Tesis sobre el tema "Environmental aspects of Textile fabrics"

Copper hydroxide-treated surfaces are commonly used to control roots in horticultural production systems, although the particulars of Cu movement from the treated surface are largely unknown. The rate and temporal pattern of Cu mobility from in-ground Cu-treated growing baskets, and the fate of this Cu, was studied. In a field experiment involving Acer platanoides, an alternative Cu formulation consisting of Cu metal powder was determined to move slightly more slowly from the basket fabric than Cu(OH)2 over the first season while providing adequate root control. Addition of Glomus intraradices inoculum to the basket system increased the mobility of Cu metal and had no effect on Cu(OH) 2. This suggests that VAM fungi can actively solubilize Cu metal. These results also confirm that the chemistry of the Cu, possibly in addition to the chemistry of the resin, determines Cu movement from the treated surface. The fate of Cu from in-ground baskets planted with Acer jinnala was elucidated in a second field experiment. After one field season, the majority of Cu initially on the basket fabric had been deposited in the soil both in- and outside the basket. While Cu recovered in leachate represented only a tiny fraction of basket Cu, the concentration of Cu in leachate exceeded acceptable limits in the majority of samples. This indicates that the use of Cu(OH) 2-treated baskets in the field may have a negative impact on groundwater quality.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Similar to the energy crisis, the critical state of the water supply in South Africa (SA) is a combination of (i) resource exhaustion and pollution; (ii) increasing demand; and (iii) poor infrastructure. Despite its importance, water is the most poorly managed resource in the world. The disposal of industrial effluents contributes greatly to the poor quality of water. The textile industry consumes great quantities of water and produces enormous volumes of wastewater which requires appropriate treatment before being released into the environment. In an attempt to address the water issues, research globally has focused on advanced technologies such as desalination to increase limited pure water resources. The need for alternative desalination methods for the production of clean water from alternative water resources, such as seawater and brackish water, has gained worldwide attention. Reverse osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) have been used as unswerving approaches to yield freshwater. Forward osmosis (FO) is a developing membrane technology that has increased substantial attention as a possible lower-energy desalination technology. However, challenges such as suitable FO membranes, membrane fouling, concentration polarisation, and the availability of effective draw solutions (DS), limit FO technology. FO is seeking more importance in novel areas where separation and recovery of the DS is not required. The aims of this study was to: i) identify alternative water resources and evaluate their potential as suitable feed solution (FS); ii) Identify dyes and evaluate their potential as suitable draw solutions (DS) at different concentrations; iii) assess the use of aquaporin biomimetic membrane and iv) assess a FO system for the production of dye solutions. Osmotic pressure (OP) is the pressure exerted by the flow of water through semi-permeable membrane, separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute. The DS should always have OP higher than the FS in order to achieve high water flux. Three basic dyes (i.e. Maxilon Turquoise, Red and Blue) and three reactive dyes (i.e. Carmine, Olive Green and Black) were selected, based on their common use in the SA textile industry. The respective dye samples were prepared at different concentrations and dye-to-salt mass ratios ranging from 1:10 to 1:60 and assessed for OP using a freezing point osmometer. A lab-scale FO unit was used for all the studies. Feed and draw channels were circulated in a counter-current flow at a volumetric flow rate of 600 mL/min. Feed solutions(FS) included deionised water (DI) as a control, brackish water (BW), synthetic seawater (SSW) and textile wastewater (TWW) collected from two textile factories. OP of the FS (DI, BW5, SSW and SW, Factory 1 and Factory 2) was 0, 414, 2761, 2579, 1505 and 3308 kPa, respectively. Basic Blue and Reactive Black generated a higher OP compared to other selected dyes in the study and were therefore selected to be used as DS at a 1:10 dye-to-salt ratio and 0.02 M concentration. An aquaporin biomimetic FO membrane (Aquaporin, Denmark) was used for all the experiments conducted in the FO mode.

