Artículos de revistas: "Family Family policy Family China China"

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Wei-xiong, Li. "Family planning in China". Ethik in der Medizin 10, S1 (septiembre de 1998): S26—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014819.

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NEUMANN, ALFRED K. y WEN-PIN CHANG. "Paying for family planning in China". Health Policy and Planning 3, n.º 2 (1988): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/3.2.119.

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Neumann, A. K. y W. P. Chang. "Paying for family planning in China". Health Policy 14, n.º 2 (marzo de 1990): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90379-r.

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Zhang, Caihong, Qiuya Xu y Li Zhu. "Exploratory Study on Family Leisure Constraints of the Twochild Family in China". E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 03062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127503062.

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Driven by the two-child policy, there are more and more two-child families in China. The purpose of this research was to examine the leisure constraints of these families in Chinese urban areas. Based on interviews with the parents from 12 families and the leisure constraint theory, the main factors are identified. First, intrapersonal constraints, which include personal physical constraints (such as insufficient postpartum recovery) and psychological constraints(such as stress). Second, interpersonal constraints, which mainly come from family members (such as family support) and friends (such as narrowing social circles). Third, structural constraints, like family income, climate conditions, facilities, free time for leisure. Besides, the study also discovered a new type of constraint-cultural constraints, which is embodied in familism. This factor is close to the other three constraints and affects them. Based on this, the research proposed a new hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Finally, the article puts forward some suggestions for future research on family leisure under the influence of the two-child policy.

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Cao, Jerry, Douglas Cumming y Xiaoming Wang. "One-child policy and family firms in China". Journal of Corporate Finance 33 (agosto de 2015): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.01.005.

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Qi, Le. "Hands on Stamps: China 1991—Family Planning Policy". Journal of Hand Surgery 37, n.º 3 (marzo de 2012): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.12.007.

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Scharff, David E. "Changing family and marital structure in China". Proceedings of the Wuhan Conference on Women 3, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n2.2020.244.

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The author summarises factors that have played on changing roles and configurations in Chinese marriages and families in the last seventy years, including the one-child policy, periods of national trauma, and the recent stresses on families as China becomes more urban, individualistic, and entrepreneurial. He gives two family vignettes, one a couple that faces the strain of different expectations for their marriage, and the other a family with a history of trauma, alcoholism, and a school refusing adolescent girl, illustrating how couples and families experience the strains on modern Chinese families.

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Steven, B. Miles. "Family Strategy and State Policy". Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies 40 (31 de octubre de 2013): 101–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31329/jmhs.2013.10.40.101.

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Hualing, Fu. "Commentary on “Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China”". China Quarterly 191 (septiembre de 2007): 696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100700166x.

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Michael Palmer's article examines the development of three important aspects in Chinese family law: divorce, adoption and family planning. It is a commendable effort to approach Chinese family law broadly in order to bring family planning policy within its study. There remains a glaring gap in Chinese legal scholarship between the study of family law and the study of population. The disciplines are divided into two camps with little cross-fertilization. Palmer's article clearly demonstrates the importance and necessity of including family planning within the study of family law. The article is also a laudable attempt to examine the dynamic interaction between family law and socioeconomic changes.

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Lian, Siqing, Qi Chen, Mi Yao, Chunhua Chi y Michael D. Fetters. "Training Pathways to Working as a General Practitioner in China". Family Medicine 51, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.329090.

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Background and Objectives: To achieve the goal of 300,000 general practitioners by 2020—an increase of 215,200 in a decade—China is utilizing multiple training pathways. To comprehensively illustrate general practitioner training strategies in China, this article introduces and describes these pathways. Methods: We used descriptive policy analysis. This involved taking an inventory of existing literature and source documents and developing a model to illustrate pathways for training general practice physicians. Results: The rural doctor pathway represents rural clinicians who had only basic training and practiced multiple years prior to training reforms. The 3+2 pathway to assistant general practitioners requires 3 years of junior college and 2 years of clinical training. The transfer pathway for current physicians requires 1-2 years of training. The 5+3 pathway comprises 5 years of bachelor of science degree training in clinical medicine and 3 years of standardized residency training. Despite the development of advanced degree programs, their use remains limited. Conclusions: These pathways illustrate significant heterogeneity in training of general practitioners. Training ranges from a 2-year technical degree to a doctorate with research. Emphasis on the 5+3 track shows promise for China’s goals of improved quality and new goal of 500,000 additional general practitioners by 2030.

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Wakabayashi, Keiko. "Population Policy, Family, and the Problem of the Aged in China". Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 1, n.º 1 (1989): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.1.67.

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Wei, Zhihua, Shinong Wu, Changqing Li y Wei Chen. "Family control, institutional environment and cash dividend policy: Evidence from China". China Journal of Accounting Research 4, n.º 1-2 (junio de 2011): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2011.04.001.

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Festini, F. "Twenty five years of the one child family policy in China". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 58, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2004): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.017335.

