollo de energía sustentable y renovable, y que a su vez reduzcan al mínimo los potenciales impactos negativos ambientales; siendo las opciones más viables el recurso eólico y solar en función de nuestra situación geográfica. Es así, que el presente artículo presenta el estudio de tecnología híbrida autosustentable, mediante la presentación de datos a tiempo real obtenidos en el Módulo Solar-Eólico Energy Cube instalado en la Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote/ Ancash, con una potencia nominal de 6200 Wp.Se ha realizado el estudio del rendimiento de generación de energía eléctrica y la eficiencia de conversión de energía, por la disposición del recurso eólico-solar en función de la potencia generada tanto por los módulos fotovoltaicos, así como por el aerogenerador, siendo caracterizado como un sistema conjunto. En función al periodo de funcionamiento evaluado, los resultados obtenidos indican que la potencia máxima obtenida fue el 14 de octubre equivalente a 1896.3 W con un rendimiento de generación de energía eléctrica promedio de 30.58% y una eficiencia de conversión promedio de 13.37% con datos meteorológicos de irradiación solar promedio de 764.67 W/m^2 y una velocidad de viento promedio de 5 m/s, alcanzando un máximo de rendimiento de generación de 55.48% a las 11:45 de la mañana; y la potencia mínima obtenida fue el 13 de junio equivalente a 333.8 W con rendimiento del sistema y eficiencia de conversión promedio del sistema de 8.09% y 7.5% respectivamente, con datos meteorológicos promedios de irradiación solar de 196.6 W/m^2 y velocidad de viento de 1.2 m/s.

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Ciornei, Laurențiu. "Conferința Europeană privind sistemele de energie regenerabilă (ECRES 2020), Istanbul, Turcia, 24 - 25 August 2020". Bucovina Forestiera 20, n.º 2 (9 de diciembre de 2020): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/bf.2020.021.

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În perioada 24-25 august 2020, la Istanbul, Turcia, a avut loc cea de-a 8-a Conferință europeană privind sistemele de energie regenerabilă (ECRES 2020). Începând cu 2012, conferința este organizată, în fiecare an. Din punct de vedere istoric, prima, a doua, a treia, a patra, a cincea, a șasea și a șaptea conferință au fost finalizate cu succes în Alanya / Antalya (2012), Antalya (2013), Kemer / Antalya (2015), Istanbul (2016), Sarajevo (2017), Istanbul (2018) și Madrid (2019). Mai multe universități și centre de cercetare din întreaga lume susțin evenimentul, din punct de vedere tehnic. ECRES este unul dintre cele mai mari evenimente, care reunește cercetători, doctoranzi, ingineri, oameni de știință și cadre universitare din întreaga lume, interesați de progresul tuturor ramurilor sistemelor de energie regenerabilă: eolian, solar, hidro, geotermal, biomasă etc. Anul acesta, Universitatea Altînbaș din Istanbul a fost onorată să găzduiască această importantă întâlnire științifică. La conferință au participat peste 400 de participanți din peste 50 de țări de pe diferite continente. Au fost abordate diferite subiecte organizate în mai multe categorii de sesiuni: (i) Energie-mediu și politici, (ii) inginerie mecanică, (iii) sisteme de alimentare, (iv) materiale și caracterizare, (v) control, (vi) energie solară , (vii) Energie eoliană, (viii) Biomasă-biodiesel și hidrogen, (ix) Control și recoltare de energie, (x) Simulări ale sistemelor energetice și, (xi) Energie mixtă. ECRES 2020 a fost o bună oportunitate de a face schimb de idei și de a construi parteneriate care să contribuie la îmbunătățirea metodelor și rezultatelor cercetării științifice.

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Kudrewicz, Rafał, Bartosz Papiernik, Marek Hajto y Grzegorz Machowski. "Subsalt Rotliegend Sediments—A New Challenge for Geothermal Systems in Poland". Energies 15, n.º 3 (4 de febrero de 2022): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031166.

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New seismic data and the completion of the K-1 petroleum exploratory well, located close to the axial zone of the Mogilno-Łódź Trough (Polish Lowlands) delivered new insight into local structural, tectonic, facial and thermal variability of this geological unit. In this paper, the two variants of 3D models (SMV1 and SMV2) of Permian-Mesozoic strata are presented for the salt pillow related Kłecko Anticline, while resources assessment was confined to the Rotliegend Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) type reservoir, that is divided into Playa, Eolian and Fluvial facies-based complexes. Using very conservative assumptions on the methods of the EGS reservoir development, authors assessed that heat in place and technical potential for eolian sandstones are about 386 PJ and ca. 2814 kW, respectively, and for Fluvial 367 PJ and ca. 2850 kW in relation to the volume of 1 km3 at depths of about 5000 m b.s.l. The authors recommend for the further development of the Eolian complex because of its low shale content, influencing the high susceptibility to fracking. The presented research is the first Polish local resources assessment for an EGS reservoir in sedimentary Rotliegend, within thermal anomaly below the salt pillow, which is one of over 100 salt structures mapped in Poland.

