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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Exploitation dilemma"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 16 de febrero de 2022

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1

Berger-Tal, Oded, Jonathan Nathan, Ehud Meron y David Saltz. "The Exploration-Exploitation Dilemma: A Multidisciplinary Framework". PLoS ONE 9, n.º 4 (22 de abril de 2014): e95693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095693.

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James, Russell N. "Exploration-exploitation: A cognitive dilemma still unresolved". Cognitive Neuroscience 6, n.º 4 (28 de agosto de 2015): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2015.1051012.

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Laureiro-Martínez, Daniella, Stefano Brusoni y Maurizio Zollo. "The neuroscientific foundations of the exploration−exploitation dilemma." Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 3, n.º 2 (noviembre de 2010): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018495.

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Benner, Mary J. y Michael L. Tushman. "Exploitation, Exploration, and Process Management: The Productivity Dilemma Revisited". Academy of Management Review 28, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2003): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30040711.

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Benner, Mary J. y Michael L. Tushman. "Exploitation, Exploration, and Process Management: The Productivity Dilemma Revisited". Academy of Management Review 28, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.9416096.

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Awasthi, Ashutosh, Kripal Singh, Audrey O’Grady, Ronan Courtney, Alok Kalra, Rana Pratap Singh, Artemi Cerdà, Yosef Steinberger y D. D. Patra. "Designer ecosystems: A solution for the conservation-exploitation dilemma". Ecological Engineering 93 (agosto de 2016): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.010.

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7

Lunnan, Randi y Theodor Barth. "Managing the exploration vs. exploitation dilemma in transnational “bridging teams”". Journal of World Business 38, n.º 2 (mayo de 2003): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(03)00005-1.

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Yogeswaran, Mohan y S. G. Ponnambalam. "Reinforcement learning: exploration–exploitation dilemma in multi-agent foraging task". OPSEARCH 49, n.º 3 (10 de abril de 2012): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12597-012-0077-2.

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9

De Cremer, David. "Trust and fear of exploitation in a public goods dilemma". Current Psychology 18, n.º 2 (junio de 1999): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-999-1024-0.

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Domenech, Philippe, Sylvain Rheims y Etienne Koechlin. "Neural mechanisms resolving exploitation-exploration dilemmas in the medial prefrontal cortex". Science 369, n.º 6507 (27 de agosto de 2020): eabb0184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0184.

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Everyday life often requires arbitrating between pursuing an ongoing action plan by possibly adjusting it versus exploring a new action plan instead. Resolving this so-called exploitation-exploration dilemma involves the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Using human intracranial electrophysiological recordings, we discovered that neural activity in the ventral mPFC infers and tracks the reliability of the ongoing plan to proactively encode upcoming action outcomes as either learning signals or potential triggers to explore new plans. By contrast, the dorsal mPFC exhibits neural responses to action outcomes, which results in either improving or abandoning the ongoing plan. Thus, the mPFC resolves the exploitation-exploration dilemma through a two-stage, predictive coding process: a proactive ventromedial stage that constructs the functional signification of upcoming action outcomes and a reactive dorsomedial stage that guides behavior in response to action outcomes.
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11

Mulford, Matthew y Jeffery Berejikian. "Behavioural Decision Theory and the Gains Debate in International Politics". Political Studies 50, n.º 2 (junio de 2002): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00367.

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The temptation to free ride and the fear of exploitation are traditionally offered as factors explaining individuals' choices under conditions of social dilemma. In two experimental studies of prisoner's dilemma behaviour we demonstrate that the ratio-differences of payoffs are as important as the absolute differences in affecting the likelihood of cooperation. The implications of this additional structural determinant of dilemma choice are developed and applied to the stalled gains debate in international relations theory. By incorporating ratio-differences into the analysis ‘realist’ and ‘liberal’ theories of state behaviour may be reconciled.
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12

An, Su Jin y Sang Wan Lee. "A Study on the Exploration-Exploitation Dilemma using an uncertaintydriven state space learning algorithm". Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 27, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2017): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2017.27.4.316.

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13

Hallquist, Michael N. y Alexandre Y. Dombrovski. "Selective maintenance of value information helps resolve the exploration/exploitation dilemma". Cognition 183 (febrero de 2019): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.11.004.