Thesis (MEng (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have gained considerable interest in the wastewater treatment industry. Low selectivity to organic pollutants and the high oxidation potentials provided by the free radicals produced from these processes are the root of this interest. Hydroxyl radical based AOPs seemed to dominate the field but recently sulphate radical based AOPs started to become more popular due to their even higher oxidation potential. The textile industry is known to be a considerable contributor to wastewater production. Many pollutants in this wastewater are organic pollutants which are very persistent to the more traditional treatment processes such as biological treatment and membrane filtration. Numerous studies have shown the potential and success of catalytic AOPs for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. One such process is the use of a cobalt oxide nano-catalyst in conjunction with a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidizer (Co3O4/PMS). The shortcoming with nano-catalysts however are the difficulty of recovering the catalyst in a slurry system or the effective immobilization of the catalyst in a continuous system. To address the issue of nano-catalyst immobilization, two different methods were used in the study to effectively immobilize the catalyst in a substrate. The methods were compared by utilizing the permeable reaction barriers in a continuous flow reactor. A bench scale reactor of 2.4 L/hr was designed and used to study the effect of PMS, catalyst mass and flow rate on the degradation efficiency and to determine the residence time and catalyst per PRB cross-sectional area ratio. A scale up rationale was formulated based on a constant residence time and the catalyst mass per PRB cross-sectional area ratio. Two design correlations were developed to predict the size of the permeable barrier and the catalyst mass required for the scale up PRB system. These parameters were used to design a reactor 30 times that of the bench scale reactor. In both reactors the optimum degradation occurred within 2 minutes indicating the success for catalyst immobilization and the development of a continuous reactor utilizing the Co3O4/PMS advanced oxidation technology.

Thesis (DTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
This thesis is an investigation into environmental sustainability in the South African fashion industry, with a particular focus on the role of design therein. The fashion and textile industry is a significant contributor to the South African economy and a major user of human and natural resources. It is through the use of resources – natural, constructed and human – that the industry is also supposedly damaging to the natural environment and the people working within it. Notable authors on environmentally sustainable design and, in particular, environmentally sustainable fashion design, seem to suggest that a holistic approach to environmental sustainability is fundamental to the implementation thereof. Design has the ability to direct change, and thus design and designers have the potential to drive holistic sustainable practices in the fashion system.The question this research therefore poses is what the role of environmental sustainability should be in a design-driven approach in the South African fashion industry; interrogated through an exploratory and descriptive case study. The case study consists of three purposively selected sub-units that operate within an environmentally sustainable focus in their fashion businesses, and that design, produce, and retail fashion products. The aim of the research was to explore, through a snapshot of the South African fashion system, the implementation of environmental sustainability in the fashion industry in South Africa, in order to determine what role fashion design practice can have in developing environmental sustainability in the fashion system.The most notable finding of the research highlights the immense difficulty of operating as a fashion business from an environmentally sustainable focus in South Africa due to the lack (and unsuitability) of resources that can be considered environmentally sustainable. The declining textile industry of South Africa makes it either almost impossible, or very costly, to work within an environmentally sustainable framework, and is a major impediment in the implementation of environmental sustainability in praxis. Therefore, those businesses that decide to operate within an environmentally sustainable framework do so because of inherent personal values and ethics.The second aspect identified in the survey of scholarship and underpinned by the findings, is a need for a transformative approach with regard to design praxis and how design praxis can influence consumer eco-consciousness. The research concludes with a recommended framework that suggests a holistic and integrated approach to design-driven environmental sustainability in the South African fashion industry, and elaborates on the role of the fashion designer in the implementation of environmental sustainability in the fashion system. The holistic and integrated approach should extend into fashion design education, requiring a fundamental shift in current fashion design education in South Africa.