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Jamaleddine, Ahmad y J. Rousselet. "Dynamic Response of a Two-Conductor Bundle to Eolian Excitation". Electric Power Systems Research 15, n.º 2 (octubre de 1988): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(88)90015-6.

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Angeles-Olvera, Zuraya, Alfonso Crespo-Yapur, Oliver Rodríguez, Jorge L. Cholula-Díaz, Luz María Martínez y Marcelo Videa. "Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Electrolysis". Energies 15, n.º 5 (22 de febrero de 2022): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051609.

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Currently, hydrogen production is based on the reforming process, leading to the emission of pollutants; therefore, a substitute production method is imminently required. Water electrolysis is an ideal alternative for large-scale hydrogen production, as it does not produce any carbon-based pollutant byproducts. The production of green hydrogen from water electrolysis using intermittent sources (e.g., solar and eolic sources) would facilitate clean energy storage. However, the electrocatalysts currently required for water electrolysis are noble metals, making this potential option expensive and inaccessible for industrial applications. Therefore, there is a need to develop electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant and low-cost metals. Nickel-based electrocatalysts are a fitting alternative because they are economically accessible. Extensive research has focused on developing nickel-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Theoretical and experimental work have addressed the elucidation of these electrochemical processes and the role of heteroatoms, structure, and morphology. Even though some works tend to be contradictory, they have lit up the path for the development of efficient nickel-based electrocatalysts. For these reasons, a review of recent progress is presented herein.

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TAN, Yuanlong, Yansong QIAO, Zhizhong ZHAO, Yan WANG, Lin QI, Jianli FU, Zongxiu LIU, Haitao YAO, Shubing WANG y Fuchu JIANG. "Geochemical Characteristics of Eolian Deposits in the Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province and the Implications for Provenance". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 87, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2013): 1712–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12171.

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Iglesias-Rojas, Juan Carlos, Erick Velázquez-Lozada y Roberto Baca-Arroyo. "Online Failure Diagnostic in Full-Bridge Module for Optimum Setup of an IGBT-Based Multilevel Inverter". Energies 15, n.º 14 (18 de julio de 2022): 5203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145203.

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An online failure diagnostic test is essential to ensure the robustness and reliability of high-powered systems. Furthermore, the overall design must comprise diagnostic strategies to detect in-service and high-powered module defects. This paper describes the critical failure mechanisms––cross-conduction, inductive avalanche, second turn-on, VS-undershoot, inrush current, and thermal runaway––that directly affect insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) operation. The constructed inverter contains 18 transformer-based taps (six per phase); however, this work studied a single tap (IGBT-based full-bridge module) to understand the reasons for failure and the routes to mitigate them. Moreover, a cost-effective solution using the IR2127STRPBF driver circuit was implemented to reduce the probability of thermal runaway in case of overcurrent, short-circuit, or avalanche events. For this reason, the electrical current state was adjusted using an FPGA digital resource to perform dynamic PWM control signals. The obtained correlation waveforms are valuable for verifying diagnostic data at the design stage to emphasize the significance of evading premature failure events. The comprehensive study on failure diagnosis enabled successful design strategies to construct a robust 45 kVA three-phase multilevel inverter for a 22 kW eolic-photovoltaic generation plant.

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Tatumi, S. H., T. Nagatomo, D. Sengupta, S. Watanabe, A. M. F. Barreto y K. Suguio. "Thermoluminescence dating of eolian sediments from SãTo Francisco River, State of Bahia, Brazil". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 146, n.º 1-4 (octubre de 1998): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159808220300.

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Goossens, D., Z. Y. Offer y A. Zangvil. "Wind tunnel experiments and field investigations of eolian dust deposition on photovoltaic solar collectors". Solar Energy 50, n.º 1 (enero de 1993): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(93)90009-d.

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ZHANG, Wanyi, Huirong ZHANG, Yuan MA, Xiaoyu WANG, Steffen MISCHKE y Chengjun ZHANG. "Weak Summer Monsoon during the Early Holocene Inferred from the Dingxi Lujiagou Floodplain Lake‐Eolian Sand Rhythm due to Solar Impacting". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 93, n.º 3 (junio de 2019): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.13781.