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Qin, Min, Jane Falkingham y Sabu S. Padmadas. "UNPACKING THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING POLICIES IN CHINA: ANALYSIS OF PARITY PROGRESSION RATIOS FROM RETROSPECTIVE BIRTH HISTORY DATA, 1971–2005". Journal of Biosocial Science 50, n.º 6 (10 de enero de 2018): 800–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201700061x.

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SummaryAlthough China’s family planning programme is often referred to in the singular, most notably the One-Child policy, in reality there have been a number of different policies in place simultaneously, targeted at different sub-populations characterized by region and socioeconomic conditions. This study attempted to systematically assess the differential impact of China’s family planning programmes over the past 40 years. The contribution of Parity Progression Ratios to fertility change among different sub-populations exposed to various family planning policies over time was assessed. Cross-sectional birth history data from six consecutive rounds of nationally representative population and family planning surveys from the early 1970s until the mid-2000s were used, covering all geographical regions of China. Four sub-populations exposed to differential family planning regimes were identified. The analyses provide compelling evidence of the influential role of family planning policies in reducing higher Parity Progression Ratios across different sub-populations, particularly in urban China where fertility dropped to replacement level even before the implementation of the One-Child policy. The prevailing socioeconomic conditions in turn have been instrumental in adapting and accelerating family planning policy responses to reducing fertility levels across China.

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Yu, Lili, Ziheng Niu, Shijiu Yin, Yang Gao y Borui Tian. "Support policy preferences of grain family farms: evidence from Huang-huai-hai plain of China". International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, n.º 5 (2 de diciembre de 2020): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0124.

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This study uses the choice experiment method with 570 grain family farms located in the Huang-huai-hai Plain and determine various support policy attributes and the attribute levels for the two dimensions of policy measures and policy communication channels. Ordering effects are eliminated by warming up subjects in advance and using information disclosure. This paper uses the inferred attribute non-attendance method to process attributes ignored by the grain family farms and analyzes grain family farms’ preferences for different support policies with a mixed logit model and then uses a latent class model to analyze how the characteristics of grain family farms relate to different preference types. We find that grain family farms have a strong preference for agricultural subsidies, credit support, and technical support (the mean coefficient is greater than 0.8). Moreover, the preferences of grain family farms over the policy communication channel (the mean coefficient is greater than 0.5) cannot be ignored. Faced with the same policy attribute combination, grain family farms with high education levels, reasonable scales of operation, and good understanding of support policies are more likely to improve their profit margins. There are four preference types of grain family farms: finance preference (43.2%), knowledge and technology preference (28.5%), land transfer preference (15.4%), and policy information preference (12.9%).

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Mu, Yingtan y Xin Yuan. "A unique pattern of one-child family migration in China". Asian Education and Development Studies 6, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 2017): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2016-0019.

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Purpose At the end of the 1970s, the Chinese government enacted the one-child policy; now the one-child successively enters into the labor market and reaches the age for marriage and childbirth. The floating population group of China’s interior regions also experiences the heterogeneity changes. The purpose of this paper is to analyses the reasons for the difference of family migration between one-child and non-only child using the binary logit regression model – from the three aspects of individual characteristics, family endowment and institutional factors were investigated. Design/methodology/approach Family migration or individual migration of the floating population is the dichotomous dependent variable and therefore the binomial logistic regression analysis model is selected. Findings It is found that the tendency of one-child family migration is significantly higher than that of non-only child. The main reason is that the one-child has obvious advantages in terms of individual characteristics, family endowment and institutional factors. Originality/value The previous researches on family migration: first, the previous researches mainly analyzed the impact of the human capital and family income on the family migration from the perspective of economics and neglected the discussion on the family structure, life cycle, family level factors and Hukou’s limitation; second, most researches considered the migration as a whole. In fact, the migration population is no longer a highly homogeneous group and gradually become diversified.

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Tan, Tingting. "Official Discourse on Family and Fatherhood in Post-1949 China". Masculinities & Social Change 9, n.º 2 (21 de junio de 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2020.4943.

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This paper aims to investigate three main research questions regarding the history of family and fatherhood in China since 1949: a) What 'ideal father' has the party-state sought to promote at different times? b) How consistent have official messages been? What have been the key shifts in official discourse on family and fatherhood since the Mao era? c) Why have these shifts occurred? Analysis of selected policy statements and print media reveal four main phases, with distinct findings in each. During the period of collectivization (1950s to 70s), the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the nationalist model of parenting. Fathers were explicitly suggested to devote themselves to economic development. During the period of de-collectivization (late 1970s to mid-1990s), CPC adopted an individualist model of parenting. There was increasing encouragement for father's participant in child education. During the period of marketization (mid 1990s to 2011), CPC promoted a state-supported model of parenting. Father's active participation in household duties was more expected. During the period of individualization (2012 to the present), China set up community model of parenting. Father's dual role of nurturer and provider is more emphasized.

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Yang, Qi y Jianyuan Huang. "Content Analysis of Family Policy Instruments to Promote the Sustainable Development of Families in China from 1989–2019". Sustainability 12, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020693.

