Tesis sobre el tema "Face editing"

Apprendre à éditer des images et des vidéos de visages est un domaine particulièrement actif dans la recherche académique et industrielle. Cette thèse aborde le problème de l'édition de visages dans le cas particulier des images et des vidéos à haute résolution. Dans cette thèse, nous développons des méthodes basées sur l'apprentissage profond pour effectuer l'édition d'images faciales. Plus précisément, nous explorons la tâche en utilisant les représentations latentes obtenues à partir de deux types de réseaux neuronaux profonds : les modèles basés sur l'auto-encodage et les réseaux antagonistes génératifs (GAN). Pour chaque type de méthode, nous considérons un problème spécifique d'édition d'image et proposons une solution efficace qui surpasse l'état de l'art. La thèse comprend deux parties. Dans la partie I, nous explorons les tâches d'édition d'images via l'espace latent des autoencodeurs. Nous considérons d'abord la tâche de transfert de style entre les photos, et proposons un algorithme efficace qui est construit sur une paire de réseaux basés sur des autoencodeurs. Ensuite, nous étudions la tâche d'édition de l'âge du visage pour les images à haute résolution, en utilisant une architecture d'encodeur-décodeur. Le réseau proposé encode une image de visage en représentations de caractéristiques invariantes selon l'âge, et apprend un vecteur de modulation correspondant à un âge cible. Notre approche permet une édition fine de l'âge sur des images à haute résolution dans un seul modèle unifié.Dans la deuxième partie, nous explorons la tâche d'édition via l'espace latent des modèles antagonistes génératifs (GAN). Tout d'abord, nous considérons le problème de l'édition "démêlée" (disentangled) des attributs faciaux sur des images synthétiques et réelles, en proposant un réseau de transformation latent qui agit dans l'espace latent d'un modèle GAN pré-entraîné. Nous avons également proposé un pipeline de manipulation vidéo, afin de généraliser le résultat de l'édition aux vidéos. Deuxièmement, nous étudions le problème de l'inversion du GAN - la projection d'une image réelle dans l'espace latent d'un GAN pré-entraîné. En particulier, nous proposons un encodeur feed-forward, qui encode une image donnée en un code caractéristique et un code latent en une seule passe. L'encodeur proposé s'avère plus précis et plus stable pour l'inversion d'images et de vidéos, tout en conservant de bonnes capacités d'édition<br>Learning to edit facial images and videos is one of the most popular tasks in both academia and industrial research. This thesis addresses the problem of face editing for the special case of high-resolution images and videos.In this thesis, we develop deep learning-based methods to perform facial image editing. Specifically, we explore the task using the latent representations obtained from two types of deep neural networks: autoencoder-based models and generative adversarial networks. For each type of method, we consider a specific image editing problem and propose an effective solution that outperforms the state-of-the-art.The thesis contains two parts. In part I, we explore image editing tasks via the latent space of autoencoders. We first consider the style transfer task between photos and propose an effective algorithm that is built on a pair of autoencoder-based networks. Second, we study the face age editing task for high-resolution images, using an encoder-decoder architecture. The proposed network encodes a face image to age-invariant feature representations and learns a modulation vector corresponding to a target age. Our approach allows for fine-grained age editing on high-resolution images in a single unified model.In part II, we explore the editing task via the latent space of generative adversarial models (GANs). First, we consider the problem of facial attribute disentangled editing on synthetic and real images, by proposing a latent transformation network that acts in the latent space of a pre-trained GAN model. We also proposed a video manipulation pipeline, to generalize the editing result to videos. Second, we investigate the problem of GAN inversion -- the projection of a real image to the latent space of a pretrained GAN. In particular, we propose a feed-forward encoder, which encodes a given image to a feature code and a latent code in one pass. The proposed encoder is shown to be more accurate and stable for image and video inversion, meanwhile, maintaining good editing capacities

<p>Computer animated faces have found their way into a wide variety of areas. Starting from entertainment like computer games, through television and films to user interfaces using “talking heads”. Animated faces are also becoming popular in web applications in form of human-like assistants or newsreaders. </p><p>This thesis presents a few aspects of dealing with human face animations, namely: editing, playing and transmitting such animations. It describes a standard for handling human face animations, the MPEG-4 Face Animation, and shows the process of designing, implementing and evaluating applications compliant to this standard. </p><p>First, it presents changes introduced to the existing components of the Visage|toolkit package for dealing with facial animations, offered by the company Visage Technologies AB. It also presents the process of designing and implementing of an application for editing facial animations compliant to the MPEG-4 Face Animation standard. Finally, it discusses several approaches to the problem of streaming facial animations over the Internet or the Local Area Network (LAN).</p>

