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SNELL, K. D. M. "In or Out of their Place: The Migrant Poor in English Art, 1740–1900". Rural History 24, n.º 1 (13 de marzo de 2013): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793312000209.
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AbstractThis article considers how depictions of the migrant poor in English landscape art changed between 1740 and 1900. A painting by Edward Haytley (1744) is used to illustrate some prevailing themes and representations of the rural poor in the early eighteenth century, with the labouring poor being shown ‘in their place’ socially and spatially. This is then contrasted with the signs of a restless and migrant poor which appear in a few of Gainsborough's paintings, culminating in the poverty-stricken roadside, mobile, vagrant and sometimes gypsy poor who are so salient and sympathetically depicted in George Morland's work between 1790 and 1804. While there were clearly British and European precedents for such imagery long before this period, it is argued here that English landscape art after about 1750, and especially from c. 1790, witnessed a marked upsurge of such restless and migrant imagery, which was related to institutional and demographic transformations in agrarian societies. By George Morland's death in 1804, ‘social realism’ had become firmly established in his imagery of the migrant poor, and this long predated the 1860s and 1870s which are normally associated with such a movement in British painting.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews". Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163, n.º 1 (2008): 134–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003683.
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Michele Stephen; Desire, divine and demonic; Balinese mysticism in the paintings of I Ketut Budiana and I Gusti Nyoman Mirdiana (Andrea Acri) John Lynch (ed.); Issues in Austronesian historical phonology (Alexander Adelaar) Alfred W. McCoy; The politics of heroin; CIA complicity in the global drug trade (Greg Bankoff) Anthony Reid; An Indonesian frontier; Acehnese and other histories of Sumatra (Timothy P. Barnard) John G. Butcher; The closing of the frontier; A history of the maritime fisheries of Southeast Asia c. 1850-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Francis Loh Kok Wah, Joakim Öjendal (eds); Southeast Asian responses to globalization; Restructuring governance and deepening democracy (Alexander Claver) I Wayan Arka; Balinese morpho-syntax: a lexical-functional approach (Adrian Clynes) Zaharani Ahmad; The phonology-morphology interface in Malay; An optimality theoretic account (Abigail C. Cohn) Michael C. Ewing; Grammar and inference in conversation; Identifying clause structure in spoken Javanese (Aone van Engelenhoven) Helen Creese; Women of the kakawin world; Marriage and sexuality in the Indic courts of Java and Bali (Amrit Gomperts) Ming Govaars; Dutch colonial education; The Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942 (Kees Groeneboer) Ernst van Veen, Leonard Blussé (eds); Rivalry and conflict; European traders and Asian trading networks in the 16th and 17th centuries (Hans Hägerdal) Holger Jebens; Pathways to heaven; Contesting mainline and fundamentalist Christianity in Papua New Guinea (Menno Hekker) Ota Atsushi; Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java; Society, state and the outer world of Banten, 1750-1830 (Mason C. Hoadley) Richard McMillan; The British occupation of Indonesia 1945-1946; Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution (Russell Jones) H.Th. Bussemaker; Bersiap! Opstand in het paradijs; De Bersiapperiode op Java en Sumatra 1945-1946 (Russell Jones) Michael Heppell; Limbang anak Melaka and Enyan anak Usen, Iban art; Sexual selection and severed heads: weaving, sculpture, tattooing and other arts of the Iban of Borneo (Viktor T. King) John Roosa; Pretext for mass murder; The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s coup d’état in Indonesia (Gerry van Klinken) Vladimir Braginsky; The heritage of traditional Malay literature; A historical survey of genres, writings and literary views (Dick van der Meij) Joel Robbins, Holly Wardlow (eds); The making of global and local modernities in Melanesia; Humiliation, transformation and the nature of cultural change (Toon van Meijl) Kwee Hui Kian; The political economy of Java’s northeast coast c. 1740-1800; Elite synergy (Luc Nagtegaal) Charles A. Coppel (ed.); Violent conflicts in Indonesia; Analysis, representation, resolution (Gerben Nooteboom) Tom Therik; Wehali: the female land; Traditions of a Timorese ritual centre (Dianne van Oosterhout) Patricio N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso; State and society in the Philippines (Portia L. Reyes) Han ten Brummelhuis; King of the waters; Homan van der Heide and the origin of modern irrigation in Siam (Jeroen Rikkerink) Hotze Lont; Juggling money; Financial self-help organizations and social security in Yogyakarta (Dirk Steinwand) Henk Maier; We are playing relatives; A survey of Malay writing (Maya Sutedja-Liem) Hjorleifur Jonsson; Mien relations; Mountain people and state control in Thailand (Nicholas Tapp) Lee Hock Guan (ed.); Civil society in Southeast Asia (Bryan S. Turner) Jan Mrázek; Phenomenology of a puppet theatre; Contemplations on the art of Javanese wayang kulit (Sarah Weiss) Janet Steele; Wars within; The story of Tempo, an independent magazine in Soeharto’s Indonesia (Robert Wessing) REVIEW ESSAY Sean Turnell; Burma today Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Robert Taylor, Tin Maung Maung Than (eds); Myanmar; Beyond politics to societal imperatives Monique Skidmore (ed.); Burma at the turn of the 21st century Mya Than; Myanmar in ASEAN In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (2007) no: 1, Leiden
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Szantay, Antal. "Reviews: Recent Work on European History c.1750—c.1850". European History Quarterly 37, n.º 4 (octubre de 2007): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691407081415.
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Vallina Rodríguez, Alejandro, Concepción Camarero Bullón y Laura García Juan. "Las topografías médicas de Ciudad Rodrigo: sociedad, territorio y salubridad en la raya hispanoportuguesa". Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, n.º 12 (28 de junio de 2023): 370–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2023.12.20.
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RESUMENLa presente investigación ahonda en el tratamiento integral de fuentes geohistóricas textuales. Está basada en la recuperación, el análisis y la apertura de nuevas fórmulas de conocimiento científico abiertas y extensivas a la sociedad global. Entre 1850 y 1940 se elaboran en España más de cuatrocientas obras médicas (geografías o topografías médicas), bajo influencia de las teorías higienistas en el urbanismo y la sociedad en su conjunto, que constituyen unas fuentes de información y documentación enormemente valiosas, y relativamente poco estudiadas, para el conocimiento de los espacios, urbanos y rurales, de la época. El uso del método hipotético-deductivo, modelo de amplia utilización en las ciencias geográficas y las humanidades, ha establecido como hipótesis fundamental que el paisaje y el territorio, y la información contenida en las obras médico-geográficas “Datos médico-topográficos de Ciudad Rodrigo” (1899) y “Datos para la geografía médica de Ciudad Rodrigo” (1920), se utilizarán como base para el análisis de la información que, a escala geográfica, aporta esta tipología documental, estableciendo una metodología para la extracción de información geográfica contenida en documentación histórica. Con ello, se pretende optimizar el uso de fuentes secundarias de conocimiento sobre el territorio y la sociedad, teniendo en cuenta la variedad y cantidad de información que se puede extraer de ellos, abriendo, a la vez, una vía de investigación que liga la salubridad del territorio y las estrategias para abordar problemas territoriales desde la geografía humana e histórica. Palabras clave: fuentes geohistóricas, topografías médicas, higienismo urbano, naturalismo terapéuticoTopónimos: Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca)Periodo: siglos xix y xx ABSTRACT This research delves into the comprehensive treatment of textual geohistorical sources based on the recovery, analysis and opening of new formulas of scientific knowledge open and extensive to global society. Between 1850 and 1940, more than four hundred medical works (medical geographies or topographies) were produced in Spain under the influence of hygienist theories in urban planning