Tesis sobre el tema "Female Pastors"

Health disparities have mostly affected African Americans who are poor, uninsured, under insured and unemployed. This population of African Americans seek spiritual solace and social counseling from their pastors, and church-based health promotion (CBHP) offers the opportunity to reach millions of the U. S. Black population. The lack of studies on female African American pastors implementing congregational health promotion activities influenced this study. This qualitative study helped in understanding the experiences, perspectives, and influences of 13 female African American Christian pastors on health-related issues within their congregation. Feminist theory and CBHP model guided this qualitative case study. Open-ended interview questions, field notes, and audio recordings were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using constant comparison method. Open coding and categorizing were done to develop the final themes and subthemes for the study. This research study has the potential for other researchers to replicate this study elsewhere in the United States. Potential positive social change may lead to increase in young female pastors in the churches. Possible social change benefits also include the increase of African American female pastors implementing CBHP activities in their own churches, change in congregation's health behaviors and habits, and improved health status.

This study explores the persuasion techniques used by female Lutheran Pastors in weekly sermons. Male Lutheran Pastors were used as a control group. A content analysis was performed on 30 sermons to determine what persuasive techniques were used, what persuasive similarities existed, and when specific persuasive techniques were used in the sermons.Chapter One provides an introduction to the topic, explores background information related to persuasion and religion, and gives justification for the research.Chapter Two includes a review of literature, focusing on women's roles in religious organizations, persuasive techniques used in the study, and research questions.Chapter Three explains the methods used for this study, including an explanation of content analysis, definitions of persuasive categories used, and subcategories created to add detail to the study.Chapter Four lists the findings of the study, beginning with analysis of research questions, followed by analysis of results.Chapter Five contains the conclusions pertaining to the analysis of the research, limitations of the study, and areas for future research.
Department of Communication Studies

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Baptist context is predominantly marked by male leaders and for women only places and behaviors socially established, such as home care, maternity, submission, among other characteristics that emphasize the gender hierarchy. Even before the economic development and occupation that women are gaining in the public space, the church, mainly Baptist churches, remain founded on foundations that exalt male power at the expense of place that should be occupied by women, or where they decide to act. If they decide to operate in a predominantly male place, they will have to deal with the deconstruction of a thought socially permeated with male domination and the arduous construction of a thought aimed at gender equality. The object of this research is the female pastoral ministry in the Baptist Brazilian context. The text analyzes the discourse of Pastors Baptists of São Paulo and the speech of the Order of the leaders of Baptist Pastors of São Paulo (OPBB-SP) about the female pastoral ministry and not the membership of women in OPBB-SP. The importance of this work is to demonstrate the relationship of the micro power existing between shepherds and shepherdesses and concomitant inequalities within the context Baptist in relation to pastoral ministry. This statement is configured by means of the analysis of semi-structured interviews I conducted research with seven shepherds of São Paulo, as well as three leaders of OPPB-SP. It is a qualitative research, in which were analyzed official documents of the church, as convention agendas, protocol, institutional sites, periodicals and unofficial documents found on social networks, blogs, online newspapers, etc. I can claim that the Baptists pastors are mobilizing to fulfill his calling, using transcendent arguments that prevent any person to challenge or doubt the pastoral call these women, but: “The wind goes were its pleasure takes it, and the sound of it comes to your ears, but you are unable to say where it comes from and where it goes; so it is with everyone whose birth is from the Spirit.” (John 3.8)
O contexto batista é predominantemente marcado por lideranças masculinas, destinando às mulheres apenas lugares e comportamentos socialmente estabelecidos, como a casa, o cuidado, a maternidade, a submissão, entre outras características que enfatizam a hierarquia de gênero. Mesmo diante do desenvolvimento econômico e da ocupação que as mulheres estão conquistando no campo público, a igreja e principalmente as igrejas batistas, permanecem fundadas em alicerces que exaltam o poder masculino em detrimento do lugar que deve ser ocupado pelas mulheres, ou seja, onde elas decidirem atuar. Caso elas decidam atuar num campo predominantemente masculino, terão que lidar com a desconstrução de um pensamento socialmente permeado de dominação masculina e com a árdua construção de um pensamento que vise a igualdade de gênero. O objeto desta pesquisa é o ministério pastoral feminino no contexto batista brasileiro. O texto analisa o discurso das Pastoras Batistas do Estado de São Paulo e o discurso dos líderes da Ordem dos Pastores Batistas de São Paulo (OPBB-SP) a respeito do ministério pastoral feminino e a não filiação de mulheres na OPBB-SP. A importância deste trabalho é a de demostrar as relações de micro poder existentes entre pastores e pastoras e concomitantemente as desigualdades dentro do contexto batista com relação ao ministério pastoral feminino. Essa afirmação se consolida por meio das análises das entrevistas semiestruturadas que realizei na pesquisa de campo, com sete pastoras batistas do Estado de São Paulo, bem como com três líderes da OPPB-SP. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que foram analisados documentos oficiais da igreja, como pautas de convenções, atas, sites institucionais, periódicos e documentos não oficiais encontrados em redes sociais, blogs, jornais online, entre outros. Posso afirmar que as pastoras batistas estão se mobilizando para cumprir sua vocação, usando argumentos transcendentes que impedem qualquer pessoa de desafiar ou duvidar de seu chamado pastoral, pois: “O vento sopra onde quer; ouve-se o ruído, mas não sabes de onde vem, nem para onde vai. Assim acontece com aquele(a) que nasceu do Espírito.” (João 3.8).