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Galletly, Cherrie A. "Psychiatrist-Patient Sexual Relationships: The Ethical Dilemmas". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679309072132.

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Sexual relationships between psychiatrists and their patients raise a number of important ethical issues. The power inequality, transference and dependence which often occur in a therapeutic relationship render patients vulnerable to exploitation. Psychiatrists informed by a patient of sexual contact with a previous psychiatrist face a complex ethical dilemma. Attempts at regulation by professional organisations, or by the legal system, may create conflicts between the rights of the persons involved. The role of the psychiatric profession in confronting the problem of sexual exploitation of patients is discussed.
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15

Puhan, Tatjana-Xenia y Rick Vogel. "Solving the Innovation Dilemma by Creating Organizational Think Tanks". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 10, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2009): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000009790012345.

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In business venturing, the simultaneous activity of searching for hitherto unknown opportunities while pursuing already identified opportunities gives rise to high-tension and contradictory processes. This innovation dilemma presents a key managerial challenge to corporate entrepreneurship. To this dilemma the authors apply the exploration/exploitation framework and argue that a balance of the divergent organizational and managerial needs of these two activities can be achieved more efficiently and effectively in a network-like structure of organizations. They take a design-oriented approach and, as a solution to the innovation dilemma, argue the case for a centre of explorative excellence as both focal point and mediator in an inter-organizational network, which they call an ‘organizational think tank’.
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16

Ochi, Kento y Moto Kamiura. "Overtaking Method based on Variance of Values: Resolving the Exploration–Exploitation Dilemma". Procedia Computer Science 24 (2013): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.10.035.

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Ehinger, Benedikt V., Lilli Kaufhold y Peter König. "Probing the temporal dynamics of the exploration–exploitation dilemma of eye movements". Journal of Vision 18, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.3.6.

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Hiltunen, Esa. "Unlocking the potential of retail department managers: dilemma of exploitation and exploration". International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management 13, n.º 4 (2013): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhrdm.2013.064075.

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19

Fu, Qiming, Quan Liu, Shan Zhong, Heng Luo, Hongjie Wu y Jianping Chen. "Single Trajectory Learning: Exploration Versus Exploitation". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 32, n.º 06 (21 de febrero de 2018): 1859009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001418590097.

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In reinforcement learning (RL), the exploration/exploitation (E/E) dilemma is a very crucial issue, which can be described as searching between the exploration of the environment to find more profitable actions, and the exploitation of the best empirical actions for the current state. We focus on the single trajectory RL problem where an agent is interacting with a partially unknown MDP over single trajectories, and try to deal with the E/E in this setting. Given the reward function, we try to find a good E/E strategy to address the MDPs under some MDP distribution. This is achieved by selecting the best strategy in mean over a potential MDP distribution from a large set of candidate strategies, which is done by exploiting single trajectories drawn from plenty of MDPs. In this paper, we mainly make the following contributions: (1) We discuss the strategy-selector algorithm based on formula set and polynomial function. (2) We provide the theoretical and experimental regret analysis of the learned strategy under an given MDP distribution. (3) We compare these methods with the “state-of-the-art” Bayesian RL method experimentally.
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20

Zannoni, Diego. "The Dilemma Between the Freedom to Use and the Proscription against Appropriating Outer Space and Celestial Bodies". Chinese Journal of International Law 19, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 329–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmaa013.

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Abstract Although a large-scale extraction of resources from outer space does not seem feasible yet, associated legal debates are already underway. Indeed, anticipating a race for space resources, some States are taking the lead in enacting legislation regulating future exploitation by their subjects. Sales of “extraterrestrial real estate” by private entities have been taking place for decades. This article addresses the topic of exploitation of space resources from an international law perspective—regardless of whether it will be firmly on the agenda tomorrow or in thirty years’ time. The crucial issue is to establish if, and eventually how, it is possible to conciliate the two principles at stake here: freedom to use outer space and celestial bodies, which arguably includes exploitation, and the impermissibility of their appropriation. It will be pointed out that, rather than proposing a comprehensive and rigid mechanism, the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement could represent a starting point, a proactive framework for achieving consensus among States and for seeking multilateral solutions for the exploitation of space resources.
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21

Butz, Martin V., David E. Goldberg y Kurian Tharakunnel. "Analysis and Improvement of Fitness Exploitation in XCS: Bounding Models, Tournament Selection, and Bilateral Accuracy". Evolutionary Computation 11, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2003): 239–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365298.

