Literatura académica sobre el tema "Essences and essential oils. Supercritical fluid chromatography"

The green solvent SC­CO2 was used to extract the volatile part, rich in thermolabile compounds, Z-sabinene hydrate and its acetate, from a Romanian mint hybrid. The best yield, 2.26%, was obtained at 92­94 bar, 50 °C (SFE 2). Kinetic study of SC­CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation and monitoring by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC­MS) analysis established optimal conditions for SC­CO2 extracts with a high content of Z-sabinene hydrate (43.5%) and its acetate (19.15%) and flavor similar to plant material (P = 90­100 bar, T = 50 °C). Only at the beginning of hydrodistillation was it possible to obtain a high content of Z-sabinene hydrate (37.3%, after 70 min), but a high content of its acetate never could be reached. This study suggests a way to obtain Z-sabinene hydrate from a natural source and reveals the importance of mild conditions to keep what is valuable in nature.

Two different extraction methods were used for a comparative study of essential oils obtained from the Humulus lupulus scCO2 (sc-supercritical) extract: microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD). As a result, the best conditions for the maximum essential oil production were determined for the MAHD method at 335 W microwave power for 30 min at water to raw material ratio of 8:3. The obtained essential oils were enriched in β-myrcene in the amount of 74.13%–89.32% (wt%). Moreover, the first application for determination of the above-mentioned volatile compounds by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with photo-diode array detection (PDA) is presented, which in comparison with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) resulted in similar values for β-myrcene and α-humulene in obtained samples within less than 1 min.

Nigella sativa L. seed essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), dry steam distillation (SD), steam distillation of crude oils obtained by solvent extraction (SE-SD), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-SD) were tested for their antibacterial activities, using the broth microdilution method and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the essential oils tested differed markedly in their chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities. The oils obtained by HD and SD were dominated by p-cymene, whereas the major constituent identified in both volatile fractions obtained by SD of extracted oils was thymoquinone (ranging between 0.36 and 0.38 g/ml, whereas in oils obtained by HD and SD, it constituted only 0.03 and 0.05 g/ml, respectively). Both oils distilled directly from seeds showed lower antimicrobial activity (MICs ≥ 256 and 32 μg/ml for HD and SD, respectively) than those obtained by SE-SD and SFE-SD (MICs ≥ 4 μg/ml). All oil samples were significantly more active against gram-positive than against gram-negative bacteria. Thymoquinone exhibited potent growth-inhibiting activity against gram-positive bacteria, with MICs ranging from 8 to 64 μg/ml.

Flos Chrysanthemi indici, an important medicinal and aromatic plant in China, is considered to have many different preservative and pharmacological properties. Considering the capability of essential oils (EOs), the present study is conducted to compare different extraction methods in order to improve yield and biological activities. Hydro-distillation (HD), steam-distillation (SD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are employed to prepare EOs from Flos Chrysanthemi indici. A total of 71 compounds are assigned by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in comparison with retention indices. These include 32 (HD), 16 (SD), 31 (SFME) and 38 (SFE) compounds. Major constituents of EOs differ according to the extraction methods were heptenol, tricosane, camphor, borneol, and eucalyptol. EOs extracted by SFME exhibit higher antioxidant activity. All EOs show varying degrees of antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.0625 to 0.125 mg/mL and SFME and SFE prove to be efficient extraction methods. EOs alter the hyphal morphology of Alternaria alternata, with visible bumps forming on the mycelium. Overall, these results indicate that the extraction method can significantly influence the composition and biological activity of EOs and SFME and SFE are outstanding methods to extract EOs with high yield and antimicrobial activity.

In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO2-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO2, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO2, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes.

Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles, Paulo de Tarso Vieira Rosa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

To contribute to the knowledge of the chemical species P. klotzschianum, P. hispidum and P. arboreum, analyzes of volatile obtained by hydrodistillation-(HD), extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction-(SFE) and identification of isolated compounds were performed using techniques such as GC/MS/FID, NMR (1D, 2D) and IV. Sesquiterpenes present in P. klotzschianum, P. hispidum and P. arboreum as the (E)-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D observed only in P.hispidum and P. klotzschianum were the main substances responsible for the high values obtained sesquiterpenes identified by HD. For the monoterpenes £]-pinene (27.19¡Ó0.27%) and £-pinene (7.17¡Ó0.50%) identified in the chemical composition of the stems of P. klotzschianum and Ô-3-carene (17.39¡Ó0.15%, 19.13¡Ó0.48%) respectively present in fresh and dry leaves of P. hispidum also deserved highlighted. The highest yield of extract using supercritical carbon dioxide-(SC-CO2) was 1.36% (80 ¢XC/220 bar) P. klotzschianum and 1.92% (80 ¢XC/200 bar) for P. hispidum, already with the addition of modifiers 2.18% for P. klotzschianum and 3.62% P. hispidum both using 5% methanol at 80 ¢XC/220 bar. By analysis of variance and F test the cosolvent was the variable that most influenced the yields of extracts for F = 288.95 (P. klotzschianum) and F = 409.59 (P.hispidum). The major compounds identified by GC/MS/FID of P. hispidum using SC-CO2 and SC-CO2 + co-solvents were germacrene D (21.08%-80 ¢XC/200 bar-isopropanol 1%) and squalene (15.18%-80 ¢X C/200 bar). Four compounds not initially identified by GC/MS/FID were isolated from extracts of SC-CO2 by column-chromatography (CC) followed by preparative layer chromatography-(CCDP): N-[3-(6-methoxy-3´, 4´-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z)-propenoyl]-pyrrolidine (PHC7_1), N-[3-(6´-methoxy-3´, 4´-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2 (E)-propenoyl]-pyrrolidine (PHC7_2), N-[7 (3´, 4´ methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z), 4(E)-heptadienoil]-pyrrolidine (PHC6_2) and N-[7 (3´, 4´ methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(E), 4(Z)-heptadienoil]-pyrrolidine (PHC9), among these only PHC7_1 was cited in the literature on P. hispidum, the others were first reported in the species, with an PHC6_2 PHC9 unpublished in the literature. In chemical composition of the extracts of P. klotzschianum, germacrene D (25.00¡Ó0.11%-40 ¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%), bicyclogermacrene (15.41¡Ó0.23%-40 ¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%), 14-oxy-muuroleno-£ (21.23¡Ó0.10%-80 ¢XC/180 bar/ethanol 3%) pipercalosidina (22.06¡Ó0.01%-40 ¢XC/180 bar/methanol 1%) and (E)-caryophyllene (11.66¡Ó0.05%-40 ¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%) are the major constituents present in the extracts obtained with SC-CO2 or addition modifier. Among the samples tested in front of IC50 HepG2 and HL-60 cells, the samples P. hispidum stems oil (94.77¡Ó1.93%-HepG2), P. klotzschianum fruit oil (90.53¡Ó1.10%-HepG2, 76.64¡Ó7.44%-HL-60) and P. klotzschianum oil fresh leaves (93.24¡Ó0.70%-HepG2) had cytotoxic activity. The oil obtained from the dried leaves of P. klotzschianum (122.372¡Ó1.247 £gg mL-1), dried leaves of P. hispidum (141.876¡Ó2.333 £gg mL-1), fresh leaves of P. arboreum (187.901¡Ó2.106 £gg mL-1) and fresh leaves P. klotzschianum (223.051¡Ó1.253 £gg mL-1) showed larvicidal activity against the mosquito Aedes aegypti.