SILVA, Eliana Coelho da. Chamadas por Deus: características do pastorado feminino na cidade de Fortaleza. 2014. 172f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2014.
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The present research seeks to analyze the narratives of the trajectories of Protestant Christian women up to their admission to the pastoral office, focusing on the meaning of women’s ordination as given by the female ministers. In this paper, some existing cases in Fortaleza were presented, and the characteristics of a female pastoral care and the models found in this field were noted. The models in the field are found in the equation of “permanence and rupture” variables as related to the biblical model of women which permeates the religious mindset of the female ministers. A qualitative methodology was used with life narratives for the purpose of analyzing their life trajectories, understanding what the process is like in the rise of women to the pastoral office in different denominational settings.
A presente pesquisa buscou analisar as narrativas das trajetórias de mulheres evangélicas até a chegada ao cargo pastoral, centrando-se no sentido dado pelas pastoras à ordenação feminina. Neste trabalho, apresentaram-se alguns dos casos existentes em Fortaleza e a partir deles foram apontadas as características de um pastorado feminino e os modelos encontrados neste campo. Os modelos encontrados no campo encontram-se na equação das variáveis “permanência e ruptura” com relação ao modelo bíblico de mulher que permeia o imaginário religioso das pastoras. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com uso das narrativas de vida, com a finalidade de analisar suas trajetórias de vida, compreendendo como é o processo de ascensão de mulheres ao cargo pastoral em configurações denominacionais diferentes.

This phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of female ministers serving in pastoral leadership within the church. This study involved selecting 12 female pastors actively serving congregations within the Richmond, Virginia, Tri-Cities area. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the details of living and serving as a female pastoral leader, and the inner motivations to achieve top-tier leadership and experiences with female-to-female mentorship. The female pastoral leaders participated in a three-tier face-to-face interview process. Prior to conducting the core research, a pilot study of two female pastoral participants tested the alignment of research questions and interview process. Including the pilot study and core research, the total number of participants was 14. The 12 participant interview transcripts were collected as data and analyzed using NVivo 10® qualitative software. Five themes emerged from the collected data: a) pastoral leadership: personal calling and motivations, b) preparedness: education and training, c) positive support: family, church, and community, d) passion: reaching and helping people, and e) preceptor: mentoring and connections with other female ministers. Five implications resulted from the study. Female pastoral leaders demonstrate self-determination and motivation. They obtain professional degrees and seminary training. Positive support from family, church, and community are major components for women achieving pastoral leadership. Female pastors have a passion for reaching people. Women in pastoral leadership need mentors and need to share their stories with other women who aspire to lead.

Teenage girls from the Turkana pastoral community in Northern Kenya have varying views of sexuality. Some parents choose to send their daughters to school creating disparate levels of knowledge about their bodies and sexual health. To better evaluate these differences, girls (13-18 years) were asked to develop body maps, a methodological technique that enables verbal and visual data collection. Interviews and participant observations were also used to gather data. This research involved a total of 33 participants and included both school going and non-school going girls. Triangulation of data from Interviews, participant observation, and body mapping provided multiple angles into the female pastoralist’s life experiences. The study demonstrated the heterogeneity and disparities that are present within pastoralists population in Samburu county, providing a more detailed understanding for future medical anthropological studies. The research furthered anthropological inquiry methodologically by introducing body mapping as a complement to conducting traditional ethnographic research.

Upon entering into a marital relationship, an African Christian couple is faced with both biblical and cultural perspectives regarding the patriarchal idea of male headship and female submission in marriage. This is because headship and submission are both cultural and biblical issues. The African culture, just as the Bible, defines the position and the role of males and females and this presents a challenge for the African Christian couple regarding practice. It is important for pastoral care givers to gain insight into influences on married couples understanding and practice of headship and submission and the implication this has for gender disparity as well as the consequences of gender disparity for the lives of people. The study aims to explore biblical and cultural ideas of headship and submission in order to develop an understanding of, describe and explain African Christians perceptions, attitudes and practices with regard to male headship and female submission in marriage. The context of the study is that of Shona culture in Zimbabwe. In order to gain an understanding of the issues on a grassroots level, 30 (15 males and 15 females) married Shona Christians from different churches in Zimbabwe were interviewed. The participants were selected by means of the random sampling and purposive sampling methods. Four main themes were identified and conceptualised. Data was analysed and discussed in dialogue with the theoretical underpinnings of the study in order to present a pastoral perspective.
Dissertation (MA (Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Practical Theology
MA (Theol)
Unrestricted