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Family policy involves a combination of policies enacted to address various family problems and improve the sustainable development of families. Evaluating family policy by considering policy instruments is conducive to optimizing policy allocation and promoting this sustainable development. This study constructs a two-dimensional analysis framework of policy instruments and policy themes and employs content analysis to conduct a quantitative analysis of 112 family policy texts issued by the Chinese government. The results show that the policy instruments used in China are not effective. The study also shows that environmental policy instruments are most frequently used, but the internal structure is unbalanced; supply-side policy instruments are moderately used; and the use of demand-side policy instruments is obviously limited. Policy themes focus excessively on “safeguard measures” and pay less attention to “parental welfare and protection”. Overall, China’s family policy is still in its infancy, as it focuses mainly on assistance and remains incomplete. Therefore, the parties responsible for the formulation of family policy should adjust and optimize the combinations of policy instruments that are employed are required to consider “general welfare”, and promote the two-dimensional integration of policy instruments and policy themes.

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박광준 y 오영란. "A study on the formation of the Family Planning Policy in China". Korea Social Policy Review 18, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2011): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17000/kspr.18.4.201112.203.

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Kashina, M. A. "Modernization of Family in Russia and China: the Role of the Government". Administrative Consulting, n.º 8 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-8-175-190.

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The individualization of social relations is the main trend in modern society. People do not depend on family and help of its members anymore. They rely on themselves, their individual capabilities and successes. Family modernization is determined by a socio-historical and political-ideological context of a country. It is expressed in a degree to which the family loses its economic functions. The global trend of family nuclearization and fertility decline is manifested differently in Russia and China due to the degree of urbanization, the economic activity of women and the population’s commitment to traditional family values. In order to preserve the birth rate, China began to pursue a neo-familism policy which based on the values of Confucianism. Russia does not have the opportunity to go the same way, because urbanization and modernization of society, started in this country much earlier than in China. The task of stabilizing the population of Russia can be solved only by further modernizing of family relations. It should lead to the creation of an egalitarian (partner) model of the family. At the same time, this does not deprive the Russian state of the opportunity to use the family as a buffer, mitigating for the population the cruelty of the realities of the market economy.

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Sun, Feng y Jing Jian Xiao. "Factors associated with the family migration of farmer-workers in China". Chinese Sociological Dialogue 1, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2016): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397200916686336.

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The massive migration of laborers from rural areas to urban areas has resulted in many family issues including those related to children’s education and the protection and care of older parents. The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with the family migration of farmer-workers. Using data from the 2012 China Mobile Population Survey, factors associated with family migration of farmer-workers were identified and policy recommendations for helping migrant-worker families stay together were discussed.

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Absattarov, G. R. y D. A. Nesterenya. "Gender policy of China and measures to struggle gender inequality". BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 70, n.º 2 (25 de junio de 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-8940.04.

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The article discusses the gender policy of China, which originated from the formation of the PRC and ending today. The analysisis carried out of gender inequality, which led to such consequences as gender imbalance, aging of the nation, and small number of women in politics or leadership positionsand in education. Considered the problem introduced in the 80s of the twentieth century, the policy of "family planning", according to which the family could have only one child, and the changes made to it in 2013, when it was allowed to have two children.It also looks at ways to overcome gender inequality.

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Zhang, Mian, Hai Li y Sharon Foley. "Prioritizing work for family". Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 5, n.º 1 (6 de mayo de 2014): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-12-2013-0034.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to develop an indigenous understanding of work-family interface (WFI) that reflects the drastic changes and evolving social context in China over the past three decades and challenge the existing conceptualizations of WFI and identify societal impact of the changing nature of the WFI. Design/methodology/approach – We conducted literature review, content and thematic analyses. Findings – The core idea of prioritizing work for family (PWF) is that Chinese employees, especially Chinese male employees, tend to integrate work and family roles as well as deal with WFI issues at the family level. Thus, Chinese employees can be strongly committed to the family while simultaneously prioritizing work performance. Research limitations/implications – The proposed indigenous perspective of PWF may furnish a contextualized theory for future research. The proposed measurement approaches may help developing indigenous scales for the perspective of PWF for future empirical studies. Practical implications – Although Chinese employees tend to be more tolerant of work-family conflict (WFC) than their Western counterparts, such tolerance may be combined with the expectation of long-term returns to their families. Managers may assist employees with career planning and realistic goal setting to compensate for their endurance of WFC. Social implications – As a cornerstone of the society, the family plays an important role in building a “harmonious society” promoted by the government. A perceived balance of work and family is a significant factor for family harmony. We bring to the attention of policy makers the changing nature of the Chinese employees' WFI. A corresponding policy may be formulated to help Chinese employees balance their lives. Originality/value – We challenge the existing conceptualizations of WFI by proposing and elaborating a perspective of PWF for context-based conceptualization.

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WANG, GUOYAN. "Wall Slogans: the Communication of China's Family Planning Policy in Rural Areas". Rural History 29, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2018): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331800002x.