University of Johannesburg

Crisis of water pollution in Yangtze River Delta Nowadays, more and more incidents that is regarding the pollution of blue-green algae are reported to the public by media, and the water pollution becomes worse and worse, even in some area which has large amount of population, there is happening with the shortage of water because of the poor water quality. Exploring the culprit, the undue development of industrialization is one of the important factor. Especially in Yangtze River Delta, what the most serious water pollution causer is the textile industry, in the meantime, it is one of the pillar industry in Yangtze River Delta. However how to balance the environmental aspect with the textile industry would be the challenge for us as well as local government. So in this thesis, taking Hangzhou as an example to really figure out the way of integration environment, textile industry and inhabitant in rural area, mainly constructing water treatment system after biochemical treatment in textile mills for degradation of toxic substance involve in waste water, and try to reutilize on-site component such as abandoned channel, fishponds, farmland and demolished poor textile mills, transforming them into components of water treatment system, phytoremediation are introduced to help treatment system, providing an opportunity to integrate these three parts, and improving life quality of textile industrial gathering zone in Hangzhou.
published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture

CNPQ; Fundação Araucária; FPTI
Nos últimos anos observou-se um crescimento das atividades industriais que provocou impactos significativos aos recursos naturais, e as preocupações com o ambiente em geral adquirem especial importância. Neste contexto, a indústria têxtil considerada uma importante atividade responsável por parte desse desenvolvimento, se caracteriza como geradora de efluente líquido amplamente poluidor devido ao grande volume de água necessária nesse processo produtivo. Levando em consideração os métodos convencionais e também as dificuldades no tratamento dos efluentes têxteis, o processo eletrolítico conhecido como eletrofloculação se constitui em uma possibilidade importante. Este processo envolve a desestabilização de poluentes emulsificados, ou em suspensão, em meio aquoso. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi implantar um sistema de tratamento híbrido utilizado na remoção do corante reativo azul 5G de um efluente têxtil sintético, através da eletrofloculação associada a adição de coagulante natural a base de Moringa oleífera Lam, a fim de potencializar o nível de tratamento que seria alcançado com as técnicas utilizadas isoladamente Inicialmente trabalhou-se exclusivamente com a eletrofloculação para a remoção do corante. As variáveis analisadas foram: ddp (diferença de potencial aplicado), tempo e pH. Considerando o intervalo de confiança de 95% somente o termo quadrático da ddp e o termo linear do pH se mostraram significativos. Os valores de remoção da cor para os ensaios variaram de 64,38 a 90,87% e para a validação uma remoção média de 89,01%, valores muito próximos do predito pelo modelo. Na sequência foi realizada a otimização das condições para obtenção do extrato aquoso de Moringa oleífera. Avaliou-se as seguintes condições: salinidade e tempo de extração. A concentração do coagulante obtido, em água turva sintética também foi um dos fatores estudados. As melhores condições para o extrato aquoso de Moringa oleífera foram: 20 segundos de agitação em ultrassom, e solução de 20% em cloreto de sódio. Para potencializar o nível de tratamento as duas técnicas (eletrofloculação e coagulante natural a base de Moringa oleífera), foram testadas inicialmente em batelada e na sequência em fluxo contínuo. Os ensaios em batelada foram divididos em duas partes, o primeiro DCCR avaliou a intensidade de corrente elétrica (I), o tempo da eletrofloculação e a concentração do coagulante (MO), o qual obteve uma remoção de cor de 77,27% a 91,33%. Porém, nenhum termo foi significativo, mas o tempo apresentou menor efeito. Sendo assim, um novo planejamento foi realizado, o segundo DCCR, fixando o tempo na condição mínima, além das faixas de I e MO que também foram reduzidas. Obteve-se então uma remoção da cor para os ensaios de 13,45 a 80,8%, e para a validação uma remoção média de 86,56%. Para o módulo contínuo, as variáveis estudadas foram a intensidade de corrente elétrica (I), concentração do coagulante (MO) e tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH). Dentre elas somente o TRH não se mostrou significativo. A remoção da cor variou de 8,46% a 90,25%. Nestes ensaios também foram realizados as análises das concentrações de Ferro Residual, e os valores obtidos variaram de 3,70 mg.L-1 a 9,03 mg.L-1, ficaram abaixo do valor máximo permissível pela Legislação (15 mg.L-1). Para maximizar a remoção da cor e minimizar a concentração de ferro residual, a função desejabilidade do software STATISTICA™ foi utilizada e nessas condições somente a I e a MO foram significativas. A partir da validação foi possível observar a tendência de remoção prevista pelo modelo. Obteve-se uma remoção da cor para a validação de 71,38% e uma concentração média de ferro residual de 5,2237 mg. L-1, porém, com um erro distante do esperado (32,85%).