This qualitative study examined the experiences of Saint Mary’s High School alumnae from the freshman class of 1949 through the graduating class of 2010 in order to identify what has sustained the school over the decades. Years after graduation, alumnae held memories of their school experiences that resulted in personal and long-lasting qualities that continue to have significant impacts on individuals and the institution. Data was gathered through written journals and interviews. The Appreciative Inquiry (AI) model was used to analyze the context of alumnae experiences. Using the AI model, multiple categories arose as positive notables mentioned by the participants. The prominent themes contributing to school sustainability were pastoral care, mission, tradition, and community. These sustaining characteristics, which are still exhibited in the lives of current laity and students, were linked to the original charism brought to the school through the Sisters’ order. Student success and satisfaction are critical to sustaining Catholic schools as tuition continues to rise and enrollment in Catholic schools’ decline. Saint Mary’s High School, and other similar Catholic schools, should consider strengthening their identity through mission-related activities and values. The findings of this study suggested that sustaining Catholic school environments may be as simple as becoming reacquainted with their original missions. Results of this study showed that Catholic school leaders and faculty are successfully transmitting the same values and mission-driven messages as their predecessors. Emphasizing a holistic and compassionate school setting is vital to the overall success of each student and the longevity of schools.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the problem of VVF-HIV/AIDS, stigmatization, the threat to the human dignity of women and the role of the church, with specific reference to the role of Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA). In order to show this, models of practical theology methodology were used as theoretical and methodological basis for the study. Practical theology is as a study area deals with the praxis of God, i.e. salvific and eschatological involvement and engagement with the trajectories of human lives and the suffering of human beings. Within the context of theological reflection, it involves man’s attempt to express and portray the presence and will of God in such a way that meaning in life and comfort is contextually disclosed and discovered (Louw, 2008:71). Having established the latter, the focus falls firstly on the description of the conditions addressed in the study about VVF-HIV/AIDS and its prevalence in Northern Nigeria. A detailed contextual study also shows that a variety of factors impact negatively on the status and well-being of women in the area. Traditional, cultural, economic, political and religious factors are either uniquely applicable to or aggravate the status and well-being of the subjects of the research, namely women suffering from VVF-HIV/AIDS in Northern Nigeria. It specifically involves the social and political context in which they live. It also shows that the existence and extent of these factors increase the vulnerability of women to contracting the HIV as well as VVF. The extent to which these factors, in combination with the latter conditions specifically promote the stigmatization of these women and the forms such stigmatization takes are also explored. Moving on to the issue of human dignity: a historical overview is given of the concept and it is defined for the purposes of the study. The extent to which the human dignity is affected in the study area is then investigated in light of their context, with particular reference to the women suffering from VVF-HIV/AIDS. It is concluded that the stigmatization to which the VVF-HIV/AIDS sufferers in Northern Nigeria are subjected, indeed constitutes a serious threat to their human dignity. In answering the question of whether the church (ECWA) has a responsibility towards these women and to address the issue of their stigmatization, two pastoral theological perspectives were used, that of the nature of the church and that of the concept of human dignity from a theological perspective. According to this perspective human beings have been created in the image of God. Having established that, on theological grounds, such a responsibility exists, a possible pastoral theological model for addressing the issue of the stigmatization of women suffering from VVF-HIV/AIDS was proposed. The church’s response to the challenge of VVF-HIV/AIDS is to come from its deepest theological convictions about the nature of creation, the unshakeable fidelity of God’s love, the nature of creation, the nature of the body of Christ and the reality of Christian hope. The creation narrative, which affirms that humanity is created in the image of God, links human beings to the love of God, which is modelled in the incarnation of Jesus. Moving on to the data analysis, the extent of the challenges of VVF-HIV/AIDS sufferers and the level of knowledge of the pastors of the subject of the stigmatization of young adult females sufferers of VVF-HIV/AIDS and their treatment of the issue were evident. Finally, recommendations were drawn up in order to provide basic understanding and awareness to ECWA on how to objectively address the problem of VVF-HIV/AIDS in Northern Nigeria.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die probleem van VVF-HIV/AIDS, stigmatisering, die bedreiging van die menslike waardigheid van vroue en die rol van die kerk (ECWA). Om dit aan te toon, word die model van die praktiese teologie metodologie gebruik as 'n teoretiese en metodologiese basis vir die studie. Praktiese teologie handel oor die praxis van God, d.w.s. die verlossingsboodskap en eskatologiese betrokkenheid by en verbintenis met die trajekte van die menslike lewe en die lyding van die mens. Binne die konteks van teologiese refleksie, d.w.s. die menslike poging om aan 'n beeld van die teenwoordigheid en wil van God op so 'n manier uitdrukking te gee, word die betekenis daarvan in die lewe en troos kontekstueel geopenbaar en ontdek (Louw, 2008:71). Na laasgenoemde val die fokus eers op die beskrywing van die voorwaardes in die studie oor VVF-HIV/AIDS en die voorkoms daarvan in die noorde van Nigerië. ’n Gedetailleerde kontekstuele studie toon ook dat 'n verskeidenheid negatiewe faktore ‘n impak op die status en die welsyn van vroue in die area het. Tradisionele, kulturele, ekonomiese, politieke en godsdienstige faktore waarvan 'n paar óf uniek van toepassing is óf ‘n verswarende effek het op die navorsingskonteks van vroue wat in die noorde van Nigerië aan VVF-HIV/AIDS ly en spesifiek op die sosiale, politieke konteks waarin hulle leef. Daar word ook aangetoon dat die bestaan en omvang van hierdie faktore die vatbaarheid van vroue vir die kontraktering van die MIV-virus sowel as VVF, verhoog. Daar word ook gekyk na die wyse waarop hierdie faktore in kombinasie met bogenoemde voorwaardes spesifiek die bevordering van die stigmatisering van hierdie vroue teweegbring en na die vorme wat hierdie stigmatisering aanneem. Die kwessie van menslike waardigheid word ondersoek deur 'n historiese oorsig van die konsep te gee. Dit word vir die doeleindes van die studie gedefinieer. Die mate waarin menslike waardigheid in die studiearea ‘n rol speel, met spesifieke klem op die konteks van vroue wat ly aan VVF-HIV/AIDS, word ook nagegaan. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die menswaardigheid van die VVF-HIV/AIDS lyers in die noorde van Nigerië tot 'n groot mate in die lig van die stigmatisering hulle aan onderwerp word, aangetas word. Ter beantwoording van die vraag of die kerk (ECWA) 'n verantwoordelikheid teenoor hierdie vroue het om hul stigmatisering aan te spreek, word twee pastorale teologiese perspektiewe gebruik: dié van die aard van die kerk en van die konsep van menswaardigheid vanuit 'n teologiese perspektief waarvolgens die mens na die beeld van God geskep is. Nadat vasgestel is dat, op teologiese gronde, so 'n verantwoordelikheid wel bestaan, word 'n moontlike pastorale teologiese model vir die aanspreek van die kwessie van die stigmatisering van vroue wat ly aan VVF-HIV/AIDS voorgestel. Die kerk se reaksie op die uitdaging van VVF-HIV/AIDS spruit uit sy diepste teologiese oortuigings oor die onwrikbare getrouheid van God se liefde, die aard van die skepping, die aard van die liggaam van Christus en die werklikheid van die Christelike hoop. Die skeppingsverhaal, wat bevestig dat die mensdom in die beeld van God geskep is, verbind die mens aan die liefde van God, wat in die inkarnasie van Jesus gemodelleer word. Daar word dan beweeg na die data-analise, die omvang van die uitdagings van VVF-HIV/AIDS lyers en die vlak van kennis van die pastore oor die onderwerp van die stigmatisering van die jong volwasse vroulike lyers aan VVF-HIV/AIDS en hulle behandeling van die probleem. Ten slotte word aanbevelings gemaak ten einde basiese begrip/bewustheid te verskaf oor hoe die ECWA die probleem van VVF-HIV/AIDS in die noorde van Nigerië objektief kan aanspreek.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente pesquisa buscou analisar as narrativas das trajetÃrias de mulheres evangÃlicas atà a chegada ao cargo pastoral, centrando-se no sentido dado pelas pastoras à ordenaÃÃo feminina. Neste trabalho, apresentaram-se alguns dos casos existentes em Fortaleza e a partir deles foram apontadas as caracterÃsticas de um pastorado feminino e os modelos encontrados neste campo. Os modelos encontrados no campo encontram-se na equaÃÃo das variÃveis âpermanÃncia e rupturaâ com relaÃÃo ao modelo bÃblico de mulher que permeia o imaginÃrio religioso das pastoras. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com uso das narrativas de vida, com a finalidade de analisar suas trajetÃrias de vida, compreendendo como à o processo de ascensÃo de mulheres ao cargo pastoral em configuraÃÃes denominacionais diferentes.
The present research seeks to analyze the narratives of the trajectories of Protestant Christian women up to their admission to the pastoral office, focusing on the meaning of womenâs ordination as given by the female ministers. In this paper, some existing cases in Fortaleza were presented, and the characteristics of a female pastoral care and the models found in this field were noted. The models in the field are found in the equation of âpermanence and ruptureâ variables as related to the biblical model of women which permeates the religious mindset of the female ministers. A qualitative methodology was used with life narratives for the purpose of analyzing their life trajectories, understanding what the process is like in the rise of women to the pastoral office in different denominational settings.