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Abstract:The one-child era, which lasted thirty-five years (1980–2015), was a unique period in Chinese (and even world) history. With the introduction of the universal two-child policy in 2016, China put an end to the age of the one-child policy. Since the policy change has come into effect, China's rural areas, which contain approximately 800 million people, have experienced a very particular historical phenomenon. Due to the changes in China's family planning policy, slogans painted on walls have evolved in terms of the messages they carry to grassroots rural areas. Once conveying China's family planning policy propaganda with, at times, a shocking and controversial tone, the wall slogans in rural areas have evolved with the wider changes to the country's family planning policy. However, this dying, unique way of communication between the government and rural areas is being consigned to the memory of the times of rural policy advocacy in China.

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Robinson, Jean. "FAMILY POLICIES, WOMEN, AND THE COLLECTIVE INTEREST IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA". Review of Policy Research 8, n.º 3 (marzo de 1989): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00986.x.

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Gao, Xin, Hong Chen, Yuyi Chen, Yuyang Feng, Zixuan Cai y Hong Cheng. "Suggestions to Alleviate the Financing Risks of Family Farmers: Based on the Investigation Report of Pig Farmers in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing". Financial Forum 9, n.º 2 (14 de julio de 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ff.v9i2.876.

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<p>In 2013, the Central Document No. 1 first proposed the concept of "family farm". As an important part of rural economic development, family farms have increasingly significant financing risks. The No. 1 document of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2018 proposed a strategy to overcome poverty and achieve rural revitalization. Therefore, it is of great value and significance to study the financing risks of family farmers and explore solutions. This article is based on an in-depth investigation and analysis of the farm development status, land circulation, and mortgage financing of family farm land contract management rights in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing. In addition, it also investigates the implementation and publicity of the financial support policies of rural commercial banks, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and the Postal Savings Bank on family farmer financing. Finally, the existing problems are analyzed and relevant policy suggestions are put forward.</p>

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Shao, Yutong, Jiyun Lu, Chengyi Li, Tingting Feng, Yiru Lin, Manwen Shen y Tongkun Shi. "QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON LIVING STATUS OF OLDER AUTISTIC FAMILIES IN JIAXING CITY, CHINA". Cultural Communication And Socialization Journal 1, n.º 2 (21 de agosto de 2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ccsj.02.2020.18.20.

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Objective: It aimed to learn the living status of older autistic children and to put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the quality of life of older autistic children and family members. Methods: Literature analysis method was used to understand the related research and policy of older autism in China. Deep interview was conducted with older autistic families. The contents of the interviews were recorded after informed consent, and the recordings were transformed into text materials. Text analysis was carried out. One family was given a six-month psychological intervention. Results: All the 6 cases cannot go out independently and seek emergency help. Only 1 case has self-care ability. The main psychological stress of family member is warrying about children’s future. 5 cases pointed out that adolescent emotional and behavioral problems are urgent problems for parents. Conclusion: It is necessary to apply psychological lectures and counseling for emotional and behavioral management to autism family members. It is important to develop employment policy and caring services. Which are helpful to improve the living status of older autism and family members.

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Yuan, Shasha, Fang Wang, Xi Li, Meng Jia y Miaomiao Tian. "Facilitators and barriers to implement the family doctor contracting services in China: findings from a qualitative study". BMJ Open 9, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): e032444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032444.

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ObjectiveTo identify the facilitators and barriers to implement family doctor contracting services in China by using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to shed new light on establishing family doctor systems in developing countries.DesignA qualitative study conducted from June to August 2017 using semistructured interview guides for focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews. CFIR was used to guide data coding, data analysis and reporting of findings.Setting19 primary health institutions in nine provinces purposively selected from the eastern, middle and western areas of China.ParticipantsFrom the nine sampled provinces in China, 62 policy makers from health related departments at the province, city and county/district levels participated in 9 FGDs; 19 leaders of primary health institutions participated in individual interviews; and 48 family doctor team members participated in 15 FGDs.ResultsBased on CFIR constructs, notable facilitators included national reform involving both top-down and bottom-up policy making (Intervention); support from essential public health funds, fiscal subsidies and health insurance (Outer setting); extra performance-based payments for family doctor teams based on evaluation (Inner setting); and positive engagement of health administrators (Process). Notable barriers included a lack of essential matching mechanisms at national level (Intervention); distrust in the quality of primary care, a lack of government subsidies and health insurance reimbursement and performance ceiling policy (Outer setting); the low competency of family doctors and weak influence of evaluations on performance-based salary (Inner setting); and misunderstandings about family doctor contracting services (Process).ConclusionsThe national design with essential features including financing, incentive mechanisms and multidepartment cooperation, was vital for implementing family doctor contracting services in China. More attention should be paid to the quality of primary care and competency of family doctors. All stakeholders must be informed, be involved and participate before and during the process.

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Kaufman, Joan, Zhang Zhirong, Qiao Zinjian y Zhang Yang. "Family Planning Policy and Practice in China: A Study of Four Rural Counties". Population and Development Review 15, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1989): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972596.

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Guo, Jing y Suowei Xiao. "Through the gender lens: a comparison of family policy in Sweden and China". China Journal of Social Work 6, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2013): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2013.840663.