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Vakanjac, Boris, Ivana Jelic, Milena Rikalovic, Vesna Ristic-Vakanjac, Dusan Nikezic, Zorana Naunovic y Slavko Dimovic. "Investigation of accessory elements of representative petrologic radioactivity carriers at Stara Planina, Serbia". Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 34, n.º 4 (2019): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp190709039v.

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The present study deals with the abundance of the most common accessory elements of radioactivity carriers on the Stara Planina mountain at four defined locations. All investigated locations have increased radioactivity, greater than 200 cps, up to 1250 cps. In all examined samples the following elements were detected and their concentrations were determined: Zr, Rb, W, Mo, Sn, Zn, Cu, As, Sb, Ba, Ni, Cr, V, and Ti. The analysis showed that depending on the sample, elevated concentrations of all detected elements except titanium were found. As all localities containing the listed detected elements are located near watercourses, all the present elements, and in particular, those with elevated concentrations can be relatively easily transferred to the environment by water action. Likewise, there is the possibility of eolic erosion from the investigated deposits and tailing dams whereby these chemical elements and/or radionuclides would be distributed to areas away from the primary sources of natural radioactivity. These have a high risk of spreading and therefore have harmful or radioecological effects on the environment. The study indicated a need for adequate monitoring, and risk assessment of the examined locations, which could prevent the distribution of these elements further into the environment. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 43009 and Grant no.

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Haroen, Hartiah, Ristina Mirwanti y Citra Windani Mambang Sari. "Knowledge and Attitude toward End-of-Life Care of Nursing Students after Completing the Multi-Methods Teaching and Learning Palliative Care Nursing Course". Sustainability 15, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2023): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054382.

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Introduction: This study aims to assess the palliative care nursing (PCN) knowledge and attitude of nursing students toward end-of-life care (EoLC) after completing the multi-methods PCN courses. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a pre-and post-palliative survey was conducted. One hundred and sixty five nursing students from a faculty of nursing in Indonesia were enrolled, and knowledge and attitude were assessed using the palliative care quiz for nurses (PCQN) and the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying and Death (FATCOD). Paired t-test and ANOVA were applied in this study. Results: After being involved in the PCN course, the mean score of PCN knowledge of the students increased significantly (p < 0.001). According to sub-domain analysis, the knowledge increased significantly in pain and symptom management (p < 0.001) and not significantly in the domains of theory and principle of the palliative, psychosocial, and spiritual care (p = 0.053; p = 0.080). Moreover, students’ attitude toward EoLC also increased significantly (p < 0.001), and positive attitudes increased from 75.6% to 91.5%. According to the ANOVA test, knowledge in two different groups (witnessed dying people and GPA) is not statistically meaningful (FWDP (1158) = 0.817, p = 0.367; FGPA (2.158) = 1.143, p = 0.322). Similarly, attitudes toward EoLC in two different groups are not statistically meaningful (FWD (1158) = 0.971. p = 0.326, FGPA (1157) = 1.278, p = 0.281). Conclusion: PCN courses with multi-method learning and teaching are effective to increase PCN knowledge, particularly in pain and symptom management knowledge, and also effective in increasing the positive attitudes toward EoLC.

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QI, Lin, Yansong QIAO, Yuehui LI, Yan WANG, Shasha PENG, Zexin HE, Shuaibin YANG, Chao HAN y Xujiao ZHANG. "Intensification of the East Asian Monsoon in Southern China at about 300-400 kaBP Inferred from Eolian Deposits in the Middle-lower Reaches of the Yangtze River". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 91, n.º 3 (junio de 2017): 1095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.13326.

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Romain, Hollie G. y Nigel P. Mountney. "Reconstruction of three-dimensional eolian dune architecture from one-dimensional core data through adoption of analog data from outcrop". AAPG Bulletin 98, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/05201312109.

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Sylvestre, Florence, Mathieu Schuster, Hendrik Vogel, Moussa Abdheramane, Daniel Ariztegui, Ulrich Salzmann, Antje Schwalb y Nicolas Waldmann. "The Lake CHAd Deep DRILLing project (CHADRILL) – targeting ∼ 10 million years of environmental and climate change in Africa". Scientific Drilling 24 (22 de octubre de 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-71-2018.