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O presente trabalho trata da presença de homens vestidos de mulher na cena pública soteropolitana: o transvestismo como oportunidade para desconstruir polaridades de Gênero. Trata-se de uma abordagem etnográfica, misturando reflexões sobre etnografia e transformismo, para pulverizar e re-significar as apresentações cênicas ditas marginais no âmbito das revisões de perspectivas e de assuntos nas artes cênicas no Brasil. Sendo uma autoetnografia transformista, onde a escritura encontra a performance, este estudo comporta trejeitos da escrita performativa, para tentar atender o “ser” da performance, assim como a sua ontologia, ou seja, a representação sem reprodução. Considera ainda as encenações do desaparecer e, ao escrever sobre o indocumentável evento da performance, tem consciência de que altera o próprio evento. Assim, também compreende: os Rastros do Desaparecimento, a Presença do Corpo em Performance, o Cross-dressing ou Transvestismo ou Transformismo, a Política/Poética Camp, Alteridade, ou as representações transnacionais do feminino coreográfico, uma grafia acerca dos Global Queerscapes, a drag queen na atualidade soteropolitana, em uma Epistemologia Drag, assim como, Nacionalidade, Transformismo e Homocultura nos cortejos e movimentos políticos públicos, em Salvador, e sua aproximação com a figura icônica da Carmem Miranda, que tem sido apropriada por homossexuais transvestidos, em todas as latitudes, como o epítome camp do excesso e da frescura internacionais.
What a Drag!: Ethnography, Performance and Female Impersonation by Fernando Antonio de Paula Passos examines the performative presence of cross-dressed men in Salvador’s public scenes: cross-dressing as the opportunity for the deconstruction of gender polarities. It consists of an approach that blends self-reflexive ethnography with issues of female impersonation and cross-dressing in order to study the multiplicity of their performances, their re-signification, their relatively recent arrival in the context of revisionist perspectives and subject matters in the academic field of the performing arts in Brazil. Incorporating concepts of auto-ethnography and theoretical transvestism, it brings together writing and performance in what is now known as performative writing, as it struggles to uncover what the “being” of performance is all about. In dealing with the ontology of performance as representation without reproduction, it is particularly focused on issues of disappearance. It is also aware that writing about the undocumentable event of the performance alters that same event. It also deals with: traces of disappearance, the presence of the body in performance, cross-dressing, camp, alterity, feminine choreography, Global Queerscapes, drag epistemology, nation, surrealism, pastoral, allegory, political resistance and Carmen Miranda, as the epitome of inter/national camp.

This study is the product of research in the field of systematic theology, particularly the subject of women in ministry. The goal was to provide, given the scope and limits of the study, the most persuasive case for women elders (or “pastors”) from a Reformed-Evangelical approach to date. The primary means of accomplishing this goal is by making an analytically constructed argument that is both exegetically and theologically sound. The introduction outlines the study’s basic objectives, structure, research methods, assumptions, and overall direction. Two gives a detailed literature review of major publications on the subject of women ministry in order to track the movement of the debate. Three explores theological methods that addresses theological loci, the role of hermeneutics, and the theological-analytical structure and content of Reformed-Evangelical arguments for women elders. Chapter Four explores conceptual framework, which frames the specific, contemporary debate over women elders in Reformed-Evangelical circles, and then addresses the insights and challenges of feminist theology and Roman Catholic theology. The heart of the study is captured in three main chapters that present a case for women elders in the church. The first argument provides a detailed examination of the “prohibition passages” in the New Testament and concludes that they do not prohibit women from being elders. The second argument provides a sweeping account of the proclamation of the gospel in New Testament theology, and affirms that anti-women-elder readings and attitudes simply do not conform to the actions, attitudes, and teachings of the early church regarding gender and gospel-proclamation. Finally, the third section provides three additional arguments in favor of women elders. The first argument addresses the nature of hermeneutics and application of specific interpretations, the second addresses the nature of marriage and its relationship to church leadership, and the third deals with functions of women in NT ministry. The research concludes with Chapter Eight, which summarizes the argument and introduces practical ramifications if the study’s premises and conclusions are true.
Philosophy & Systematic Theology
D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to give voice to the experiences of African American female pastors of African American churches and their perceptions of gender and equity as it pertains to their role in the pastorate. This phenomenological study identified the lived experiences of each participant through her personal narrative, which reflects her path from birth to present. Participants’ experiences as a senior pastor provided a personal historical path of the journey of female pastors for a span of four decades. This dissertation shares the challenges, barriers, and support to female pastors. This study examined personal characteristics, acts of leadership, and acts of negotiating the system within the African American church. The participants’ ages ranged from 40-70+. The findings of this study indicated that there has been a slow change in the acceptance of female pastors. Female pastors have been a part of our culture since biblical times, but resistance is still present.