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The evolutionary learning mechanism in XCS strongly depends on its accuracy-based fitness approach. The approach is meant to result in an evolutionary drive from classifiers of low accuracy to those of high accuracy. Since, given inaccuracy, lower specificity often corresponds to lower accuracy, fitness pressure most often also results in a pressure towards higher specificity. Moreover, fitness pressure should cause the evolutionary process to be innovative in that it combines low-order building blocks of lower accurate classifiers, to higher-order building blocks with higher accuracy. This paper investigates how, when, and where accuracy-based fitness results in successful rule evolution in XCS. Along the way, a weakness in the current proportionate selection method in XCS is identified. Several problem bounds are derived that need to be obeyed to enable proper evolutionary pressure. Moreover, a fitness dilemma is identified that causes accuracy-based fitness to be misleading. Improvements are introduced to XCS to make fitness pressure more robust and overcome the fitness dilemma. Specifically, (1) tournament selection results in a much better fitness-bias exploitation, and (2) bilateral accuracy prevents the fitness dilemma. While the improvements stand for themselves, we believe they also contribute to the ultimate goal of an evolutionary learning system that is able to solve decomposable machine-learning problems quickly, accurately, and reliably. The paper also contributes to the further understanding of XCS in general and the fitness approach in XCS in particular.
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22

Ginzberg, Eitan. "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma". Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2020): 122–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1666.

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The reasoning behind Hispanic-American colonization was that the indigenous people were rational vassals, who could be embraced by Christianity, and must, therefore, be protected and well-treated, though judiciously recruited to serve the interests of the Spanish Empire. Eyewitnesses and studies conducted on the Indian issue since the early sixteenth century found that the preservation-exploitation policy gradually became extremely destructive. Raphael Lemkin, in an unpublished study on Hispanic-American colonialism, was the first to call its damaging consequences genocide. The objective of this article is to explore the historical reliability of Lemkin’s controversial claim, and how it might tally with the Spanish Crown’s manifested caring approach toward the Indians. The study is based on a broad range of documents, many of them personal and unpublished until recently, making these sources highly reliable. We believe that the research will shed light on the historical dilemma of Hispanic-American colonization.
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23

Janovic, Nikola. "Biopolitics: Animals, meat, food". Filozofija i drustvo 20, n.º 2 (2009): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0902041j.

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The general idea of this text is to reflect biopolitical constitution of the society and its implications related to the issues of animal welfare. Since animal in biopolitical formation is technically reduced to an object - commodity for contentment of the industry and of the people needs - critical public advisories are calling from moral, ethical and legal standpoint for attention to the fact that is necessary to protect animals from the unnecessary exploitation. It is obvious that animal protection is evoking animal rights question. But in the last instance protection of animal rights is related to the nutritional dilemma of animal food use. Question is arising: does animal rights in particular also envisage change in food politics (abandonment of meat food use), what is for instance the extreme veg(etari)an option taking for granted? This challenge sent to the culture of all-food eaters is opening up new questions and dilemmas. First of all, there is a question linked to the right of men to choose his own nutritional option, and of course dilemma which is related to scruples about meat-eaters and their (non)ability to love animals.
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24

Harvey, Mark L., Paul A. Bell y Andrej A. Birjulin. "Punishment and Type of Feedback in a Simulated Commons Dilemma". Psychological Reports 73, n.º 2 (octubre de 1993): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.447.

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351 research participants in groups of three harvested resources from a slowly regenerating, shared pool in a computer-assisted game. Feedback after each round of play consisted of information about the status of the resource pool, information about the other participants' harvesting choices, or no feedback at all. Exploitation was either not punished or punished by individual or group. Analysis showed that either form of punishment improved harvests from the common resource but that feedback had no such influence.
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25

Otto, Kadence A. y Herbert R. Otto. "Clarifying Amateurism: A Logical Approach to Resolving the Exploitation of College Athletes Dilemma". Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 7, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2013): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2012.762036.