In recent years there has been a growth of industrial activities that caused significant impacts to natural resources, and concerns about the environment in general are of particular importance. In this context, the textile industry considered an important activity responsible for part of that development is characterized as liquid effluent generating widely polluter due to the large volume of water needed in this production process. Taking into account the conventional methods and also the difficulties in treating textile effluents, the electrolytic process known as eletrofloculation constitutes an important possibility. This process involves the destabilization of the emulsified pollutants, or suspension in aqueous medium. Thus the aim of this study was to implement a hybrid treatment system used in removing the blue reactive dye 5G of a synthetic textile effluent by eletrofloculation associated with adding natural coagulant the basis of Moringa Oleifera Lam, in order to enhance the level treatment would be achieved with the techniques used alone initially worked up exclusively with eletrofloculation to remove the dye. The variables analyzed were: ddp (potential difference applied), time and pH. Whereas the 95% confidence interval only the quadratic term of the linear term DDP and pH were significant. The removal of color values for the tests ranged from 64.38 to 90.87% and validating an average removal of 89.01%, very close values predicted by the model. Following was carried out to optimize the conditions for obtaining the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera. Salinity and extraction time: The following conditions were evaluated. The concentration of the coagulant obtained in synthetic turbid water was also one of the factors studied. The best conditions for the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera were 20 seconds of ultrasound in agitation, and solution of 20% sodium chloride. To enhance the level of treatment the two techniques (eletrofloculation and natural coagulant Moringa oleifera the base), were initially tested in batch and following streaming. The batch tests were divided into two parts, the first CCRD evaluated the intensity of electric current (I), the time eletrofloculation and concentration of the coagulant (MO), which obtained a color removal of 91 to 77.27% 33%. But no term was significant, but time showed less effect. Thus, a new planning was done, the second CCRD, setting the time at a minimum, in addition to the R and MO tracks that were also reduced. There was thus obtained a removal color for testing 13.45 to 80.8%, and validating an average removal of 86.56%. For the continuous form, the variables studied were the intensity of electric current (I), the coagulant concentration (MO) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Among them only HRT was not significant. The color removal ranged from 8.46 % to 90.25%. In these assays were also performed the analysis of the residual iron concentrations, and the values obtained ranged from 3.70 mg L- 1 to 9.03 mg.L-1, were below the maximum value allowable by law (15 mg.L-1). To maximize the removal of color and minimize the residual concentration of iron, the desirability function STATISTICA ™ software was used and under these conditions only I and MO were significant. From the validation was observed removing trend predicted by the model. Obtained was a color removal for the validation of 71.38 % and an average concentration of 5.2237 mg.L-1 of residual iron, but with a far from the expected error (32.85%).