Visando contribuir para o conhecimento quimico das especies P. klotzschianum, P. hispidum e P. arboreum, analises dos volateis obtidos por hidrodestilacao-(HD), extratos obtidos por extracao com fluido supercritico-(EFS) e identificacao de compostos isolados foram realizadas por tecnicas como CG/EM/DIC, RMN (1D, 2D) e IV. Sesquiterpenos presentes na P. klotzschianum, P. hispidum e P. arboreum como o (E)-cariofileno, biciclogermacreno e o germacreno D observados somente na P. klotzschianum e P. hispidum foram as principais substancias responsaveis pelos altos percentuais de sesquiterpenos identificados obtidos por HD. Para os monoterpenos o £]-pineno (27,19¡Ó0,27%) e £-pineno (7,17¡Ó0,50%) identificados na composicao quimica dos caules de P. klotzschianum e Ô-3-careno (17,39¡Ó0,15%-19,13¡Ó0,48%) respectivamente presente nas folhas frescas e folhas secas da P. hispidum mereceram destaque. O maior rendimento de extrato utilizando dioxido de carbono supercritico-(SC-CO2) foi 1,36% (80 ¢XC/220 bar) P. klotzschianum e 1,92% (80 ¢XC/200 bar) para a P. hispidum, ja com adicao de modificadores 2,18% para a P. klotzschianum e 3,62% para a P. hispidum ambas utilizando 5% de metanol a 80 ¢XC/220 bar. Pela analise de variancia e teste F o co-solvente foi a variavel que maior influenciou para os rendimentos dos extratos F=288,95 (P. klotzschianum) e F=409,59 (P.hispidum). Os constituintes majoritarios identificados por CG/EM/DIC para a P. hispidum utilizando SC-CO2 e SC-CO2 + co-solventes foram o germacreno D (21,08%-80 ¢XC/200 bar- isopropanol 1%) e o esqualeno (15,18%-80 ¢XC/200 bar). Quatro substancias inicialmente nao identificadas por CG/EM/DIC foram isoladas dos extratos de SC-CO2 por meio de cromatografia em coluna-(CC) seguida de cromatografia em camada preparativa-(CCDP) N-[3-(6¡¦-metoxi-3¡¦,4¡¦-metilenodioxifenil)-2(Z)-propenoil]-pirrolidina (PHC7_1), N-[3-(6¡¦-metoxi-3¡¦,4¡¦-metilenodioxifenil)-2(E)-propenoil]-pirrolidina (PHC7_2), N-[7(3¡¦,4¡¦ metilenodioxifenil)-2(Z),4(E)-heptadienoil]-pirrolidina (PHC6_2) e N-[7(3¡¦,4¡¦ metilenodioxifenil)-2(E),4(Z)-heptadienoil]-pirrolidina (PHC9), dentre estas apenas a PHC7_1 foi citada na literatura sobre P. hispidum, as demais foram relatadas pela primeira vez na especie, sendo a PHC6_2 e PHC9 ineditas na literatura. Na composicao quimica dos extratos da P. klotzschianum o germacreno D (25,00¡Ó0,11%-40 ¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%), biciclogermacreno (15,41¡Ó0,23%-40 ¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%), 14-oxi-£-muuroleno (21,23¡Ó0,10%-80 ¢XC/180 bar/etanol 3%), pipercalosidina (22,06¡Ó0,01%-40 ¢XC/180 bar/metanol 1%) e (E)-cariofileno (11,66¡Ó0,05%-40¢XC/220 bar/isopropanol 3%) foram os constituintes majoritarios presentes nos extratos obtidos com SC-CO2 ou com adicao de modificadores. Dentre as amostras testadas na IC50 frente as celulas HepG2 e HL60 as amostras P. klotzschianum oleo dos caules (94,77¡Ó1,93%-HepG2), P. klotzschianum oleo dos frutos (90,53¡Ó1,10%-HepG2, 76,64¡Ó7,44%-HL60) e P. klotzschianum oleo das folhas frescas (93,24¡Ó0,70%-HepG2) apresentaram atividade citotoxica. Os oleos obtidos das folhas secas da P. klotzschianum (122,372¡Ó1,247 £gg mL-1), folhas secas da P. hispidum (141,876¡Ó2,333 £gg mL-1), folhas frescas da P. arboreum (187,901¡Ó2,106 £gg mL-1) e folhas frescas da P. klotzschianum (223,051¡Ó1,253 £gg mL-1) apresentaram atividade larvicida contra o mosquito Aedes aegypti.