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Wu, Xiaoyu y Lixing Li. "Family size and maternal health: evidence from the One-Child policy in China". Journal of Population Economics 25, n.º 4 (2 de marzo de 2011): 1341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0361-0.

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Xu, Ling y Jianghua Liu. "The Turnover Intention among Grassroots Family Planning Staff in the Context of China’s Universal Two-Child Policy: A Case Study of the Xi’an City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 22 (16 de noviembre de 2020): 8478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228478.

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The introduction of the universal two-child policy in 2016 marked a major social transition in China and raised a requirement for family planning services; however, the turnover in family planning staff poses a challenge to satisfying the requirement. Thus far, after implementation of the policy, there have been few surveys investigating turnover intention and the underlying motivations in grassroots family planning staff, the major component of China’s family planning system. A survey conducted in Xi’an in 2019 shows that nearly one in three grassroots members had an explicit or implicit turnover intention. Basically consistent with our conceptual framework, the structural equation modeling further indicates that the affective organizational commitment had the largest direct effect on turnover intention and also partly mediated effects of other significant factors (ranked by the size of total effect): Age, specific job satisfactions (i.e., satisfactions with job prospects, relationship with colleagues, and working environment), frequency of working overtime, length of service, and opportunity of professional training. As predicted, turnover behavior in colleagues also directly affected turnover intention in such staff. The above findings have important policy implications for the sustainable development of family planning work in China.

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Huang, Jiaoling, Qin Zhu y Jing Guo. "Can Health Disparity Be Eliminated? The Role of Family Doctor Played in Shanghai, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 15 (31 de julio de 2020): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155548.

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Background: Globally, the elimination of health disparity is a significant policy target. Primary health care has been implemented as a strategy to achieve this target in China for almost 10 years. This study examined whether family doctor (FD) policy in Shanghai contributed to eliminating health disparity as expected. Methods: System dynamics modeling was performed to construct and simulate a system of health disparity formation (business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, without any interventions), a system with FD intervention (FD scenario), and three other systems with supporting policies (Policy 1/Policy 2/Policy hybrid scenario) from 2013 to 2050. Health disparities were simulated in different scenarios, making it possible to compare the BAU results with those of FD intervention and with other policy interventions. Findings: System dynamics models showed that the FD policy would play a positive role in reducing health disparities in the initial stage, and medical price control—rather than health management—was the dominant mechanism. However, in this model, the health gap was projected to expand again around 2039. The model examined the introduction of two intervention policies, with findings showing that the policy focused on socioeconomic status improvement would be more effective in reducing health disparities, suggesting that socioeconomic status is the fundamental cause of these disparities. Conclusions: The results indicate that health disparities could be optimized, but not eliminated, as long as differences in socioeconomic status persists.

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Ding, Qu Jian y Therese Hesketh. "Family size, fertility preferences, and sex ratio in China in the era of the one child family policy: results from national family planning and reproductive health survey". BMJ 333, n.º 7564 (11 de mayo de 2006): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38775.672662.80.

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Guo, Xiaojia, Jingzhong Li, Yexin Gao, Fang Su y Bing Xue. "Influence of Major Public Health Emergencies on Family Relationship and Humanistic Geographical Characteristics of China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 8 (7 de abril de 2021): 3879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083879.

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Harmonious and stable family relations are undoubtedly an important component of victory in terms of epidemic prevention. Take the COVID-2019 (2019 new crown pneumonia epidemic) as the major public events background; 24,188 national samples were obtained based on a network survey. We selected gender, education level, occupation type, family scale, neighborhood relationship and psychological state as independent variables, and adopted multiple logistic models to assess the impact of major public events on family relationships and the characteristics of humanistic–regional attributes. The findings are as follows: (1) During the epidemic period, major public health emergencies effectively promoted the national residents’ family relationships. (2) The family relationships of national residents presented a high level in central China and a low level in the border areas of China, which is consistent with the spread of COVID-2019 in January and February. (3) Family relationship level averages between 2.201~2.507 among different groups when divided by occupation, age and education. The family relationship has improved, but the change is not drastic and the gap between various groups is not significant, so there is essentially no difference. (4) The impact of major public health emergencies on all families is nearly sudden and instant, so that family relationship changes are often also abrupt. (5) Educational level, family size and gender have a positive effect on the change in family relations, but this effect is weakened as family education level increases; while the anxiety of the interviewees and the neighborhood had a negative effect on the change in family relationship, this indicates that the better the neighborhood relations are, the more harmonious a family relationship is. The above research can provide an important scientific support and decision-making basis for the government to carry out community prevention work, respond to major public health emergencies and construct a family support social policy system in the future.

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36

Liu, Jianghua y Zhongliang Zhou. "Mothers’ Subjective Well-Being after Having a Second Child in Current China: A Case Study of Xi’an City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 20 (10 de octubre de 2019): 3823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203823.

