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1
Beigel, Richard, Harry Buhrman, Peter Fejer, et al. "Enumerations of the Kolmogorov function." Journal of Symbolic Logic 71, no. 2 (2006): 501–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1146620156.
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AbstractA recursive enumerator for a function h is an algorithm f which enumerates for an input x finitely many elements including h(x). f is a k(n)-enumerator if for every input x of length n. h(x) is among the first k(n) elements enumerated by f. If there is a k(n)-enumerator for h then h is called k(n)-enumerable. We also consider enumerators which are only A-recursive for some oracle A.
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Shahrivari, Saeed, and Saeed Jalili. "Fast Parallel All-Subgraph Enumeration Using Multicore Machines." Scientific Programming 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/901321.
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Enumerating all subgraphs of an input graph is an important task for analyzing complex networks. Valuable information can be extracted about the characteristics of the input graph using all-subgraph enumeration. Notwithstanding, the number of subgraphs grows exponentially with growth of the input graph or by increasing the size of the subgraphs to be enumerated. Hence, all-subgraph enumeration is very time consuming when the size of the subgraphs or the input graph is big. We propose a parallel solution namedSubenumwhich in contrast to available solutions can perform much faster. Subenum enumerates subgraphs using edges instead of vertices, and this approach leads to a parallel and load-balanced enumeration algorithm that can have efficient execution on current multicore and multiprocessor machines. Also, Subenum uses a fast heuristic which can effectively accelerate non-isomorphism subgraph enumeration. Subenum can efficiently use external memory, and unlike other subgraph enumeration methods, it is not associated with the main memory limits of the used machine. Hence, Subenum can handle large input graphs and subgraph sizes that other solutions cannot handle. Several experiments are done using real-world input graphs. Compared to the available solutions, Subenum can enumerate subgraphs several orders of magnitude faster and the experimental results show that the performance of Subenum scales almost linearly by using additional processor cores.
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Sanei-Mehri, Seyed-Vahid, Apurba Das, Hooman Hashemi, and Srikanta Tirthapura. "Mining Largest Maximal Quasi-Cliques." ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 15, no. 5 (2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446637.
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Quasi-cliques are dense incomplete subgraphs of a graph that generalize the notion of cliques. Enumerating quasi-cliques from a graph is a robust way to detect densely connected structures with applications in bioinformatics and social network analysis. However, enumerating quasi-cliques in a graph is a challenging problem, even harder than the problem of enumerating cliques. We consider the enumeration of top- k degree-based quasi-cliques and make the following contributions: (1) we show that even the problem of detecting whether a given quasi-clique is maximal (i.e., not contained within another quasi-clique) is NP-hard. (2) We present a novel heuristic algorithm K ernel QC to enumerate the k largest quasi-cliques in a graph. Our method is based on identifying kernels of extremely dense subgraphs within a graph, followed by growing subgraphs around these kernels, to arrive at quasi-cliques with the required densities. (3) Experimental results show that our algorithm accurately enumerates quasi-cliques from a graph, is much faster than current state-of-the-art methods for quasi-clique enumeration (often more than three orders of magnitude faster), and can scale to larger graphs than current methods.
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Previti, Alessandro, and Joao Marques-Silva. "Partial MUS Enumeration." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (2013): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8657.
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Minimal explanations of infeasibility find a wide range of uses. In the Boolean domain, these are referred to as Minimal Unsatisfiable Subsets (MUSes). In some settings, one needs to enumerate MUSes of a Boolean formula. Most often the goal is to enumerate all MUSes. In cases where this is computationally infeasible, an alternative is to enumerate some MUSes. This paper develops a novel approach for partial enumeration of MUSes, that complements existing alternatives. If the enumeration of all MUSes is viable, then existing alternatives represent the best option. However, for formulas where the enumeration of all MUSes is unrealistic, our approach provides a solution for enumerating some MUSes within a given time bound. The experimental results focus on formulas for which existing solutions are unable to enumerate MUSes, and shows that the new approach can in most cases enumerate a non-negligible number of MUSes within a given time bound.
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van der Rest, Cas, and Wouter Swierstra. "A completely unique account of enumeration." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 6, ICFP (2022): 411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3547636.
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How can we enumerate the inhabitants of an algebraic datatype? This paper explores a datatype generic solution that works for all regular types and indexed families . The enumerators presented here are provably both complete and unique —they will eventually produce every value exactly once—and fair —they avoid bias when composing enumerators. Finally, these enumerators memoise previously enumerated values whenever possible, thereby avoiding repeatedly recomputing recursive results.
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Callan, David, and Toufik Mansour. "On permutations avoiding 1324, 2143, and another 4-letter pattern." Pure Mathematics and Applications 26, no. 1 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/puma-2015-0018.
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Abstract We enumerate permutations avoiding 1324, 2143, and a third 4-letter pattern τ a step toward the goal of enumerating avoiders for all triples of 4-letter patterns. The enumeration is already known for all but five patterns τ, which are treated in this paper.
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Callan, David, and Toufik Mansour. "On permutations avoiding 1243, 2134, and another 4-letter pattern." Pure Mathematics and Applications 26, no. 1 (2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/puma-2015-0019.
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Abstract We enumerate permutations avoiding 1243, 2134, and a third 4-letter pattern τ, a step toward the goal of enumerating avoiders for all triples of 4-letter patterns. The enumeration is already known for all but three patterns τ, which are treated in this paper.
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IMAI, HIROSHI, TOMONARI MASADA, FUMIHIKO TAKEUCHI, and KEIKO IMAI. "ENUMERATING TRIANGULATIONS IN GENERAL DIMENSIONS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 12, no. 06 (2002): 455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195902000980.
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We propose algorithms to enumerate (1) regular triangulations, (2) spanning regular triangulations, (3) equivalence classes of regular triangulations with respect to symmetry, and (4) all triangulations. All of the algorithms are for arbitrary points in general dimension. They work in output-size sensitive time with memory only of several times the size of a triangulation. For the enumeration of regular triangulations, we use the fact by Gel'fand, Zelevinskii and Kapranov that regular triangulations correspond to the vertices of the secondary polytope. We use reverse search technique by Avis and Fukuda, its extension for enumerating equivalence classes of objects, and a reformulation of a maximal independent set enumeration algorithm. The last approach can be extended for enumeration of dissections.
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Watson, Derrick G., Elizabeth A. Maylor, and Lucy A. M. Bruce. "Effects of Age on Searching for and Enumerating Targets that Cannot be Detected Efficiently." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 6 (2005): 1119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000511.
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We investigated the effects of old age on search, subitizing, and counting of difficult-to-find targets. In Experiment 1, young and older adults enumerated targets (Os) with and without distractors (Qs). Without distractors, the usual subitization-counting function occurred in both groups, with the same subitization span of 3.3 items. Subitization disappeared with distractors; older adults were slowed more overall by their presence but enumeration rates were not slowed by ageing either with or without distractors. In contrast, search rates for a single target (O among Qs) were twice as slow for older as for young adults. Experiment 2 tested and ruled out one account of age-equivalent serial enumeration based on the need to subvocalize numbers as items are enumerated. Alternative explanations based on the specific task differences between detecting and enumerating stimuli are discussed.