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how food start-ups (FS) can make their primary food packaging (PFP) more eco-friendly by identifying and evaluating the performance of suited packaging alternative. The purpose was fulfilled by answering the three research questions:  RQ1) How to assess the eco-friendliness of PFP? RQ2) Which are areas of improvement in environmental performance? RQ3) What are the differences in performance across similar PFP’s?  Methods: To answer the research questions both the literature review and empirical data was required. The literature study was conducted to gather relevant theories about primary food packaging in food start-ups. To get the required empirical data, a single case study was conducted at a case company that suited the subject. The case study consisted of multiple interviews and document study. This enabled for an analysis in the form of pattern matching in order to answer the research questions and achieve the purpose.  Findings: The Study found that to assess the PFP that have direct impact on the environment the functional features and the environmental framework play a central role in the eco- friendliness of PFPs which analyzed the requirements for the PFP and a multi criteria decision making approach for the environmental assessment for the Green-PE. The stakeholder expectations were found by analyzing the criterion for the PFP. In addition, a comparison for an eco-friendlier alternative was analyzed with the current Green-PE to justify the performance for the PFP in FS.  Implications: The study results present practical implications with assessing the current Green-PE and evaluating the gaps for improvement areas, while also comparing similar PFP which is an eco-friendlier option for food packaging start-ups. As there has been no general theoretical implications, the findings of the thesis can be used as a basis for deeper insights into the subject through more extensive research.  Delimitations & Scope: The focus was to identify and evaluate the current PFP environmental impact and not the other aspects of the life cycle assessment since the scope was limited. Also, a single case study was used rather than multiple case studies to analyze the eco-friendliness for PEPs.

M. Tech. Fashion Design
Globalization has made it possible to produce cheap clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low that they tempt the consumers into buying them and not thinking twice about disposing of them. The idea of "fast fashion" leaves a pollution footprint, with each step of the clothing life cycle generating potentially environmental and occupational hazards. The primary purpose of this study was to examine consumers' understanding of sustainable clothing and to determine if their knowledge could have some positive influence on the frequency of purchase and disposal of clothing.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
技術及職業教育研究所
98
The purposes of research will provide an analysis on the manpower requirements of Environmental - friendly textile fabrics. Natural resources is dwindling and being exhausted. Furthermore, it is getting warmer. The textile industry were facing changing and upgrading. Environmental-friendly textile fabrics were made under environmental awareness and the innovation of textile industry. To arouse environmental awareness is one of the most important trends of cosuming in the future. Environmental - friendly textile fabrics consumption rate continues to grow. In this study, semi-structured interview was used to explore the manpower requirements on environmental-friendly textile fabrics from the enterprises’ viewpoints. Major conclusions of this study were as follows: 1.The textile industry were facing the problem of workforce gap and the manpower-cultivating lack on textile-related institutes. 2.Graduates of textile-related institutes and workforces possessing work experience were primary conditions of manpower requirements. 3.Education qualification is just a kind of threshold, however, it does not equal to the whole working ability. The most important capacity was the attitude of working. 4.The capability of using foreign languages and textile development were professional demand, while characteristic and problem-solving skills regarde as social competence requirements. 5.Creativity was a key element of the existence and continuity of the enterprises. 6.The nurturing of workplace ethics and correct working attitude should be practiced in school education. 7.To associate manpower cultivation with industry demands through policy-making was important. Finally, proposing suggestions based on research results suggestions to advanced research and education-related units for reference.