This dissertation came as a response of the outcome of the author's Master's thesis in which female Pastors in the North West Province, in the Republic of South Africa lamented that their male subordinates destruct them from doing their ministerial work properly. The relevant methodology to address this problem was found to be; fusion of Feminist Liberation Theology, Shepherding and Quantitative methods in the light of Practical Theology. The research has been conducted in the three Provinces of the Republic of South Africa, namely; Gauteng, Free State and Limpopo, with four female Pastors from each Province. These interviewees from twelve different denominations answered a questionnaire marked appendix A, which comprises of biblical and general questions. The outcome of these three Provinces was that generally female leaders are dehumanised by being marginalised, undermined, silenced and crushed by their male subordinates and counterparts, to a point that these female leaders use respect as a bait to harmonise the situation. The outcome of the North West Province which necessitated this research was then confirmed that female Pastors are generally denigrated by their male subordinates and as result they become destructed from doing their duties well. And because of that they are labelled incompetent. Regardless the negation of female leadership as based on the above indicated factors, the research has managed to prove that females had been part of leadership from time immemorial to date. Liberation Now, as Russell has mentioned, is the heartbeat of this study, therefore recommendations are that the biblical interpretation, masculine language (gender sensitive) and the negative Setswana idioms and proverbs that are oppressive to females especially those in leadership be replaced by the positive or constructive ones. Interpretation should be rapidly emancipative, just like Jesus did by overriding the Law of Purity, Defilement and Sabbath by that of Liberation and Justice. As God he understood that justice delayed is justice denied, see Mark 5: 23- 42 and Luke 13: 10- 16. Scripture must be allowed to interpret itself, especially on issues of serious controversy such as the topic in question. A line should also be drawn between the Word of God and the words of people that are found in the Bible, e.g. thus says the LORD and I, Paul, say. This does not discredit God’s inspiration upon His Word, but acknowledges the honesty in recording people’s thoughts that are both good and evil. Egalitarian male senior Pastors (Bishops) with their authority of ordaining Pastors should spearhead the liberation and affirmation of female leadership, through counselling and intense teaching to all stake holders, as to avert this warp concept of denigrating females in the name of God. The reason for recommending them is because females could not counsel themselves, nor by their subjugators, however egalitarian male senior Pastors would have to create a rapport that is deemed as a key to this endeavour, since females may perceive them as subjugators and male subordinates as sell-outs. Concomitantly theological training should be a prerequisite to church ministry. The monitoring tool had been developed in accordance with concerns and recommendations of the outcome of the research, in order for the church top leadership to track the situation at local churches, and respond timeously to the matters that may affect the church negatively.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Practical Theology
unrestricted

碩士
東海大學
宗教研究所
98
Abstract This research is focused on the female pastors whose husbands are also pastors. How these female pastors play their two different roles? This research is based on the structure of role’s theory, and tried to build their process to play their roles, and how do they play their roles finally. This study is adopted the qualitative study, through the postgraduate’ social network. There are four pastors who are also pastors’ wives. The research uses the unstructured interview to collect data. The finding revealed that when women choose to be pastors, they have to be very careful. In one way, they have to face the many expects in one role, it causes the role’s overload, and becomes the conflicts in the role. In another way, different expect causes the conflict between the two different roles. These pastors have three choices： (1) To be the pastor, because she thinks that it’s the most important thing to her； (2) To be the pastor’s wife, because it is the wish of members in the church； （3）To play two roles. If she became the pastor first, she would choose to play only one role. On the other side, if she became the wife of pastor first, she would choose to play two roles as well. Finally, the result is: The female pastors who are also pastors’ wives in the modern Christianity Church in Taiwan. When they play their roles and to identify themselves, they have more shown more freedom than before. Nowadays, the idea of gender equality was changed. At the same time, the church’s members were influenced by this opinion. Secondly, my interviewers are senior pastors, not preachers. They have the different experience which would also influence these female pastors how to play their roles in the church.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
性別教育研究所
99
Through self-narrative approach I discussed my own life story to reframe my gender values. In the research procedure, I know that gender issues is not just a personal matter, but a common suffering shared by every gender in a patriarchal society. In the past, I used to take gender inequality for granted under patriarchy. I never questioned the interpretation of Biblical “truth” from a specific sense, so that I accepted and internalized the twisted gender values. However, after becoming a pastor, I am a double minority in Taiwan: as a Christian, I am the religious minority , as well as a relatively minor group, a female pastor, among male pastors in this community. Due to the identity of the double minority, I would turn on the switch of gender consciousness from the marginal perspective. With gender consciousness raised, I realized the internalized patriarchal gender ideology is harm to me, I also realized that to advocate for gender consciousness-raising is not contrary to Christianity. What really conflicts is the gender relation distorted by the interpretation under the male-centered church system and patriarchal clture. In conclusion, to dismantle the gender oppression and domination in the church, the approach to interpreting the Bible should be based on the church system and male-centered patriarchy.