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CHUNG, K. S., C. N. KIM, and K. NAMGOONG. "Evaluation of the Petrifilm Rapid Coliform Count Plate Method for Coliform Enumeration from Surimi-Based Imitation Crab Slurry." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 1 (2000): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.1.123.
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The 3M Petrifilm rapid coliform count (RCC) plate method was compared with two conventional methods, namely violet red bile agar (VRBA) and desoxycholate lactose agar (DLA), for enumerating coliforms. The VRBA plating method is a reference method in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual and the DLA plating method is the method recommended by the Food Sanitation Law of Korea for enumeration of coliforms. Serratia sp., a coliform that was isolated from frozen surimi, was incubated in surimi-based imitation crab (SBIC) slurries and enumerated on the Petrifilm RCC, VRBA, and DLA plates. Results from the Petrifilm RCC plate were not significantly different from results from VRBA or DLA plates at P < 0.05 level. The correlation coefficient for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the VRBA method and for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the DLA method were 0.994 and 0.996, respectively. With the Petrifilm RCC plate method, we were able to estimate presumptive coliforms (except Serratia sp.) after 14 h and to enumerate confirmed coliforms (including Serratia sp.) after 24 h.
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Hayat, Umar, Ikram Ullah, Ghulam Murtaza, Naveed Ahmed Azam, and Miguel D. Bustamante. "Enumerating Discrete Resonant Rossby/Drift Wave Triads and Their Application in Information Security." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (2022): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234395.
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We propose a new parametrization of the resonant Rossby/drift wave triads to develop an algorithm to enumerate all resonant triads in a given grid of wavenumbers. To arrive at such a parametrization, we have employed tools from arithmetic/algebraic geometry to project resonant triads on a certain class of conics. Further, we extend the newly developed algorithm for the enumeration of quasi-resonant triads and experimentally show that the said algorithm is robust to design the network of quasi-resonances. From the experimental results, we observed that the new algorithm enumerates all triads in low computation time when compared with the existing methods. Finally, we apply this work to information security by constructing a total order on the enumerated resonant triads to design a substitution box (S-box) generator. Via extensive analyses over several indicators (nonlinearity, algebraic complexity, linear and differential approximation probabilities, strict avalanche criteria, and bit independence criterion) we show that the newly developed S-box outperforms the S-boxes constructed by most of the existing schemes.
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WU, F. Y. "DIMERS AND SPANNING TREES: SOME RECENT RESULTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 14n15 (2002): 1951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202011676.
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This paper reviews some recent progress on dimer and spanning tree enumerations. We use the Kasteleyn formulation to enumerate close-packed dimers on a simple-quartic net embedded on non-orientable surfaces, and obtain solutions in the form of double products. For spanning trees the enumeration is carried out by evaluating the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix associated with the lattice, a procedure which holds in any spatial dimension. In two dimensions a bijection due to Temperley relates spanning tree and dimer configurations on two related lattices. We use this bijection to enumerate dimers on a net with a vacancy on the boundary. It is found that the occurrence of a vacancy induces a [Formula: see text] correction to the enumeration, where N is the linear size of the lattice, and changes the central charge from c = 1 to -2.
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TAKAHASHI, HAJIME, RYOTA KASUGA, SATOKO MIYA, NATSUMI MIYAMURA, TAKASHI KUDA, and BON KIMURA. "Efficacy of Propidium Monoazide on Quantitative Real-Time PCR–Based Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus Live Cells Treated with Various Sanitizers." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 11 (2018): 1815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-059.
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ABSTRACT Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used together with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to enumerate live bacteria, while discriminating against the residual DNA of dead bacterial cells. Although the effectiveness of PMA at increasing the accuracy of enumeration of live bacteria treated with heat has been investigated in a number of studies, few studies have involved bacteria treated with sanitizers. In this study, dead Staphylococcus aureus cells were prepared by treatment with six kinds of sanitizers (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and nisin) and were mixed with a culture of live bacteria in different ratios. PMA-qPCR was able to accurately enumerate live bacteria with a <0.5 CFU/500 μL difference with that of plate counts for cultures treated with ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and nisin. For ethanol and isopropyl alcohol treatments, live cells were accurately enumerated for live/dead cell ratios of 10/1 to 0.01/1, while live cells for the nisin treatment were accurately enumerated for live/dead cell ratios of 10/1 to 0.1/1. In contrast, PMA-qPCR was not able to accurately enumerate live cells in bacterial cultures treated with benzalkonium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, qPCR without PMA was able to enumerate live cells as consistently as plate counts with a bacterial culture treated with sodium hypochlorite. The results of this study show that the use of PMA for qPCR-based enumeration of live cells is not always recommended, and its effectiveness depends on the treatment used on the cells.
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Junge, Christian. "Doing Things with Lists—Enumeration in Arabic Prose." Journal of Arabic Literature 50, no. 3-4 (2019): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341388.
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Abstract This article discusses the performative function of enumeration in Arabic prose. Bringing together a great variety of word lists from classical to modern prose (including the 1001 Nights, al-Tawḥīdī, al-Suyūṭī, al-Shidyāq, and Darwīsh), it unveils their often neglected importance to literature by drawing from an emerging scholarship on enumeration. Focusing on “enumerative games” (Mainberger), the article does not ask what the enumerated elements mean, but how the act of enumerating produces meaning. In the first part, the article discusses elements central to the poetics of the enumerative (including items, length, arrangement, and frame). In the second part it deals with the politics of enumeration in the example of al-Shidyāq’s al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāriyāq (1855). The article seeks to provide a basic approach to enumeration and argues that enumerative games in literature perform acts of cultural politics.
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Callan, David, and Toufik Mansour. "Enumeration of small Wilf classes avoiding 1342 and two other 4-letter patterns." Pure Mathematics and Applications 27, no. 1 (2018): 62–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/puma-2015-0027.
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Abstract This paper is one of a series whose goal is to enumerate the avoiders, in the sense of classical pattern avoidance, for each triple of 4-letter patterns. There are 317 symmetry classes of triples of 4-letter patterns, avoiders of 267 of which have already been enumerated. Here we enumerate avoiders for all small Wilf classes that have a representative triple containing the pattern 1342, giving 40 new enumerations and leaving only 13 classes still to be enumerated. In all but one case, we obtain an explicit algebraic generating function that is rational or of degree 2. The remaining one is shown to be algebraic of degree 3. We use standard methods, usually involving detailed consideration of the left to right maxima, and sometimes the initial letters, to obtain an algebraic or functional equation for the generating function.
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Huang, Sheng, Kangli Xu, Shanshan Xu, Shijun Yu, Yan Miao, and Juan Wang. "Enumeration of viable CD34+ cells in cord blood using a novel stem cell enumeration kit." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 11 (2021): 030006052110553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211055384.
