Tesis sobre el tema "Fisiopatology"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Fisiopatology".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Fernández, Fraga Xose Luis. "Fisiopatologia anorectal". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4459.
Texto completoPrimera publicación. Los parámetros en la práctica clínica no pueden aclarar los mecanismos asociados al tratamiento de la incontinencia anal. Nuestra hipótesis fue que el músculo puborectal juega un papel fundamental en la continencia anal y el objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un sistema original para medir la contracción puborectal y valorar el papel del músculo en la continencia. Se estudiaron 53 pacientes con incontinencia, 30 pacientes con estreñimiento (grupo de enfermos control) y 15 controles sanos. La severidad clínica se evaluó mediante una escala de 0-12, la función anorectal mediante manometría anorectal, y la contracción del puborectal con un dinamómetro perineal. Los pacientes con incontinencia presentaban varias alteraciones fisiológicas (3.2±0.3 por paciente), y el análisis multivariable demostró que el puborectal es el factor independiente con relación más intensa con la severidad de la incontinencia (R= -0.84; p<0.0001), y también se asocia a la respuesta al tratamiento (R= 0.53; p<0.01). La mejoría clínica observada tras el tratamiento (4.4±0.5 score post vs 7.9 ±0.5 score pretratamiento; p<0.001) se asocia a un significativo aumento de la fuerza del puborectal (448±51 g post vs 351± 35 g pretratamiento;p<0.05). Conclusión. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de la insuficiencia del músculo puborectal en la incontinencia anal y en la predicción de la respuesta al tratamiento.
Segunda publicación. El biofeedback es un tratamiento eficaz de la incontinencia anal. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer la eficacia clínica del tratamiento mediante biofeedback e identificar los factores asociados a la respuesta. Se analizaron de forma retrospectiva 145 pacientes con incontinencia anal tratados con biofeedback. Se evaluó la clínica con un cuestionario estructurado y los parámetros de la función anorectal. De 126 pacientes con seguimiento (104 mujeres; rango de edad 17-82 años), el 84% presentó respuesta positiva. En el análisis multivariable logístico la edad y la maniobra defecatoria fueron factores asociados a la respuesta. La combinación de ambos factores proporciona la mejor sensibilidad y especificidad Conclusión. En pacientes con incontinencia anal, especialmente en jóvenes, se debe investigar y corregir la presencia de posibles alteraciones de la maniobra defecatoria.
Tercera publicación. El biofeedback es un tratamiento eficaz del estreñimiento por dificultad expulsiva. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer la eficacia del tratamiento y determinar los factores predictivos de respuesta. Se analizaron 148 pacientes tratados con biofeedback. Se evaluó la clínica con un cuestionario estructurado y los parámetros de la función anorectal. De los 112 pacientes con seguimiento (86 mujeres, 26 varones; 8-67 años) el 66 % presentaron una buena respuesta al tratamiento con biofeedback. La respuesta del tratamiento depende de la severidad de la disfunción defecatoria. El análisis univarible mostró que la mala respuesta clínica se asociaba con la ausencia de relajación anal durante la defecación y la incapacidad de expulsión de un balón rectal de 1 ml. Conclusión. El biofeedback es una opción terapéutica eficaz en el estreñimiento por dificultad expulsiva, pero la respuesta clínica depende de la severidad de la alteración funcional.
The main function of the anorectum is the voluntary control, of fecal continence and anal defecation. This thesis includes three manuscripts.
First manuscript. The pathophysiology of anal incontinence may be elusive using current parameters. Our aim was to establish the role of puborectalis muscle in anal continence. In 53 patients with anal incontinence and 30 with constipation (disease controls) and 15 healthy controls we evaluated incontinence severity (by a 0-12 scale), anorectal function (by standard manometric tests), and puborectalis contraction (by a perineal dynamometer). Patients with incontinence exhibited various physiological abnormalities (3.2±0.3 per patient), but multiple regression analysis showed that puborectalis contraction was the independent variable with strongest relation to the severity of incontinence (R = -0.84; p<0.0001), as well as a predictive factor of the response to treatment (R = 0.53; p<0.01). Furthermore, clinical improvement in response to treatment (4.4±0.5 score vs 7.9±0.5 score pre; p<0.001) was associated to a marked and significant strengthening of puborectalis contraction (448±47 g vs 351±35 g pre; p<0.05). Conclusion. This study demonstrate the importance of puborectalis failure in anal incontinence and its predictive response to treatment.