Though much work has been done on the definition of Standard English and on the standardization process, little attention has been paid to the role of copy editors in that process. Editors comprise a class of craft professionals employed to remove errors from texts and make them more consistent, but when editors speak about editors at all, they generally rely on anecdotes rather than hard data about what editors do. Since formal written English is often used as a baseline for determining what is standard, and since corpora of published writing are increasingly used to research questions of usage, it is important to understand the role of copy editors in shaping the text that we see on the printed page. This study examines the usage and grammar changes made by student editorial interns in twenty-three academic journal articles. Volunteer professional editors were then solicited to edit the same articles, and their changes were compared against the interns' changes. The changes were counted and categorized to determine which usage rules can be considered most important to copy editors and thus most essential to distinguishing Standard Edited English from standard unedited writing. It was found that the most frequent changes were several grammatical items and a few lexical items, including the that/which rule, avoidance of towards, increased parallelism, and standardization of s-genitive forms. These changes confirm the idea that editors play a role in standardization, particularly codifying certain forms by reducing optional variation. From this data we can conclude that educated written usage and edited usage are not necessarily the same and should not be conflated. These findings also have implications for the use of corpus data in usage studies by showing that the final version of a printed work does not necessarily show the usage of edited writers but likely has a substantial contribution from copy editors.

The human face is a fascinating, but extremely complex object; the research project described is concerned with the computer generation and animation of faces. However, the age old captivation with the face transforms into a major obstacle when creating synthetic faces. The face and head are the most visible attributes of a person. We master the skills of recognising faces and interpreting facial movement at a very early age. As a result, we are likely to notice the smallest deviation from our concept of how a face should appear and behave. Computer animation in general, is often perceived to be ``wooden' and very ``rigid'; the aim is therefore to provide facilities for the generation of believable faces and convincing facial movement. The major issues addressed within the project concern the modelling of a large variety of faces and their animation. Computer modelling of arbitrary faces is an area that has received relatively little attention in comparison with the animation of faces. Another problem that has been considered is that of providing the user with adequate and effective control over the modelling and animation of the face. The Facial Animation, Construction and Editing System or FACES was conceived as a system for investigating these issues. A promising approach is to look a little deeper than the surface of the skin. A three-layer anatomical model of the head, which incorporates bone, muscle, skin and surface features, has been developed. As well as serving as a foundation which integrates all the facilities available within FACES, the advantage of the model is that it allows differing strategies to be used for modelling and animation. FACES is an interactive system, which helps with both the generation and animation of faces, while hiding the structural complexities of the face from the user. The software consists of four sub-systems; CONSTRUCT and MODIFY cater for modelling functionality, while ANIMATE allows animation sequences to be generated and RENDER provides for shading and motion evaluation.

These days, fact-checking is a fashionable term in the worlds of both politics and the media. On broadcast news, tickers run below the speeches of politicians, with claims annotated in real-time and occasionally labeled as false. In newspapers like the Washington Post and online information hubs like Politifact.com, writers invoke the term to flag reporting that aims to correct or clarify the public record. At times, "fact-checking" efforts are themselves called out for partisan bias or personal gain. The term is now practically mainstream, used in everyday conversation to indicate disbelief. ("I'm going to have to fact-check you," CNN anchor Jake Tapper said to former Baltimore mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake in August 2016, expressing surprise that she was the mother of a 12-year-old.) Given the proliferating parties of interest that now claim to be engaged in some sort of fact-checking endeavor--from policy think tanks to Facebook--it's no wonder that a term originally reserved for the pursuit of journalistic accuracy now suffers from muddied public understanding. This study focuses on fact-checking in the context of print magazines: the media genre that innovated a formal version of the practice nearly a century ago. Magazine fact-checking, unlike the "fact-checking" tickers of broadcast news and newspaper postmortems, focuses not on setting the record straight after the fact, but rather on getting the story right before it goes to print. If a magazine fact-checker does her work well, she'll remain invisible to the reader. And that's because the published story, after her fact-checking, will afford the reader an experience uninterrupted by questionable logic, unreliable sources, or suspect data. Magazine fact-checkers aim for this level of perfection by employing a rigorous process that goes far beyond the verification of names, dates, and numerical