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Objective To assess the detection performance of the hematopoietic stem cell enumeration kit developed by BD Biosciences. Methods Cord blood samples were prepared using a hematopoietic stem cell enumeration kit developed by BD Biosciences and Stem-Kit reagents from Beckman Coulter. CD34+ cells were enumerated using a BD FACSCanto instrument and FACSDiva software. Results A total of 519 samples were analyzed in this study. The hematopoietic stem cell enumeration kit developed by BD Biosciences yielded absolute counts of CD34-positive cells that were on average 8.7% lower than Beckman Coulter Stem-Kit reagents (range: −5.7% to−14.7%). The BD Biosciences kit yielded relative counts that were on average 9.9% higher compared with Beckman Coulter Stem-Kit reagents (range: −2.1% to +13.8%). The intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute and relative counts of CD34-positive cells were 0.9967 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9961–0.9972) and 0.9512 (95% CI: 0.9423–0.9587) for the BD Biosciences and Beckman Coulter kits, respectively. Conclusions The hematopoietic stem cell enumeration kit developed by BD Biosciences can be used to enumerate CD34-positive stem cells from cord blood samples.
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Dai, Qiangqiang, Rong-Hua Li, Xiaowei Ye, Meihao Liao, Weipeng Zhang, and Guoren Wang. "Hereditary Cohesive Subgraphs Enumeration on Bipartite Graphs: The Power of Pivot-based Approaches." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 1, no. 2 (2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3589283.
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Finding cohesive subgraphs from a bipartite graph is a fundamental operator in bipartite graph analysis. In this paper, we focus on the problem of mining cohesive subgraphs from a bipartite graph that satisfy a hereditary property. Here a cohesive subgraph meets the hereditary property if all of its subgraphs satisfy the same property as itself. We show that several important cohesive subgraph models, such as maximal biclique and maximal k-biplex, satisfy the hereditary property. The problem of enumerating all maximal hereditary subgraphs was known to be NP-hard. To solve this problem, we first propose a novel and general pivot-based enumeration framework to efficiently enumerate all maximal hereditary subgraphs in a bipartite graph. Then, based on our general framework, we develop a new pivot-based algorithm with several pruning techniques to enumerate all maximal bicliques. We prove that the worst-case time complexity of our pivot-based maximal biclique enumeration algorithm is O(m x 2n/2 ) (or O(m\times 1.414^n)) which is near optimal since there exist up to O(2n/2 ) maximal bicliques in a bipartite graph with n vertices and m edges. Moreover, we also show that our algorithm can achieve polynomial-delay time complexity with a slight modification. Third, on the basis of our general framework, we also devise a novel pivot-based algorithm with several non-trivial pruning techniques to enumerate maximal k-biplexes in a bipartite graph. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments using 11 real-world bipartite graphs to evaluate the proposed algorithms. The results show that our pivot-based solutions can achieve one order of magnitude (three orders of magnitude) faster than the state-of-the-art maximal biclique enumeration algorithms (maximal k-biplex enumeration algorithms).
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Thomas, John C., and Robert T. Dabkowski. "Glucose and plant exudate enhanced enumeration of bacteria capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 12 (2011): 1067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-097.
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Enumerating environmental microbial isolates capable of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation can provide insight into the microbe–plant interactions that facilitate PAH removal. We examined a known PAH degrader ( Pseudomonas putida G7), a nondegrader ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404), and several microorganisms isolated from the environment by using a PAH cocktail in an enumeration medium with or without 0.025% (m/v) glucose and (or) root exudates. Compared with the standard most probable number (MPN), the addition of glucose and root exudates in a modified MPN method resulted in a 3- to 11-fold enhancement of PAH degraders being enumerated among microorganisms found in PAH-contaminated soils. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis verified that PAH levels were reduced using this modified enumeration method. Low levels of glucose, perhaps in concert with other materials in exudates, may promote microbial metabolism, thereby enhancing PAH degradation.
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Wideman, Nathan E., James D. Oliver, Philip Glen Crandall, and Nathan A. Jarvis. "Detection and Potential Virulence of Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) Listeria monocytogenes: A Review." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010194.
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The detection, enumeration, and virulence potential of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogens continues to be a topic of discussion. While there is a lack of definitive evidence that VBNC Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) pose a public health risk, recent studies suggest that Lm in its VBNC state remains virulent. VBNC bacteria cannot be enumerated by traditional plating methods, so the results from routine Lm testing may not demonstrate a sample’s true hazard to public health. We suggest that supplementing routine Lm testing methods with methods designed to enumerate VBNC cells may more accurately represent the true level of risk. This review summarizes five methods for enumerating VNBC Lm: Live/Dead BacLightTM staining, ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide-stained real-time polymerase chain reaction (EMA- and PMA-PCR), direct viable count (DVC), 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride-4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (CTC-DAPI) double staining, and carboxy-fluorescein diacetate (CDFA) staining. Of these five supplementary methods, the Live/Dead BacLightTM staining and CFDA-DVC staining currently appear to be the most accurate for VBNC Lm enumeration. In addition, the impact of the VBNC state on the virulence of Lm is reviewed. Widespread use of these supplemental methods would provide supporting data to identify the conditions under which Lm can revert from its VBNC state into an actively multiplying state and help identify the environmental triggers that can cause Lm to become virulent. Highlights: Rationale for testing for all viable Listeria (Lm) is presented. Routine environmental sampling and plating methods may miss viable Lm cells. An overview and comparison of available VBNC testing methods is given. There is a need for resuscitation techniques to recover Lm from VBNC. A review of testing results for post VBNC virulence is compared
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Harrison, G. M., A. J. Bennett, M. Moody, G. F. Read, and P. E. Williams. "Use of Formalin-Fixed, Propidium Iodide-Stained Human Leukocytes as a Standard for Enumerating CD4+ T Lymphocytes in a Single-Platform Assay." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (2001): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.397-401.2001.
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ABSTRACT A new, inexpensive method is described that enables lymphocytes to be enumerated very precisely. Normal leukocytes were simultaneously stained and fixed with a propidium iodide-paraformaldehyde solution. The preparation obtained (CellBeads) was used as an internal standard for cell enumeration by flow cytometry and was stable at 4°C for at least 60 days. Unlike synthetic beads, the CellBeads behaved similarly to normal cells during red blood cell lysis and cell washing procedures. When known numbers of CellBeads were added to whole-blood samples and the numbers of CellBeads and lymphocytes were determined, highly reproducible and accurate enumerations were obtained—far more so than when synthetic beads were used. This inexpensive method is suitable for routine use.
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Stauffer, Beth A., Rebecca A. Schaffner, Catherine Wazniak, and David A. Caron. "Immunofluorescence Flow Cytometry Technique for Enumeration of the Brown-Tide Alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 22 (2008): 6931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00996-08.
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ABSTRACT A new immunologically based flow cytometry (IFCM) technique was developed to enumerate Aureococcus anophagefferens, a small pelagophyte alga that is the cause of “brown tides” in bays and estuaries of the mid-Atlantic states along the U.S. coast. The method utilizes a monoclonal antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-MAb) to label the surface of A. anophagefferens cells which are then detected and enumerated by using a flow cytometer. Optimal conditions for FITC-MAb staining, including solution composition, incubation times, and FITC-MAb concentrations, were determined. The FITC-MAb method was tested for cross-reactivity with nontarget, similarly sized, photoautotrophic protists, and the method was compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the same MAb. Comparisons of the IFCM technique to traditional microscopy enumeration of cultures and spiked environmental samples showed consistent agreement over several orders of magnitude (r 2 > 0.99). Comparisons of the IFCM and ELISA techniques for enumerating cells from a predation experiment showed a substantial overestimation (up to 10 times higher) of the ELISA in the presence of consumers of A. anophagefferens, presumably due to egested cell fragments that retained antigenicity, using the ELISA method, but were not characterized as whole algal cells by the IFCM method. Application of the IFCM method to environmental “brown-tide” samples taken from the coastal bays of Maryland demonstrated its efficacy in resolving A. anophagefferens abundance levels throughout the course of a bloom and over a large range of abundance values. IFCM counts of the brown-tide alga from natural samples were consistently lower than those obtained using the ELISA method and were equivalent to those of the polyclonal immunofluorescence microscopy technique, since both methods discriminate intact cells. Overall, the IFCM approach was an accurate and relatively simple technique for the rapid enumeration of A. anophagefferens in natural samples over a wide range of abundance values (103 to 106 cells ml−1).