Second study. Biofeedback is an effective treatment for anal incontinence. Our aim was to identify the key predictors of outcome. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and physiological data of 145 patients consecutively treated by biofeedback. Clinical and anorectal parameters were evaluated. Biofeedback treatment was performed by a manometric technique. Of the 126 patients (104 F, 22 M; 17-82 years), 84 percent had a good response to treatment. By multivariate logistic regression only age and defecatory manoeuvre were independent predictors of the response. The association of both factors provided the best sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion. In patients with anal incontinence scheduled for biofeedback treatment potential alterations of defecation should be first be searched for and corrected, particularly in younger patients.
Third study. Biofeedback is considered an effective treatment for anal constipation due to functional outlet obstruction. Our aim was to identify the key predictors of outcome using a comprehensive standardized evaluation. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and physiological data of 148 patients consecutively treated for constipation due to functional outlet obstruction by biofeedback. Clinical and anorectal parameters were evaluated. Biofeedback treatment was performed by a manometric technique. Of 112 patients included (86 F, 26 M; 8-67 years) were followed-up, and 66 percent had a good response. The response to treatment depended on the severity of the defecatory dysfunction. By univariate analysis, lack of anal relaxation during straining and inability to evacuate a 1 ml intrarectal balloon were predictors of bad response Conclusion. Even in the presence of negative predictors, biofeedback is a valuable treatment option in a substantial proportion of constipated patients.
Ráez, Bravo Arián. "Pathophysiology of sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669361.
Texto completoSarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It affects mammals worldwide, including humans. Sarcoptic mange in wildlife is considered an emerging disease, and can cause severe population declines. Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) is a medium-sized mountain ungulate endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Since the end of the ‘80s, the Iberian Ibex populations of Southern and Eastern Spain have been affected by mange, suffering variables mortalities reported to reach up to 90%. Most of the studies on sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex have focused on the epidemiology and the population consequences of the diseases, thus existing a lack of knowledge about the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disease in this species. The two first studies of this thesis analysed the acute phase proteins (APP) (Study I) and validated a test for the detection of immunoglobulins G (IgG) against S. scabiei (Study II) in free-ranging Iberian ibexes, both healthy and affected by sarcoptic mange. In the Study I, an increase of serum amyloid protein type A (SAA) and in lower magnitude of alpha-1 acid glicoprotein (AGP) concentrations was observed, in correlation with the extent of the skin lesions caused by sarcoptic mange. Conversely, haptoglobin (Hp) concentration was not different between the healthy and infested ibexes. Since there is not an effective laboratory diagnostic method, in the Study II three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were evaluated for IgG detection against S. scabiei in Iberian ibex, and one of the three showed high specificity and sensitivity by using the avidin-biotin system, which allowed it to be validated. The Studies III and IV were carried out on Iberian ibexes with different alleles of the DRB1 gen of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, experimentally infested with S. scabiei. Although all the infested ibexes developed lesions compatible with sarcoptic mange, the clinical evolution varied from extensive lesions affecting most of the body surface to mild lesions and clinical recovering of the disease (Study III). However, such clinical differences seemed unrelated to MHC differences. The severely affected ibexes showed anaemia, possibly related to the inflammation caused by the mite, as well as neutrophilia and lymphopenia, probably due to secondary infections favoured by sarcoptic mange. Immunoglobulin G concentration also increased in agreement with the severity of the lesions. Finally, the Study IV addressed the genomic response of Iberian ibexes to the experimental infestation with S. scabiei. The severely affected Iberian ibexes showed an increase in the gene expression of pathways related to immunity and inflammation, agreeing with the exacerbated and non-effective generalized immune response induced by the mite and the response to secondary infections. Moreover, the Iberian ibexes that recovered showed an increase in the local skin expression of genes related with antigen presentation and T-lymphocytes activation. To summarize, sarcoptic mange induces both systemic and local changes in the Iberian Ibex, causing an increase in APP and antibodies, as well as haematological and local and systemic gene expression disorders. Although the causes of the differences found in the clinical evolution have not been completely elucidated, local skin cellular immunity may be key in controlling the infestation. Immunoglobulin G detection by ELISA can be a useful and effective diagnostic tool for sarcoptic mange in Iberian Ibex, while APP are a prognostic indicator.
Varandas, Cláudia Maria Brás. "Fisiopatologia da dor". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3955.