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Stadler, Christian, Tazeeb Rajwani y Florence Karaba. "Solutions to the Exploration/Exploitation Dilemma: Networks as a New Level of Analysis". International Journal of Management Reviews 16, n.º 2 (8 de mayo de 2013): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12015.

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27

Prange, Christiane y Bodo B. Schlegelmilch. "The Role of Ambidexterity in Marketing Strategy Implementation: Resolving the Exploration-Exploitation Dilemma". Business Research 2, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2009): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03342712.

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28

Heath, Joseph. "Intergenerational Cooperation and Distributive Justice". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 27, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1997): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1997.10715956.

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Kevin Sauvé has recently argued in this journal that David Gauthier's conception of ‘morals by agreement’ is inimical to the development of long-term productive investment and sustainable levels of resource exploitation. According to Sauvé, this is because society is confronted with an intergenerational interaction problem whose strategic equilibrium is suboptimal (a ‘Prisoner's Dilemma’). However, unlike the ‘contemporaneous Prisoner's Dilemma’ that Gauthier analyzes, the intergenerational version cannot be solved by an appeal to constrained maximization. As a result, Sauvé claims, Gauthier cannot effectively address the question of intergenerational justice.The portion of Sauvé's argument that concerns me is the following:Gauthier solves the contemporaneous Prisoner's Dilemma by ensuring that each person will cooperate only if all others cooperate, and indeed his conception of morality is aimed at ensuring that all individuals incur the costs as well as the benefits of social cooperation. But the contemporaneous solution cannot be applied to the Intergenerational Dilemma: if each generation will save for the next only if the previous generations have also saved, none will ever save. (170)
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29

Han, The Anh, Luís Moniz Pereira y Francisco C. Santos. "Corpus-Based Intention Recognition in Cooperation Dilemmas". Artificial Life 18, n.º 4 (octubre de 2012): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00072.

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Intention recognition is ubiquitous in most social interactions among humans and other primates. Despite this, the role of intention recognition in the emergence of cooperative actions remains elusive. Resorting to the tools of evolutionary game theory, herein we describe a computational model showing how intention recognition coevolves with cooperation in populations of self-regarding individuals. By equipping some individuals with the capacity of assessing the intentions of others in the course of a prototypical dilemma of cooperation—the repeated prisoner's dilemma—we show how intention recognition is favored by natural selection, opening a window of opportunity for cooperation to thrive. We introduce a new strategy (IR) that is able to assign an intention to the actions of opponents, on the basis of an acquired corpus consisting of possible plans achieving that intention, as well as to then make decisions on the basis of such recognized intentions. The success of IR is grounded on the free exploitation of unconditional cooperators while remaining robust against unconditional defectors. In addition, we show how intention recognizers do indeed prevail against the best-known successful strategies of iterated dilemmas of cooperation, even in the presence of errors and reduction of fitness associated with a small cognitive cost for performing intention recognition.
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30

Sescon, Joselito. "The conditional altruist and the Samaritan’s dilemma". Philippine Review of Economics 57, n.º 1 (julio de 2021): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37907/5erp0202j.

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The Samaritan’s dilemma refers to any situation in which an actual or expected altruistic behavior of one actor generates an incentive for exploitation on the recipient, such that the altruist suffers a welfare loss beyond the cost of the originally intended transfer. This study hypothesized that the Samaritan’s dilemma condition does (not) apply when the help given is a substitute for (complement to) the effort of the beneficiary to help herself. Using static and sequential game analyses, it is proven that either substitution or complementary condition could arise in the act of giving and receiving help. It is in the substitution condition only that the Samaritan dilemma arises. The players in a sequential game, with the first-mover advantage, can transform the game’s payoffs by setting assistance or work effort at the outset that forces the other player to adjust. Thus, Buchanan’s Samaritan’s dilemma is not a universally strategic outcome in the altruistic acts of giving. The empirical part tested if the Samaritan’s dilemma pervades or not in Philippine households by investigating the effects of expenditures of gifts on work hours. Household total transfers (consumption gifts plus remittances) and household members’ work effort are found substitutes. Thus, the Samaritan’s dilemma equilibrium is implied. However, there is also an implied equilibrium outside that of the Samaritan’s dilemma among high-effort workers: for these theoretically "altruist" workers, the gifts and income transfers are complementary to work hours.
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31

Mc Namara, Peter y Charles Baden-Fuller. "Shareholder returns and the exploration–exploitation dilemma: R&D announcements by biotechnology firms". Research Policy 36, n.º 4 (mayo de 2007): 548–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.012.