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Jain, Sanjay, and Jason Teutsch. "Enumerations including laconic enumerators." Theoretical Computer Science 700 (November 2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2017.08.001.
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Primus, Richard. ""The Essential Characteristic": Enumerated Powers and the Bank of the United States." Michigan Law Review, no. 117.3 (2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.3.essential.
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The idea that Congress can legislate only on the basis of its enumerated powers is an orthodox proposition of constitutional law, one that is generally supposed to have been recognized as essential ever since the Founding. Conventional understandings of several episodes in constitutional history reinforce this proposition. But the reality of many of those events is more complicated. Consider the 1791 debate over creating the Bank of the United States, in which Madison famously argued against the Bank on enumerated-powers grounds. The conventional memory of the Bank episode reinforces the sense that the orthodox view of enumerated powers has been fundamental, and agreed upon, from the beginning. But in 1791, Members of the First Congress disagreed about whether Congress needed to point to some specific enumerated power in order to create the Bank. Moreover, Madison’s enumerated powers argument against the Bank seems to have involved two rethinkings of Congress’s enumerated powers, one about the importance of enumeration in general and one about the enumeration’s specific application to the Bank. At the general level, Madison in the Bank debate elevated the supposed importance of the enumerated-powers framework: in 1787 he had been skeptical that enumerating congressional powers could be valuable, but in the Bank debate he described the enumerated-powers framework as essential to the Constitution. At the particular level, Madison’s enumerated-powers argument against the Bank seems to have been an act of last-minute creativity in which he took constitutional objections that sounded naturally in the register of affirmative prohibitions, but which the Constitution’s text did not clearly support, and gave them a textual home by translating them into the register of enumerated powers. Madison’s move may have set a paradigm for enumerated powers arguments at later moments in constitutional history: subsequent enumerated-powers arguments down to those against the Affordable Care Act might be best understood as translations of constitutional objections best expressed in terms of affirmative prohibitions, forced into the register of enumerated powers because the relevant prohibitions are not found in the Constitution.
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Schwartz, Andrew M., Haley A. Marcotte, and Crystal N. Johnson. "Evaluation of Alternative Colony Hybridization Methods for Pathogenic Vibrios." Foods 12, no. 7 (2023): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12071472.
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Vibrios, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, are naturally occurring halophilic bacteria that are a major cause of foodborne illness. Because of their autochthonous nature, managing vibrio levels in marine and estuarine environments is impossible. Instead, it is crucial to reliably enumerate their abundance to minimize human exposure. One method of achieving this is the direct plating/colony hybridization (DP/CH) method, which has been used to efficiently quantify pathogenic vibrios in oysters and other seafood products. Although successful, the method relies on proprietary resources. We examined alternative approaches, assessed the influence of the reagent suppliers’ source on enumeration accuracy, and made experimental adjustments that maximized efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity. We report here that in-house conjugation via Cell Mosaic is a viable alternative to the previously available sole-source distributor of the alkaline phosphatase-conjugated probes used to enumerate vibrios in oysters. We also report that milk was a viable alternative as a blocking reagent, pH must be eight, an orbital shaker was a viable alternative to a water bath, and narrow polypropylene containers were a viable alternative to Whirl-Pak bags. These modifications will be crucial to scientists enumerating vibrios and other pathogens in food products.
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Kwon, Young Soo, and Jaeun Lee. "Enumerating Abelian Typical Cube-Free Fold Coverings of a Circulant Graph." Algebra Colloquium 27, no. 01 (2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386720000127.
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Enumerating the isomorphism or equivalence classes of several types of graph coverings is one of the central research topics in enumerative topological graph theory. A covering projection p from a Cayley graph Cay(Γ, X) onto another Cayley graph Cay(Q, Y) is called typical if the function p : Γ → Q on the vertex sets is a group epimorphism. A typical covering is called abelian (or circulant, respectively) if its covering graph is a Cayley graph on an abelian (or a cyclic, respectively) group. Recently, the equivalence classes of connected abelian typical prime-fold coverings of a circulant graph are enumerated. As a continuation of this work, we enumerate the equivalence classes of connected abelian typical cube-free fold coverings of a circulant graph.
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CHAMPARNAUD, J. M., and F. COULON. "ENUMERATING NONDETERMINISTIC AUTOMATA FOR A GIVEN LANGUAGE WITHOUT CONSTRUCTING THE CANONICAL AUTOMATON." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 16, no. 06 (2005): 1253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054105003790.
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Our aim is to enumerate all NFAs (nondeterministic finite automata) that recognize a given regular language [Formula: see text]. More precisely, we produce a set 𝔸 of automata such that each automaton A recognizing [Formula: see text] appears in 𝔸 up to the merging of some states and the addition of some transitions, that is, there is a surjective morphism that maps A onto an automaton of 𝔸. We provide a common theoretical framework, based on morphism properties, to previous works of Kameda and Weiner (1970), and of Sengoku (1992), whose issue is the minimization of NFAs. Our paper gives two incomparable enumeration techniques. Both proceed by enumerating a specific class of grid covers of the automaton map. The first one is related to the canonical automaton introduced by Carrez. The second one is based on new outcomes related to the relationship between grid covers and their projections.
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NERO, LUÍS AUGUSTO, CAIO FIALHO de FREITAS, LARA MARIA VIEIRA FLORES CARVALHO, and CRISTINA CONSTANTINO. "3M Petrifilm Lactic Acid Bacteria Count Plate Is a Reliable Tool for Enumerating Lactic Acid Bacteria in Bacon." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 10 (2020): 1757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-155.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of Petrifilm Lactic Acid Bacteria Count Plates (PLAB) as an alternative methodology to enumerate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in bacon. Bacon samples (n = 40) were obtained from retail sale, 10-fold diluted with buffered peptone water (BPW, 0.2% [w/v]) and Letheen broth, and subjected to LAB enumeration according to four protocols: (i) de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar, pH 5.7, 30°C; (ii) MRS, pH 5.7, 30°C, anaerobiosis; (iii) all-purpose Tween agar (APT), 25°C; and (iv) PLAB, 30°C. Colonies were enumerated at 24, 48, and 72 h, and the results expressed as log CFU per gram for comparison by analysis of variance and regression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, colonies were randomly selected and characterized as LAB (Gram staining and catalase). Mean LAB counts from MRS and PLAB did not present significant differences independently of incubation time or diluent (P > 0.05), whereas counts in APT with BPW after 24 h were significantly lower (P < 0.05). PLAB counts with BPW (24, 48, and 72 h) presented significant correlation with MRS (r ranging from 0.87 to 0.89; in anaerobiosis, r ranging from 0.94 to 0.95) and APT (r ranging from 0.84 to 0.86). With Letheen broth, PLAB (24, 48, and 72 h) presented significant correlation with MRS (r ranging from 0.92 to 0.94; in anaerobiosis, r ranging from 0.93 to 0.96) and APT (r ranging from 0.77 to 0.79). In total, 1,032 colonies (97%) from 1,063 colonies were characterized as LAB. Thus, PLAB can be considered as an alternative tool for enumerating LAB in bacon, with reliable results even after 24 h of incubation. HIGHLIGHTS
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Gonçalves, Marília M., Rosangela Freitas, Luís A. Nero, and Antônio F. Carvalho. "Enumeration of starter cultures during yogurt production using Petrifilm™ AC plates associated with acidified MRS and M17 broths." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 2 (2009): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909003975.