Texto completoA dor constitui uma experiência indissociável do ser humano, experiência essa que afeta a qualidade de vida do Homem, o seu bem- estar e atividades do dia- a- dia, independentemente da sua faixa etária e classe social. A dor pode ser classificada segundo a duração temporal e segundo a sua fisiopatologia, assim sendo existe dor aguda ou crónica, dor nociceptiva, neuropática ou psicogénica. Contudo independentemente do tipo de dor vivenciada, esta assume-se como uma experiência subjetiva, complexa, multidimensional e desagradável. A dor surge fisiologicamente como um sinal de aviso e de sobrevivência. A fisiologia da dor tem sido atualmente um assunto arduamente investigado, pois é um problema de Saúde Pública bastante abrangente e associado a todas as doenças, pois na realidade poucas são as doenças que em algum momento da sua evolução não apresentaram dor. Sabe-se que existem estruturas intimamente relacionadas com a dor como os nociceptores, os diferentes feixes de espinal medula, as fibras sensitivas, o sistema nervoso central e o periférico, células e mediadores químicos e funcionais. O tratamento da dor torna-se algo imprescindível, sendo sobretudo importante o tratamento farmacológico, no entanto os possíveis tratamentos não farmacológicos atualmente disponíveis merecem especial atenção pois complementam a terapêutica farmacológica. Pain is an experience inseparable from being human, this experience that affects the quality of human life, your well-being and day-to-day, whatever their age. Pain can be classified according to the temporal duration and pathophysiology, therefore there is acute pain, chronic pain, nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, and psychogenic pain, but regardless of the type of pain experienced, this is assumed as a subjective experience, complex, multidimensional and unpleasant. Pain arises physiologically as a warning sign and survival. The physiology of pain has been an issue currently hard investigated because it is a public health problem rather comprehensive and associated with all diseases, because in reality there are few diseases that at some point in its evolution did not experience pain. It is known that structures are closely related to pain as nociceptors, different bundles of spinal cord, sensory fibers, the central and peripheral nervous system, cells and chemical and functional mediators. The treatment of pain becomes something essential, being especially important pharmacological treatment; however the potential non-pharmacological treatments currently available deserve special attention because they complement drug therapy.
Mesquita, Pedro Miguel Amaral. "Psoríase: fisiopatologia e terapêutica". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4486.
Texto completoA psoríase é uma doença crónica inflamatória da pele muito comum que atinge aproximadamente 2% da população mundial. Esta possui uma etiologia multifactorial, com envolvimento genético, imunológico e factores ambientais que despoletam a patologia. Carateriza-se principalmente pela hiperproliferação dos queratinócitos e um infiltrado de leucócitos na epiderme, além da expansão vasculares e alteração na produção de citoquinas na derme. As áreas afectas causam incómodos físicos e problemas sociais, afectando a qualidade de vida pois, apesar da doença não ser contagiosa, os portadores sentem-se constrangidos devido à aparência provocada pelas lesões. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico e nos sintomas clínicos do paciente, contudo, pode-se utilizar a biopsia para a confirmação deste e prevenção e tratamento apenas retardar as redicivas. Este tratamento passa, essencialmente, por utiliza agentes terapêuticos tópicos ou sistémicos, biológicos e foto/quimioterapia, não visando a cura e apenas mantendo a doença em remissão ou com melhoras do bem-estar e da qualidade de vida do paciente. O seguinte trabalho tem como objectivo principal discorrer sobre o estado da arte actual da psoríase, assim como os principais elementos da imuno-patologia e tratamento da mesma. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura existente, utilizando artigos com o maior número de palavras-chave em comum e similaridade na temática. Although litlle is know about it, psoriasis is a common inflammatory chronic skin disease that reaches around 2% of the worldwide population. Is has multipathogenic aspects with genetic involvement, immunological and environment factors. The main characterisitics of psiorisis are hiperproliferation of the keratinocytes and lymphocytes infiltrated in the epidermis, and the vascular expansion and alteration in the production of cytokines in the derme. The affected areas can also cause physical discomfort and social ability problems, affecting the quality of life. Even though the disease is not contagious, patients tend to feel awkward due to the skin appearance, as a result of the injuries. The diagnosis is based on the description and on the clinic sumptoms of the patient; however the biopsy for confirmation can be also used. The prevention consists only on delaying the returns of it. The treatment that uses topical or systemic therapeutical agents, biological and photo/chemotherapy, does not aim the cure, only keeping the disease in remission improving the welfare of the patient. The choice of the treatment depends on the presentation and severity of the disease, the cost/benefit and the desire for quality of life of the patient. The following work has as main objective discuss the current state of the art of psoriasis, as well as key elements of immune-pathology and treatment of the same. We performed a literature review of existing literature, using papers with the highest number of keywords in common and thematic similarity.
(UPC), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. "Fisiopatología-Farmacología - TF30 201801". Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/623152.
Texto completoRego, Sara Weisz Sampaio Estrela. "Autismo: fisiopatologia e biomarcadores". Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/1167.