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The introduction of the two-child family planning policy in China calls for a study of the response of mothers’ subjective well-being after the birth of a second child. Generally focusing on Western countries, previous studies suggested that a series of factors could influence the response, but insufficient attention has been paid to the relative importance of these factors so far. Based on survey data from mothers of two children in the Xi’an metropolitan area, Shaanxi Province, China, our study indicates that the important factors associated with mothers’ life satisfaction after having a second child were, in general, common to Western countries and China. There were also two factors somewhat unique to China: positive adjustment (i.e., becoming happier) by firstborn children (average age, 6 years old) following a sibling’s birth, predicted enhanced life satisfaction for mothers; additionally, mothers who had both a son and a daughter reported the highest increase in life satisfaction, while mothers who had two sons reported the lowest increase. Socioenvironmental constraints (i.e., parenting pressure and work–family conflict) had a larger association with mothers’ life satisfaction than individual ideational factors (e.g., family orientation and fertility desire). These findings suggest that fertility-friendly policies and convenient family intervention institutions are needed to alleviate potential undesirable consequences and improve maternal life quality following a second childbirth so that the two-child policy can be a success.

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37

Lamont, Alison. "The Death of a Child: Institutional Maintenance of Family Welfare after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in the People's Republic of China". Pacific Affairs 93, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2020932305.

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Within the institution of family welfare in the People's Republic of China, the role of the child as future caregiver is so deeply institutionalized as to be almost invisible to policy makers and family members. This article explores institutional responses to the death of a child after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to demonstrate how this taken-for-grantedness of the child caregiver role has opened up bereaved parents to social risk, and how actors must perform institutional work to "repair the breach" of the loss of a child in a family. Findings show that after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, policy actors took steps to manipulate entrenched family welfare resources, including the population and family planning regulations, to enable bereaved parents to have another child. In so doing, they sought to patch and restore meaning to the family welfare institution, enabling it to continue autopoiesis and resist institutional change in the face of exogenous shock. Use of policy and the positive representation of the policy outcomes in the state-led media enabled sensegiving to be imbued into an otherwise emotionally conflicted decision to try to conceive again soon after the loss of a child.

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38

Zhang, Junsen. "The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes". Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.141.

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In 1979, China introduced its unprecedented one-child policy, under which households exceeding the birth quota were penalized. However, estimating the effect of this policy on family outcomes turns out to be complicated. China had already enacted an aggressive family planning policy in the early 1970s, and its fertility rates had already dropped sharply before the enactment of the one-child policy. The one-child policy was also enacted at almost the same time as China's market-oriented economic reforms, which triggered several decades of rapid growth, which would also tend to reduce fertility rates. During the same period, a number of other developing countries in East Asia and around the world have also experienced sharp declines in fertility. Overall, finding defensible ways to identify the effect of China's one-child policy on family outcomes is a tremendous challenge. I expound the main empirical approaches to the identification of the effects of the one-child policy, with an emphasis on their underlying assumptions and limitations. I then turn to empirical results in the literature. I discuss the evidence concerning the effects of the one-child policy on fertility and how it might affect human capital investment in children. Finally I offer some new exploratory and preliminary estimates of the effects of the one-child policy on divorce, labor supply, and rural-to-urban migration.

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39

Kang, Lin, Xiao-Hong Liu, Jing Zhang, Pei-Yan Shan, Jie-Ping Wang, Ping Zhong, Xiao-Hong Du et al. "Attitudes Toward Advance Directives Among Patients and Their Family Members in China". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 18, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2017): 808.e7–808.e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.014.

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40

Zhao, Zhongwei, Qinzi Xu y Xin Yuan. "FAR BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY IN URBAN CHINA". Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (noviembre de 2017): S4—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000347.

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SummaryChina’s urban population has experienced rapid fertility decline over the past six decades. This drastic change will have a significant impact on China’s demographic, social and economic future. However, the patterns and characteristics of urban China’s fertility decline have not been systematically examined. This study analyses the trends and age patterns of fertility in urban China since the 1950s, and summarizes the major characteristics of reproductive behaviours into four ‘lows’: extremely ‘low’ level of fertility; ‘low’ proportion of two and higher parity births; ‘low’ mean age at birth; and ‘low’ level of childlessness. The paper argues that the highly homogenous reproductive behaviours found in China’s now near 800 million urban population have been in part shaped by the country’s unprecedented government intervention in family planning. The ‘later, longer, fewer’ campaign in the 1970s and the ‘one-child’ policy, in particular, have left clear imprints on China’s reproductive norms and fertility patterns. The government-led family planning programme, however, has not been the only driving force of fertility decline. A wide range of social, economic, political and cultural changes have also affected the transition in family formation, reproductive behaviour and fertility patterns, and this has become increasingly prominent in the past two decades.

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41

Zhang, Jingyue y Nan Lu. "Community-Based Cognitive Social Capital and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults in Urban China: The Moderating Role of Family Social Capital". International Journal of Aging and Human Development 90, n.º 3 (12 de mayo de 2019): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415019848202.