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The efficiency of Petrifilm™ AC (3M Microbiology, St. Paul, MN, USA) associated with the broths M17 and de Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) at pH 5·4 was evaluated to enumerate Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus during the yogurt production. Commercial and reference strains of these microorganisms were experimentally inoculated in nonfat milk and incubated at 42°C for 4 h for yogurt production. At the moment of inoculation and after incubation, aliquots were collected, submitted to dilution using the broths M17 and MRS at pH 5·4, and plated for Strep. salivarius and Lb. bulgaricus enumeration according ISO 9232 and at Petrifilm™ AC plates, respectively. M17 plates were incubated at 42°C, and MRS plates were incubated at 35°C under anaerobiosis. After 48 h, the formed colonies were enumerated and the counts were compared by correlation and analysis of variance (P<0·05). In addition, colonies were randomly selected from all plates and characterized according to Gram staining and morphology. The obtained results indicated that Petrifilm™ AC plates associated to M17 and MRS at pH 5·4 can be considered as a suitable alternative for Strep. salivarius and Lb. bulgaricus enumeration during yogurt production, with slight interferences due to the acidity of MRS at the moment of inoculation, and due to the acidity of yogurt at the end of fermentation process. It was also observed that the MRS at pH 5·4 was not sufficiently selective for Lb. delbrueckii enumeration, despite it is indicated by the official protocol from ISO 9232.
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Wan Jamil, Wan Kamal Nadzif, Nurul Khairiah Khalid, Norazmi Anas, Shahril Nizam Zulkipli, and Mohd Syukri Mohd Noor. "REVIEW OF THE BEAUTIFUL NAMES OF ALLAH ACCORDING TO IBN HAZM." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 8, no. 52 (2023): 656–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.852050.
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The discussion regarding the beautiful names of Allah or Asmaul Husna has been ongoing since the early days of Islam until now. There are three hadith that enumerate these names in detail, namely the narrations of al-Tirmizi, Ibn Majah, and al-Hakim. Other narrations were narrated without a detailed breakdown of these names. Ibn Hazm was among the early scholars who exerted effort in enumerating these names. By using the methods of analysis and textual studies, the objective of study is to compare similarities and differences between these names. The results of the study indicate that the enumeration of these names is not firmly attributed (marfuʻ) to the Prophet but instead, it is an opinion (ijtihad) from the narrator himself that has been inserted (mudraj) to complete the hadith of Asmaul Husna. Ibn Hazm presents 25 other names that do not match the narrations of al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, and al-Hakim.
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RESTAINO, LAWRENCE, and RICHARD H. LYON. "Efficacy of Petrifilm™ VRB for Enumerating Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Frozen Raw Beef." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 12 (1987): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.12.1017.
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Petrifilm™ violet red bile (PVRB) compared favorably to the most probable number method (MPN) and violet red bile agar (VRBA) methods for enumerating coliforms from frozen raw ground beef. When comparing PVRB and VRBA incubated at 35°C, coliform enumeration displayed a linear relationship (correlation coefficient of 0.932). However, by analyzing 64 ground beef samples, PVRB enumerated 41% more coliforms/g than did VRBA. Two distinct colony types were observed on PVRB: (a) type I (butterfly in appearence) with a colony diameter equal to or greater than 1 mm and gas bubbles 2–4 mm in diameter touching the associated colony; and (b) type II with a colony diameter less than 1 mm in diameter and gas bubbles of the associated colony not necessarily touching the colony but within a colony diameter. The disparity between PVRB and VRBA for enumerating coliforms was attributed to non-coliforms representing approximately 50% of the type II coliform colonies. At 35°C, 83.7% of the type I colonies were Escherichia coli, whereas only 10.9%, of the type II colonies were E. coli. By elevating the incubation temperature from 35°C to 44.5°C, over 90% of the colonies in the counting dilution were type I of which 99.2% were E. coli. At 44.5°C, 39.4% of the type II colonies were E. coli; however, this colony type represented only 9.5% of the total colonies on PVRB. Therefore, a reliable method for enumerating E. coli from raw meat was developed by counting only the type I colonies on PVRB incubated at 44.5°C.
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BOGARD, CYNTHIA J. "Advocacy and Enumeration." American Behavioral Scientist 45, no. 1 (2001): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957042.
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Enumerating or estimating the numbers of homeless people has become an important research activity in the past few decades. The methodologies of almost all efforts to count homeless people have been closely linked to advocacy activities such as providing shelter and food to those in need. Yet the effect of advocacy work on estimating or enumerating homeless populations has not been much examined in the enumeration literature. This work reviews the methodology of enumeration as it has been influenced by the work of advocates both in general terms and through examining the methods used to conduct a study of a suburban homeless population in New York in 1994. Enumeration methods that overtly take local advocacy activities into account can provide an enriched assessment of homelessness as it exists in relation to surrounding structural conditions. In this case, advocacy work actively prevented literal homelessness for most families in the local community.
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Di Maio, Michele, and Nathan Fiala. "Be Wary of Those Who Ask: A Randomized Experiment on the Size and Determinants of the Enumerator Effect." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 3 (2019): 654–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy024.
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Abstract During survey data collection, respondents’ answers may be influenced by the behavior and characteristics of the enumerator, the so-called enumerator effect. Using a large-scale experiment in Uganda in which the study randomly pairs enumerators and respondents, the study explores for which types of questions the enumerator effect may exist. It is found that the enumerator effect is minimal in many questions, but is large for political preference questions, for which it can account for over 30 percent of the variation in responses. The study then explores which enumerator characteristics, and which of their combination with respondent characteristics, could account for this effect. Finally, the conclusion provides some practical suggestions on how to minimize enumerator effects, and potential bias, in various types of data collections.
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Campbell, Mark S., and Anita C. Wright. "Real-Time PCR Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus from Oysters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (2003): 7137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7137-7144.2003.