figures. To illustrate this process, and explain my personal investment in this craft, I share my own experience working as the head of a city magazine's fact-checking department. To gain perspective on magazine fact-checking as practiced elsewhere in the nation, I interview other fact-checkers, writers, and academics. I also draw on case studies, media history, and personal anecdotes to examine some of the fundamental questions that inform the practice. (Among them: what is a fact? When does information become true? And what are the limits of a fact-checker's pursuit of truth?) In the world of fact-checking, there are best practices in the craft, and nuances to consider. Fact-checking also wades into deeper waters: those of philosophy, ethics, and social bias. But at its core, fact-checking is quite simply an application of critical thinking skills: skills that can be honed, and used for good. At a time when the media has lost the faith of many Americans, the magazine fact-checker can play a critical role in building that trust, one scrupulously vetted story at a time.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease affecting around 0.1-0.8% of the population worldwide and is characterized by a progressive destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells around the islets contribute for the “first wave” of beta cell apoptosis. Cytokine-mediated activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) contributes to beta cell demise in T1D. This is unusual, since NF-κB has anti-apoptotic effects in other cells. NF-κB is activated in most cells via the canonical pathway, while its activation via the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is restricted to few cell types, such as maturing/differentiating immune cell and osteoclasts. We have now observed that IL-1β+IFN-γ induces an atypical activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in beta cells. This activation depends on different crosstalk mechanisms between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, including the down-regulation of the E3 ligase Fbw7, which targets the p100 for proteasomal degradation, and up-regulation of another E3 ligase, βTrCP, which in turn induces cleavage of p100 to p52, a hallmark step in the non-canonical NF-κB activation. Importantly, cytokine-mediated activation of the non-canonical pathway regulates the expression of late NF-κB dependent genes, such as Ccl5, Ccl19, Ccl12, Fas that regulate both pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic responses and are implicated in beta cell loss in T1D. This atypical activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines in beta cells constitutes a novel “feed-forward” mechanism that may explain the particular pro-apoptotic effect of this transcription factor in beta cells. Besides regulation of pro-death responses, NF-κB activation in beta cells triggers the expression of the ubiquitin-editing protein A20, encoded by TNFAIP3. A20 restricts NF-κB signalling and possess anti-apoptotic activities in beta cells. Importantly, genome-wide association studies have identified TNFAIP3 as a candidate gene for T1D. We presently demonstrated that A20 effects in beta cells are not restricted to inhibition of NF-κB. Thus, A20 also suppresses the pro-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and activates the survival signaling mediated via the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt), thus inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Finally, a cohort study of T1D children indicated that the risk allele of the rs2327832 single nucleotide polymorphism of TNFAIP3 predict lower C-peptide and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels 12 months after disease onset, indicating that this candidate gene contributes for reduced residual beta-cell function and impaired glycemic control in early T1D. In conclusion, our results indicate a critical role for A20 in the regulation of beta cell survival and unveil novel mechanisms by which A20 controls beta-cell fate. Moreover, we identified the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2327832 of TNFAIP3 as a prognostic marker for diabetes outcome in children with T1D.We have also observed that A20 protects beta cells against the pro-apoptotic effects of cytokines by preventing the degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Mcl-1 belongs to the Bcl-2 family of proteins that regulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. It was previously shown that Mcl-1 depletion contributes to apoptosis in rat beta cells and that its expression is downregulated in islets from T1D individuals infected by enteroviruses. We have now confirmed in human beta cells that decreased Mcl-1 expression contributes to cytokine-mediated beta cell death. We generated a beta cell specific Mcl-1 knockout mouse line (βMcl-1 KO) and observed that islets derived from these mice were more susceptible to pro-apoptotic stimuli exposure ex vivo. Of note, βMcl-1 KO mice were more vulnerable to multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes than their wild type littermates. One of the mechanisms by which cytokines mediate Mcl-1 degradation is via its phosphorylation by GSK3β. Overexpression of A20 increased AKT phosphorylation, providing a negative feedback on GSK3β activity and preventing Mcl-1 degradation. Cytokines also increase Mcl-1 ubiquitination, a process regulated by the E3 ligases Mule and βTrCP and the deubiquitinase USP9X. The present findings indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines trigger post-translational modifications of Mcl-1 leading to its degradation. This contributes to exacerbation of pro-death responses and beta cell demise in T1D, but it can be prevented, at least in part, by A20. As a whole, our data unveil novel post-translational mechanisms and different ubiquitin editing proteins that regulate beta cell fate in T1D and are modulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines.<br>Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma edição crítica da ópera Le Fate (1902-1903), de Henrique Oswald (1952-1931), a partir dos manuscritos autógrafos encontrados na Biblioteca da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, no Arquivo Nacional e na Biblioteca Nacional, ambos no Rio de Janeiro. Para isso utilizamos o método do textobase como apresentado por Figueiredo em seu trabalho sobre as teorias e práticas editoriais aplicadas à música sacra brasileira dos séculos XVIII e XIX, apoiado por outros autores que abordam o assunto da edição crítica, como Grier, no âmbito musical, Cambraia e Spina, no campo literário. No decorrer de nosso trabalho fazemos uma análise dos manuscritos e apresentamos uma edição do libreto e da partitura, ambos com seus aparatos críticos, precedidos por uma discussão dos problemas encontrados e dos critérios utilizados para resolvê-los. Além disso, apresentamos algumas informações para a identificação do libretista, Eduardo Filippi, fornecendo subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre este autor, pois até o momento não encontramos nenhum trabalho que apresentasse qualquer informação sobre ele. A edição da ópera Le Fate, assim como de qualquer outra obra deste porte, apresenta vários desafios ao editor, com relação às necessárias correções e modificações implícitas na atividade de edição crítica musical. Seguindo a bibliografia especializada, buscamos a definição da melhor metodologia de trabalho e a análise crítica, apoiada pelo conhecimento da obra, do estilo e do compositor, adquirido ao longo da pesquisa.<br>The aim of this work is to present a critical edition of the opera Le Fate (1902-1903), by Henrique Oswald (1952-1931), from the autograph manuscripts found in the Library of the School of Communication and Arts at the University of São Paulo, in the National Archive, and the National Library, both in Rio de Janeiro. For this purpose we used the copy-text method as presented by Figueiredo in his work on the theories and editorial practices applied to Brazilian sacred music of the 18th and 19th centuries, supported by other authors who address the subject of the critical editing, such as Grier in the musical sphere and Cambraia and Spina in the literary field. In the course of this work we analyze the manuscripts and present an edition of the libretto and the score, both with their critical apparatus, preceded by a discussion of the problems encountered and the criteria used to solve them. In addition, we present some information for the identification of the librettist, Eduardo Filippi, providing a contribution for future research on this author, for so far as this moment, we have not found any work that presents any information about him. Editing the opera Le Fate, as well as any other work of this size, presents several challenges to the editor, regarding the required corrections and the modifications implied in the musical critical editing activity. Following a specialized bibliography, we sought the definition of the best working methodology and the critical analysis, supported by the knowledge of the work, the style and the composer, acquired throughout the research.

My MFA portfolio consists of two scripts for performance and a research essay exploring the methods and process of writing these. Songs My Mother Taught Me is a one-woman cabaret piece; set in 1972, it explores hippie culture in New Zealand and a young women‟s search for independence. This portfolio contains two versions of this script. Both versions of this piece have been performed. In Defence of Love is a play for three actors, each of whom plays one aspect of an abused woman trying to find her way out of a destructive relationship.

The focus of this diploma thesis is a development of advanced web application for. The purpose of the application is extended .docx files management including import, editing, storage and creating new documents. The development comprises analysis, setting the requirements for the application, analysis of the Java Enterprise Edition and Office Open XML standard for the .docx file format. The thesis further deals with design, implementation and testing the application.

Esta dissertação apresenta a edição fac-similar e diplomática em perspectiva genética de 53 notas de planejamento do romance Avalovara de Osman Lins. Esta seleção permitiu verificar quais foram os procedimentos empregados na composição do texto, da estrutura rigorosa do livro e o registro da utilização destas notas na obra publicada em 1973. A edição contempla documentos autógrafos, datiloscritos e impressos rasurados que, de modo geral, contêm um discurso indicativo. Com isso, é possível perceber certas particularidades relacionadas ao processo de criação do romance além de estabelecer novas propostas de estudo para a obra.<br>This dissertation presents the diplomatic and fac-simile edition of 53 planning notes of the Avalovara, a novel by Osman Lins, through a genetic perspective. The selection was limited to these documents in order to check the procedures employed in the text composition and in its rigorous structure, as well as the record of the use of these notes in the volume published in 1973. The edition includes handwritten, typed and scrapped printed documents that, in general, display an indicative discourse. Through this edition, it is possible both to notice certain peculiarities related to the creative process of the novel and to establish new perspectives of study for the novel.