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Abstract. At present, Lake Chad (∼ 13∘′ N, ∼ 14∘ E) is a shallow freshwater lake located in the Sahel/Sahara region of central northern Africa. The lake is primarily fed by the Chari–Logone river system draining a ∼ 600 000 km2 watershed in tropical Africa. Discharge is strongly controlled by the annual passage of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and monsoon circulation leading to a peak in rainfall during boreal summer. During recent decades, a large number of studies have been carried out in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). They have mostly focused on a patchwork of exposed lake sediments and outcrops once inhabited by early hominids. A dataset generated from a 673 m long geotechnical borehole drilled in 1973, along with outcrop and seismic reflection studies, reveal several hundred metres of Miocene–Pleistocene lacustrine deposits. CHADRILL aims to recover a sedimentary core spanning the Miocene–Pleistocene sediment succession of Lake Chad through deep drilling. This record will provide significant insights into the modulation of orbitally forced changes in northern African hydroclimate under different climate boundary conditions such as high CO2 and absence of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. These investigations will also help unravel both the age and the origin of the lake and its current desert surrounding. The LCB is very rich in early hominid fossils (Australopithecus bahrelghazali; Sahelanthropus tchadensis) of Late Miocene age. Thus, retrieving a sediment core from this basin will provide the most continuous climatic and environmental record with which to compare hominid migrations across northern Africa and has major implications for understanding human evolution. Furthermore, due to its dramatic and episodically changing water levels and associated depositional modes, Lake Chad's sediments resemble maybe an analogue for lake systems that were once present on Mars. Consequently, the study of the subsurface biosphere contained in these sediments has the potential to shed light on microbial biodiversity present in this type of depositional environment. We propose to drill a total of ∼ 1800 m of poorly to semi-consolidated lacustrine, fluvial, and eolian sediments down to bedrock at a single on-shore site close to the shoreline of present-day Lake Chad. We propose to locate our drilling operations on-shore close to the site where the geotechnical Bol borehole (13∘28′ N, 14∘44′ E) was drilled in 1973. This is for two main reasons: (1) nowhere else in the Chad Basin do we have such detailed information about the lithologies to be drilled; and (2) the Bol site is close to the depocentre of the Chad Basin and therefore likely to provide the stratigraphically most continuous sequence.

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Hild, G. P. y R. K. Wackowski. "Reservoir Polymer Gel Treatments To Improve Miscible CO2 Flood". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, n.º 02 (1 de abril de 1999): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56008-pa.