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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen commonly found in estuarine environments. Infections are associated with raw oyster consumption and can produce rapidly fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals. Standard enumeration of this organism in shellfish or seawater is laborious and inaccurate; therefore, more efficient assays are needed. An oligonucleotide probe derived from the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was previously used for colony hybridizations to enumerate V. vulnificus. However, this method requires overnight growth, and vibrios may lack culturability under certain conditions. In the present study, we targeted the same locus for development of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Probe specificity was confirmed by amplification of 28 V. vulnificus templates and by the lack of a PCR product with 22 non-V. vulnificus strains. Detection of V. vulnificus in pure cultures was observed over a 6-log-unit linear range of concentration (102 to 108 CFU ml−1), with a lower limit of 72 fg of genomic DNA μl of PCR mixture−1 or the equivalent of six cells. Similar sensitivity was observed in DNA extracted from mixtures of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus cells. Real-time PCR enumeration of artificially inoculated oyster homogenates correlated well with colony hybridization counts (r 2 = 0.97). Numbers of indigenous V. vulnificus cells in oysters by real-time PCR showed no significant differences from numbers from plate counts with probe (t test; P = 0.43). Viable but nonculturable cells were also enumerated by real-time PCR and confirmed by the BacLight viability assay. These data indicate that real-time PCR can provide sensitive species-specific detection and enumeration of V. vulnificus in seafood.
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INGHAM, STEVEN C. "Use of Modified Lactobacillus Selective Medium and Bifidobacterium Iodoacetate Medium for Differential Enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. in Powdered Nutritional Products." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 1 (1999): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.1.77.
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Modified Lactobacillus selective agar (APT agar + sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid; mLBS) was compared to selective modified Lactobacillus selective medium (LBS agar + tomato juice and acetic acid; mLSM) and nonselective de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar for the enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic-containing powdered nutritional products. The mLBS agar was equivalent to MRS agar and superior to the mLSM agar for enumerating L. acidophilus in products stored in sealed cans at 22°C. When samples were analyzed for L. acidophilus concentration after high temperature storage in sealed cans or storage in open cans at high relative humidity, the mLBS and MRS agars were highly correlated (r2 = 0.93). Modified Bifidobacterium iodoacetate medium (12.5 mg iodoacetic acid/liter; mBIM) was compared to MRS agar + bile, cysteine, and dicloxacillin (MRS + BCD) for enumerating Bifidobacterium infantis or Bifidobacterium lactis in the nutritional products. The two media were equivalent for enumerating B. infantis in product stored at 22°C in sealed cans. However, the two media were poorly correlated (r2 &lt; 0.50) for enumeration of B. infantis and B. lactis in products stored in sealed cans at high temperature or in open cans at high relative humidity. The mLBS medium has potential industry application as a relatively inexpensive, convenient differential enumeration method for L. acidophilus. The mBIM medium cannot be recommended as a sole medium for enumeration of probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. in powdered nutritional products stored under high temperature and/or high relative humidity conditions.
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Rigon, Andrea. "Intra-settlement politics and conflict in enumerations." Environment and Urbanization 29, no. 2 (2017): 581–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817700339.
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While traditionally an instrument of government power, enumerations are increasingly conducted by urban communities themselves to gain recognition and negotiate with city authorities. Most literature focuses on the productive relationship between communities and government enabled by enumerations, and how enumerations transfer power to communities. However, in highly unequal informal settlements, it is very important to understand who within the community gets such power. Through the ethnographic account of an enumeration promoted by a slum-upgrading project in Nairobi, this paper makes a contribution to the analysis of power in enumerations. The article reveals the strategies of local elites to shape the exercise in their favour. Often, local elites present themselves as representatives of the wider community and draw on this power and legitimacy to advance their specific claims. Therefore, rather than looking only at the relationship between state and community, analyses of enumeration processes should also pay more attention to the complexity of internal communities’ dynamics and conflicting interests, and how these play out in the relationships with the state.
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TOMASINI, J. "Topological enumeration of complex polynomial vector fields." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 35, no. 4 (2014): 1315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2013.100.
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AbstractThe enumeration of combinatorial classes of the complex polynomial vector fields in$ \mathbb{C} $presented by K. Dias [Enumerating combinatorial classes of the complex polynomial vector fields in$ \mathbb{C} $.Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 33(2013), 416–440] is extended here to a closed form enumeration of combinatorial classes for degree$d$polynomial vector fields up to rotations of the$2(d- 1)\mathrm{th} $roots of unity. The main tool in the proof of this result is based on a general method of enumeration developed by V. A. Liskovets [Reductive enumeration under mutually orthogonal group actions.Acta Appl. Math. 52(1998), 91–120].
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BEUCHAT, L. R., B. V. NAIL, R. E. BRACKETT, and T. L. FOX. "Evaluation of a Culture Film (Petrifilm™ YM) Method for Enumerating Yeasts and Molds in Selected Dairy and High-Acid Foods." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 10 (1990): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.10.869.
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The Petrifilm™ Yeast and Mold (YM) plate was compared to acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and chloramphenicol-supplemented plate count agar (CPCA) using pour- and surface-plating techniques for its ability to recover yeasts and molds from hard and soft cheeses, cottage cheese, yogurt, sour cream, fruit juice, salad dressing, relishes, and tomato-based sauces. Correlation coefficients of Petrifilm™ YM plates versus pour-APDA, surface-APDA, pour-CPCA, and surface-CPCA for recovering total yeasts and molds from a composite of the eight test foods were, respectively, 0.993, 0.993, 0.994, and 0.995. Slope and intercept values for populations detected using Petrifilm™ YM plates versus traditional systems ranged, respectively, from 0.984 to 1.008 and −0.051 to 0.149. The coefficient of variation for total yeast and mold populations recovered on Petrifilm™ YM plates was 1.0% compared to 1.2 to 1.7% for traditional enumeration systems. Regardless of the enumeration system employed or the type of fungal cell, i.e., yeast or mold, being enumerated, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher populations were generally detected after 5 d compared to 3 d of incubation. After 5 d of incubation, in no case were yeast or total yeast and mold populations detected in the eight food products using Petrifilm™ YM plates significantly lower than respective populations detected using traditional pour- and surface-plating techniques and media. When Petrifilm™ YM plates were used, significantly higher total yeast and mold populations were detected in 3, 1, and 1 out of eight food products compared to using, respectively, pour-APDA, surface-APDA, and surface-CPCA enumeration systems. The Petrifilm™ YM plate offers an acceptable alternative to traditional methods for enumerating yeasts and molds in the dairy and high-acid products evaluated in this study.
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Herman, Marc. "What Is the Subject of Principle 2 in Maimonides's Book of the Commandments? Towards a New Understanding of Maimonides's Approach to Extrascriptural Law." AJS Review 44, no. 2 (2020): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009420000069.
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AbstractAmong Maimonides's many statements about extrascriptural laws in rabbinic literature, none has attracted as much attention as principle 2 in his Book of the Commandments. Modern scholars have largely understood this text to claim that very few of the laws found in rabbinic literature are Sinaitic in origin and of biblical status. Yet, until the twentieth century, principle 2 was primarily read as distinguishing between revealed laws that constitute enumerated commandments and revealed laws that do not. In fact, neither reading is consistent with other Maimonidean statements. By contextualizing principle 2 within the Book of the Commandments, this essay reconsiders Maimonides's enumeration of the commandments and argues that many of the problems that principle 2 was designed to address, and that it also generated, resulted from the incongruity of his project of enumerating precisely 613 commandments alongside his understanding of revelation as a corpus that included not only the Written Torah but innumerable extrascriptural traditions as well. An appendix evaluates pertinent aspects of the most recent monograph dedicated to Maimonides's scriptural hermeneutics.