and constituting society a source of valuable information and documentation relatively little studied for the knowledge of the urban and rural spaces of the time. The use of the hypothetical-deductive method, a model widely used in geographical sciences and humanities, has established as a fundamental hypothesis that landscape and the territory and the information contained in the Medical-geographical works “Medical-topographical Data of Ciudad Rodrigo” (1899) and “Data for the Medical Geography of Ciudad Rodrigo” (1920), will be used as a basis for the analysis of the information that, on a geographical scale, provides this documentary typology and proposes a methodology for the extraction of geographic information contained in historical documentation. With this, it is intended to optimize the use of secondary sources of knowledge about the territory and society considering the variety and amount of information that can be extracted from them and opening, at the same time, a path of research that links health of the territory and the strategies to the approach territorial problems from the human and historical geography. Keywords: geohistorical sources, medical topographies, urban hygiene, therapeutic naturalismPlace names: Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca)Period: 19th and 20th centuries REFERENCIASArroyo Ilera, F. y Camarero Bullón, C., “Water for Madrid: The Problems of Water Supply in a Pre-industrial Capital”, en The History of Water Management in the Iberian Peninsula. Trends in the History of Science. Berlin, Birkhäuser, Cham, 2019, pp. 67- 88.Beattie, J. “Imperial landscapes of health: Place, plants and people between India and Australia, 1800´s‐1900´s”, Health and History, 14-1, (2012), pp. 100-120.Brügelmann, J. “Observations on the Process of Medicalization in Germany, 1770-1830, Based on Medical Topographies”, Réflexions historiques, 9 (1-2) (1982), pp. 131-149.Cárdenes, V., Ponce de León, M., Rodríguez, X. A., y Rubio-Ordóñez, A. “Roofing Slate Industry in Spain: History, Geology, and Geoheritage”, Geoheritage, vol. 11-1, (2019), pp.19-34.Casco Solis, J. “Las topografías médicas: revisión y cronología”, Asclepio, vol. LIII-1, (2001), pp. 213-244.Chías Navarro, P. y Abad Moreno, T., “La construcción del territorio: los puentes en Castilla y León”, en Historia de las obras públicas en Castilla y León: ingeniería, territorio y patrimonio. Madrid, Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 2008, pp. 360-361. Chun, Y., Kwan, M.P. y Griffith, D.A. “Uncertainty and context in GIScience and geography: challenges in the era of geospatial big data”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 32, (2019), pp. 12-24.Comelles, J.M. “The Role of Local Knowledge in Medical Practice: A Trans-historical Perspective”. Cult Med Psychiatry, 24, (2000), pp. 39-73.D’Onofrio R. y Trusiani E., “The Need for New Urban Planning for Healthy Cities: Reorienting Urban Planning Towards Healthy Public Policy”, en Urban Planning for Healthy European Cities. Berlin, Springer, Cham, 2018, pp. 31-41.García Juan, L. y Vallina Rodríguez, A. “SIG y bases de datos. Oportunidades y retos en la transición de los sistemas tradicionales al big data”, Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie VI Geografía, 12, (2019), pp. 135-158.García Juan, L., “Ciudad Rodrigo: al servicio del rey para la defensa de la frontera portuguesa”, en El Catastro de Ensenada. Magna Averiguación Fiscal para alivio de los vasallos y mejor conocimiento de los reinos (1749-1756). Ciudad Rodrigo, 1750. Madrid, Dirección General del Catastro, 2019, pp. 62-119. Griffin, C. “Historical Geography of Environment”, en International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Londres, 2019, pp. 169-174.Gurrutxaga, M. “Geografía de la salud: aplicaciones en la planificación territorial y urbana”, Estudios geográficos, 280-286, (2019), pp. 2-18.Huzui, A. E., Călin, I. y Pătru-Stupariu, I. “Spatial Pattern Analyses of Landscape using Multi-Temporal Data Sources”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 14, (2012), pp. 98-110.Jepson, W. “Of soil, situation, and Salubrity: Medical topography and medical officers in early nineteenth‐century British India”, Historical Geography, 32, (2004), pp. 137-155.Jori, G. “El estadio de la salud y la enfermedad desde una perspectiva geográfica: temas, enfoques y métodos”, Biblio 3W Revista bibliográfica de geografía y ciencias sociales, Vol. XVIII, n.º 1029, 15 de junio de 2013.Kearns, K.A. y Joseph, A.E. “Space in its place: Developing the link in medical geography”, Social Science Medicine, vol. 37-6, (1993), pp. 711-717.Lorenzo Briega, A., “Geografía médica española: Datos médicos topográficos de Ciudad Rodrigo”. Ciudad Rodrigo: Imp. de la Vda. e Hijos de Cuadrado, 1899, 102 pp. Oosterom, J. “The importance of hygiene in modern society”, International Biodeterioration Biodegradation, Volume 41, Issues 3–4, (1998), pp. 185-189.Parr, H. “Medical geography: critical medical and health geography?”, Progress in Human Geography, 22-2, (2004), pp. 246-257.Piovan S.E. “The Geohistorical Approach in Environmental and Territorial Studies”, en The Geohistorical Approach. Berlin, Springer Geography, 2020, pp. 5-37. Porras Galló, M. I. “Luchando contra una de las causas de invalidez: antecedentes, contexto sanitario, gestación y aplicación del decreto de vacunación obligatoria contra la viruela de 1903”. Asclepio, vol. LVI-1 (2004), pp. 145- 168.Prats, L. “La Catalunya rància les condicions de vida materials de les classes populars a la Catalunya de la Restauració segons les topografies mèdiques”. Barcelona, Ed. Alta Fulla, 1996.Sánchez Manzano, M., “Datos para la geografía médica de Ciudad Rodrigo”. Ciudad Rodrigo: Imp. De Vicente Cuadrado, 1929, 118 pp. Smyth, F. “Medical geography: understanding health inequalities”, Progress in Human Geography, 32-1 (2008), pp. 119-127.Urteaga, L. “La teoría de los climas y los orígenes del ambientalismo”, Geo Crítica, 99, (1993), pp. 5-55.— “Higienismo y ambientalismo en la medicina decimonónica”, Dynamis, V-VI, (1985), pp. 417- 425.— “Miseria, miasmas y microbios: Las topografías médicas y el estudio del medio ambiente en el siglo xix”, Geo Crítica, 5-29, (1890), pp.1-40.Vallina Rodríguez, A. “La provincia de Salamanca en el siglo xviii”, en El Catastro de Ensenada. Magna averiguación fiscal para alivio de los vasallos y mejor conocimiento de los reinos (1749-1756): Ciudad Rodrigo 1750. Dirección General de Catastro. Ministerio de Hacienda y Función Pública, 2019, pp. 48- 61.Vallina Rodríguez, A. Macedo Ruiz, E. C. y Camarero Bullón, C. “Medical Topographies: Sources for the Evolutionary Study of Territory and Landscape”, Human Geographies, 14-1 (2020), pp. 21-38.
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Grace, Pierce. "Medicine in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland, c.1350–c.1750". Irish Historical Studies 44, n.º 166 (noviembre de 2020): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2020.35.
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AbstractBetween c.1350 and c.1750 a small group of professional hereditary physicians served the Gaelic communities of Ireland and Scotland. Over fifty medical kindreds provided advice regarding health maintenance and treatment with herbs and surgery. Their medical knowledge was derived from Gaelic translations of medieval European Latin medical texts grounded in the classical works of Hippocrates and Galen, and the Arab world. Students studied in medical schools where they copied and compiled medical texts in Irish, some for use as handbooks. Over 100 texts are extant. Political upheaval and scientific advances led to the eclipse of this medical world. Through examination of the Gaelic medical manuscripts and other sources this article provides an assessment of medicine in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries.
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Scammell, G. V. "European seafaring in Asia C.1500–1750". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 19, sup001 (enero de 1996): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409608723270.
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Holmes, Janice. "Review: The Religion of the People: Methodism and Popular Religion, c. 1750–1900". Irish Economic and Social History 24, n.º 1 (septiembre de 1997): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939702400118.
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Cagigal Montalbán, Ekain. "La maldición de los Archer. Una familia irlandesa al servicio del Consulado de Bilbao (siglo XVIII)". Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, n.º 12 (28 de junio de 2023): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2023.12.17.