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Summary This paper describes the application of large volume (10,000 bbl) chromic-acetate acrylamide polymer gel treatments to improve sweep in the CO2 flood at Rangely Weber Sand Unit located in northwestern Colorado. Conformance improvement has become the key operating strategy due to the maturing flood's associated natural increase in operating expense and declining oil production. Recent efforts using large volume polymer gel treatments on injection wells have been successful. The key to success has been the pairing of accurate problem characterization with a technology that can effectively impact the deep reservoir problem. The gel system has been effective because it has proven to be resistant to the low pH environment associated with CO2 flooding and has been pumped in significant quantities to improve sweep. Previous application of relatively small volume, near-wellbore treatments were not effective at preventing flow in the high permeability matrix and fracture pathways believed to be responsible for poor sweep. Results from 44 injection well treatments performed through mid-1997 are discussed. Candidate selection, treatment logistics, individual treatment examples, and full project economics are provided. Field modeling and forecasting is discussed to show the significant impact of continued treatments on field performance. Introduction The Rangely Weber Sand Unit is in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, USA. It is the largest field in the Rocky Mountain region in terms of daily and cumulative oil production. Rangely Weber sandstone production was discovered by the California Company in 1933, but was not developed until 1944. Initial development, completed in 1949, was on 40-acre spacing. The field was unitized in 1957 and peripheral water injection began in 1958. Hydrocarbon gas was reinjected until 1969 when fieldwide waterflood pattern injection started. Infill drilling on 20-acre spacing began in 1963 and continued in earnest until the mid-1980's. Most areas of the field are currently being processed on 20-acre spacing. A total of 899 wells have been drilled to the Weber formation. Currently, there are 378 active producers and 280 active injectors, 259 of which are injecting CO2 utilizing the water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. The miscible CO2 flood was initiated in October 1986. Original oil in place (OOIP) is estimated to be 1.88 billion stock tank barrels. Ultimate primary plus secondary recovery from the Unit is expected to be 798 MMSTBO, or 42.5% OOIP. Approximately 332 MMSTBO, or 17.6% OOIP is attributed to primary recovery. Ultimate cumulative tertiary recovery is expected to be 129 MMSTBO, or 6.8% OOIP. Cumulative production through October 1997 is 814 MMSTBO. The Pennsylvanian-Permian Weber formation consists of a sequence of interbedded eolian sandstones and mixed fluvial siltstones, shales, and sandstones at depths between 5,500 and 6,500 feet. Six major producing zones have been identified and are separated by five major fluvial shale breaks that are correlative across the field. These fluvial shale breaks will most likely act as effective vertical permeability barriers when they exceed 10 to 20 feet in thickness. The average gross thickness of the reservoir is 675 feet. The net effective reservoir thickness averages 175 feet, although varying widely. Effective reservoir is defined by porosities greater than 8% and a clean, eolian sand cutoff of 50 API gamma ray units. Average effective porosities are 11%. Permeabilities range from 0.1 to 200 md with an average of 10 md for the effective sands. There is a general trend of increasing permeabilities and net sand thickness from southeast to northwest across the field. The ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability varies from 0.25 to 0.50. The fieldwide performance of the CO2 project has been very successful, but the mature state of the Rangely CO2 project has made conformance improvement (CI) increasingly important. Since unit operating expense (OPEX) is highly influenced by CO2 purchases and handling, it is imperative to prevent CO2 injection into zones or parts of the reservoir that are no longer yielding incremental oil. As the Rangely CO2 project matures, the normal progression in the WAG process is to increase the ratio of injected water to CO2 over time. This is referred to as tapering, and is triggered by the economic performance of CO2 in each pattern. There were however, a significant number of patterns that were being tapered prematurely in comparison to the field average or adjacent patterns. While the tapering of these patterns was a good economic decision, it represented the potential for bypassed or abandoned CO2 reserves. Further investigation into these patterns revealed poor injectant conformance — poor vertical sweep was evident in the injection profile data, and poor areal sweep was recognized by rapid breakthrough to only one producer in the pattern. Past efforts at improving conformance had primarily been limited to near-wellbore methods such as dual injection strings, selective injection equipment, straddle packers, cement squeezes, solid plugging materials, and small volume polyvinyl alcohol and chromium (VI) gels. While controlling fluids at the wellbore has improved the water and CO2 flood performance in the past, the current well age and associated poor wellbore integrity has made their utility rather limited. Controlling fluids in the near-wellbore region may result in a good injection profile but does not insure that the vertical or areal distribution of fluids is maintained out in the reservoir. In order to correct poor vertical and areal sweep in the reservoir the flow of injectants must be diverted from the over-processed pathways to the bypassed regions. This strategy can be realized by placing a diverting agent of significant volume in the interwell area. The rock properties of the Weber sandstone can actually be an advantage for the placement of diverting agents such as polymer gels. The viscosities of the uncrosslinked polymer gel (gelant) are such that it can only be placed into the high permeability pathways and therefore reduces the risk of plugging damage to the 10 md matrix.

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21

Martin, F. D., M. B. Murphy, B. A. Stubbs, B. J. Uszynski, B. A. Hardage, R. P. Kendall, E. M. Whitney y W. W. Weiss. "Reservoir Characterization as a Risk-Reduction Tool at the Nash Draw Pool". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, n.º 02 (1 de abril de 1999): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56007-pa.