Texto completoAutism spectrum disorder is used for a diverse group of developmental conditions characterized by impairments in social skills and communication and repetitive or unusual behaviors. This classification includes Autism, Asperger’s syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified [1]. Leo Kanner (1943) and Hans Asperger (1944) were possibly the first ones to describe the type of empathy disorders encompassed in this category, highlighting the specificity of the social interaction deficit which has, ever since, been regarded as the core symptom of Autism [2]. Autistic disorder’s prevalence is between 10 and 20 per 10 000 children and apparently has greatly increased since 1960’s. This is justified by its recognition as a public health problem and also by changes made in policy and practice. Clinical signs are usually present at the age of 3 years, but impairments in language development might delay identification of these symptoms [2,3]. Autism spectrum disorders are highly genetic and multifactorial, with many risk factors acting together [3]. There is constant search for Autism’s biological markers, which are defined as measurable indicators in simple biological samples. They can be used as risk factors, diagnostic indicators and even help planning the most appropriate treatment [1]. The aim of this work is to review and systematize Autism and its biomarkers, studying both the clinical and diagnostic benefits of each one of them. Through the evolution of these studies, we also intend to look at the future of this pathology. The literature search was performed using the following databases: Medline/PubMed, Medscape, E-medicine as well as several reference books on the specialty. This research was conducted both in Portuguese and English. After a detailed research a conclusion was made that Autism Spectrum Disorders have several causal factors and it is an area of investigation with many challenges. The genetic and metabolic profile, head circumference, brain structure and many others, are possible biomarkers for autism. Despite great development and understanding of the techniques and methodologies, little has been achieved with regard to translate biomarkers on clinical evidence.
Sánchez, Ortiz Mònica. "Neumonitis por hipersensibilidad por exposición a hongos y aves: comparación de mecanismos inmunológicos e inflamatorios". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666728.
Texto completoHypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a term encompassing a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from an inflammatory pulmonary reaction of immunological cause, whose mechanisms are not well known, in response to a wide variety of antigens that can provoke varying degrees of inflammation and destructuring of the lung parenchyma. The prevalence and incidence of HP depend on factors such as geographic conditions or intensity of inhalation, estimated to be around 15% of diffuse interstitial lung disease. A great number of antigenic sources have been described as etiologic agents, being the Bird fancier’s lung (BFL) one of the most frequently HP in our setting. Regarding diagnosis, currently there are no validated criteria, so the diagnosis is based on different aspects such as a high clinical suspicion, the demonstration of a responsible antigen or radiological findings. It is a potentially serious entity since it can evolve to pulmonary fibrosis and chronic respiratory failure, with mortality at 5 years of up to 27-29% of patients. Currently, HP’s treatment consists in a differents immunosuppressive strategies and, when HP progresses, pulmonary transplantation if there are no contraindications. In this context, with lack of a gold standard test for the diagnosis of HP and doubts about the immunopathogenesis of HP, in this thesis show two studies conducted with the objective of establishing the diagnostic yield of specific inhalation challenge (SIC) in HP and the creation of two animal models of HP (acute and chronic) to analyze the different physiopathological mechanisms depending on the form of presentation of the disease and determine if the different forms of HP presentation may correspond to different stages of the same disease. For establish the diagnostic yield of SIC, a retrospective study was performed with all patients with suspected HP who underwent the inhalation challenge in our center (Hospital Vall d'Hebron) between 1995 and 2010; according to the application of the protocol, a total of 113 subjects are included. Information on pulmonary function, laboratory data, imaging tests, suspected causal agent and SIC result was obtained. The SIC had a sensitivity and specificity of 72.7% and 4 84% respectively when the etiological agent was not taken into account; these results improved if only SIC for avian and fungi agents were analyzed, with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.1% and 86.2% respectively. It was observed that only 8% of the patients presented severe transient reactions, without requiring hospital admission. On the other hand, to analyze the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in HP, an experimental study was carried out with the creation of murine models for avian HP: one acute and one chronic model. It analysed of pulmonary function, IgG, bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity (BAL), cytokines / chemokines present in BAL and lung histology. A most decrease in the TLC was observed in the chronic HP group, without observing recovery with time. The IgG were detected in both groups, the concentration was higher in the chronic group. The number of total cells in BAL was higher in the chronic HP group; in this group, higher values of neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed in comparison with acute HP group; in the acute HP group were observed eosinophils. The analyzed cytokines were observed in both groups, with the exception of IFNg that was not detected and IL-4 that was only detected in the acute group, 24h after the last nasal instillation. The histological study showed changes compatible with HP in the acute and chronic groups. In conclusion, the SIC is a useful tool in the diagnosis of HP and it is also safe. Neutrophils and the TH17 response have an important role in the development of the disease and that there is possibly an evolution from TH1 (acute HP) to TH2 (chronic HP) due the persistence of antigenic exposure. This fact would strengthen the hypothesis that the different forms of HP presentation may correspond to different stages of the same disease.