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The present study examined the moderating role of family social capital in the relationship between community-based cognitive social capital and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in urban China. Cross-sectional data were derived from a community survey conducted in Suzhou, China, in late 2015. Data from 441 respondents were included in the final analysis. Multiple group analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The latent construct of community-based cognitive social capital was based on trust and reciprocity indicators. Measurement invariance was established across groups with high or low family social capital. The results show that family social capital had a moderation effect on the relationship between community-based cognitive social capital and depressive symptoms. The effects of community-based cognitive social capital on depressive symptoms were higher among those with low family social capital. The findings demonstrate the interplay between family and community-based cognitive social capital. Policy and intervention implications are discussed.

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42

Xu, Lizheng, Fan Yang, Jingjie Sun, Stephen Nicholas y Jian Wang. "Evaluating Family Planning Organizations Under China’s Two-Child Policy in Shandong Province". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 12 (14 de junio de 2019): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122121.

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Background: The 2015 two-child policy was the most important institutional change in China’s family planning since the 1978 one-child policy. To implement the two-child policy, China merged the former health departments and family planning departments into the new Health and Family Planning Commission organization. We collected and analyzed funding and expenditure data, providing a novel approach to assessing the family planning outcomes under China’s two-child policy. The paper shows how the management structure and funding levels and streams shifted with the new two-child policy and assesses the new management structure in terms of the ability to carry out tasks under the new family planning policy. Methods: We collected data on the funding, structure of expenditure and social compensation fee in Shandong province from 2011 to 2016, to evaluate how resources were allocated to family planning before and after the organizational change. We also collected interview data from family planning administrators. Results: While total family planning government financing was reduced after the organizational change, expenditures were shifted away from management to family planning work. Funding (80%) was allocated to the grass-root county and township levels, where family planning services were provided. The overlapping work practices, bureaucracy, and inefficiencies were curbed and information flows were improved. Conclusions: The new Health and Family Planning Commissions shifted resources to carry out the new family planning policy. The aims of the two-child policy to reduce inefficiencies, overlapping authorities and excessive management were achieved and expenditures on family planning work was enhanced and made more efficient.

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43

Zheng, Haowen. "The only-child premium and moderation by social origin: Educational stratification in post-reform China". Chinese Journal of Sociology 6, n.º 3 (julio de 2020): 384–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x20934066.

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The One Child Policy initiated in the late 1970s created a birth cohort with an unusually high proportion of only children. This paper examines the relationship between being the only child in the family and educational attainment, as well as its potential variations by social origin. Drawing my sample from the China Family Panel Studies, I compare two birth cohorts born before and after the birth-control policy. Results show that in the younger cohort, being the only child in the family produces a premium in educational outcomes, including years of completed schooling and odds of progressing through critical grade transitions. In addition, I observe a pattern that the only-child premium tends to be larger for people with higher social origins in competitive grade transitions.

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44

YUNONG, HUANG. "Family relations and life satisfaction of older people: a comparative study between two different hukous in China". Ageing and Society 32, n.º 1 (11 de febrero de 2011): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000067.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examined the relationships between family relations and life satisfaction between the two groups of older people with different hukous in Putian, Fujian, China. Five factors related to family relations: family support network, satisfaction with family support, family harmony, filial support and filial discrepancy, were included in the study. A total of 532 valid questionnaires, 263 and 269 being filled in by older people with agricultural and non-agricultural hukous, respectively, were obtained. Bivariate analyses indicated that five factors were correlated significantly with life satisfaction for both groups of older people. The results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that when controlling for socio-demographic variables, filial support was associated with life satisfaction for both groups of older people; satisfaction with family support and filial discrepancy was only associated with life satisfaction among older people with agricultural hukous; family harmony only contributed to explaining life satisfaction among older people with non-agricultural hukous. The present study confirmed some previous empirical findings, which indicated the importance of family relations to older people's lives, and extended our understanding about the correlates of life satisfaction for the two groups of older people with different hukous in China. Limitations and direction of future studies were also addressed. Meanwhile, the policy and practice implications of the study were discussed in the context of China's social and economic changes.

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45

Zhou, Lixin, Yan Han y Chaoli Gou. "Influence of Family Involvement on Family Firm Internationalization: The Moderating Effects of Industrial and Institutional Environments". Sustainability 11, n.º 20 (16 de octubre de 2019): 5721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205721.

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This paper aimed to explore the effects of family ownership and management on Chinese family firm internationalization, and to examine the moderating effects of environmental munificence, institutional environment, and political ties in this relationship. A questionnaire survey of 274 family firms in 8 provinces or municipalities in China was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses empirically. The results were as follows: First, family ownership and management positively impacted the depth and breadth of internationalization. Second, environmental munificence weakened the effect of family ownership on the depth of internationalization, as well as on the effect of family management on the breadth of internationalization, but intensified the effect of family management on the depth of internationalization. Third, the institutional environment intensified the effects of family management on the depth and breadth of internationalization. Finally, political ties weakened the effect of family management on the depth of internationalization, but intensified the effect of family ownership on the breadth of internationalization. The contributions and implications of this study are also discussed.