L’utilisation du dioxyde de carbone supercritique comme éluant d'extraction pour les produits naturels a fait ses preuves depuis quelques années, toutefois, il reste peu sélectif pour le fractionnement de produits de structure chimique proche. Pour la séparation de ce type de composés, les procédés chromatographiques supercritiques, au contraire, donnent de bons résultats, cependant ceux-ci sont peu productifs par rapport à l'extraction supercritique. Dans ce travail, nous présentons les recherches sur le développement d'un nouveau procédé de fractionnement baptisé extrographie qui est le couplage in situ entre extraction et chromatographie supercritique. Ce procédé est utilisé pour la séparation de produits modèles: le limonène (un terpène) et le citral (un terpène oxygéné). Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons un modèle qui permet de mieux comprendre les phénomènes impliqués lors du processus extrographique, de prévoir le comportement du système CO2-limonène-citral sous certaines contraintes, et qui permettra d'ajuster en conséquence les paramètres de la séparation limonène-citral en présence de CO2. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons les résultats de l'utilisation de ce procédé de fractionnement, dans le but de réduire la teneur en terpènes et d'extraire les composés toxiques présents dans les huiles essentielles d'agrumes. Le fractionnement suivi par GC et GC-MS, nous a permis de contrôler d'une manière plus précise les paramètres nécessaires à l'optimisation de la déterpénation et de la détoxification de ces huiles

Essential oils are amongst the most complex samples an analyst can face in terms of the number of compounds involved. In many cases, minor components are of interest as they can impart a distinctive fragrance character to the oil. Because of the closely related structures and molecular weights among terpenes, positive identification of individual compounds is very difficult with a single chromatographic technique. Further, most of the analytical information is lost when a single technique is used because of the limited peak capacity and the resulting peak overlap. For many years, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been the benchmark technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of essential oils. Retention indices and mass spectra have to be used in combination for confirmation of the identity of components in an essential oil. Other multidimensional or hyphenated techniques also offer advantages that aid in the identification of essential oil components. This thesis demonstrates the application of a comprehensively coupled supercritical fluid and fast temperature programmed gas chromatograph (SFCxGC) to the analysis of essential oils. An SFCxGC instrument was used to analyse the essential oils of Cymbopogon (lemongrass), Artemisia afra (wilde als), Tagetes minuta (kakiebos) and Pelargonium (geranium) species. The unique application of a porous layer open-tubular (PLOT) column, used in conjunction with supercritical carbon dioxide is demonstrated to effect group separation of polar, oxygenated compounds. This separation and elution of very polar compounds from a silica gel column is believed to occur due to the reduced phase ratio (ƒÒ) of the system obtained by increasing the volume available to the mobile phase compared to that of a packed column. This separation obtained in the SFC is used to separate essential oils into different chemical classes such as non-polars, ethers, alcohols. Separated chemical classes are re-injected on-line by use of a modulator into a fast, second dimension, temperature programmed GC to effect separation of individual compounds based on their volatility. The entire sample is analysed by both the SFC and GC in such a way that the resolution obtained in the first dimension is conserved by the GC analyses. By using a range of standards, some of the peaks in these oils could be assigned. The identification of compounds was greatly aided by the combination of the two separation dimensions. The comprehensive two-dimensional technique arranges component peaks in a plane from which chemical class and volatility information of each component is readily obtained. The elution pattern within the two-dimensional chromatograms may also be used for direct comparison of oils without identification of the components in the essential oils.
Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Chemistry
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