Pereira, Gonçalo Manuel Nunes Gomes. "Otosclerose: Etiologia, Histologia e Fisiopatologia". Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/52767.
Texto completoBucho, Maria Sofia Correia Ribeiro da Cruz. "Fisiopatologia da Doença Hepática Alcoólica". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3764.
Texto completoO alcoolismo é um problema de saúde pública de escala mundial. A doença hepática alcoólica é uma consequência primária do uso excessivo e prolongado do álcool, sendo um problema de saúde pública em Portugal, uma vez que o álcool é a droga de abuso mais comum do país. Esta revisão de literatura aborda a fisiopatologia da doença hepática alcoólica, incluindo a hepatoxicidade do etanol sobre o fígado, o espectro da doença hepática alcoólica e as suas principais manifestações. A fisiopatologia da doença hepática alcoólica envolve as consequências do metabolismo do álcool e mecanismos secundários, tais como o stress oxidativo, a depleção da glutationa, a produção de endotoxinas, citocinas e reguladores imunológicos. O desenvolvimento da doença hepática alcoólica é um processo multifatorial e de várias etapas, que compreende muitos fatores de risco e o seu espectro inclui: esteatose, hepatite alcoólica, fibrose, cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. Cada uma destas condições patológicas produz uma diversidade de manifestações clínicas muito importantes, podendo algumas ser fatais. Alcoholism is a world scale health problem. Alcoholic liver disease is a primary consequence of prolonged and excessive use of alcohol being a public health problem in Portugal, since alcohol is the most common drug of abuse in the country. This literature review discusses the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease, including the hepatotoxicity of ethanol on the liver, the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease and its main manifestations. The pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease involves the consequences of the metabolism of alcohol and secondary mechanisms such as oxidative stress, depletion of glutathione, production of endotoxins, cytokines and immune regulators. The development of alcoholic liver disease is a multifactorial and multistep process that includes many risk factors and its spectrum includes: simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Each one of this pathological conditions produces a variety of clinical manifestations very importante, some may be fatal.
Pereira, Gonçalo Manuel Nunes Gomes. "Otosclerose: Etiologia, Histologia e Fisiopatologia". Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/52767.
Texto completoRego, Catarina Mesias. "Artrite reumatóide: fisiopatologia e terapêutica biológica". Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/857.
Texto completoThe rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease inflammatory cronic, of unknown cause, associated with inflammatory immunological changes. The cells of immunological system are highly specific and each type of cell performs its own functions that contribute to an effective immune response and well-organized. Are involved in this process pró inflammatory cytokines which mediate inflammation. Though still not completely clarified all relevant components of the inflammatory response, their mechanisms of action and their role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, the available data in the last 10 years have enabled the development of innovative therapeutic agents - biological agents Agents modifying anti-rheumatic disease that act by blocking specific cytokines or their receptors involved in immunologic process. The biological agents Infliximab, Etanercept and Adalimumab act by antagonizing the Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and drug Anakinra antagonizes receptor interleukin 1. The Abatacept binds to CD80/CD86 molecules blocking the activation of T cells, Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody anti-CD20 on the surface of B cells and Tociluzimab antagonizes the functions of interleukin 6. Beeing potent immunosuppressants, exist the risk of arise or worsen acute or chronic infections or reactivated latent infections, with harmful effects to the host. The use of that therapy creates particularities in surgery and pregnancy. With this study we intend to do a detailed review of the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in relation to adjacent molecular mechanisms and explain the environment of different treatments with biological diseasemodifying agents. Additionally we intend to review the particulars of biological agents in this disease, the criteria for monitoring of treatment with regard to the evaluation of efficacy and safety and their use in special cases such as pregnancy and surgery.
Villoria, Ferrer Albert. "Acomodación abdominal: Fisiopatología de la Distensión Abdominal". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/42306.