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32

Aimar, Thierry, Yassine Bouhdaoui, Guillermo Mateu y Angela Sutan. "Entrepreneurial alertness in eustress complex environments: An experimental approach of the exploitation/exploration dilemma". Strategic Change 29, n.º 3 (mayo de 2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2329.

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33

Aono, Masashi, Song-Ju Kim, Masahiko Hara y Toshinori Munakata. "Amoeba-inspired Tug-of-War algorithms for exploration–exploitation dilemma in extended Bandit Problem". Biosystems 117 (marzo de 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.12.007.

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34

Sijuwade, Philip O. "CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON ELDER ABUSE AS A FAMILY DILEMMA". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 23, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 1995): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1995.23.3.247.

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Comparative studies of cases by type of elder abuse disclosed distinct profiles of abuse, neglect, and financial exploitation. Physical and psychological abuse were more closely associated with the problems of perpetrators than the victim. Victim-perpetrator dependency, perpetration psychopathology, and care giver stress, emerge from the comparative studies as major risk factors for elder mistreatment with substance abuse and social isolation as serious contributing elements. Elder abuse challenges belief in the sanctity of the home and the inherent goodness of man. Also, it raises basic ethical and legal dilemmas regarding the elder's right to self determination and society's desire to intervene. To arrive at a better understanding of this difficult problem, the experience of all countries will be needed.
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35

Atuahene-Gima, Kwaku. "Resolving the Capability–Rigidity Paradox in New Product Innovation". Journal of Marketing 69, n.º 4 (octubre de 2005): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.2005.69.4.61.

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Managers face an important strategic dilemma in product innovation: how to exploit existing product innovation competencies (competence exploitation) while avoiding their dysfunctional rigidity effects by renewing and replacing them with entirely new competencies (competence exploration). Although the resolution of what is termed the “capability–rigidity paradox” is considered a fundamental managerial task in enhancing product innovation outcomes and the firm's competitive advantage, it has received little research attention. The author argues and finds support that market orientation provides a key to this paradox. Specifically, customer and competitor orientations ensure simultaneous investments in exploiting existing product innovation competencies and exploring new ones. The author also finds that the effects of these orientations on competence exploitation and exploration are differentially moderated by interfunctional coordination and perceived market opportunity. Regarding outcomes, competence exploitation and exploration have opposing relationships with incremental and radical innovation performance. However, the relationship between competence exploration and radical innovation performance is positively moderated by interfunctional coordination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that market orientation can prevent a firm from becoming operationally efficient but strategically inefficient by simultaneously engendering competence exploitation and exploration, which are differentially related to incremental and radical product innovation outcomes.
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36

Crawford, Broderick, Ricardo Soto, José Lemus-Romani, Marcelo Becerra-Rozas, José M. Lanza-Gutiérrez, Nuria Caballé, Mauricio Castillo et al. "Q-Learnheuristics: Towards Data-Driven Balanced Metaheuristics". Mathematics 9, n.º 16 (4 de agosto de 2021): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9161839.

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One of the central issues that must be resolved for a metaheuristic optimization process to work well is the dilemma of the balance between exploration and exploitation. The metaheuristics (MH) that achieved this balance can be called balanced MH, where a Q-Learning (QL) integration framework was proposed for the selection of metaheuristic operators conducive to this balance, particularly the selection of binarization schemes when a continuous metaheuristic solves binary combinatorial problems. In this work the use of this framework is extended to other recent metaheuristics, demonstrating that the integration of QL in the selection of operators improves the exploration-exploitation balance. Specifically, the Whale Optimization Algorithm and the Sine-Cosine Algorithm are tested by solving the Set Covering Problem, showing statistical improvements in this balance and in the quality of the solutions.
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37

Luffin, Xavier. "Senegalese, Gurkha, Sikh . . . : The French and British Colonial Troops in the Eyes of the Arab Writers". Arabica 60, n.º 6 (2013): 762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341283.