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RESUMENMiguel Archer forma parte del enorme contingente de exiliados que dejaron Irlanda durante el siglo xviii y se establecieron a comienzos de la centuria en la villa de Bilbao. Junto a su mujer, María Geraldino –también irlandesa–, crio una próspera y exitosa familia, al tiempo que se posicionaba sólidamente en el comercio y la sociedad bilbaína. Archer trabajó en múltiples ámbitos para el Consulado de Bilbao, vínculo que su hijo Miguel hizo perdurar y engrandecer durante años. El padre ejerció durante más de 30 años como arqueador y corredor de navíos en el puerto bilbaíno, cargo que fue legándose sucesivamente a través de varios miembros de la familia. El hijo fue designado maestro de la recién creada y pionera Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao –que años después le propiciaría el nombramiento como capitán de fragata–, así como toda una suerte de comisiones relacionadas con la ingeniería civil –en muchos casos de gran relevancia– que las instituciones vizcaínas precisaban. Sin embargo, en lo más alto de los logros que la familia había alcanzado, en 1752 las calamidades comenzaron a recaer sobre los Archer-Geraldino en una sucesión de tragedias que acabarían con la casi totalidad de la familia en unos pocos años. Palabras clave: Archer, Geraldino, Consulado de Bilbao, corredor de navíosTopónimos: Bilbao, IrlandaPeríodo: siglo xviii ABSTRACTMiguel Archer is part of the huge number of exiled Catholics that were forced to leave Ireland during the early modern period. He settled in Bilbao in the early 18th century, where he married Maria Geraldino, also an Irishwoman, and both raised a prosperous and successful family whereas Archer took hold in the trade and society of Bilbao. He worked for the Consulate of Bilbao in different ways; and likewise the link was preserved and enlarged by his son Miguel. The father acted as a ship tonnage surveyor and sworn translator –successively bequeathed to other relatives– in the port of Bilbao for more than thirty years. The son was nominated lecturer of the newly created and pioneer Navigation School of Bilbao –lately enabling his appointment as navy commander in Spanish Armada– as well as many commissions related to civil engineering issues very relevant for the Biscayan public bodies. Nevertheless, in the summit of the family achievements, in 1752 a series of misfortunes arose to the Archer-Geraldinos and they were nearly extinguished as a result of a succession of tragedies in very few years. Keywords: Archer, FitzGerald/Geraldine, Consulate of Bilbao, sworn translatorPlace name: Bilbao, IrelandPeriod: 18th century REFERENCIASBilbao Acedos, A. (1999): “Los Irlandeses y el sector del curtido en Bizkaia en el siglo xviii”, Bidebarrieta, 4, pp. 295-309.— (2004): Los irlandeses de Bizkaia “Los chiguiris”. Siglo xviii, Bilbao, Fundación BBK.Binasco, M. (2018): Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908, London, Palgrave Macmillan.Cagigal Montalbán, E. (2019): “La presencia irlandesa en Bizkaia a través de los registros parroquiales (siglos xvii-xviii)”, Revista de Demografía Histórica, 37 (1), pp. 15-46.— (2020a): “Los irlandeses en los pleitos de hidalguía del Señorío de Bizkaia. Estudio comparado de fuentes”, Revista de Historia Moderna. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante, 38, pp. 255-291.— (2020b): “Miguel Archer: Desmontando el mito, aumentando el mito”, Vasconia, 44, pp. 65-91.Canny, N. (2021): “How the local can be global and the global local: Ireland, Irish Catholics and European Overseas Empires, 1500-1900”, en P. Griffin y F. D. Cogliano (eds.), Ireland and America: Empire, Revolution, and Sovereignty, Chalottesville, University of Virginia Press, pp. 23-52.Chauca García, J. (2019): De comerciante a gobernante: Ambrosio O’Higgins virrey del Perú, 1796-1801, Madrid, Ediciones Sílex.Crooks, P. y Duffy, S. (eds.) (2017): The Geraldines and Medieval Ireland: The Making of a Myth, Dublin, Four Courts Press.Cullen, L. M. (1994): “The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”, en N. Canny (ed.), Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration 1500-1800, Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. 113-149.Dickson, D., Parmentier, J. y Ohlmeyer, J. H. (eds.) (2007): Irish and Scottish Mercantile Networks in Europe and Overseas in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Gent, Academia Press.Downey, D. M. y Crespo MacLennan, J. (coords.) (2008): Spanish-Irish Relations Through the Ages, Dublin, Four Court Press.Egiluz Romero, M. A. (2006): La historia ignorada. Una visión sobre el papel de las mujeres en la vida pública de Hernani. (siglos xvi-xix), Hernani, Hernaniko udala-Hernaniko Berdintasun Kontseilua.Fannin, S. (2013): “Spanish Archives of Primary Source Material: Part II”, The Irish Genealogist, 13 (4), pp. 288-310.García Hernán, E. (2006): “Irish clerics in Madrid, 1598-1665”, en T. O’Connor y M. A. Lyons (eds.), Irish communities in early modern Europe, Dublin, Four Court Press, pp. 267-293.—(2009): Ireland and Spain in the Reign of Philip II, Dublin, Four Court Press.García Hernán, E. y Pérez Tostado, I. (eds.) (2010): Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico. Movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.García Hernán, E. y Lario de Oñate, M. C. (eds.) (2013): La presencia irlandesa durante las Cortes de Cádiz en España y América, 1812, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.Guiard Larrauri, T. (1972): Historia del Consulado y Casa de Contratación de la villa de Bilbao, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, vols. 1 y 2.Larrea Sagarmínaga, M. Á. y Labayru y Goicoechea, E. J. (1974): Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya: Caminos de Vizcaya en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.Llombart, J. y Hormigón, M. (1990): “Un libro de texto de la Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao en el siglo xviii”, en R. Codina y R. M. Llobera (coords.), Història, Ciencia i Ensenyament, Barcelona, Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas, pp. 439-451.Martin, F. X. Rev. (O.S.A.) (1949): “The Rosseters of Rathmacknee castle. Part I”, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 5, pp. 103-116.— (1950): “The Rosseters of Rathmacknee castle. Part II”, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 6, pp. 13-44.“Memoria sobre el progreso y adelanto de las obras de mejora de la ría de Bilbao” (1881), Revista de Obras Públicas, 18, pp. 209-214.O’Connor, T. y Lyons, M. A. (eds.) (2003): Irish migrants in Europe after Kinsale, 1602-1820, Dublin, Four Court Press.— (2006): Irish communities in early modern Europe, Dublin, Four Court Press.O’Connor, T. (ed.) (2001): The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815, Dublin, Four Courts Press.— (2016): Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition. Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia, London, Palgrave-Macmillan.Ordenanzas de la ilustre Universidad y Casa de Contratacion de la M.N. y M.L. villa de Bilbao (1869), Bilbao, Casa de contratación, Librería de Rosa y Bouret.O’Scea, C. (2010): “From Munster to La Coruña across the Celtic Sea: emigration, assimilation, and acculturation in the Kingdom of Galicia (1601-40)”, Obradoiro de historia moderna, 19, pp. 9-38.Pedone, C. (2010): “Cadenas y redes migratorias. Propuesta metodológica para el análisis diacrónico-temporal de los procesos migratorios”, Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, 19, pp. 101-132.Pérez Tostado, I. (2008): Irish Influence at the Court of Spain in the Seventeenth Century, Dublin, Four Court Press.Pérez Tostado, I. y Downey, D. M. (eds.) (2020): Ireland and the Iberian Atlantic: migration, military and material culture, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.Recio Morales, Ó. (2010): Ireland and the Spanish Empire, 1600-1825, Dublin, Four Courts Press.— (ed.) (2012): Redes de nación y espacios de poder: la comunidad irlandesa en España y América española, 1600-1825, Valencia/Madrid, Albatros Ediciones/ Ministerio de Defensa.— (2020): Alejandro O’Reilly, Inspector General: poder militar, familia y territorio en el reinado de Carlos III, Madrid, Ediciones Sílex.Rivera Medina, A. M. (1998): “Paisaje naval, construcción y agentes sociales en Vizcaya desde el medioevo a la modernidad”, Itsas memoria: revista de estudios marítimos del País Vasco, 2, pp. 49-92.Santoyo, J. C. (2003): “Un quehacer olvidado: los intérpretes-traductores de navíos”, Quaderns de filología. Estudis lingüístic, 8, pp. 1-21.Silke, J. J. (1976): “The Irish abroad, 1534-1691”, en T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin y F. J. Byrne (eds.), A new history of Ireland, vol. 3: Early modern Ireland, 1534-1691, Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. 587-633.Simms, J. G. (1986): “The Irish on the Continent, 1691-1800”, en T. W. Moody y W. E. Vaughan (eds.), A New History of Ireland, IV: Eighteenth Century Ireland, 1691-1800, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 629-656.Téllez Alarcia, D. (2012): El ministerio Wall: la “España discreta” del “ministro olvidado”, Madrid, Marcial Pons Historia.Villar García, M. B. (coord.) (2000): La emigración irlandesa en el siglo xviii, Málaga, Universidad de Málaga.Worthington, D. (2010): British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe: 1603-1688, Leiden-Boston, Brill.
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Gentilcore, David. "“Cool and tasty waters”: managing Naples’s water supply, c. 1500–c. 1750". Water History 11, n.º 3-4 (19 de noviembre de 2019): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-019-00234-3.
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AbstractAlthough Naples was one of Europe’s largest cities (after London and Paris), studies of the management of its water supply during the early modern period are sorely lacking, despite growing interest in the subject at both an Italian and European level. Naples was perhaps unique in relying on a vast and tortuous underground network of reservoirs, cisterns, channels and conduits, accessed by well shafts, all fed by an ancient aqueduct. The present study outlines and evaluates the Neapolitan water supply as it existed in the period, analysing the archival records of the municipal tribunal responsible for the city’s infrastructure, the ‘Tribunale della Fortificazione, Acqua e Mattonata’, and its various ‘Appuntamenti’ (proposals), ‘Conclusioni’ (decisions) and edicts. This is interwoven with reference to pertinent printed accounts, from contemporary guide books to medical regimens and health manuals. We examine both water quantity, in terms of availability and accessibility (by looking at the structure and its management, and the technicians responsible for its maintenance) and water quality (by looking at contemporary attitudes and perceptions). In the process we are able to question the widespread view of early modern Naples as chaotic and uncontrolled, governed by a weak public authority, as well as widely held assumptions about the “inertia” of the pre-modern hydro-social system more generally.
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Alexander, Nathan G. "‘The curse of race prejudice’: debates about racial ‘prejudice’ in the United States, c. 1750–1900". Patterns of Prejudice 55, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2021.1898812.