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Summary Recently acquired geological, geophysical, and engineering data at the Nash Draw Brushy Canyon Pool revealed that the initial reservoir characterization was too simplistic to capture the critical features of this complex Delaware formation. A new reservoir description provides sufficient detail to indicate that compartmentalization exists in the Brushy Canyon interval. This new reservoir description is being used to identify "sweet spots" for a development drilling program as well as to optimize reservoir management strategies. This paper presents recent results of an integrated reservoir characterization effort that is being used at Nash Draw as a risk reduction tool. Introduction A producing property operated by Strata Production Company (Strata) in the Nash Draw Brushy Canyon Pool, Eddy County, New Mexico is a cost-shared field demonstration project in the U.S. Department of Energy Class III program. A major goal of the Class III Program is to stimulate the use of advanced technologies to increase ultimate recovery from slope-basin clastic reservoirs. The basic problem at the Nash Draw Pool (NDP) is the low oil recovery that is typically observed in similar Delaware reservoirs. By comparing a control area using standard infill drilling techniques to a similar area developed using advanced reservoir characterization methods, the goal of the project is to demonstrate that a development program based on advanced methodology can significantly improve oil recovery. During Phase I of the project, six new wells were drilled as data acquisition wells, several hundred feet of whole core was obtained from one of the new wells, and vertical seismic profiles and a 3D seismic survey were acquired. The advanced characterization effort is integrating geological, geophysical, petrophysical, geostatistical, production, and reservoir engineering data. The stratigraphic framework is being quantified in petrophysical terms using innovative rock-fabric/petrophysical relationships calibrated to wireline logs, and 3D seismic attributes are being used to extrapolate petrophysical properties into the interwell area. Using the geological model developed in the first year of the project, a detailed reservoir description of the pilot area has been made, and current efforts are concentrating on defining the next generation geological model that will include 3D seismic input and greater use of statistical methods. Reservoir characterization and simulation studies are being used to predict the distribution of remaining oil saturation and to optimize development drilling programs. Production and Recovery Challenges Production at the NDP is from the Brushy Canyon formation, a low-permeability turbidite reservoir of marginal quality. A challenge in developing the reservoir is to distinguish oil-productive pay intervals from water-saturated, nonpay intervals. Additionally, because initial reservoir pressure is only slightly above bubble-point pressure, rapid oil decline rates and high gas/oil ratios are typically observed in the first year of primary production. Further, limited surface access, caused by underground Potash mining and surface Playa Lakes in the area (see Fig. 1), prohibits development with conventional drilling in some parts of the reservoir. Various combinations of vertical and horizontal wells combined with selective completions are being considered for optimizing production performance. Based on the production constraints due to high gas-oil ratios observed in similar Delaware fields, pressure maintenance is a likely requirement at the NDP. Project Management Concept The project involved the demonstration of a virtual company concept involving a small independent oil producer and geographically diverse experts. This concept is described in a companion paper.1 Initial Reservoir Description Reservoir and fluid data are listed in Table 1.2,3 The sandstone units of the basal Brushy Canyon sequence of the Delaware Mountain Group in this study represent the initial phase of detrital basin fill in the Delaware Basin during Guadalupian time. The Delaware sands are deep-water marine turbidite deposits. Depositional models4,5 suggest that the sands were eolian derived and were transported across an exposed carbonate platform to the basin margin. Interpretations of the associated transport mechanisms6,7 suggest that the clastic materials were deposited episodically, and were transported into the basin through shelf by-pass systems along an emergent shelf-edge margin. The Brushy Canyon sequence lies above the Bone Spring Formation. The top of the Bone Spring is marked by a regionally persistent limestone varying from 50 to 100 ft in thickness. This surface provides an excellent regional mapping horizon. Regional dip is to the east-southeast at about 100 ft per mile in the area of the NDP. The structural dip resulted from an overprint of post-depositional tilting, and this overprint is reflected in the reservoir rocks of the Delaware formation and impacts the trapping mechanism in the sands.

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22

Vargo, Jay, Jim Turner, Vergnani Bob, Malcolm J. Pitts, Kon Wyatt, Harry Surkalo y David Patterson. "Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding of the Cambridge Minnelusa Field". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, n.º 06 (1 de diciembre de 2000): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/68285-pa.