Texto completoBloating is a common clinical disorder in the general population, especially in patients with functional bowel disorders. The volume of the abdominal cavity has physiological variations in response to food intake, filling bladder or rectal evacuation. We recently demonstrated, in healthy subjects, that the abdominal wall actively adapt to its content: an increase in intra-abdominal volume, modelled by colonic gas infusion, modified the muscular activity of the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm resulting in a metered girth increment, regardless of body posture. These data on abdomino-phrenic coordination during abdominal accommodation suggested the possibility that abdominal distension might be related to abnormal activity of the abdominal wall. Using the same experimental model, it was shown that patients complaining of abdominal distension develop a paradoxical relaxation of the anterior wall in response to colonic gas infusion, and with the same volume loads, their girth increase was significantly larger than in healthy subjects. These data suggested that abdominal distension is related to abnormal control of the anterior abdominal wall. Taking into account that the abdominal cavity is formed by the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm, which is the role of the diaphragm in abdominal distension?. Using our provocative model, we compared the muscular responses of the abdominal walls, in healthy subjects and in patients with bloating. In contrast to healthy subjects, patients exhibited distorted accommodation: the diaphragm showed a paradoxical contraction, while the anterior wall muscles failed to contract, and even the internal oblique, which was already contracted, relaxed. In contrast to the normal synergy of the anterior wall and the diaphragm in healthy subjects, the response in patients can be described as abdomino-phrenic dysynergia. Taken together, the works of this thesis indicate that the increase in girth in patients with abdominal distension is associated with abnormal activity of the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.
Carvalho, Mariana Francisca Simões. "Fotoenvelhecimento da pele: fisiopatologia molecular e prevenção". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4515.
Texto completoA pele sofre modificações morfológicas e fisiológicas com o avançar do tempo que podem ser causadas por fatores extrínsecos ao organismo, tais como a exposição à radiação solar, poluição do ar e hábitos tabágicos, e fatores intrínsecos de natureza genómica, bioquímica e celular. Coletivamente, estes fatores contribuem para envelhecimento celular e organismal, incluindo o envelhecimento da pele, podendo também desempenhar um importante papel no processo de envelhecimento prematuro. Ao envelhecimento da pele induzido pela radiação solar foi atribuído um termo próprio, o fotoenvelhecimento. Clinicamente, a pele torna-se mais flácida, mais espessa, hiperpigmentada, e nas áreas mais expostas à radiação solar, como a face e as mãos, observa-se o aparecimento precoce de rugas e outras alterações cutâneas, eventualmente mais graves como o cancro de pele. A prevenção pode ser inicialmente efetuada através da utilização regular de protetor solar e vestuário adequado e, numa idade mais avançada, com cremes que contenham filtros solares e substâncias retardadoras do envelhecimento, tais como antioxidantes, ácido retinóico, entre outros. Existem, porém, outras estratégias mais invasivas de tratamento que serão também analisadas no âmbito do presente trabalho. The skin undergoes morphological and physiological changes with time that may be caused by extrinsic factors, such as exposure to sunlight, air pollution and smoking habits, and intrinsic factors of diverse kind: genomic, biochemistry and/or cellular. Collectively, these factors contribute to cellular and organismal aging including skin aging, and may also play an important role in the premature aging process. Skin aging induced by solar radiation has been assigned a proper term, photoaging. Clinically, the skin becomes more flaccid, thickened, hyperpigmented, and in areas more exposed to solar radiation, such as the face and hands, there is the early appearance of wrinkles and other alterations, which may eventually be associated with more serious skin disorders such as cancer skin. Prevention can be done initially through the regular use of sunscreen and appropriate clothing and, at a later age, with creams that contain sunscreens and aging retardant substances such as antioxidants, retinoic acid, among others. However, there are other more invasive treatment strategies that will also be examined in the context of this work.
Munrós, Feliu Jordina. "Nous mecanismes en la fisiopatologia de l’endometriosi profunda". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667447.
Texto completoEndometriosis is a benign gyneacologic condition, the pathogenesis of which is still under debate. It is now considered a chronic systemic inflammatory condition and several immunological, hormonal and inflammatory factors have been described. In the last few years, new pathogenic mechanisms of endometriosis related to inflammation and coagulation pathways have been described and it has been hypothesized that patients with endometriosis could be in an inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. Among the different subtypes of endometriosis, deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is recognized as the most aggressive form of the disease. Furthermore, DIE could be considered as a specific entity since it seems to present specific pathogenic features in comparison to other endometriosis phenotypes. Higher levels of circulating cell-derived microparticles (cMP), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and tissue factor have been observed in many inflammatory conditions, thrombotic diseases, and malignancy. In fact, these factors have been described to be involved in inflammation, blood coagulation and angiogenesis. Moreover, several recent studies have described the generation of cMP after surgical procedures as markers of cellular damage, and have characterized their potential contribution to postsurgical complications, such as inflammation and thrombosis. This work is composed of four articles that have been published in the scientific literature. Global results obtained from them show increased cMP and NETs plasmatic levels in endometriosis patients, and these levels seem to be attributed to the subgroup of patients with DIE. Among these patients, those with larger cumulative size of endometriotic implants showed higher cMP levels. These findings suggest an increased inflammatory and/or hypercoagulable systemic status in patients with DIE. Furthermore, the comparison between laser ablation and stripping for the surgical treatment of unilateral ovarian endometriomas showed higher but temporary cMP generation in the latter group compared with laser ablation. These results suggest that the stripping technique might trigger a more pronounced short-term inflammatory and procoagulant response, which may contribute to postsurgical complications and may negatively impact on ovarian reserve in these patients.