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Scammell, G. V. "European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c.1500–1750". Modern Asian Studies 26, n.º 4 (octubre de 1992): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010003.
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For centuries Europeans were fascinated by rumours and legends of the wealth and wonders of the Orient and by stories of the supposed existence there of realms free from all those tiresome taboos and restrictions that prevailed in the West. Long before the arrival of Vasco da Gama, renegades were serving the Mongols in Iran and Marco Polo had been in the entourage of the Grand Khan himself. The Portuguese pioneers were disconcerted to encounter in 1501 a certain Benvenuto de Abano who had spent the previous twenty-five years sailing the seas of Asia, and his contemporary, the Muslim Khoja Safar Salmâni, an erstwhile Genoese or Albanian. But this was nothing compared with the flow that followed western penetration of the maritime economy of the East, scattering European adventurers and outlaws throughout the Orient anywhere from the shores of the Persian Gulf to those of the Pacific Ocean. And very soon these hopefuls were joined by European pirates, some working from ports in their mother countries, some from the Caribbean and North America, and some from bases in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar was, according to taste, the most celebrated or the most notorious. Such men, frequently of remarkable skills and fearsome abilities, exercised a considerable influence on the maritime history of the East in the early modern centuries, and it is with the origins, aspirations and activities of these elusive—indeed often anonymous—but nevertheless highly significant figures that this paper is concerned.
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Tomkins, Alannah. "‘I mak Bould to Wrigt’1: First-Person Narratives in the History of Poverty in England, c. 1750-1900". History Compass 9, n.º 5 (mayo de 2011): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00774.x.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Beyond colonialism: servants, wage earners and indentured migrants in rural France and on Reunion Island (c. 1750–1900)". Labor History 54, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2012.759809.
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Mackillop, Andrew. "Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain, and the Asia Trade, 1695–c. 1750". Itinerario 29, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2005): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300010457.
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The close, reciprocal relationship between overseas expansion and domestic state formation in early modern Western Europe has long been understood. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Portugal, the Netherlands, and England used the resources arising from their Atlantic colonies and Asia trades to defend themselves against their respective Spanish and French enemies. Creating and sustaining a territorial or trading empire, therefore, enabled polities not only to survive but also to enhance their standing with-i n the hierarchy of European states. The proposition that success overseas facilitated state development at home points however to the opposite logic, that where kingdoms failed as colonial powers they might well suffer from inhibited state formation. Indeed, if the example of England demonstrated how empire augmented a kingdom's power, then the experience of its neigh-bour, Scotland, seemed to reveal one possible outcome for a country unable to access colonial expansion. In 1707 Scotland negotiated away its political sovereignty and entered into an incorporating union with England. The new British framework enabled the Scots to access English markets (both domestic and colonial) previously closed to them. This does not mean that the 1707 union was simply an exchange of Scottish sovereignty for involvement in England's economy. Pressing political concerns, not least the Hanoverian succession played an equal if not more important role in the making of the British union. The question of political causation notwithstanding, the prevailing historiography of 1707 still places Scotland in a dichotomous framework of declining continental markets on the one hand and the lure of more expansive trade with England' domestic and overseas outlets on the other.
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Serfőző, Szabolcs. "Az Erdélyi Udvari Kancellária bécsi palotájának magyar történeti tárgyú pannói, August Rumel művei 1756‒1758-ból". Művészettörténeti Értesítő 70, n.º 2 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/080.2021.00013.
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The topic of the paper is a cycle of six large panneaux on Hungarian historical themes panted for the Vienna palace of the Transylvanian Court Chancellery. The series on Hun–Hungarian history from leaving behind the original habitat to the battle of Mohács is the earliest relic of Hungarian history painting, yet earlier researches only tangentially touched on it despite its salient importance.When the Principality of Transylvania became part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy as a independent land in 1690, Leopold I founded the Transylvanian Court Chancellery in 1693 as the highest governing organ of Transylvania. Based in Vienna, the office functioned in diverse rented buildings for a long time, before the freshly appointed chancellor of Transylvania Gábor Bethlen (1712–1768) purchased a building in Vienna in 1755 for the office. He chose the Sinzendorf palace in Hintere Schenkenstrasse across from the Löwel bastion (later replaced by the Burgtheater) close to the palace of the Hungarian Chancellery. It functioned until it was demolished in 1880. In 1755–1759 the chancellor had a representative suite of rooms created on the second floor also including a dining room. Its walls were covered by six large (c. 325 x 310 cm) painted wall hangings or spalliers. It is known from a description by Mór Jókai that the cycle contained three scenes from the Hun–Hungarian prehistory and three from the history of the Christian Hungarian Kingdom. 1) Exodus of the Magyars from their original habitat bordering on China; 2) Pagan priest officiating a fire sacrifice and the Hun king Attila (?), 3) Prince of Moravia Svatopluk sells Pannonia to the chieftain of the Magyars Árpád for a white horse, 4) Saint Stephen converts the Magyars to Christianity, 5) King Matthias Hunyadi enters Vienna in 1486, 6) The battle of Mohács in 1526.In a study published in 1906 Piarist historian–archivist Sándor Takáts (1860–1932) adduced several data on the artists and artisans working on interior decoration of the chancellery palace including painters, presumably on the basis of the artists’ bills. These documents together with all the files of the Directorium in publicis et cameralibus perished in a fire that broke out in Vienna’s Justizpalast in 1927. The Hungarian historical panneaux were presumably painted by August Rumel (1715–1778) who features in the sources as Historienmaler and painter of the Viennese citizenry. On the basis of indirect information, the cycle can be tentatively dated to 1756–1758, as they were already included in the inventory of the chancellery in 1759.The Transylvanian Court Chancellery hardly used its first headquarters for one and a half decades after 1766. When in 1782 Joseph II merged the Transylvanian and Hungarian chancelleries, the Transylvanian office moved in 1785 next door to its sister institution, which had had a palace since 1747 a street further, in Vordere Schenkenstrasse, i.e. today’s Bankgasse. They moved in the one-time Trautson house. Parallel with that the treasury sold the former centre of the Transylvanian chancellery which was bought by imperial and royal chamberlain Count Mihály Nádasdy (1746–1826).As far as Jókai knew, the panneaux became court property in the 1780s and they were purchased at an auction in 1809 by Countess Rozália Bethlen (1754–1826) and transported to Transylvania. They can be identified in the chattels inventory for 1839 of the Jósika palace in Kolozsvár. Later the panneaux were inherited within the Jósika family. Elected minister a latere in 1895, Sámuel Jósika (1848–1923) had the cycle transported to Vienna and put them up in the “Hungarian house”, his official place, today the house of the Hungarian embassy. When his incumbency expired, the pictures went back to Transylvania and passed down in the Jósika family. In 1945 four of the pictures got lost. The two surviving pictures were purchased by the Hungarian State and hung up in the gala room of the Hungarian Embassy in Vienna in 2008 where they can still be seen.
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Razumenko, Fedir V. "The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850 by Margaret C. JacobThe First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850, by Margaret C. Jacob. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014. ix, 257 pp. $108.95 Cdn (cloth), $39.95 Cdn (paper)." Canadian Journal of History 51, n.º 2 (enero de 2016): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.51.2.rev08.
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JACKSON, LOUISE A. "Secret Gardens, Satanic Mills: Placing Girls in European History, 1750-1960 Edited by M. J. Maynes, B. Soland and C. Benninghaus". History 91, n.º 303 (julio de 2006): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2006.373_38.x.
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O'Malley, Tom. "The History of Reading Volume 1: International Perspective, c.1500–1900/The History of Reading Volume 2: Evidence from the British Isles, c.1750–1950/The History of Reading Volume 3: Methods, Strategies, Tactics". Media History 21, n.º 1 (16 de diciembre de 2014): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2014.988981.
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Tollebeek, Jo. "De metamorfose van Nederland: Van oude orde naar moderniteit, 1750–1900. By N. C. F. Van Sas. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2004. Pp. 667. €34.50." Journal of Modern History 78, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2006): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509187.
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BUCHAN, BRUCE. "SCOTTISH MEDICAL ETHNOGRAPHY: COLONIAL TRAVEL, STADIAL THEORY AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OF RACE, c.1770–1805". Modern Intellectual History 17, n.º 4 (2 de abril de 2019): 919–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244319000076.
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AbstractThis paper will present a comparative analysis of the ethnographic writings of three colonial travellers trained in medicine at the University of Edinburgh: William Anderson (1750–78), Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) and Robert Brown (1773–1858). Each travelled widely beyond Scotland, enabling them to make a series of observations of non-European peoples in a wide variety of colonial contexts. William Anderson, Archibald Menzies and Robert Brown in particular travelled extensively in the Pacific with (respectively) James Cook on his second and third voyages (1771–8), with George Vancouver (1791–5) and with Matthew Flinders (1801–3). Together, their surviving writings from these momentous expeditions illustrate a growing interest in natural-historical explanations for diversity among human populations. Race emerged as a key concept in this quest, but it remained entangled with assumptions about the stadial historical progress or “civilization” of humanity. A comparative examination of their ethnographic writings thus presents a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay between concepts of race, savagery and civilization in the varied colonial contexts of the Scottish Enlightenment.