The study is a critical analysis from a feminist pastoral care perspective in rehabilitating female ex-prisoners in Zimbabwe. The central research question that the study focused on is: “In what ways can the understanding of the praxis of feminist pastoral care facilitate the rehabilitation of female ex-prisoners for their integration into the Zimbabwean society?” This empirical qualitative study was facilitated through feminist methods to excavate the lived experiences and perceptions of female ex-prisoners and prisoners, which were analysed through three theories. These theories were: feminist theological anthropology which provided the view male and female as equals before God; feminist cultural hermeneutics which assisted in recognising that culture and religion have a significant influence in shaping women’s identity and experiences, especially in the African context and in particular Zimbabwe; and feminist pastoral care which highlighted that all human beings are entitled to care and dignity and that in view of the pervasive gender injustice, it is essential for women to receive nurturing or support, liberation and empowerment during the pastoral care-giving process. Field research was undertaken to collect the narratives of female ex-prisoners and prisoners so as to get a fuller picture of their perceptions and experiences. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-eight female ex-prisoners and prisoners. The research findings highlighted central themes that emerged about how the participants perceived themselves, society and God. This data thus represented the subjective reality of the women. Their objective reality was ascertained by examining the gendered identity of women in Zimbabwe, and how this identity has been shaped by patriarchal aspects of religion and culture. The impact of these constructed identities on the lives of women in Zimbabwe is most evident in the areas of education, employment, health, access to resources and family life. The purpose of this study was to identify the rehabilitation needs of female ex-prisoners in Zimbabwe. To achieve this, an examination of the current theories of rehabilitation was conducted, followed by a critical gendered analysis thereof, employing the three theories vii | P a g e underpinning this study. The theories of rehabilitation revealed wide gender disparities and to address this, an African feminist pastoral care theory of rehabilitation was proposed. Using this proposed theory, current rehabilitation programmes, with special focus on those working with African women prisoners and ex-prisoners in Zimbabwe, while also making reference to those in South Africa, were then interrogated. Following on from this, a gender-sensitive programme of rehabilitation was put forward, which took into account first, the subjective experiences of the female ex- prisoners and prisoners of this study; second, the objective reality of Zimbabwean women’s daily lives; and third, the main features of current faith-based programmes and where these fall short in terms of the proposed African feminist pastoral care theory of rehabilitation. The rehabilitation programme that emerged from this process is of potential use to faith- based organisations and chaplains working with African women inmates and released prisoners.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