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Summary The Cambridge Minnelusa field alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood was an economic and technical success, with ultimate incremental oil of 1,143,000 bbl at a cost of $2.42 per barrel. This success was due to an integrated approach of the application, including: reservoir engineering and geologic studies, laboratory chemical system design, numerical simulation, facilities design, and ongoing monitoring. This paper discusses how each of these was used in the design and evaluation of the Cambridge ASP project. Introduction The purpose of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is to produce incremental oil by reducing the waterflood residual oil saturation. The technology combines interfacial tension-reducing chemicals (alkali and surfactant) with a mobility control chemical (polymer). The interfacial tension reducing chemicals minimize the capillary forces that trap waterflood residual oil while the mobility control chemical improves reservoir contact and flood efficiency. The first alkaline-surfactant-polymer project was performed in a nearby Minnelusa field.1,2 Other alkaline-surfactant-polymer projects include a pilot in an Oklahoma field,3 and three in People's Republic of China oil fields.4–9 Lessons learned from these projects and applied to the Cambridge alkaline-surfactant-polymer project are: good mobility control is essential for a successful project; a detailed study of the reservoir including geology, reservoir engineering, laboratory fluid design, and numerical simulation improve the probability of success; injection facilities must mix the injected solution according to the design parameters for a successful project; and attention to detail, including quality control of injected materials and scheduled maintenance of injection and mixing equipment, is important. The Cambridge field, located in Section 28 of Township 53N and Range 68W in Crook County, Wyoming, is operated by Plains Petroleum Operating Co., a subsidiary of Barrett Resources Corp. The field produces 31 cp, 20° API gravity crude oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper "B" sand at 2139 m [7,108 ft]. The reservoir temperature is 55.6°C [132°F] and the average thickness is 8.75 m [28.7 ft]. The crude oil formation volume factor is 1.03 with a bubblepoint of 586 kPa [85 psi]. The average porosity and permeability are 18% and 0.834 µm2 [845 md], respectively. Connate water saturation was 31.6% with an initial reservoir pressure of 12 355 kPa [1792 psi]. Field History The Cambridge field is defined as 1 131 500 m3 [7,117 Mbbl] pore volume with 795 000 STm3 [4,875 MSTB] of original oil in place. The field was discovered by McAdams, Roux, and Associates in 1989 with the MRA Federal 31-28. All subsequent drilling locations were based on three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. Peak primary oil production was 77.7 m3/d [489 BOPD]. Within a year, the production rate declined to 5.9 m3/d [37 BOPD], as is typical of Minnelusa reservoirs. The producing mechanism is fluid and rock expansion with the initial gas-oil ratio (GOR) being essentially zero. The Federal 21-28 and 32-28 began production in June 1990 with peak production of 11.0 and 46.4 m3/d [69 and 292 BOPD], respectively. Federal 23-28 started production in October 1990 with peak production occurring in November 1990 of 33.7 m3/d [212 BOPD] of oil and 2.9 m3/d [18 BWPD] of water. Primary production was 34 600 m3 [217.7 Mbbl] oil and 3800 m3 [23.3 Mbbl] water from December 1989 to January 1993. Water injection began in January 1993 with the conversion of the Federal 32-28. Alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection started one month later in February 1993. Therefore, the alkaline-surfactant-polymer process was applied as a secondary flood. As a result, operating costs are not duplicated by running a waterflood followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood. The polymer drive solution began injection in October 1996 with the final water drive beginning in May 2000. The chemical injection sequence was: 30.7% Vp of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution followed by 29.7% Vp of polymer drive solution followed by water to the economic limit. Percent pore volume is based on swept area pore volume. Swept area is defined as the volume of reservoir contacted by the injected fluid and is approximately 82% of the total pore volume for the Cambridge field. Swept area injected volume and oil recovery calculations are more comparable to radial coreflood results than total field values. For reservoirs like the Minnelusa in which well placement is limited by reservoir geometry, comparison of total field calculations can be misleading. Differences in total field calculations are often dictated by reservoir contact inefficiency and not process efficiency. When this condition exists, swept area calculation is a better comparison to delineate accurately the economic injected chemical volumes and oil recovery. 10 The calculated swept area pore volume is 926 400 m 3 [5,827 Mbbl] and the original oil in place is 647 300 m3 [4,071.8 Mbbl]. Interpretation of 3D seismic data resulted in the drilling of the Federal 41A-28 in November 1994 and the Federal 33-28 in February 1996. Federal 41A-28 was produced through March 1996 and Federal 33-28 was produced through October 1998. Geologic Description The Cambridge field is on the eastern flank of the Powder River basin and produces oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper B sandstone. The Minnelusa formation is unconformably overlain in this area by the Opeche siltstone member of the Permian Goose Egg formation, which in turn is overlain by the regional Minnekahta limestone, also a member of the Goose Egg formation. The Minnelusa vertical sequence consists of alternating carbonates and sandstones. The Minnelusa upper B reservoir is a friable, Eolian sandstone with modest amounts of dolomite and anhydrite cement and is a preserved remnant of a highly dissected coastal dune complex. Dolomite and anhydrite cement are the main chemical adsorbing sites of the Cambridge sand. Fig. 1 depicts the field's net-pay isopach. The reservoir dips approximately 1.7° to the southwest. A water-oil contact controls the field's producing limit on the southwest. Dystra-Parsons is 0.57. Preferential flow of injected fluids follows an axis along Wells 41A-28 and 21-28. The 3D seismic indicates the sand thins between Wells 33-28 and 23-28.

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23

ORTEGA ALBA, SERGIO. "CONDICIONANTES PARA LA IMPLANTACION DE ENERGIA EOLICA EN INSTALACIONES AEROPORTUARIAS". DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es1016.

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Vergara, Edmundo, Jenny Rojas y Francisco Rodriguez. "OPTIMIZACION DIFUSA MULTIOBJETIVA EN LA PLANIFICACION DE UN SISTEMA DE GENERACION DE ENERGIA EOLICA". Selecciones Matemáticas 1, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sel.mat.2014.02.01.