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Morrison, Alexander. "‘White Todas’: the politics of race and class amongst European settlers on the Nilgiri Hills,c.1860–1900". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 32, n.º 2 (mayo de 2004): 54–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530410001700408.
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Markovits, Claude. "Structure and Agency in the World of Asian Commerce during the Era of European Colonial Domination (c. 1750-1950)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, n.º 2-3 (2007): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007781787350.
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AbstractThis paper examines the theme of the 'survival' of Asian business in the period of European colonial domination in Asia, i.e. c. 1750-1950, through the trajectories of some Indian merchant communities. It shows how Indian nationalist discourse systematically overlooked the role played by Indian merchants in the economies of colonized countries outside India. A critique of the paradigm of the great pan-Asian bazaar as put forward by the Indian historian Rajat Ray follows. The last section looks at two networks of Sind merchants which operated worldwide during the colonial period, and proposes a different reading of the evidence regarding the insertion of Indian merchants within a European-dominated world economy. Cet article traite du thème de la « survie » des marchands asiatiques pendant la période de domination coloniale européenne à travers une analyse de certaines communautés marchandes indiennes. On souligne que le discours nationaliste indien a tendu à négliger le rôle joué par des marchands indiens dans l'économie de nombreux pays colonisés en dehors de l'Inde. On examine de façon critique la théorie du « grand bazar pan-asiatique » proposée par l'historien indien Rajat Ray. A partir d'une étude de deux réseaux marchands de la province du Sind, on propose une vue différente de l'insertion des marchands asiatiques dans l'économie coloniale globale.
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Tomkins, Alannah. "Teaching & Learning Guide for: ‘I mak Bould to Wrigt’: First-person Narratives in the History of Poverty in England, c. 1750-1900". History Compass 9, n.º 6 (junio de 2011): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00783.x.
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Hoogenboom, Marcel. "Transnational Unemployment Insurance: The Inclusion and Exclusion of Foreign Workers in Labour Unions’ Unemployment Insurance Funds in the Netherlands (c.1900–1940)". International Review of Social History 58, n.º 2 (7 de junio de 2013): 247–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000199.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, like many of their European counterparts, labour unions in the Netherlands established mutual unemployment insurance funds for their members. Various funds made agreements with labour unions in a number of European countries to recognize each other's insurance schemes, enabling union members to work in the Netherlands without losing their entitlement to benefits accumulated in their home countries, and vice versa. Whereas up until the 1930s some of the alliances between Dutch and foreign funds had flourished, in the 1930s the number of non-Dutch workers in the Netherlands making use of such agreements decreased drastically. This article analyses those transnational alliances and explores various causes for their demise, concluding that in the 1930s formal regulation of foreign labour by the Dutch government substantially reduced the number of potential foreign members of insurance funds while government interference in unemployment insurance abroad, and especially in Germany, made the transnational agreements effectively void.
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Groten, Miel. "Een koloniale cultuur langs de Zaan : Rijstpellerijen en de verbeelding van een imperiale ruimte, ca. 1870-1914". Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 132, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2019): 375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2019.3.003.grot.
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Abstract A colonial culture along the Zaan. Rice mills and the imagination of an imperial space, c. 1870-1914This article argues that the extensive rice milling industry that thrived in the Zaan region around 1900 contributed to a Dutch colonial culture, by presenting itself as part of a natural division of labour between colony and metropole that rested on European colonial rule. Processing large amounts of Javanese and Burmese rice, the millers deliberately exploited the colonial origins and exotic associations of this commodity to present themselves and market their product, explicitly relating their factories to the Southeast-Asian production areas in advertisements and anniversaries. In doing so they propagated their role as meaningful places in a transnational trade network that constituted an imperial space.
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Ridolfi, Leonardo. "Six Centuries of Real Wages in France from Louis IX to Napoleon III: 1250–1860". Journal of Economic History 79, n.º 3 (24 de julio de 2019): 589–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000354.
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Evidence of an early modern “Little divergence” in real wages between northwestern Europe and the rest of the continent is mostly based on the comparative study of a sample of leading European cities. Focusing on France and England this study reassesses the debate from a country-level perspective. The findings challenge the notion of an early modern divergence pointing to the coexistence of both divergence and convergence phases until the eighteenth century. Results also suggest that the real wages of a significant share of the French male labor force were broadly on par with the levels prevailing in England before c.1750.
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Peck, Jeffrey M. "Global Cityscapes of Modernity and Post Modernity: Vienna and Berlin 1900-2000". German Politics and Society 23, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889200.
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The focus of this volume is broad, both historically and topically.Berlin and Vienna, modernity and postmodernity, the twentieth centuryand two incisive Wenden of a tumultuous millennium offer anopportunity to examine central issues in the relationship amongEuropean culture, history, and politics. Cities provide a rich locationto examine expressions of creativity, growth, and change over thecourse of one hundred years. As a transit point of entry and exit, thecity becomes a site for exchange and cross-fertilization of peoples,ideas, and commodities. Cities are nodes in a network whose spokesextend beyond their metropolitan borders and bring intellectual andphysical nourishment to surrounding areas. This European centurywill be known for its great cities and the production of culturalobjects that spread around the globe. Less dramatically, neverthelesssignificant for the transfer of knowledge, academic figures will alsobe remembered for the dissemination of these intellectual traditionsto generations of students who were fortunate to cross their paths.Hinrich C. Seeba, professor of German at the University of California,Berkeley, from 1967 to the present, is one such person.
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Eddington, Aaron Chase. "The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850. By Margaret C. Jacob. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. ix, 257. $29.99.)". Historian 77, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12072_57.
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Hyslop, Jonathan. "Southampton to Durban on the Union Castle Line: An Imperial Shipping Company and the limits of globality c. 1900–39". Journal of Transport History 38, n.º 2 (16 de marzo de 2017): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526617698151.
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This article examines the relationship between Durban and Southampton constructed by the Union Castle Line between 1900 and the 1930s. It shows how specific, long-lasting patterns of commercial organisation and labour recruitment were laid down, and how they survived the contingencies of war, working class insurgency and financial crisis. The article proposes the concepts of ‘maritime capital field’ and ‘maritime labour field’ to describe the long-lasting shapes which transnational structural relationships gave to imperial shipping enterprises. A critique is made of the work of Michael Miller on European shipping companies in this period: the article demonstrates that the Union Castle case challenges both Miller’s emphasis on an expansive globalisation and his emphasis on the cosmopolitanism of the shipping industry. Political and social closures and limitations were characteristic of the relations between the two ports. Restrictive forms of political, ideological and military power within the British Empire played a great role in structuring the connections between Durban and Southampton.
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Conz, Christopher R. "Sheep, Scab Mites, and Society: The Process and Politics of Veterinary Knowledge in Lesotho, Southern Africa, c. 1900-1933". Environment and History 26, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2020): 383–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15440029363690.
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This paper reconstructs a sheep-dipping campaign in Lesotho, southern Africa to explore the historical dynamics between local social and political circumstances, ecological change and veterinary knowledge. African livestock owners and the British colonial government accelerated a biological transition from local breeds to non-native merino sheep in the early 1900s to produce wool. Wool-bearing sheep ushered in Psoroptes ovis, a parasitic mite that caused the skin condition called scab. Examining colonial Lesotho's anti-scab campaign from 1903 to 1933, its politics, ideas and procedures, improves our understanding of the past and present interplay between transnational science, farmers, governments and the non-human world. This case study of sheep-dipping and the wool industry that it bolstered shows, too, how people from across the social spectrum interacted within new regulatory communities under a colonial state. These communities, fraught with social cleavages of race and class, and geared towards capitalist production, coalesced during the anti-scab campaigns and formed the political, technical and ideological foundation on which subsequent development schemes were built. Chiefs, stockowners, herders, labourers and European veterinarians too participated in various ways in this process of producing and circulating knowledge, and transforming livestock practices and policies.
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Rössner, Philipp Robinson. "Capitalism, Cameralism, and the Discovery of the Future, 1300s–2000s". History of Political Economy 53, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8993316.
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Modern models of economic growth and capitalist modernity rest on capital accumulation, inclusive institutions, and various often unquantifiable aspects of “culture” (to which institutions belong). Scholars have also pinpointed the ability, or rather illusion, of human individuals to plan and predict their economic and social future(s). This transition to future thinking opened European’s spaces of possibility during what Reinhart Koselleck famously labelled Europe’s Sattelzeit, c.1750–1850. Some have emphasized a European culture of dealing with contingency, which may have marked out a specific “Western” path toward modernity. Without making a claim to global history, and focusing on the German speaking lands, I propose that the discovery of the open economic future was a much earlier project. Modern capitalism had roots in continental economic visions as early as the 1500s. We know them under common labels such as “Cameralism” and “mercantilism.” They were also apparent in Anglo-Saxon and Swedish economic reasoning since the mid-seventeenth century, suggesting that we may speak of a broader European tradition. The present article thus wishes to add to the debate, showing possibilities of an alternative—or a wider, more inclusive—genealogy of the modern economic mind, pointing out fresh ways of bringing together culture and economic development.