by Chan Yu Keung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-141).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Table of Content --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.ix
List of Tables --- p.xiv
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Textiles Industry in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.3 --- Processes Involved in Textiles Industry --- p.2
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Typical Stages in Bleaching and Dyeing Step --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Characterization of Textile Wastewater --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Desizing --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Scouring --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Bleaching --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Mercerizing --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.5 --- Dyeing and Printing --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.6 --- Finishing --- p.8
Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of Pollutants from Textiles Industry --- p.8
Chapter 1.6 --- Related Environmental Legislation in Hong Kong --- p.9
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Water Pollution Control Ordinance --- p.9
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Waste Disposal Ordinance --- p.10
Chapter 1.6.3 --- General Sewage Charge --- p.10
Chapter 1.6.4 --- Trade Effluent Surcharge --- p.10
Chapter 1.7 --- Chemical Specific Approach --- p.11
Chapter 1.8 --- Toxicity Based Approach --- p.12
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Selection of Organisms for Bioassays --- p.13
Chapter 1.9 --- Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Test --- p.14
Chapter 1.10 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.14
Chapter 1.10.1 --- Phase I ´ؤ Toxicant Characterization --- p.15
Chapter 1.10.2 --- Phase II - Toxicant Identification --- p.16
Chapter 1.10.3 --- Phase III - Toxicant Confirmation --- p.16
Chapter 1.11 --- Ecotoxicology --- p.16
Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.18
Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.19
Chapter 3.1 --- Sources of Samples --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Growth inhibition test of a marine unicellular microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.22
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Survival test of a marine amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.25
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Survival test of a marine fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.29
Chapter 3.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.33
Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration --- p.33
Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment aeration --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Anion exchange --- p.37
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cation exchange --- p.38
Chapter 3.3.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (C18 SPE) --- p.40
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase II --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of metals --- p.46
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of anions --- p.48
Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Sample Description --- p.51
Chapter 4.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Tests --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test using Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.65
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.55
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of Mylio macrocephalus --- p.71
Chapter 4.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.71
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of filtration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.71
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of filtration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of filtration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of aeration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of aeration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of aeration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effect of anion exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.8 --- Effect of cation exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.9 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH3 on toxicity reduction --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.10 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.11 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on toxicity reduction --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.12 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on toxicity reduction --- p.101
Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase II --- p.101
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.101
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 3 on chemical reduction --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.114
Chapter 5.1 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.114
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test of Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.114
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.116
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.117
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.118
Chapter 5.1.5 --- Correlations among toxicity tests --- p.118
Chapter 5.1.6 --- Factor analysis on whole effluent toxicity tests --- p.121
Chapter 5.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase I --- p.122
Chapter 5.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.2 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Anion exchange test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Cation exchange test --- p.125
Chapter 5.2.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction test --- p.125
Chapter 5.2.6 --- Activated carbon extraction test --- p.126
Chapter 5.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation Phase II --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of C18 solid phase extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.4 --- Correlation between toxicity reduction and chemical reduction --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Anion exchange --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Cation exchange --- p.129
Chapter 5.4.3 --- C18 solid phase extraction --- p.129
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.130
Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.131
Chapter 7. --- REFERENCE --- p.133

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Technology: Chemical Engineering, M.L. Sultan Technikon, 1999.
An environmental problem facing the textile industry is the coloured effluent from the dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes. Reactive dye loss during dyeing operations is about 10 to 40 %, indicating the need to learn more about the fate of these dyes. Increasing environmental regulations are driving technical innovation to manage this problem. Good analytical techniques for the separation and detection of reactive dyes and their derivatives are necessary for monitoring dye-house effluent, as well as in the optimisation of dye synthesis, purification, formulation and application.
M

This study is a critique of Aso Ebi in Owambe social uniform and social performance phenomena of the Yoruba culture of Nigeria in West Africa. The Aso Ebi phenomenon is a social uniform that is inextricable from the Owambe spectacle of the Yoruba culture, which, in itself, is a social performance. Aso Ebi is a fabric that is selected, made into garments and worn by groups of people who are related to one another in various ways such as family, friends or comrades. The uniforms are worn for social gatherings, especially celebrations, which are popularly called Owambe. These celebrations are very elaborate and loud, much like a grand spectacle put on to show wealth, unity and flamboyance. The research is the explanation of how the Aso Ebi and Owambe social uniforms manifest themselves and this manifestation is presented through a body of artworks. The artworks seek to expose the unseen actualities involved in participating in these social performances and issues of social survival within these cultural phenomena. The analysis addresses the impacts and influence of conformity in cooperative behaviour by an individual within his/her social identity and relationships. The main question this study addresses is whether the positive factors of unity, social order and expressive visual flamboyance of the social phenomena outweigh the negative impacts particularly on the individuals who participate in these social performances. This is done by acknowledging the experiences of the participating individuals in the conformity and transmission modes of these phenomena in this culture. The visual productions of the concepts in the research are achieved through performance, collages, photography and a sculptural installation. The significance of these emergent visual productions is that they shift the focus from the impression of the group to the conformity by the individual. This highlights the problems faced by the participating individuals in the pursuit and participation of this cultural phenomenon.