Morphable guidelines are a 3D structure that helps users achieve better face warping on 2D portrait images. Faces can be difficult to warp accurately because the rotation of the head affects the shape of the facial features. I bypass the problem by utilizing the popular Loomis ‘ball and plane’ head drawing guideline as a proxy structure. The resulting ‘morphable guidelines’ consist of a simple 3D head model that can be reshaped by the user and aligned to their input image. The vertices of the model go on to act as deformation points for a 2D image deformation algorithm. Thus, the user can seamlessly transform the face proportions in the 2D image by transforming the proportions of the morphable guidelines. This system can be used for both retouching and caricature warping purposes, as it is well-suited for both subtle and extreme modifications. This system is advantageous over previous work in face warping because our morphable guidelines can be used on a wide range of head orientations and do not require the generation of a full 3D model.<br>Graduate<br>0984<br>syugao@gmail.com

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>O presente trabalho realiza uma abordagem dos avanços científicos na área da genética humana, precisamente sobre as técnicas de edição genética, face à realidade juscivilística familiar. Em outras palavras, busca-se enformar uma antecipação do cenário das relações familiares, designadamente as relações paterno-filiais e suas responsabilidades parentais, diante da possibilidade de uma futura regulamentação da edição genética germinal com finalidade preventivo-terapêutica.Os avanços biocientíficos no âmbito da edição genética humana oferecem um horizonte de possibilidades com eficácia e precisão nunca antes alcançadas, invertendo a conhecida relação entre o Homem e a Natureza, ao passo que permitem ao ser humano modificar sua constituição genética no menor dos detalhes, o que acarreta preocupações, principalmente, no que tange ao espectro eugênico. As vias e propósitos da edição de genes são diversos, sendo a intervenção na linha germinativa humana a que permanece sob fortes e impactantes discussões a nível mundial, mesmo quando permeadas por fins de alcance da saúde, e cuja implementação alia-se fortemente às técnicas já utilizadas de procriação medicamente assistida.Nesse contexto, é reconhecido um conflito entre direitos fundamentais, nomeadamente o direito à identidade genética do ser humano, que se confronta com os direitos à saúde, liberdade científica, liberdade procriativa e integridade física. Ao transpor e antecipar este conflito para o cenário juscivilista, vislumbramos prospectivos pais, inseridos na realização do seu projeto parental, numa encruzilhada relativa: de um lado, à proteção da identidade genética do filho em formação; por outro, vinculados ao dever de zelar pelo direito à saúde dos filhos, com apoio no próprio direito à liberdade reprodutiva.A relevância da temática comprova-se pelo caráter emergente, inovador e carente de regulamentação, o que conduz a presente pesquisa igualmente a uma análise dos melhores caminhos a serem tomados para que, no futuro, a edição genética germinal com finalidade preventivo-terapêutica seja prudente e responsavelmente utilizada pelas famílias que almejam melhores níveis de saúde para os filhos, desde o início da sua vida em formação.<br>The present work approaches the scientific advances in the area of human genetics, precisely on the techniques of genetic editing, in the face of the familiar juscivilistic reality. In other words, it seeks to shape an anticipation of the scenario of family relationships, namely paternal-branch relationships and their parental responsibilities, in view of the possibility of future regulation of germline genetic editing for preventive-therapeutic purposes.Bioscientific advances in the field of human genetic editing offer a horizon of possibilities with efficiency and precision never achieved, inverting the well-known relationship between Man and Nature, while allowing human beings to modify their genetic makeup in the smallest of details, which raises concerns, mainly, with regard to the eugenic spectrum. The ways and purposes of gene editing are diverse, with intervention in the human germ line being the one that remains under strong and impactful discussions worldwide, even when permeated by the purposes of reaching health, and whose implementation is strongly combined with techniques already medically assisted procreation.In this context, a conflict is recognized between fundamental rights, namely the right to the genetic identity of the human being, which confronts the rights to health, scientific freedom, procreative freedom and physical integrity. When transposing and anticipating this conflict to the Juscivilist scenario, we envision prospective parents, inserted in the realization of their parental project, at a relative crossroads, on the one hand, to the protection of the genetic identity of the child in formation and, on the other hand, linked to the duty of ensuring the children's right to health, supported by the right to reproductive freedom.The relevance of the theme is evidenced by the emergent, innovative and lacking regulation character, which also leads the present research to an analysis of the best paths to be taken so that, in the future, the germinal genetic editing for preventive and therapeutic purposes is prudent and responsibly used by families that aim for better health levels for their children, since the beginning of their life in formation.