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Abstract The former great European colonial empires had incorporated soldiers recruited in their colonies into their armies. Several Arab authors from Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Morocco remember them through their novels and short stories, giving us an interesting perception of the “Other”: strangers brought into the Arab world by other strangers. They also represent different negative faces of the colonial period: the exploitation of the indigenous population, the dilemma of Muslims forced to fight their brothers . . .
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38

Laureiro-Martínez, Daniella, Stefano Brusoni, Nicola Canessa y Maurizio Zollo. "Understanding the exploration-exploitation dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision-making performance". Strategic Management Journal 36, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2014): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2221.

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39

Sinha, Sabyasachi. "The Exploration–Exploitation Dilemma: A Review in the Context of Managing Growth of New Ventures". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 40, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2015): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090915599709.

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40

Schroeder, David A., Julie E. Steel, Andria J. Woodell y Alicia F. Bembenek. "Justice Within Social Dilemmas". Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2003): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_09.

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The defining feature of social dilemma situations is the inherent conflict faced by those involved: should one act in his or her own individual best interest or sacrifice a measure of one's personal payoff to help maximize the joint payoff of the group as a whole? In such dilemmas, those making individualistic and defecting choices are always at a competitive advantage relative to those who choose to cooperate. One seemingly inevitable consequence of the resulting resource allocation asymmetry is that it must challenge and threaten the cooperator's sense of fairness and justice, and it is the reaction of those caught in social dilemmas to this injustice and unfairness that is the focus of this article. We examine how justice processes-distributive justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, and retributive justice operate in social dilemmas. Within this examination, we consider ideas from classic and contemporary conceptual analyses of justice to provide a broader context within which to understand social dilemmas and the roles that justice plays as people strive to ensure fair outcomes for themselves and for others. We conclude with the proposal of a 4-stage, sequential model of justice in social dilemmas that posits groups move between the types of justice concerns when unfair and unsatisfactory outcomes (e.g., inequitable resource allocations, violations of agreed-on allocation rules, intentional and egregious exploitation of the group) cause members to “recognize the necessity” for change to ensure fair and just outcomes for all.
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41

Ebrahimi, Peyman y Anna Lante. "Polyphenols: A Comprehensive Review of their Nutritional Properties". Open Biotechnology Journal 15, n.º 1 (21 de septiembre de 2021): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702115010164.

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Polyphenols are the most prominent natural antioxidants found numerously in nature. They are secondary metabolites recognized for having high health benefits for consumers, even if the exploitation of these remarkable natural compounds is still a challenge. Moreover, there is a dilemma over the nutritional value of polyphenols. Hence, this paper seeks to review the classification, sources, anti-browning effect, antioxidant activity, nutritional property and anti-disease effect of polyphenols for better understanding the issues which need to be addressed in the valorization of these natural compounds.
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42

Charles, Tony y Franz Lehner. "Competitiveness and Employment: A Strategic Dilemma for Economic Policy". Competition & Change 3, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 1998): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949800300108.

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Competitiveness policy is usually described in liberal terms, suggesting a close relationship to competition and markets. However, the outcomes of such policies may work in the opposite direction. Competitiveness policy often results in heavy market intervention and distorts rather than strengthens competition. Based on misconceived problems of globalization and competition, it shifts the problem of competitiveness from the company level, where it belongs, to the level of a game between nations and their national economies. We show that the “national competitiveness game” and the “international productivity race” have perpetuated a vicious circle of high structural unemployment, global over-capacity in many markets, increased social exclusion and economic recession. These trends have been reinforced by cost-driven approaches to the exploitation of human and physical resources. We also argue that new forms of state intervention in the economy are vital to both maintain and enhance national wealth, but it has become more difficult to identify effective policy actions and their effect upon either national welfare. Governments at regional, national and supra-national levels increasingly have to manage or steer global and local interdependencies under conditions of increased uncertainty.
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43

Moser, Karin S. y Juliane E. Kämmer. "Collaboration time influences information-sharing at work". Team Performance Management: An International Journal 24, n.º 1/2 (12 de marzo de 2018): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-10-2016-0043.