Department of Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology
M.A. (Visual Arts)

Theatre is an art form that combines the art of storytelling with the visual arts. Every production begins with a blank canvas, and it is up to the director and a team of designers to discuss concepts and decide on an artistic vision for the piece. Skilled artisans work quickly as a team to produce the vision of the designer and director. During the production process waste is generated in the scene shop, props shop, costume shop, and rehearsal space. The products that are used to create the design can often contain harmful ingredients for both the artisan and the environment. No longer willing to ignore the responsibility that theatres have as stewards to the environment many artisans are leading the way by exploring safer practices and products. The research for this thesis is focused on the theatrical costume shop and examines dry cleaning, fabric painting and dyeing, and waste disposal. Alternatives to regular dry cleaning practices and commonly used and otherwise toxic products are available for a variety of processes we use in the theatre. For this study I conducted one hundred and sixty five surveys, ten interviews and a quality test amongst the dry cleaning alternatives in Austin, Texas. Three sets of seven different fabric samples were cleaned using the standard solvent and the alternative methods for dry cleaning. Four professional dyers and painters were interviewed about their dyeing process, disposal practices, and the impact that “green” products have on their work. I spoke with two experts working in wastewater about the impact dyes and paints have on wastewater treatment plants. Finally, I conducted an anonymous survey in 2010 to find out what new products or methods are in use amongst costume shop managers, dyers and painters, and production managers.
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This study introduces the Fanonian thought on race and racism, rhetoric of modernity, and new humanism as three constitutive thematic areas in order to enable a new understanding of the South African situation. These thematic areas are examined with specific reference to socio-economic development within the limited context of post-apartheid South Africa. This is done by reading Fanon’s text in the context of South Africa to provide the background against which the unfolding of the post-apartheid era and its political discourses may be analysed. In essence, this study is based on Fanon’s predictions that he made in the text written more than 50 years ago about the future of post-colonial states. Therefore, this study argues that Fanon’s thought has proven to be more prophetic with regard to post-apartheid South Africa and its political reforms which left the fundamental question of structures such as land, economy, and labour unaddressed. What happened on 27 April 1994 is not genuine liberation, but a mere transition from apartheid to democratic dispensation that left the status quo in spatial arrangements uninterrupted. Indeed, it was an elite pact between the African National Congress and white monopoly capital, which betrayed the national liberation movement and the black majority. The contention is that South Africa celebrated the cosmetic reforms that attributed the term liberation incomplete in the absence of fundamental and structural changes. What is therefore recommended is that for there to be success, there must be genuine liberation that is consistent with the needs of society. This means bringing to an end the racially marked structures and reimagining the black condition, through jobs, education, social and economic programmes aimed at empowering the black majority to depend on themselves as opposed to relying on the State.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

by Chung Ho Yan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-141).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
by Chung Ho Yan.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Figures --- p.xi
List of Plates --- p.xiv
List of Tables --- p.xv
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Textile-Dyeing Industry in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Processes Involved in Dyeing Industry --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Desizing --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Scouring --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Bleaching --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Mercerizing --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Dyeing and Printing --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.6 --- Finishing --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Characterization of Wastewater of Dyeing Industry --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity of Effluent from Textile-Dyeing Industry --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Related Environmental Legislation --- p.9
Chapter 1.6 --- Chemical Specific Approach and Toxicity Based Approach --- p.11
Chapter 1.7 --- Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Test --- p.13
Chapter 1.8 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.14
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Phase I - Toxicity Characterization --- p.15
Chapter 1.8.2 --- Phase II - Toxicity Identification --- p.15
Chapter 1.8.3 --- Phase III - Toxicity Confirmation --- p.18
Chapter 1.9 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation on Effluent from Textile-Dyeing Industry --- p.19
Chapter 1.10 --- Organisms Used for Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.20
Chapter 1.11 --- Selection of Organisms for Bioassays --- p.20
Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.24
Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.25
Chapter 3.1 --- Sources of Samples --- p.25