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Mumbi, C. T., R. Marchant, H. Hooghiemstra y M. J. Wooller. "Late Quaternary vegetation reconstruction from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania". Quaternary Research 69, n.º 2 (marzo de 2008): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.012.
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Pollen, spore, macrofossil and stable isotope (C and N) analyses from a 266-cm sediment core collected from a swamp on the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, are used to reconstruct vegetation and environmental history. An estimated time scale based on five14C ages records approximately 38,000 yr. This palaeorecord is the first from this biodiversity hotspot and importantly extends through the last glacial maximum (LGM). The altitudinal transition from montane to upper montane forest shifted from 1700–1800 m (38,00014C yr BP) to 1800–1900 m (35,000–29,00014C yr BP). From 29,000 to 10,00014C yr BP, it shifted from 1850–1950 m across the LGM to 1750–1800 m (during 10,000–350014C yr BP), and to present-day elevations at 2000 m during the last 350014C yr BP. The relative ecosystem stability across the LGM may be explained by the Indian Ocean's influence in maintaining continuous moist forest cover during a period of East African regional climate aridity. During the late Holocene, presence of abundant coprophilous fungi and algal blooms demonstrates increasing human impact.Neurospora spores indicate frequent fires, coinciding with clear signals of decline inPodocarpus and Psychotria trees that possibly represent selective logging.
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KHALID, ADEEB. "SCOTT C. LEVI, The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550–1900 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002). Pp. 319. $93.00." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2003): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803300261.
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This fine book provides the first comprehensive account of the Indian merchant communities that arose in Central Asia in the 16th century and continued to occupy an important niche in the local economy until the turn of the 20th century. The subject of India's relations with Central Asia and Russia has often been addressed, but it has usually fallen afoul of methodological and linguistic boundaries that divide the historiographies of the two regions. This is the first work that is equally at home in both Indian and Central Asian history. Levi's greatest contribution is to bring Central Asian sources to bear fully on his argument. He uses Persian-language narrative and documentary sources from Central Asia (housed in the manuscript collections of the Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent) and the state archives of Uzbekistan to glean useful new information about life in the diaspora and the activities of its members. He backs these up with accounts of European travelers, which he has mined with great thoroughness for all references to Indian merchants.
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Lin, Minghao, Fengshi Luan, Hui Fang, Hong Xu, Haitao Zhao y Graeme Barker. "Pathological evidence reveals cattle traction in North China by the early second millennium BC". Holocene 28, n.º 8 (23 de abril de 2018): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771483.
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The use of cattle labour in antiquity is a worldwide well-discussed topic among researchers as it can shed light on the possible development trajectories of our communities over the past several millennia. Zooarchaeology can play a vital role in illuminating the history of cattle traction through observed pathologies on cattle bones linked to traction activity. Systemic zooarchaeological investigation is still underdeveloped in China, one of the likely early beneficiaries of animal labour exploitation in the world. Here, we apply the pathological index (PI) method, first developed by Bartosiewicz et al. on European assemblages, to Chinese Bronze Age cattle bones. Our results first confirm the wide applicability of the PI method with the involvement of Chinese control samples, which holds the potential to be applied as an effective tool in a larger geographical region. Our results also confirm the importance of cattle traction for the Late Shang states ( c. 1300–1046 BC) as previously proposed on the basis of disputed interpretations of oracle bone inscriptions as showing cattle ploughing, but also show that light cattle traction practices likely developed in China in the Bronze Age Erlitou ( c. 1750–1530 BC) and Early Shang ( c. 1600–1300 BC) periods. Cattle traction use in the Chinese Bronze Age may have facilitated the introduction and subsequent cultivation in China of wheat, an exotic cereal.
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Brunelle, Gayle K. "Europeans Abroad, 1450–1750 by David Ringrose, and: Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order by J. C. Sharman". Journal of World History 31, n.º 2 (2020): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2020.0016.
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Wright, Laura. "On Early and Late Modern English Non-native Suffix -oon". International Journal of English Studies 20, n.º 2 (19 de octubre de 2020): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.370551.
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This paper is about identifying a nuance of social meaning which, I demonstrate, was conveyed in the Early and Late Modern period by the suffix -oon. The history of non-native suffix -oon is presented by means of assembling non-native suffix -oon vocabulary in date order and sorting according to etymology. It turns out that standard non- native -oon words (which are few) tended to stabilise early and be of Romance etymology. A period of enregisterment, c. 1750–1850, is identified by means of scrutiny of non-native -oon usage in sixty novels, leading to the conclusion that four or more non-native -oons in a literary work signalled vulgarity. A link is made between the one-quarter non-European -oons brought to English via colonial trade, and the use of such -oons by non-noble merchants, traders and their customers splashing out on luxury foreign commodities. Thus, it is found that a suffix borrowed from Romance languages in the Middle English period received fresh input during the Early Modern period via non-European borrowings, resulting in sociolinguistic enregisterment in the Late Modern period.
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Machin, Ian. "The religion of the people. Methodism and popular religion, c. 1750–1900. By David Hempton. Pp. xiii + 239 incl. 3 figs and 4 tables. London–New York: Routledge, 1996. £45. 0 415 07714 1". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 48, n.º 3 (julio de 1997): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900015670.
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Schmucki, Barbara, Terry Gourvish, Thomas Zeller, R. W. Kostal, Ralph Harrington, David Hussey, Colin Divall et al. "Book Reviews: Transport in Britain, 1750–2000: From Canal Lock to Gridlock, the Second Railway King: The Life and Times of Sir Edward Watkin, 1819–1901, the Most Valuable Asset of the Reich: A History of the German National Railway, Volume 2, 1933–1945, Distant Ties: Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and the Construction of the Baghdad Railway, Autopia: Cars and Culture, Coastal Shipping and the European Economy, 1750–1980, the Landscape Trilogy: The Autobiography of L. T. C. Rolt, with an Introduction by Sonia Rolt, a River and its City: The Nature of Landscape in New Orleans, Transport Economics, the Weymouth Harbour Tramway in the Steam Era, Great Western Lines and Landscapes, Recasting American Liberty: Gender, Race, Law, and the Railroad Revolution, 1865–1920, Rocket Dreams: How the Space Age Shaped Our Vision of a World Beyond". Journal of Transport History 24, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2003): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.24.2.11.
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CLARENCE-SMITH, W. G. "Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, 1900–1991. By JOSEPH C. MILLER. Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1993. Pp. xvii + 556. $90 (ISBN 0-527-63660-6)." Journal of African History 38, n.º 1 (marzo de 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796636901.
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This mammoth volume is yet another milestone in Joseph Miller's continuing survey of the ever more extensive writings on slavery around the world. From a working bibliography for a university course, this undertaking has expanded and blossomed to become this wonderful research tool for scholars, with 10,344 entries. The pervasiveness of slavery in human history is becoming ever more apparent, bringing out the peculiarity of the twentieth century. The listings include secondary scholarly works directly relevant to slavery and written from the perspective of any discipline. The framework is basically geographical by enslaving nation. The major problems here is the category ‘Muslim’, which might more fruitfully have been broken up into its constituent geographical entities. Asia, which always accounted for a far larger number of slaves than the Americas, is under-represented, in part reflecting scholarly coyness about this delicate topic. The entries are not annotated, but there are two lengthy indices, for authors and for subjects. The emphasis is on works in English, with a partial representation of writings in major West European languages. Despite these restrictions, the task is reaching the limits of the book format, as the fascination of scholars with this subject shows no sign of abating. Future editions will perhaps need to be available only in electronic format.
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Bosma, Ulbe. "Pernille Røge. Economistes and the Reinvention of Empire. France in the Americas and Africa, c.1750–1802. [New Studies in European History.] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2019. xv, 296 pp. Maps. £75.00. (E-book: $80.00)." International Review of Social History 65, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2020): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000231.
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JACOB, W. M. "Christianity and revolutionary Europe, c. 1750–1830. By Nigel Aston. (New Approaches to European History, 25.) Pp. xiii+382 incl. 7 ills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. £47.50 (cloth), £17.95 (paper). 0 521 46027 1; 0 521 46592 3". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 55, n.º 2 (abril de 2004): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904960770.
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McCaskie, T. C. "The Life and Afterlife of Yaa Asantewaa". Africa 77, n.º 2 (mayo de 2007): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2007.77.2.151.