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LINTON, R. H., J. B. WEBSTER, M. D. PIERSON, J. R. BISHOP, and C. R. HACKNEY. "The Effect of Sublethal Heat Shock and Growth Atmosphere on the Heat Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 2 (1992): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.2.84.
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Log phase cells of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A were heat shocked in Trypticase Soy + 0.6% yeast extract (TSYE) broth at 48°C for 10 min, followed by heating at 55°C for up to 50 min. Heat resistance was determined using nonselective (TSYE) and selective (McBride Listeria) enumeration media which were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic environments. D55°C-values for heat shocked cells were 2.1-fold higher than nonheat shocked cells (18.7 min vs. 8.89 min) when cells were enumerated on TSYE agar aerobically and 2.2-fold higher (26.4 min vs. 12.0 min) for cells enumerated anaerobically on TSYE agar. When cells were enumerated aerobically on McBride Listeria (ML) agar, D55°C-values for heat shocked cells were 1.4-fold higher than nonheat shocked cells (9.55 min vs. 6.69 min). No growth was observed on ML agar anaerobically. The physiological condition of the microorganism, the enumeration medium, and the growth environment greatly affected the heat resistance of logphase cells of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A.
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Dias, Jerry Ray. "A Formula Periodic Table for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons and the Aufbau and Excised Internal Structure Concepts in Benzenoid Enumerations." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, no. 8 (1989): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-0818.
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Abstract The genesis of two concepts of recent importance to isomeric polyhex enumeration is traced. As it will become evident from this review, the philosophy of our approach stresses the enumeration of select benzenoid groups of practical interest to chemists. These concepts were pivotal to the first published enumerations of the strictly peri-condensed, non-Kekulean, and essentially strain-free total resonant sextet benzenoid groups.
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ZHAO, YANG, MORIHIRO HAYASHIDA, JIRA JINDALERTUDOMDEE, HIROSHI NAGAMOCHI, and TATSUYA AKUTSU. "BREADTH-FIRST SEARCH APPROACH TO ENUMERATION OF TREE-LIKE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 11, no. 06 (2013): 1343007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720013430075.
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Molecular enumeration plays a basic role in the design of drugs, which has been studied by mathematicians, computer scientists, and chemists for quite a long time. Although many researchers are involved in developing enumeration algorithms specific to drug design systems, molecular enumeration is still a hard problem to date due to its exponentially increasing large search space with larger number of atoms. To alleviate this defect, we propose efficient algorithms, BfsSimEnum and BfsMulEnum to enumerate tree-like molecules without and with multiple bonds, respectively, where chemical compounds are represented as molecular graphs. In order to reduce the large search space, we adjust some important concepts such as left-heavy, center-rooted, and normal form to molecular tree graphs. Different from many existing approaches, BfsSimEnum and BfsMulEnum firstly enumerate tree-like compounds by breadth-first search order. Computational experiments are performed to compare with several existing methods. The results suggest that our proposed methods are exact and more efficient.
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Karolenko, Caitlin E., Arjun Bhusal, Dhiraj Gautam, and Peter M. Muriana. "Selenite Cystine Agar for Enumeration of Inoculated Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Stressful Conditions during Antimicrobial Validation Studies." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030338.
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Process validation studies often require the inoculation of select foodborne pathogens into targeted foods to determine the lethality of the process or antimicrobial ingredients, and quantitative recovery of surviving inoculum bacteria helps to make those assessments. Such processes introduce various stressors on the inoculated challenge microorganisms whereby traditional selective media are too harsh to enumerate the remaining viable and injured population quantitatively. Innate antibiotic resistance of challenge organisms has often been used to establish simple selective media (i.e., Tryptic Soy Agar/TSA + antibiotics) for recovering inoculated strains, but sometimes antibiotic resistant background microorganisms are higher than desired. Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, Salmonella Hadar MF60404, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, and Salmonella Typhimurium H3380 were characterized for antibiotic resistance and acid adaptation in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 0%, 0.25%, or 1.0% glucose. Sodium pyruvate was evaluated for recovery after stress but no enhancing effect was observed, possibly because the strains were acid-adapted. Selenite Cystine Broth, traditionally used as a selective enrichment broth, was used as the basis for Selenite Cystine Agar (SCA) in combination with three antibiotics to which our Salmonella are resistant. Serovars of Salmonella, both individually and in mixtures, were enumerated on TSA, SCA, Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD), and Hektoen Enteric (HE) selective agars (all containing the same antibiotics) after conditions of nutrient starvation, desiccation, acid stress, and thermal stress. The data show that quantitative enumeration of our Salmonella serovars on SCA was not significantly different (p > 0.05) than those achieved on TSA for all tested stress categories. Levels of Salmonella enumerated on XLD and/or HE were significantly different (p < 0.05) than on TSA and SCA and often more than 1–2-log lower, consistent with the inhibition of injured cells. These data confirm that SCA (+ antibiotics) is a suitable selective medium for enumeration of these acid-adapted Salmonella serovars as challenge organisms recovered from various conditions of stress.
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Lucian, Zastko, Bereta Martin, Timko Jaroslav, and Belyaev Igor. "Classifier Spot Count Optimization of Automated Fluorescent Slide Scanning System." Acta Medica Martiniana 22, no. 1 (2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2022-0004.
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Abstract Purpose: Ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent the most sensitive endpoint for assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to γH2AX and 53BP1. Although several approaches and software packages were developed for the quantification of IRIF, not one of them was commonly accepted and inter-laboratory variability in the outputs was reported. In this study, the sensitization of Metafer software to counting also small appearing IRIF was validated. Materials and Methods: Human lymphocytes were γ-irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy. The cells were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2, and 18 hours post-irradiation, permeabilized and IRIF were immunostained using appropriate antibodies. Cell images were acquired with the automatic Metafer system. Radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci were enumerated using either manual counting (JCountPro program) or the Metafer software (after its classifier optimization has been done) and compared. The statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA. Results: The enumeration of 53BP1, γH2AX foci manually by JCountPro did not statistically significantly differ from the automatic one performed with the optimized Metafer classifier. A detailed step-by-step protocol of this successful optimization is described in this study. Conclusions: We concluded that the Metafer software after the optimization was efficient in objectively enumerating IRIF, having a potential for usage in clinics and molecular epidemiology.
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Wienöbst, Marcel, Malte Luttermann, Max Bannach, and Maciej Liskiewicz. "Efficient Enumeration of Markov Equivalent DAGs." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 10 (2023): 12313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26451.
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Enumerating the directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of a Markov equivalence class (MEC) is an important primitive in causal analysis. The central resource from the perspective of computational complexity is the delay, that is, the time an algorithm that lists all members of the class requires between two consecutive outputs. Commonly used algorithms for this task utilize the rules proposed by Meek (1995) or the transformational characterization by Chickering (1995), both resulting in superlinear delay. In this paper, we present the first linear-time delay algorithm. On the theoretical side, we show that our algorithm can be generalized to enumerate DAGs represented by models that incorporate background knowledge, such as MPDAGs; on the practical side, we provide an efficient implementation and evaluate it in a series of experiments. Complementary to the linear-time delay algorithm, we also provide intriguing insights into Markov equivalence itself: All members of an MEC can be enumerated such that two successive DAGs have structural Hamming distance at most three.