This Qualitative research investigated and explored using a Narrative approach with teachers to find ways to improve the quality of teachers’ lives through the use of stories in Pastoral Counselling. A small group of teachers from a local primary school were invited to share their stories as a means to explore care and support actions for other teachers in the South African context. Statistics seem to point to a crisis in the South African education system, especially regarding the well-being of teachers. Various factors contribute to this including issues of diversity in the teaching context and challenges posed by inclusive education. It is my belief that a Narrative approach can assist Practical Theology to make a significant contribution towards helping struggling teachers nurture resilience and create more meaningful lives. Narrative Inquiry, a relatively new Qualitative methodology, was used to study the teachers’ experiences. This required a “collaboration between researcher and participants” which happened over time, in a particular context (Beaumont Primary School in Somerset West) and in social interactions with the research participants: a small group of teachers from Beaumont Primary School. African and South African views were investigated. Data collection methods included: interviewing; attentive listening; and observation, through which stories (data) was collected from the focus group. After analysing and interpreting the research data, an integrated Narrative Pastoral model was constructed which could assist Practical Theology and Pastoral Counselling to better equip teachers to deal with the challenges they are facing. It is hoped that this model will ultimately help the teachers involved in this research project to grow into integrated, whole (quality) beings who can make a difference where they work and live. The vision is that this model can also be implemented in the rest of South Africa’s teacher population.
Practical Theology
D. Th. (Practical Theology)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu
There has been considerable debate amongst feminist scholars as to whether the normalization of cosmetic surgery positively impacts women, empowers women by promoting agency and choice (Gimlin 2002, Kuczynski 2006), or oppresses women by propagating patriarchal ideologies that confine women’s bodies and consequently inhibit their voice (Blum 2003, Blood 2005, Heinricy 2006, Clarke and Griffin 2007, Tait, 2007). Rather than entering this debate my argument proceeds from a premise that the normalization of cosmetic surgery is a form of implicit and exclusive violence. Using a selection of post‐structuralist, feminist, and psychoanalytic theories, I analyze the manner in which this form of violence confines women’s bodies and structures the psyche. Using Jacques Lacan, Judith Butler, and Michel Foucault’s argument on pastoral power, I deconstruct the formation of the normalized self, the conscience, and the act of confession as it translates in the context of the cosmetic surgical body itself. Furthermore, I highlight liberal feminism’s role in this form of oppression. In so doing, I theoretically show the continual and effective functioning of pastoral power in the context of an individualization technique that oppresses women in the second decade of the twenty‐first century. I argue that the normalization of cosmetic surgery provokes a silencing of woman’s voices, an exploitation and oppression of the individual’s psyche, and an invalidation of the living body by a less visible, less explicit, mode of incarceration that is concealed by an aesthetic and moral veil. It is in this context that I present a counter discourse to the oppression that underlies the normalizing discourses promoted by the cosmetic surgical industry, a destabilization of patriarchal norms embedded within cosmetic surgical discourses, and a theoretical reconstruction that involves an inscription of what I refer to as an authentic feminist voice in contemporary consumer culture – a mode of intimate unconscious insurgence. I advocate a return to Julia Kristeva’s theory and the intimate revolt promoted by her ethical approach. Furthermore, I present a voice that demonstrates an intimate revolt – a voice that challenges patriarchal norms and is not exclusively confined by the mechanisms of normalization that shape the twenty‐first century woman with emphasis on the cosmetic surgical industry and its superincumbent discourses – the South African poet Antjie Krog. It is Krog’s skillfully structured poetic texts that facilitate my theoretical reconstruction. Applying Kristeva’s theory on semanalysis, I theoretically show that Krog’s work fabricates an excess to the confines of the law of the Father and the mechanisms of normalization itself. In addition, I present an “originary attachment” as an adaption of Kristeva’s argument on the chora and my proposal of an “originary ideal” challenges Kristeva’s emphasis on phonetic grams in the context of that which underlies the realm of the paternal metaphor. Using Louise Viljoen’s analysis of Krog’s work and Bridget Garnham’s research on emerging designer cosmetic surgical discourses as support, I then present Krog’s poetic texts as a counter discourse to the “moral” cosmetic surgical discourses that exploit the ageing individual in the second decade of the twenty‐first century. In addition, applying Kristeva’s theory on paragrams to Krog’s poetic text(s), I present a destabilization of the patriarchal norms implicit within cosmetic surgical discourses. Furthermore, I extend Kristeva’s theory on the principle of negativity to present a re‐translation of the act‐of‐confession in Krog’s poetic text(s), an extension of Foucault’s pastoral power and Butler’s argument on the exclusivity of normalization, and a reclamation of her ageing body in Verweersrkrif/Body Bereft (Krog 2006).
Feministiese geleerdes voer al geruime tyd 'n warm debat oor die kwessie of die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie vroue positief beïnvloed, vroue bemagtig deurdat dit volmag en keuse vir hulle in die hand werk (Gimlin 2002; Kuczynski 2006), of vroue onderdruk deurdat dit patriargale ideologieë voorstaan wat die vroueliggaam inperk en gevolglik die vrou inhibeer om haar stem te laat hoor (Blood 2005; Blum 2005; Clarke en Griffin 2007; Heinricy 2006; Tait 2007). In plaas daarvan om by hierdie debat betrokke te raak, gaan ek van die veronderstelling uit dat die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie 'n vorm van implisiete en eksklusiewe geweld is. Aan die hand van post-strukturalistiese, feministiese en psigoanalitiese teorieë ontleed ek die manier waarop hierdie vorm van geweld vroue se liggaam onderwerp en hul psige vorm. Ek dekonstrueer die vorming van die genormaliseerde self, die bewussyn en die daad van belydenis, soos dit in die konteks oorgebring word, aan die hand van Jacques Lacan, Judith Butler en Michel Foucault se beskouings van herderlike oftewel pastorale mag. Hierbenewens onderstreep ek die rol wat liberale feminisme in hierdie vorm van onderwerping speel. Sodoende demonstreer ek teoreties hoe die voortdurende en effektiewe funksionering van pastorale mag in die konteks van ’n individualiseringstegniek vroue in die tweede dekade van die een-en-twintigste eeu onderdruk. Ek maak die aanname dat die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie daartoe bydra dat vroue die swye opgelê word, die individu se psige uitgebuit en onderdruk word en die lewende liggaam ontkragtig word deur middel van ’n inkerkering wat minder sigbaar en minder eksplisiet is en agter ’n estetiese en morele sluier verdoesel word. In hierdie konteks bied ek ’n teendiskoers aan vir die onderwerping wat onderliggend is aan die normaliseringsdiskoerse wat die kosmetiesechirurgiebedryf ondersteun, en ek bepleit dat die patriargale norme wat in diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie vassit, gedestabiliseer word. Ek demonstreer verder ’n teoretiese rekonstruksie wat ’n inskripsie insluit van wat ek ’n geloofwaardige feministiese stem in die eietydse verbruikerskultuur noem – ’n modus van intieme, onbewuste opstandigheid. Ek bepleit 'n terugkeer na Julia Kristeva se teorie en die intieme oproer wat deur haar etiese benadering voorgestaan word. Afgesien hiervan stel ek ’n stem voor wat ’n intieme opstand demonstreer – ’n stem wat patriargale norme uitdaag en nie