Barba, Orozco Elizabeth. "Fisiología, fisiopatología y tratamiento de la distensión abdominal". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285373.
Texto completoThe volume of the contents of the abdominal cavity varies physiologically in different situations during the day. The abdominal cavity has walls that fit its contents. There are two walls with low mobility, corresponding to posterior level with the lower spine and pelvis level. By contrast, there are two mobile walls, the diaphragm and the anterolateral abdominal wall. These walls have a significant muscle basal component tonic contraction. Recently it was shown that the adaptation of the abdominal wall to its content occurs actively modulating the level of tonic contraction of its walls. Initially the role of the anterior abdominal wall into the abdominal accommodation demonstrated. Later it was found that the diaphragm is also involved in this process. Moreover, as the abdomen and thorax form a common cavity, changes in diaphragm activity are offset by an adaptation of the muscular activity of the chest wall, to preserve respiratory function. As a result, the chest is also involved in the process of abdominal accommodation. In this thesis I review: - Structures involved in the process of abdominal accommodation: the anterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, and chest wall; - Methods of study, functional (electromyography) and morphological (using imaging techniques) that allow investigating the phenomenon of abdominal accommodation; - The process of normal abdominal accommodation and their regulatory mechanisms - Alterations in abdominal accommodation and clinical implications and in this context it will be considered bloating, which has already been demonstrated the role of the abdominal accommodation rumination syndrome, potentially caused by a disturbance of abdominal accommodation; - Behavioral techniques (biofeedback) used to modify muscle activity. - Finally, based on existing data, we will propose a working hypothesis, which give rise to the specific objectives of this study
Almeida, Camila Bononi de 1980. "Papel dos leucócitos na fisiopatologia da anemia falciforme". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311503.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:38:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_CamilaBononide_D.pdf: 2554249 bytes, checksum: c6b3764fee73b2d53da308d36c53522b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Anemia falciforme (AF) é um distúrbio na síntese de hemoglobina causada por uma mutação pontual que leva a produção de uma hemoglobina anormal, HbS. Em locais com baixa concentração de O2, a HbS se polimeriza resultando em uma série de alterações que podem culminar em processos vaso-oclusivos, a principal causa de dor e mortalidade entre os pacientes falciformes. A AF é uma doença inflamatória crônica caracterizada por níveis de citocinas alterados, além de um elevado número de leucócitos e lesões nas células endoteliais. Os leucócitos apresentam um papel importante na AF uma vez que, seu recrutamento pode levar a um bloqueio do fluxo sanguíneo da microvasculatura, já que são células grandes, pouco deformáveis e que aderem facilmente ao endotélio ativado, além de interagirem com eritrócitos circulantes. As estratégias terapêuticas utilizadas e desenvolvidas para o tratamento da doença baseiam-se em 3 pontos principais: 1) diminuir a concentração intracelular de HbS como, por exemplo, aumento da HbF; 2) reduzir processos inflamatórios e o estresse oxidativo; 3) inibir a adesão celular e consequentemente, reduzir a vaso-oclusão (VO). A Hidroxiuréia (HU) é um agente quimioterápico que vem sendo utilizada com sucesso no tratamento da AF. Essa droga é capaz de elevar a HbF e também de reduzir o número de células brancas. Entretanto, além dos efeitos adversos provocados por ela, nem todos os pacientes respondem à terapia. Assim, faz-se necessária uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da AF, incluindo o papel dos leucócitos e os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de VO, para o desenvolvimento de terapias alternativas. Neste estudo, tivemos como objetivos principais 1) verificar a ação de fatores presentes no soro de pacientes com AF quanto à modulação do número de neutrófilos e à geração de estresse oxidativo; 2) melhor compreensão do papel dos neutrófilos na iniciação e propagação de processos inflamatórios e consequentemente a participação dessas células no processo de VO. Dados indicaram que fatores presentes no soro de pacientes com AF são capazes de alterar a apoptose de neutrófilos e também iniciar a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), possivelmente pela ativação da enzima NADPH presente nestas células. Adicionalmente, resultados obtidos com um modelo de camundongo transgênico falciforme indicaram que a ativação da via dependente de GMPc pode ser uma abordagem interessante para a inibição da adesão de neutrófilos à parede vascular sob condições inflamatórias. Além disso, os dados mostram que o uso de drogas que amplificam os efeitos da HU poderiam ser úteis na prevenção da VO