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Purpose Different lengths of collaboration with colleagues at work is a central feature of modern working life, and even more so in a work environment that is increasingly project focused and knowledge-intensive. Despite its practical importance, there is little research on how the perceived costs and benefits in an information-sharing dilemma might change depending on collaboration length. Based on a social dilemma framework, it is hypothesised that anticipated length of collaboration time will significantly influence the motivation to collaborate. Design/methodology/approach An experimental scenario study (N = 87) compared the willingness to work collaboratively, share information and help the partner in a long-term (two academic terms) vs a short-term (one week) condition. Findings At first somewhat counter-intuitively, participants were more helpful in the short-term, and insisted more on equality and disengaged more from a defecting partner – but not the project – in the long-term condition. People appear to focus more on the immediate task in short-term collaborations – even at cost – because the outcome is more important than the relationship, and more on setting norms for equality and reciprocity in long-term collaborations to avoid future exploitation. Practical implications The findings help understanding the motivation and the partner and task perception under different time conditions and support managing teams in an increasingly project-oriented work environment with changing partners and varying time frames. Originality To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper investigating the influence of anticipated collaboration time in information-sharing dilemmas.
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44

Zhi-Biao, Wang. "Choice Dilemma and Concrete Approaches on Protection and Exploitation of Folk Artistic Resources in Kaifeng City". Journal of Applied Sciences 13, n.º 19 (15 de septiembre de 2013): 3931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.3931.3935.

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45

Colby, William E. "Public Policy, Secret Action". Ethics & International Affairs 3 (marzo de 1989): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00212.x.

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Exploitation of the executive exercise of covert operations has presented a dilemma, but Colby maintains that even in peacetime a “democratic society must have and respect some secrets.” Does democracy, by its inherent nature, preclude the employment of covert action, even under exceptional conditions? Colby argues that the constitutional decision-making process is an ethical and legal one. In wartime, a “just” war is the goal, and the use of covert action must be evaluated by two essential criteria: self-defense and proportionality to the act requiring self-defense.
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46

Ageh, Patrick Agejo. "Ethical Dilemma with Respect to CBD Regulations in Genetic Modification of Biological Resources in Cameroon". African Journal of International and Comparative Law 25, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2017): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2017.0209.

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The quest for patent rights has seen bioprospecting as a scientific and commercial research paradigm in which bioprospectors explore secluded locations around Cameroon in order to find ‘new drugs from exotic plants’. Bioprospectors derive genetic and biochemical materials that are both scientifically and commercially valuable, and they subsequently patent these materials abroad away from the original source to justify legal ownership through intellectual property law. An almost unprecedented amount of discussion has been stimulated on the merits and demerits of genetic engineering of crop plants and biodiversity exploitation and has divided both the public and scientific communities. The arguments for and against genetic engineering are invariably based on visions or missions of the new technology from widely different ethical perspectives. Fundamental issues of man's relationship with nature and theological matters are issues of concern. The genetic engineering of living cells, plants, animals and human beings has brought ethical concerns and issues to the conservation of biodiversity. Agricultural productivity depends in part on the availability of biodiversity for the development of improved cultivars. Until the 1970s, biodiversity was considered to be part of the ‘common heritage of humanity’. Under the regime of patent rights, biological resources are treated as belonging to the ‘public domain’ and are not owned by any individual, group, or state. From a common heritage of mankind, biodiversity is evolving into a resource under the sovereignty of nation states and is subject to intellectual property rights (IPRs). The new technology has witnessed a lot of illegal exploitation and commercialisation of these biological resources which is considered as biopiracy.
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47

Nunez-Parra, Alexia y Maria-Paz Ramos. "Chile’s dilemma: how to reinsert scientists trained abroad". F1000Research 3 (18 de septiembre de 2014): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5287.1.