Invitato a Costantinopoli da una delegazione nicena, che ne chiedeva l’intervento a sostegno della comunità ortodossa locale, Gregorio di Nazianzo accantonò il desiderio di dedicarsi alla vita contemplativa e si recò nella Neja ÔRwvmh: non poteva certo immaginare che negli anni trascorsi nella capitale (dagli inizi del 379 al luglio del 381) avrebbe conosciuto, a distanza di breve tempo, l’apice e il fallimento della sua attività politico-ecclestiastica. Alla guida di un piccolo gruppo di fedeli, radunati in una sala udienze privata ribattezzata Anastasia, Gregorio esercitò con impegno i suoi doveri pastorali, spendendosi soprattutto nella lotta dottrinale contro l’eresia ariana. L’elezione come vescovo della città, avvenuta per volere dell’imperatore Teodosio, rappresentò il riconoscimento dei meriti del Cappadoce nella restaurazione e nel consolidamento dell’ortodossia nicena, ma, allo stesso tempo, aprì la strada a una stagione tutt’altro che scevra di asprezze, destinata a lasciare amari ricordi nel cuore dell’autore. Chiamato a presiedere il concilio episcopale del 381, indetto con l’obiettivo di risolvere lo scisma antiocheno e condannare le eresie del tempo, il Nazianzeno sperimentò sulla propria i conflitti interni ed i giochi di potere cui si era ridotto l’episcopato. Alla malattia, che debilitò il fisico dell’autore e ne ostacolò la partecipazione a svariate attività pubbliche, si aggiunse l’ostilità dei colleghi, in particolare di alcuni vescovi egiziani, che contestarono la legittimità della sua elezione sul seggio di Costantinopoli, in quanto già vescovo nella sede di Sasima. Stanco e malato, amareggiato dai continui scontri e dall’ennesimo attacco subito dagli avversari, Gregorio decise di farsi da parte e, rassegnate le dimissioni dalla cattedra episcopale, lasciò Costantinopoli, senza neppure aspettare la conclusione del sinodo. Nella natia Cappadocia, lontano fisicamente dal clima tumultuoso e dai dispiaceri della capitale, ma turbato dalle calunnie e dalle ingiustizie subite da coloro che riteneva amici, il Nazianzeno sfogò le proprie delusioni nella scrittura poetica. All’esperienza costantinopolitana e in particolare al contesto delle dimissioni dalla cattedra vescovile fanno riferimento i carmi oggetto di questa tesi di dottorato: II,1,10 (Ai sacerdoti di Costantinopoli e alla città stessa) e II,1,13 (Ai vescovi), rispettivamente di 18 distici elegiaci e 217 esametri. In essi si intrecciano più suggestioni: la meditazione e il riecheggiamento interiore degli eventi che hanno coinvolto l’autore, la difesa del suo operato, ma soprattutto la violenta invettiva contro i vescovi, scaturita non solo dal risentimento per le vicende personali, ma dallo sdegno dell’autore per la corruzione morale e l’impreparazione della gerarchia ecclesiastica. La tesi di dottorato si apre con una bibliografia ricca e aggiornata degli studi concernenti il Cappadoce; in essa sono indicati i diversi contributi, cui si fa riferimento nel mio lavoro. Segue un’ampia introduzione che presenta i carmi sotto molteplici aspetti. Dal momento che l’invettiva contro i vescovi costituisce l’argomento principale di entrambi i componimenti, ho approfondito innanzitutto questo aspetto, ripercorrendone le testimonianze nell’esperienza biografica e nell’opera letteraria dell’autore: da quanto emerso, la polemica contro la gerarchia ecclesiastica raggiunge certamente il suo apice negli eventi costantinopolitani, ma non va ad essi circoscritta, dal momento che se ne ha traccia anche negli scritti gregoriani riconducibili ai primi anni del sacerdozio e al periodo successivo al ritorno a Nazianzo. Si è cercato poi di stabilire la data di composizione dei carmi in analisi, che, dati i contenuti, furono sicuramente scritti dall’autore nel periodo di ritorno in patria, fase in cui gli studiosi