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46

Wu, Bei, Marc A. Cohen, Zhen Cong, Kyungmin Kim y Changmin Peng. "Improving Care for Older Adults in China: Development of Long-Term Care Policy and System". Research on Aging 43, n.º 3-4 (3 de febrero de 2021): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027521990829.

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This special issue covers several important topics related to long-term care (LTC) systems and policy development in China. It provides a good contextual background on the development of the LTC system in China as well as the needs and preferences of LTC from family and older adults’ perspectives. In addition, this issue covers the topic of evaluation of a recently developed long-term care nursing insurance and provides an example of family caregiving for persons with dementia within the Chinese context. The authors in this special issue also provided insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults’ life and LTC quality, and explored potential strategies to handle the challenges during and post-pandemic.

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47

Wen, Ya y Jill Hanley. "Rural-to-Urban Migration, Family Resilience, and Policy Framework for Social Support in China". Asian Social Work and Policy Review 9, n.º 1 (febrero de 2015): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12042.

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48

Liu, Wenxin y Xiuli He. "EFFECTS OF MAIZE POLICY REFORM IN NORTHEAST CHINA". Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 40, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2018.33.

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National macro-policy is an important factor affecting the adjustment of farmers' livelihood strategies. It is necessary to analyze the impacts of agricultural change on farmers’ income and livelihood strategy adjustment when new policy is issued. The Northeast Chinais a strategic region that guarantees China's national grain security and is also an important pilot area for implementing national agricultural policies. As a breakthrough point in the present agricultural supply-side structural reform implemented by Chinese government, the reform of maize purchasing and storage system in Northeast China has played a significant role in adjusting the maize price and also exerted a significant influence on the income and family livelihood strategies of some farmers. Given the shifts in maize policy, the purpose of this research is to model farmers’ income change and their livelihood strategy adjustment in Northeast China. In consistence with the macro statistical data, the survey results of 125 questionnaires indicate that the reform of maize purchasing and storage system implemented in 2016 led to the drop of maize price in Northeast China by more than 30% in 2017, and the net income of maize growers in most areas of Northeast China declined by more than 60% compared with the previous year. Faced by the sudden drop in the maize price, 24.2% of maize growers in the surveyed farmers planned to adjust their livelihood strategies in a short term. The changes in livelihood strategies are mainly affected by the indicators of “comparison between income and expenditure” and “satisfaction with income from farming”. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of supporting subsidies, guidance for adjustment of family livelihood strategies and training of farmers' vocational skills.

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49

Ren, Xiaoni y Darren John Caudle. "Balancing academia and family life". Gender in Management: An International Journal 35, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2020): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-06-2019-0093.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore and compare academics’ experiences of managing work-life balance (WLB) in the British and Chinese contexts. The authors have three specific purposes. Firstly, to investigate whether there are marked gender differences in either context, given female and male academics’ work is considered fully comparable. Secondly, to examine contextual factors contributing to gender differences that influence and shape decisions in WLB and career paths. Thirdly, to explore the gendered consequences and implications. Design/methodology/approach A cross-national and multilevel analytical approach to WLB was chosen to unpick and explore gender land contextual differences and their influence on individual academics’ coping strategies. To reflect the exploratory nature of uncovering individual experience and perceptions, the authors used in-depth, semi-structured interviews. In total, 37 academics participated in the study, comprised of 18 participants from 6 universities in the UK and 19 participants from 6 universities in China. Findings This study reveals gendered differences in both the British and Chinese contexts in three main aspects, namely, sourcing support; managing emotions; and making choices, but more distinct differences in the latter context. Most significantly, it highlights that individual academics’ capacity in cultivating and using coping strategies was shaped simultaneously by multi-layered factors at the country level, the HE institutional level and the individual academics’ level. Originality/value Very few cross-cultural WLB studies explore gender differences. This cross-national comparative study is of particular value in making the “invisible visible” in terms of the gendered nature of choices and decisions within the context of WLB. The study has significant implications for female academics exercising individual scope in carving out a career, and for academic managers and institutions, in terms of support, structure and policy.

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50

Huang, Yujuan, Haoying Xu, Hengyu Liu, Wenguang Yu y Xinliang Yu. "The Impact of Family Care for the Elderly on Women’s Employment from the Perspective of Bargaining Power". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 11 (31 de mayo de 2021): 5905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115905.

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Due to the wishes of the elderly and the traditional family culture in China, family care is the main way of providing for the aged, and women’s care is the main way. This is not conducive to the protection of women’s employment rights and the realization of self-worth under the background of increasing women’s autonomy. Based on the latest data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey Database (CHNS), this paper uses ordinary least squares (OLS) and the instrumental variable method of control endogeneity to analyze the influence of family care activities on the labor participation rate of married women. The innovation of this paper is to introduce family bargaining power into this kind of model for the first time, and further analyze the heterogeneity from the perspective of bargaining power differences. The empirical results show that the family elderly care activities have an obstacle effect on married women’s participation in employment, and the family members with strong bargaining power will significantly hinder employment, so this paper puts forward policy recommendations in line with the actual situation, hoping to provide theoretical support for the improvement of the social security system for the elderly.

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