Chapter 3.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test - Baseline Toxicity Test --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Survival test of the marine amphipod, Hyale crassicornis" --- p.29
Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Survival test of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana" --- p.33
Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Survival test of the freshwater water flea, Daphnia magna" --- p.36
Chapter 3.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase I Toxicity Characterization --- p.40
Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.41
Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.42
Chapter 3.3.3 --- pH adjustment cation exchange test --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.4 --- pH adjustment anion exchange test --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (C18 SPE) test --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.6 --- pH adjustment XAD-2 solid phase extraction (XAD-2 SPE) test --- p.46
Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase II Toxicity Identification --- p.47
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of anions --- p.48
Chapter 3.5 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase III Toxicity Confirmation --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Mase balance test --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Spiking test --- p.51
Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.52
Chapter 4.1 --- Characteristics of Samples --- p.52
Chapter 4.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test - Baseline Toxicity Test --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Toxicity of effluent sample determined by the Microtox® test --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Hyale crassicornis survival test --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Artemia franciscana survival test --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Daphnia magna survival test --- p.51
Chapter 4.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I Toxicity Characterization --- p.57
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples determined by Hyale crassicornis survival test --- p.60
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples determined by Artemia franciscana survival test --- p.68
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples determined by Daphnia magna survival test --- p.68
Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase II Toxicity Identification --- p.72
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Baseline anion concentrations in effluent samples --- p.75
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Sample1 --- p.75
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Sample2 --- p.75
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Sample3 --- p.75
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Sample4 --- p.81
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Sample5 --- p.81
Chapter 4.4.7 --- Sample6 --- p.81
Chapter 4.5 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation 一 Phase III Toxicity Confirmation --- p.85
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Mass balance test results --- p.85
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Spiking test results --- p.96
Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.102
Chapter 5.1 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test ´ؤ Baseline Toxicity Test --- p.102
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Toxicity of effluent sample determined by the Microtox® test --- p.102
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Hyale crassicornis survival test --- p.103
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Artemia franciscana survival test --- p.104
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Toxicity of effluent samples determined by Daphnia magna survival test --- p.104
Chapter 5.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase I Toxicity Characterization --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.2 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.3 --- pH adjustment cation exchange test --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.4 --- pH adjustment anion exchange test --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (C18 SPE) test --- p.107
Chapter 5.2.6 --- pH adjustment XAD-2 solid phase extraction (XAD-2 SPE) test --- p.107
Chapter 5.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase II Toxicity Identification --- p.107
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment filtration test --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment aeration test --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment cation exchange test --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment anion exchange test --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment CI8 SPE test --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Efficiency on chemical reduction of pH adjustment XAD-2 SPE test --- p.110
Chapter 5.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase III Toxicity Confirmation --- p.110
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mass balance test results --- p.110
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Spiking test results --- p.114
Chapter 5.5 --- Comparison of Toxicant(s) Identified in the Six Dyeing Industrial Effluents --- p.117
Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicant(s) Identified in Textile-Dyeing Industrial Effluent --- p.119
Chapter 5.7 --- "Sources, Fate and Treatment of Sulfite Ion" --- p.120
Chapter 5.8 --- Toxicity of Sulfite Ion --- p.121
Chapter 5.9 --- Effect of Salinity on the Toxicity of Sulfite Ion --- p.122
Chapter 5.10 --- Recommendation --- p.123
Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES
Chapter 8. --- APPENDICES