collocano buona parte della produzione poetica del Cappadoce. Più precisamente ho individuato il terminus post quem nel luglio del 381, mese in cui la cattedra costantinopolitana lasciata vacante dal Nazianzeno fu affidata a Nettario: in entrambi i testi, infatti, si fa riferimento a questo personaggio, sebbene non sia menzionato esplicitamente. Segue un’analisi dettagliata della struttura compositiva e delle tematiche dei carmi, nella quale si mostra come, pur nella loro diversità, le due poesie presentino moltissime consonanze e parallelismi a livello strutturale, in particolare nella parte incipitaria, in cui si registra la condivisione dello stesso verso iniziale, e nella sezione conclusiva. Sempre nell’introduzione è affrontato lo studio della tradizione manoscritta e dei rapporti tra i codici: i carmi in oggetto risultano attestati in 34 manoscritti (di cui 17 fondamentali per la costituzione del testo) databili dall’XI al XVI secolo e riconducibili alle raccolte antiche Σ e Δ, nei quali sono traditi sempre uno di seguito all’altro: nello specifico II,1,13 precede immediatamente II,1,10. La parte centrale della tesi è costituita dal testo critico di ciascun carme, seguito da traduzione e commento. La tesi costituisce il primo lavoro di questo tipo per il carme II,1,13; II,1,10 è stato invece oggetto di studio di due recenti edizioni: quella dei primi undici poemata de seipso del Nazianzeno curata da Tuilier - Bady - Bernardi per LesBL ed edita nel 2004 e un’edizione commentata di Simelidis, pubblicata nel 2009. Suddetti lavori non hanno rappresentato un ostacolo al progetto. Nessuno di essi infatti ha previsto lo studio simultaneo dei due testi poetici, che, a mio giudizio, non possono essere compresi a fondo se svincolati l’uno dall’altro; non sono risultati immuni da pecche sotto il profilo della critica testuale; il commento è assente nell’edizione francese, scarno e non sempre condivisibile in quella del Simelidis. La tesi è infine corredata da tre appendici che permettono di seguire la fortuna dei componimenti poetici. La prima di esse è dedicata al Commentario di Cosma di Gerusalemme ai Carmi del Nazianzeno, collocato tra la fine del VII e inizio l’VIII secolo. Il commentario, tradito da un unico manoscritto, il Vaticanus graecus 1260 del XII secolo, ha visto la sua editio princeps nel 1839 a cura del cardinale Angelo Mai nel secondo volume del suo Spicilegium Romanum, ristampata con lievi modifiche nel volume 38 della Patrologia Graeca. Una più recente edizione è stata curata da Lozza nel 2000. Nell’opera di Cosma vengono analizzati trentaquattro versi di carme II,1,13 e due di carme II,1,10; l’ampiezza delle citazioni va da un minimo di un verso a un massimo di 5. Segue un’appendice dedicata alle parafrasi bizantine, che in alcuni manoscritti contenenti i carmi, accompagnano il testo poetico. Tali spiegazioni in prosa, composte in un momento non precisabile della trasmissione dell’opera gregoriana, sono anonime, di diverso livello letterario e da intendere come un testo in continua evoluzione, oggetto di modifiche da parte di ciascun copista. Nel caso dei testi in oggetto le parafrasi trasmesse sono tre, chiamate, sulla scia di studi precedenti, Paraphr. 1, Paraphr. 2, Paraphr. 3 e delle quali la tesi fornisce l’editio princeps. L’ultima appendice è costituita dalla traduzione latina dei carmi di Giacomo Oliva da Cremona, redatta nella seconda metà del XVI secolo per incarico del Cardinal Guglielmo Sirleto e testimonianza del grande interesse per il Cappadoce in questo periodo storico. Il lavoro dell’Oliva, rimasta inedito per la morte del committente e probabilmente anche per il suo scarso valore letterario, è trasmesso da due manoscritti autografi, il Vaticanus Barberinianus lat. 636 (B) e il Vaticanus lat. 6170 (V) e trova nella tesi la sua editio princeps.