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Almonacid B., Ana y Laura Nahuelhual M. "ESTIMACIÓN DEL POTENCIAL EÓLICO Y COSTOS DE PRODUCCION DE ENERGIA EOLICA EN LA COSTA DE VALDIVIA, SUR DE CHILE". Agro Sur, agosto de 2009, 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/agrosur.2009.v37n2-04.

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26

R. G. Shepherd. "Anisotropic Permeability, Eolian Lyons Sandstone: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad4623ad-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Christopher S. Swezey1. "ABSTRACT: Sequence Stratigraphy in Eolian Systems". AAPG Bulletin 85 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/61eed18e-173e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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KOCUREK, G., and K. G. HAVHOLM, Uni. "Eolian Event Stratigraphy--A Conceptual Framework". AAPG Bulletin 75 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/0c9b03eb-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Gary Kocurek, Jamie Nielson. "Eolian Reservoir Characteristics Predicted from Dune Type: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad462092-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Calle, Alfredo R., Giusep A. Baca y Salome Gonzales. "Optimization of the Eolic Cell to improve the wind velocity augmentation effect through the Metamodel of Optimal Prognosis". Energy Conversion and Management: X, noviembre de 2022, 100330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100330.

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Alan P. Heward. "Inside Auk--Anatomy of an Eolian Oil Reservoir: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9edd-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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CHAN, MARJORIE A., University of Ut. "Abstract: Cyclic Eolian Foresets: Periodicities and Implications for Paleoclimate". AAPG Bulletin 82 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/00aa8378-1730-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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David M. Uhlir. "Eolian Sandstone Unit of Morrison Formation, Central Wyoming: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 70 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94886952-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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C. J. Schenk, L. F. Krystinik. "Heterogeneity of Eolian Sandstones and Enhanced Oil Recovery: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/44b4a834-170a-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Terence B. Eschner, Gary A. Kocurek. "Eolian Paleotopographic Highs as Stratigraphic Traps: Origin and Distinction: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad461e8f-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Michael A. Boubin, David B. Loope. "Petrology of Eolian Carbonates, Upper Hermosa Formation (Pennsylvanian), Southeastern Utah: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9c80-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Matthew J. Nation, Ronald C. Blakey. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Eolian Systems in Jurassic Wingate Sandstone: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703ca1a3-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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SCHENK, C. J., and F. PETERSON, U.S. "Eolian Sabkha Sandstones in the Nugget Sandstone (Jurassic), Vernal Area, Utah". AAPG Bulletin 75 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/0c9b1593-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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HAVHOLM, K. G., and G. KOCUREK, Uni. "Controls on Eolian Facies Architecture, Middle Jurassic Page Sandstone, Colorado Plateau". AAPG Bulletin 75 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/20b2445c-170d-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Terence B. Eschner (2), Gary Kocure. "Origins of Relief Along Contacts Between Eolian Sandstones and Overlying Marine Strata". AAPG Bulletin 72 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9118-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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41

M. A. Carson, P. A. Maclean. "Hybrid Eolian Dunes of William River Dune Field, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad461d77-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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LEWIS, JONATHAN J. M., KJELL J. ROS. "Spatial Permeability Patterns in Eolian Sediments and Their Impact on Oil Recovery". AAPG Bulletin 76 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/f4c8e71a-1712-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Gary Kocurek, Julia Knight, Karen H. "Reconstruction of Eolian Sequences--A Function of Scale, Jurassic Page Sandstone, Arizona: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9fcd-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Patricia A. Henderson, Lee F. Kryst. "Sedimentologic Controls on Production in Giant Eolian Reservoirs in Western U.S. Overthrust: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 70 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94885d36-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Daniel D. Weed, Carl F. Vondra. "Implications of an Eolian Sandstone Unit of Basal Morrison Formation, Central Wyoming: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94887807-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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William A. Tedesco,1 R. P. Maj. "An eolian facies within the Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation, Tchula Lake field, Mississippi". AAPG Bulletin 86 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/61eedb16-173e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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J. Mazzullo, A. Malicse, J. Siegel,. "Eolian and Fluvial Facies in Sandstones of Queen Formation, Permian Basin, Texas: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 72 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c8830-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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48

Mary Crabaugh, Gary Kocurek. "Wet Eolian Sequence Stratigraphy and Its Relationship to Relative Sea Level Change: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 78 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/a25ff9db-171b-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Lee F. Krystinik, Sarah Andrews, St. "Impact of Early Diagenesis of Eolian Reservoirs, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad4620c9-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Mark A. Chandler. "Depositional Controls on Permeability in an Eolian Sandstone Sequence, Page Sandstone, Northern Arizona: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94887023-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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