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AbstractThis article is about Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa (c. 1830s–1921) ofEdweso (Ejisu) in Asante, locally famous in tradition for her supposed leadership role in the last Anglo–Asante conflict (1900–1), and now internationally celebrated as an epitome of African womanhood and resistance to European colonialism. The article is in three parts. The first part examines the historical record concerning Yaa Asantewaa and sets this within the conflicted context of Edweso–Kumase relations before, during and after her lifetime. It also considers her role in the 1900–1 war and the nationalist constructions placed on that role by later Asante and other Ghanaian commentators. The second part examines the politics of the celebrations held in Asante in 2000 to mark the centenary of the last Anglo–Asante war and to honour Yaa Asantewaa for her part in it. Discussion here is concerned with the struggle between the ruling Asante elite and the Rawlings government in Accra to take possession of Yaa Asantewaa's reputation and to define and reinterpret it for contemporary political purposes. This was also a significant and revealing episode in the run–up to the Ghanaian national elections of 2000, in which J. A. Kufuor's Asante–based NPP finally ousted Rawlings's NDC which, in various incarnations, had ruled Ghana for twenty years. The third part examines the recent and ever–growing afterlife of Yaa Asantewaa in the age of globalization and the Internet. Attention is paid in particular to the constructions placed on her by Americans of African descent and to cultural expressions of her present status as, perhaps, the most famous of all pre–colonial African women. Finally, Asante reactions to the internationalization of Yaa Asantewaa are considered. In general, and using the case of Yaa Asantewaa, this article sets out to show that in Asante – as elsewhere in Africa – history is a continuous and vivid presence, constantly fought over, reworked and reconfigured to make the past serve new needs and aspirations.
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Closmann, Charles. "Cities and the Making of Modern Europe, 1750–1914. By Andrew Lees and Lynn Hollen Lees. New Approaches to European History, volume 39. Edited by, William Beik, T. C. W. Blanning, and Brendan Simms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xii+300. $80.00 (cloth); $28.99 (paper)." Journal of Modern History 81, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2009): 928–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650646.
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Martellone, Simone, Davide Molino, Pietro Zaccagnini, Alessandro Pedico, Sergio Bocchini, Giuseppe Ferraro y Andrea Lamberti. "(Best Poster Award - 2nd Place) Energy Harvesting from CO2 Emission Exploiting an Ionic-Liquid Based Electrochemical Capacitor". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02139mtgabs.
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Global warming is one of the most serious problems that the humanity is facing in his history. Since 1900 to nowadays, the global temperature has risen by 1 °C and, according to the scientific community, the cause is related to the climate-changing emissions due to anthropogenic activities. In order to avoid an environmental disaster, 196 countries have signed the Paris agreement that aims to maintain global warming below 1.5 °C compared with pre-industrial levels. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a key issue in contemporary science, and in this context, the ability of certain ionic liquids (ILs) to capture carbon dioxide has attracted a lot of interest. The idea presented in this work is to design an electric double layer supercapacitor which is able to harvest energy by exploiting the reaction between an ionic liquid and carbon dioxide. In particular, the system consists of two carbon-based electrodes and a polymeric separator soaked in ionic liquid. The use of carbon electrodes ensures a high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity while imidazole-based ionic liquid acts and as electrolyte and as capture media. The operating principle of this system is a novel mechanism which exploits the formation of a voltage drop across the device when the electrode-IL interfaces are different; the two different interfaces are ensured by the presence of imidazole carbamate in a part of the cell (Im − CO2 reaction’s product) and just imidazole in the other part. Unfortunately the high viscosity of ionic liquids affects a lot the carrier transport and consequently the device’s performance too; this aspect worsens when imidazole reacts with CO2. Improved ion mobility is achieved by reducing the ion pairing through the use of high dielectric solvents capable to screen the ions’ electric field. Polar aprotic solvents tend to have large dipoles making them suitable for the solvation of charged species. Several mixtures have been analyzed to detect the best dilution which guarantees high ionic mobility still maintaining a large amount of active species. A further performance improvement has been achieved through the engineering of the electrodes, namely the capacitance of the supercapacitor has been enhanced by exploiting the huge specific surface area of the activated carbon. The results show that all the upgrades mentioned lead to an improvement of 500 times in terms of harvested energy. Acknowledgement: This result is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s ERC Starting Grant Grant agreement No. 949916 Figure 1
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Zhorov, Dmitriy y Nadzeya Lyashchynskaya. "Large Chicory aphid (Uroleucon cichorii (Koch, 1855): Sterrnorhyncha: Aphididae) – Invasive Alien Aphid Species in the Fauna of Belarus". Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Scientific Bulletin. Series: Biological Sciences, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2019-387-101-108.
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Uroleucon cichorii (Insecta: Hemipteroidea: Rhynchota: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) is an invasive alien species in the fauna of Belarus. In 1854 the species has been described by C. L. Koch from Germany. For the first time U. cichorii has been noted in Great Britain in 1876, in Estonia – 1894, in Romania – 1896, in Italy – 1900, in Belgium – 1901, in Crimea – 1903, in Latvia – 1924, in Poland –1930, in Netherlands – 1939, in Finland – 1941, in Ukraine – 1945, in France – 1948, in Sweden – 1949, in Norway – 1953, in Denmark – 1954, in Moldavia – 1955, in Austria – 1956, in Czech – 1958, in Hungary – 1959, in Bulgaria – 1960, in European Russia – 1962–1964, in Bosnia and Herzegovina – 1963, in Serbia – 1963, in Lithuania – 1963–1980, in Macedonia – 1964, in Switzerland – 1967, in Spain – 1971, in Sicily –1973, in Corsica – 1973, in Balearic Islands (Mallorca) – 1982, in Belarus – 1986 and Greece – after 1992. It is obvious that this chronological list describes a history of aphidological research rather than spreading of the invider across the European regions. As considered, the species has Mediterranean origin. Outside of Europe the species is known from Near East as well as Central Asia, Korea and North America. As host plants U. cichorii s.str. uses common chicory (Cichorium intibus L.) and related species of Cichorieae (Asteraceae). The species is known as a pest of common chicory (including leaf chicory) and endive. For the first time U. cichorii has been registered in 1986. At present the species is common for C. intibus growing on roadsides and in other ruderal biotopes. During 1986–2018 U. cichorii has been registered in the all regions of the Republic of Belarus. The map of geographic points of registrations is given. It is obvious that the invider’s expansion in the regions of Belarus is finished. The species is holocyclic and monoecious. Feeding on forage plants contributes to the loss of a significant amount of plastic substances, which leads to their dehydration and slow growth, and, as a result, a slight deformation of the stem. U. cichorii does not initiate the deformation of leaf blades and the premature dying off of the inflorescences, and also does not lead to the formation of galls. Perennial data show the appearance of fundatrices from overwintering eggs in the third decade of April – the first decade of May. Further a series of successive parthenogenetic generations and the growth of colonies occur. The winged females are recorded in July–August. The appearance of winged males and normal females occurs in September – the first decade of October. The eggs are deposited in the end of October. The largest peak in the number of U. cichorii registrations occurs in July–August.
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Zhorov, Dmitriy y Nadzeya Lyashchynskaya. "Large Chicory aphid (Uroleucon cichorii (Koch, 1855): Sterrnorhyncha: Aphididae) – Invasive Alien Aphid Species in the Fauna of Belarus". Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Scientific Bulletin. Series: Biological Sciences, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2019-387-3-101-108.
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Uroleucon cichorii (Insecta: Hemipteroidea: Rhynchota: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) is an invasive alien species in the fauna of Belarus. In 1854 the species has been described by C. L. Koch from Germany. For the first time U. cichorii has been noted in Great Britain in 1876, in Estonia – 1894, in Romania – 1896, in Italy – 1900, in Belgium – 1901, in Crimea – 1903, in Latvia – 1924, in Poland –1930, in Netherlands – 1939, in Finland – 1941, in Ukraine – 1945, in France – 1948, in Sweden – 1949, in Norway – 1953, in Denmark – 1954, in Moldavia – 1955, in Austria – 1956, in Czech – 1958, in Hungary – 1959, in Bulgaria – 1960, in European Russia – 1962–1964, in Bosnia and Herzegovina – 1963, in Serbia – 1963, in Lithuania – 1963–1980, in Macedonia – 1964, in Switzerland – 1967, in Spain – 1971, in Sicily –1973, in Corsica – 1973, in Balearic Islands (Mallorca) – 1982, in Belarus – 1986 and Greece – after 1992. It is obvious that this chronological list describes a history of aphidological research rather than spreading of the invider across the European regions. As considered, the species has Mediterranean origin. Outside of Europe the species is known from Near East as well as Central Asia, Korea and North America. As host plants U. cichorii s.str. uses common chicory (Cichorium intibus L.) and related species of Cichorieae (Asteraceae). The species is known as a pest of common chicory (including leaf chicory) and endive. For the first time U. cichorii has been registered in 1986. At present the species is common for C. intibus growing on roadsides and in other ruderal biotopes. During 1986–2018 U. cichorii has been registered in the all regions of the Republic of Belarus. The map of geographic points of registrations is given. It is obvious that the invider’s expansion in the regions of Belarus is finished. The species is holocyclic and monoecious. Feeding on forage plants contributes to the loss of a significant amount of plastic substances, which leads to their dehydration and slow growth, and, as a result, a slight deformation of the stem. U. cichorii does not initiate the deformation of leaf blades and the premature dying off of the inflorescences, and also does not lead to the formation of galls. Perennial data show the appearance of fundatrices from overwintering eggs in the third decade of April – the first decade of May. Further a series of successive parthenogenetic generations and the growth of colonies occur. The winged females are recorded in July–August. The appearance of winged males and normal females occurs in September – the first decade of October. The eggs are deposited in the end of October. The largest peak in the number of U. cichorii registrations occurs in July–August.