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Chile is recognized worldwide as an emergent economy, with a great power in natural resource exploitation. Nonetheless, despite being one of the most developed countries in Latin America, Chile imports most of the knowledge and technology necessary to drive innovation in the country. The tight budget that the Chilean government assigned to research and development and the absence of a long-term scientific agenda contributed to a limited supply of scientists over the years. In an effort to reverse this scenario, Chile has created several fellowships, such as the Becas Chile Program (BCP) to encourage new generations to pursue graduate studies to ultimately advance research and development in situ. More than 6000 fellows are now being trained abroad, accumulating an incredible potential to transform the Chilean scientific environment as we know it. Chile now faces a greater challenge: it has to offer infrastructure and job openings to the highly skilled professionals in whom it invested. Unfortunately no clear public policies to address this situation have been developed, partially due to the lack of a dedicated institution, such as a Ministry for Science and Technology which could focalize the necessary efforts to promote such policies. Therefore, in the meantime, Chilean scientist have been motivated to create different organizations, such as, Mas Ciencia para Chile and Nexos Chile-USA, to promote constructive discussion of the policies that could be implemented to improve the Chilean scientific situation. We hope that these and other organizations have a real impact on the generation of scientific guidelines that will finally contribute to the development of the country.
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48

Abdulzahra Hamdan, Ahmed y Safaa Ali Hussein. "Cooperative decision-making on fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq using the prisoner’s dilemma". Banks and Bank Systems 15, n.º 4 (9 de diciembre de 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.08.

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This paper investigates the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq after 2003 using the prisoner’s dilemma.The paper aims to determine the best form of coordination between these policies to achieve their goals; payoff matrix for both policies was constructed. To achieve the purpose, the quantitative approach was applied using several methods, including regression, building payoff matrices and decision analysis using a number of software.The results of the monetary policy payment function show that inflation rate has an inverse relationship with the auctions of selling foreign currency and a positive relationship with the government’s activity, while the fiscal policy function shows that real growth is positively related to price levels (the inverted Phillips curve) and correlates with the government’s activity. After using the Gambit Solution to determine the Nash balance, which is achieved through the expansion strategies of both policies to confirm the results, the Promethee-Gaia method was used for multi-criteria decision making. When the two policies interact with similar forces (50% each), the best decision is one of the expansionary strategies that help achieve their main objectives in the short and long term, represented by price stability and economic growth.The main conclusion is that the best way to achieve the goals of economic policy in Iraq is that the coordination of procedures between the two policies should be expansionary, since the Iraqi economy needs to be stimulated due to the under-exploitation of many its sectors, such as agriculture and industry.
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49

Goddard, Chris y Neerosh Mudaly. "The Ethics of Involving Children Who Have Been Abused in Child Abuse Research". International Journal of Children's Rights 17, n.º 2 (2009): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181808x389920.

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AbstractIs it ethical for children to experience pain or sadness when talking about their experiences of abuse for purposes of research? Can they be re-traumatised by this experience? How can confidentiality be guaranteed if there are concerns about current abuse? These are some of the ethical questions that arise when children who have been abused are involved in research. Yet it is also recognised that children have a right to be involved in research. The critical dilemma is how to balance the welfare rights of children to be protected from any possible exploitation, trauma and harm with their right to be consulted and heard about matters that affect them. The difficulty in resolving this conflict may be one reason that current literature on this subject is still limited, and because such research places researchers 'in a minefield of ethical dilemmas' (Runyan, 2000: 676).This paper critically explores the ethical issues encountered in a study which encouraged children and young people who had been abused to speak for themselves about their experiences of victimisation. The authors discuss the ethical dilemmas that were encountered and how these were addressed in the context of children's rights. The authors argue that while serious ethical difficulties arise in this type of research, strategies which empower and promote children's informed participation, and minimise risks, are possible. The article presents the voices of children wherever relevant.
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50

TANIMOTO, JUN. "A STUDY OF A QUADRUPLE CO-EVOLUTIONARY MODEL AND ITS RECIPROCITY PHASE FOR VARIOUS PRISONER'S DILEMMA GAME". International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, n.º 04 (abril de 2011): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183111016324.

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We present and numerically investigate a quadruple co-evolutionary model for 2 × 2 Prisoner's Dilemma games which allows not only for agents to adopt strategy (Cooperation C or Defection D) and for network topology, but also for the probability of link rewiring that controls the speed of network evolution and the updating rule itself. The results of a series of simulations reveal that C agents in a coexisting phase increase their rewiring probability to avoid neighboring D agents' exploitation through the Game Exit Option. This evolutionary process leads most agents to adopt pairwise updating even though Imitation Max update adopted by all agents brings a higher payoff.
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