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Kilibarda, Goran. "Enumeration of certain classes of antichains." Publications de l'Institut Math?matique (Belgrade) 97, no. 111 (2015): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pim140406001k.
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An antichain is here regarded as a hypergraph that satisfies the following property: neither of every two different edges is a subset of the other one. The paper is devoted to the enumeration of antichains given on an n-set and having one or more of the following properties: being labeled or unlabeled; being ordered or unordered; being a cover (or a proper cover); and finally, being a T0-, T1- or T2-hypergraph. The problem of enumeration of these classes comprises, in fact, different modifications of Dedekind?s problem. Here a theorem is proved, with the help of which a greater part of these classes can be enumerated. The use of the formula from the theorem is illustrated by enumeration of labeled antichains, labeled T0-antichains, ordered unlabeled antichains, and ordered unlabeled T0-antichains. Also a list of classes that can be enumerated in a similar way is given. Finally, we perform some concrete counting, and give a table of digraphs that we used in the counting process.
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Mazza, Veronica, Silvia Pagano, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Multiple Object Individuation and Exact Enumeration." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 5 (2013): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00349.
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Exact computation of numerosity requires the selective individuation of the elements to be enumerated so that each element is counted once and only once. Such a mechanism should operate not only when the elements to be enumerated are presented in isolation but also when they are presented in cluttered scenes. To uncover the electrophysiological correlates of the level of object representation necessary for exact enumeration, we examined ERP measures during the execution of a target enumeration task. A variable number (1–4) of lateralized targets were presented with or without distracters on the target side. An early nonlateralized response (N1, 120–180 msec) was modulated by target numerosity only when presented without distracters. By contrast, the amplitudes of a lateralized and later response (N2pc, 180–300 msec) increased as a function of target numerosity both with and without distracters, reaching a plateau at three targets. We propose that the stage of processing reflected in the N2pc corresponds to the component of individuation that binds specific indexes to properties and locations and that this provides the representation type necessary for exact enumeration.
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Antonova, Maryna. "ENUMERATION AS A MEANS TO STRUCTURE THE PROCESSES DOMAIN WITHIN ECONOMIC SYSTEM." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 30 (2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2021.30.1.
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This paper explores cognitive aspects of enumeration. The material of the study is economic discourse. Enumeration is considered as a means to structure and represent conceptual information within economic discourse. Cognitive approach to enumeration involves analysing both homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative series. In economic discourse semantically homogeneous enumerations are represented by economic spheres of human activity, while semantically heterogeneous enumerative series presuppose correlation between economic and other spheres of human activity. In economic discourse the structure of enumerative sequence is represented by linear and hierarchical constituents. The linear structure may consist of at least two different components of enumeration. In some cases more than one linear enumeration is used in one sentence. In case of a hierarchical structure one of the elements of the main enumerative sequence is subdivided into a subordinate enumerative block. The analysis of enumerative series provided conceptual knowledge represented by the following domains within economic system: the processes domain, the institutes domain, the instruments domain and the indicators domain. The processes domain is analysed in this article. Macroeconomic processes, namely globalisation, regionalisation and transition economy are represented by semantically homogeneous enumerative series. The study of semantically heterogeneous enumerative series allowed to structure knowledge about the macroeconomic processes of globalisation and regionalisation, as well as the microeconomic investment process. Homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerations name, specify, categorise and define the economic system constituents, as well as determine their potential and consequences for the economy.
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Margono, Margono, and Rahman Rahman. "Implementasi Sistem Informasi Dokumen Pencacah Unit Distribusi Badan Pusat Statistik Sulawesi Selatan." Journal Software, Hardware and Information Technology 1, no. 1 (2021): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/shift.v1i1.5.
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Deputy for distribution statistics and services for the Central Statistics Agency of South Sulawesi (BPS Sulawesi Selatan), who is responsible for scheduling and organizing the Distribution Pattern Survey has difficulties in organizing enumeration documents, both in organizing District BPS documents, and in managing the history of the result surveys that have been conducted. The existing survey management software was not specifically intended for managing enumerator document files. In fact, the results of the evaluation of the enumerator documents determine the further policy regarding the implementation or postponement of the police survey in the South Sulawesi district. This study developed a document enumerator document information system software to facilitate South Sulawesi BPS (BPS Sulsel) in managing enumerator documents. The existence of an enumerator document information system is a practical solution that facilitates data organization while speeding up the document evaluation process. The software is developed using the waterfall development model. Testing software implementation uses the Mean Opinion Score or MOS to assess the success of the software. The test results obtained a 97.5% percentage of the MOS score showing the success of using the software in supporting the process of evaluating the enumerator documents.
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Lin, Yi-Kuei, and Shin-Guang Chen. "An Exact Enumeration Method to Find d-MPs in Multistate Networks." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 26, no. 06 (2019): 1950026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539319500268.
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The enumeration approaches are important topics in network reliability calculation. For general purposes, the explicit enumeration (EE) is the popular method to apply. However, the low-cost feature of EE sacrifices its efficiency. A great improvement of EE is the invention of fast enumeration (FE), which creates a low-cost way of general purpose enumeration method with very good efficiency for applications. But for the enumeration in network reliability calculation, the optimal number of enumerations can be shown to be [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of minimal paths and [Formula: see text] is the demand of flow. FE still has the complexity far greater than the optimal one. This paper proposes an exact enumeration method for network reliability calculation, which has the complexity no greater than [Formula: see text]. This method greatly improves the enumeration efficiency than FE. So, it is believed to be very valuable to the large real-life applications. Benchmarks are made to show the efficiency of the proposed method.
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Williamson, Kurt E., K. Eric Wommack, and Mark Radosevich. "Sampling Natural Viral Communities from Soil for Culture-Independent Analyses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (2003): 6628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6628-6633.2003.
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ABSTRACT An essential first step in investigations of viruses in soil is the evaluation of viral recovery methods suitable for subsequent culture-independent analyses. In this study, four elution buffers (10% beef extract, 250 mM glycine buffer, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, and 1% potassium citrate) and three enumeration techniques (plaque assay, epifluorescence microscopy [EFM], and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) were compared to determine the best method of extracting autochthonous bacteriophages from two Delaware agricultural soils. Beef extract and glycine buffer were the most effective in eluting viable phages inoculated into soils (up to 29% recovery); however, extraction efficiency varied significantly with phage strain. Potassium citrate eluted the highest numbers of virus-like particles from both soils based on enumerations by EFM (mean, 5.3 × 108 g of dry soil−1), but specific soil-eluant combinations posed significant problems to enumeration by EFM. Observations of virus-like particles under TEM gave confidence that the particles were, in fact, phages, but TEM enumerations yielded measurements of phage abundance (mean, 1.5×108 g of dry soil−1) that were about five times lower. Clearly, the measurement of phage abundance in soils varies with both the extraction and enumeration methodology; thus, it is important to assess multiple extraction and enumeration approaches prior to undertaking ecological studies of phages in a particular soil.