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Plummer, Marjorie Elizabeth. "Randolph C. Head and Daniel Christensen, eds. Orthodoxies and Heterodoxies in Early Modern German Culture: Order and Creativity, 1550–1750. Studies in Central European Histories 42. Leiden: Brill, 2007. xiv + 284 pp. + 8 color pls. index. illus. $129. ISBN: 978–90–04–16276–1." Renaissance Quarterly 62, n.º 2 (2009): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599938.
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Skorobogacheva, Ekaterina A. "Psychogeography as a Dominant Factor in Determining the Direction of Creativity and Social Activity of I. K. Aivazovsky". Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 68 (2023): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2023-68-317-328.
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The life and creative path of I. K. Aivazovsky is widely known, yet researchers have not paid enough attention to psychogeography as one of the dominant factors determining the formation and development of his creative personality. Developing within ‘situationist international’ milieu, the term “psychogeography” is correlated with the scientific spheres of social psychology and philosophy, and is fully applicable to the art of the early 21 c. This term, in our opinion, should also be applied to the broad field of art history. Aivazovsky traveled all over the world. Travels in Italy, Western European countries, trips to Turkey and the Caucasus became milestones of his creative path, but he drew inspiration, first of all, in his native Feodosia. Turning to the study of the psychogeography of I. K. Aivazovsky's creativity, one should also turn to the genesis of his kind. Belonging to the Crimean Armenians played an important role in life of the future artist. The Armenian colony in Crimea has more than 600 years of history. Ivan Aivazovsky studied at the Armenian parish school at St. Sarkis Church, where he received his primary education. The inquisitive student sought to expand his knowledge in every possible way, in particular, memorized many legends and authentic historical facts related to the origin of his hometown, which also allows us to consider the genesis of personality, as well as the formation and then recognition of I. K. Aivazovsky as an artist and public figure, based on the concept of “psychogeography”. Psychogeography is determined as the dominant factor of creativity and social activity of I. K. Aivazovsky. The lands of Feodosia are the most important historical and artistic space of I. K. Aivazovsky from the 1820s to 1900. The proof of this is his historical-religious, landscape works, his foundation of the “Cimmerian school of Painting”, his works on the improvement of Feodosia. Two elements — the sea and the city — were perceived inseparably as the source of the philosophy of creativity, activity, giving the genesis of the psychogeography of his life in the scenery of the seaside town.
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SIMMS, BRENDAN. "THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN FOREIGN POLICY AND DOMESTIC POLITICS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN". Historical Journal 49, n.º 2 (junio de 2006): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0600536x.
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Parliament and foreign policy in the eighteenth century. By Jeremy Black. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii+261. ISBN 0-521-83331-0. £45.00.Art and arms: literature, politics and patriotism during the seven years' war. By M. John Cardwell. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. Pp. xii+306. ISBN 0-7190-6618-2. £49.99.The British Isles and the war of American independence. By Stephen Conway. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. vii+407. ISBN 0-19-820649-3. £60.00.Revolution, religion and national identity: imperial Anglicanism in British North America, 1745–1795. By Peter M. Doll. London: Associated University Presses, 2000. Pp. 336. ISBN 0-8386-3830-9. £38.00.Politics and the nation: Britain in the mid-eighteenth century. By Bob Harris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 392. ISBN 0-19-924693. £45.00.Parliaments, nations, and identities in Britain and Ireland, 1660–1850. Edited by Julian Hoppit. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. Pp. xii+225. ISBN 0-7190-6247-0. £15.99.Politik-Propaganda-Patronage. Francis Hare und die englische Publizistik im spanischen Erbfolgekrieg. By Jens Metzdorf. Mainz: Verlag Philip von Zabern, 2000. Pp. xv+566. ISBN 3-8053-2584-3. DM 114.00.Irish opinion and the American Revolution, 1760–1783. By Vincent Morley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. x+366. ISBN 0-521-81386-7. £48.00.Breaking the backcountry: the Seven Years War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765. By Matthew C. Ward. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003. Pp. 329. ISBN 0-8229-4214-3. $34.95.The Jacobites and Russia, 1715–1750. By Rebecca Wills. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2002. Pp. 253. ISBN 1-86232-142-6. £20.00.It has never been possible to write the history of eighteenth-century Britain as that of an island entirely by itself. Over a century ago, the Cambridge historian, J. R. Seeley, famously insisted that the history of England (sic) lay as much in America and Asia as in England, whilst G. M. Trevelyan's classic narrative of England under Queen Anne (3 vols., 1930–4) was presented against the background of the War of the Spanish Succession. More recently, John Brewer's remarkable Sinews of power: war, money and the English state, 1688–1784 (1989) demonstrated the extent to which the British state, and its fiscal-political structures, were geared towards the mobilization of military power, primarily to be deployed against France. In The sense of the people: politics, culture and imperialism in England, 1715–1785 (1995), Kathleen Wilson revealed the importance of empire and imperial expansion in popular politicization, whilst Linda Colley's Britons (1992) showed just how central the struggle with France was to the development of eighteenth-century British national identity. At the same time, our understanding of the European and global state system in which Britain played such a prominent role has been illuminated by Hamish Scott's British foreign policy in the age of the American revolution (1990), together with many publications by Jeremy Black including British foreign policy in the age of Walpole (1985) and America or Europe? British foreign policy, 1739–1763 (1997).
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Kachmarchyk, Volodymyr. "“MUSICIANS’ PARADISE” IN MANNHEIM DURING THE REIGN OF KARL THEODORE". Aspects of Historical Musicology 25, n.º 25 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-25.01.
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Statement of the problem. In the history of music culture of the mid-18thcentury, the emergence of Mannheim, as one of the centers of orchestral and ensemble art among the unanimously acknowledged Western European cultural capitals (Berlin, Vienna, Paris), was quite unexpected and sensational. A town that in 1719 housed a population of about 5000 rose to the top of the European musical Olympus in the 1750–60s and gained their resistible in formal status among artists as the “musicians’ paradise”. Such rapid rise to the European recognition can be explained by a whole mix of musical, educational and socio-economic factors of the cultural policy of the Palatinate Electorate, which resulted from the reforms of one of the “most educated princes of Germany” Karl Theodor. His work continues to be underestimated and underresearched in national musicology and requires a more detailed study. Analysis of recent research and publications. Among the latest works in Ukrainian and Russian, whose authors touch upon this issue, it is necessary to point out the dissertations and publications of V. Horbal, V. Darda and А. Dvornitskaya. Focusing on the issues of orchestral performance, the viola concerto genres in the works of Mannheim composers and the musical culture of Mannheim of a particular period, each of the researchers only sketchily mentions the personality of Karl Theodore. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of Karl Theodor in the development of the music art of Mannheim and identify the main economic factors that influenced the formation of cultural policy in the Palatinate. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the identification of economic factors in Karl Theodor’s cultural policy and a comparative analysis of the financing of court musicians of the Palatinate and Prussia. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of historical reality cognition, where the central method is that of historicism and comparative analysis. The integrity and comprehensiveness of the study were implemented using a systematic method. The results of the research. The research explicates the role of KarlTheodor in the structure formation of the musical-theatrical complex and the court chapel of the Palatinate. It also reveals the main stages of the symphony orchestra formation under the direction of J. Stamitz and C. Cannabich and their contribution to creating a music-educational system to train the orchestra musicians. A comparative analysis of the level of funding for the court chapels of Prussia and the Palatinate has been carried out. The main financial and economic factors of Karl Theodor’s cultural policy and their influence on the process of forming the staff of the Mannheim court chapel have been determined. Conclusions. The importance of Karl Theodor’s contribution into the development of music art of the Electorate of the Palatinate is to create an effective system of mixed public and private funding of the court chapel and a high level of material support for musicians. Guaranteeing high socio-economic standards and comfortable conditions for creative growth of talented artists, Karl Theodor managed to unite them into a single community to create a new “truly European, universally recognized performing and compositional styles” (Würtz, 1992: 37).