uitsluitlik onderdruk word deur die normaliseringsmeganismes wat vorm gee aan die vrou van die een-entwintigste eeu nie, waar die klem op die kosmetiesechirurgiebedryf en die boliggende diskoerse daarvan val – Antjie Krog, Suid-Afrikaanse digter. Dit is juis Krog se kunstig gestruktureerde digterlike tekste wat my teoretiese rekonstruksie fasiliteer. Aan die hand van Kristeva se teorie oor semanalise toon ek teoreties dat Krog se werk ’n ruimte daarstel wat "uitstyg" bo die grense wat die wet van die Vader en die normaliseringsmeganismes stel. Hierbenewens stel ek ’n "originêre gehegtheid" as aanpassing van Kristeva se beskouing van die chora voor, en my voorstel van ’n "originêre ideaal" daag Kristeva se opvating oor paragramme uit in die konteks van dit wat ten grondslag lê aan die gebied van die paternalistiese metafoor. Op grond van Louise Viljoen se ontleding van Krog se werk en Bridget Garnham se navorsing oor opkomende diskoerse oor ontwerpers- kosmetiese chirurgie bied ek Krog se digterlike tekste aan as ’n teendiskoers vir die "morele" diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie wat die verouderende individu in die tweede dekade van die een-en-twintigste eeu uitbuit. Daarby, deur Kristeva se teorie oor paragramme op Krog se digterlike teks(te) toe te pas, demonstreer ek 'n destabilisering van die patriargale norme wat implisiet in diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie teenwoordig is. Hierbenewens brei ek Kristeva se teorie oor die negatiwiteitsbeginsel uit deur middel van ’n heroorsetting van die belydenisdaad in Krog se digwerk(e), ’n uitbreiding van Foucault se pastorale mag en Butler se opvatting oor die eksklusiwiteit van normalisering, en ’n opeising van Krog se verouderende liggaam in Verweerskrif/Body Bereft (Krog 2006).
Sekubekhona izingxoxo-mpikiswano eziningi kwizifundiswa zama-feminist ukuthi ngabe ukwenza isurgery yohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka ngokwemvelo (cosmetic plastic surgery) kunomphumela omuhle yini kwabesimame, ngabe kuhlinzeka ngamandla kwabesimame ngokuphakamisela phezulu ukuthi umuntu azenzele akufunayo kanye nokuzikhethela (Grimlin 2002, Kuczynski 2006) noma kuyinto ecindezela abesimame ngokuqhubela phambili indlela nama-idiyoloji abekwa ngabesilisa ukuthi imizimba yabesimame kumele ibukeke kanjani, kanti lokhu kucindezela izwi labesimame (Blum 2003, Blood 2005, Heinricy 2006, Clarke and Griffin 2007, Tait, 2007). Kunokuthi iphuzu nami ngingenele kule ngxoxo-mpikiswano, elami iphuzu lona liqhubeka ukusukela kwisimo sokuthi ukwamukela uhlujzo olungajulile lokuzitshintsha ukubukeka kwabesimame (cosmetic surgery) kuyindlela yodlame olungaqondile ngqo kanye nolukhipha inyumbazane abesimame. Ngokusebenzisa amathiyori epost-structuralist, awe-feminist kanye nawepsychoanalytical, ngihlaziya indlela le nhlobo yalolu dlame ecindezela ngayo imizimba yabesimame kanye nokuhlela indlela okumele bacabange nokuzibona ngayo. Ngokusebenzisa iphuzu likaJacques Lacan, Judith Buttle kanye noMichel Foucault lamandla okukhokhela ngokomoya, ngiqhaqha indlela okubumbeka ngayo isithombe sokuzibona, unembeza kanye nomoya wokuhlambulula ngokuzidalula (confession) lapho kubhekwa izinto ngaphansi kwesimo somzimba wokuhlinzwa okungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka ngokwakho. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ngigqamisa indima ye-liberal feminism ngokwayo kule nhlobo yencindezelo. Ngokwenza lokho, ngikhombisa ngokwethiyori ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwamandla esikhokhelo ngokomoya ngaphansi kwethekniki yokuzazi komuntu eyedwa okucindezela abesimame kwiminyaka elishumi yesibili, yesenshuri yamashumi amabili nanye . Ngiqhubela phambili iphuzu lokuthi ukwenziwa kohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka kuqala umoya wokucindezela izwi labesimame, ukuxhashazwa kwabo, kanye nendlela umuntu azibona ngayo ngokwengqondo, kanye nokucindezela umzimba ophilayo ngezindlela ezingazibonakalisi obala, ezifihlekile, indlela yokubopha efihlwa yindlela yokubukeka kanye nokwembozwa umoya. Kungaphansi kwalesi simo lapho ngethula khona i-discourse yencindezelo eyenza ukuthi imboni yohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka kwabesimame kube yinto ephakanyiswayo nokubonwa iyinhle, ukuphazamiseka kwama-norm endlela yengcindezi yabesilisa, ngaphansi kwama-discourse okuhlinzwa okungajulile ukushintsha ukubukeka, kanye nokwakha ithiyori ebandakanya ukubona izinto ngendlela ethize, engikuchaza njengezwi okuyilo elifanele le-feminism, kwisimo sosiko esiphila ngaphansi kwaso samanje - okuyindlela abantu abazibuka ngayo ezingqondweni ngendlela engekho obala. Ngigcizelela ukubuyela kwithiyori kaKristeva, kanye nokuthi abantu babhoke indlobana ngezindlela eziphansi, okuyinto ayiphakamisayo yenkambiso yokwazi okulungile nokungalunganga (ethical approach). Naphezu kwalokho, ngiveza izwi elibonisa ukubhoka indlobana kwabesimame ngendlela engekho sobala - izwi elifaka inselele kuma-norm okubhozomelwa ngumqondo wokulawula kwabesilisa, kanti futhi leli zwi aligcinanga nje kuphela umumo wabesimame ngendlela ejwayelekile njengowesimame wesenshuri yamashumi amabili-nanye ngokugcizelela kwimboni yohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka, kanye nendlela lokhu okuyisihibe ngayo – ngokusho kukasonkondlo waseNingizimu Afrika, u-Antjie Krog. Imibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog ezinobungcweti yiyo eyenze ukwakha kwami kabusha ithiyori. Ngokusebenzisa ithiyori kaKristeva ye-semanalysis, ngibonisa ngokwethiyori ukuthi umsebenzi kaKrog uqambe okweqele ngaleya kwizihibe zomthetho kubaba kanye nezindlela zokwenza izinto zibukeke ngendlela evamile noma zingavamile. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ngifakela i-"originary attachment" njengokwenza ukuthi kube kwesinye isimo, iphuzu likaKristeva ku-chora kanti isiphakamiso sami se-"originary ideal" sifaka inselele kusigcizelelo sikaKristeva ngamagremu efonethiki ngaphansi kwesimo esigcizelela umfanekiso ngasohlangothini lobaba. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya kukaLouise Viljoen kumsebenzi kaKrog kanye nocwaningo lukaBridget Garnham ngokuvela kwama-discourse ohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka njengesisekelo, ngase ngethula imibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog njenge-discourse yokuphikisa ama-discourse e-"moral" yama-discourse ohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka, elixhaphaza abantu abagugayo ngeminyaka eyishumi yesibili kwisenshuri yamashumi amabili-nanye. Naphezu kwalokho, ngisebenzise ithiyori kaKristeva kumapharagramu kwimibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog, ngaphazamisa imibono yokuphatha kwabesilisa equkethwe kuma-discourse ohlinzo ulungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka. Ukuqhubekela phambili, nginwebe ithiyori kaKristeva ngesimiso se-negativity ukwethula ukuhumusha kabusha umoya wokuzihlambulula ngokuzidalula otholakala kwizinkondlozikaKrog, ukuwukunweba amandla umbono kaFaucault wamandla okuthi abantu bazibone ngenye indlela kanye nephuzu likaButler wlkuthi into engavamile engaphandle ibonwe njengento efanele, kanye nokwamukela umzimba ogugayo kwinkondlo ye- Verweerskrif/Body Bereft (Krog 2006).
English Studies
D. Litt. et Phil.(Theory of Literature)

This research journey investigated the ways in which (1) the lives of adolescents have been influenced by parental divorce and subsequent remarriage, (2) exploring the relationships participants have with biological, nonresidential fathers and (3) to collaboratively present ways of doing family in alternative. Four adolescent girls took part in group conversations where they could were empowered to have their voices heard in a society where they are usually marginalized and silenced. As a result of these conversations a family game, FunFam, was developed that aimed to assist families in expanding communication within the family. Normalizing prescriptive discourses about divorce and remarriage were deconstructed to offer participants the opportunity to re-author their stories about their families. The second part of the research journey explored the problem-saturated stories that these four participants had with their biological, nonresidential fathers. They deconstructed the discourses that influenced this relationship and redefined the relationship to suit their expectations and wishes.
Practical Theology
M.Th.