Abstract: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, caused by a point mutation, and resulting in the production of abnormal sickle hemoglobin, HbS. The consequence of low oxygen levels is HbS polymerization, which is responsible for the vaso-occlusive phenomenon that is the hallmark of the disease. SCD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by alterations in cytokine levels and an increase in leukocytes number and endothelial cell injury. Leukocytes play an important role in SCD since their recruitment to the microvasculature, consequent adhesion to the vessel wall, and interactions with other cells may interrupt the blood flow and culminate in vaso-occlusion. Therapeutic strategies for SCD treatment are based on three points: 1) reduction of intracellular HbS concentration, for example, by increasing the erythrocytic HbF concentration; 2) reduction of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress; 3) inhibition of cellular adhesion and, as a consequence, a reduction in vaso-occlusion. HU is a chemotherapeutic drug used for SCD treatment. This drug is able to increase HbF concentrations and reduce white blood cells counts, although it has some adverse effects and some patients do not respond to this therapy. Thus, it is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms that contribute to the vaso-occlusive process, including the role of the leukocytes in this phenomenon. The goals of this study are: 1) To check the influence of factors present in SCD serum on mechanisms that may affect the neutrophil count and oxidative stress generation; 2) understand the role of neutrophils in the initiation and propagation of vascular inflammation and vaso-occlusion. Date indicate that factors present in the SCD serum are able to alter neutrophil apoptosis and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, possibly by the activation of the NADPH enzyme expressed in these cells. Additionally, results obtained from a SCD inflammatory mouse model indicate that an activation of the cGMP - dependent pathway can inhibit neutrophil adhesion to the vascular endothelium cells after inflammatory induction and that drugs that amplify the effects of HU may represent a potential new therapy for SCD treatment
Doutorado
Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento
Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica
Sitta, Angela. "Papel do estresse oxidativo na fisiopatologia da fenilcetonúria". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32302.
Texto completoPhenylketonuria is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, caused by severe deficiency or absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine in the presence of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. As consequence, the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites in tissues and biologic fluids of affected patients occurs. The treatment for phenylketonuria consists in a phenylalanine and protein-restricted diet, supplemented with a special formula containing amino acids (except phenylalanine) and micronutrients. The main clinical characterization of untreated phenylketonuric patients is mental retardation and other neurological features, whose biochemical basis is poorly understood. However, in recent years evidences indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In previous studies it was demonstrated that phenylketonuric patients late diagnosed presented increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidants at the moment of diagnosis and also during the treatment, and that these parameters were not directly related to the phenylalanine blood levels. The objective of this work was to investigate the role of the oxidative damage and of antioxidant defenses on pathogenesis of phenylketonuria. It was demonstrated that phenylketonuric patients under treatment presented increased DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, compared to controls, which was related to phenylalanine blood levels. In this particular, in vitro tests revealed a dose-dependent effect of phenylalanine on DNA damage, reinforcing in vivo findings indicating that the phenylalanine was responsible for this damage. We also verified that phenylketonuric patients late diagnosed presented increased lipid (determined by thiobarbituric acid-reactive species) and protein oxidation (measured by sulphydryl and carbonyl groups) when compared to patients diagnosed in the neonatal period and to controls. Therefore, early diagnosis besides to prevent mental retardation, as described in the scientific literature, also prevents oxidative damage to biomolecules. On the other hand, it was observed a reduction in the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione levels and total antioxidant reactivity) as well as in the activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme in both groups of patients. The reduction in antioxidants is common in phenylketonuric patients being mainly attributed to the restricted diet. In this work, we also verified that patients who strictly adhered to the recommended diet present reduction in blood L-carnitine levels, a compound with an antioxidant action. Also, the levels of L-carnitine in these patients showed a significant negative correlation with lipid peroxidation (measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive species) and a significant positive correlation with the total antioxidant reactivity. This suggests that L-carnitine deficiency is related to oxidative stress in phenylketonuric patients and therefore the supplementation should be considered as an adjuvant therapy. In fact, the supplementation with L-carnitine and selenium (other antioxidant compound deficient in phenylketonuric patients) was capable to correct the lipid and protein oxidation (measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive species and sulphydryl content, respectively) besides to normalize the glutathione peroxidase activity. In addiction, it was verified a significant inverse correlation between lipid peroxidation and L-carnitine blood levels as well as a significant positive correlation between glutathione peroxidase activity and blood selenium concentration. Taken these results together, our results suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of phenylketonuria. Considering that our results may be extrapolated to the brain, which has less antioxidant defenses and several other factors that increase the production of free radicals, it may be propose that the oxidative damage contributes, at least in part, to the neurological dysfunction in phenylketonuria and, therefore, the administration of deficient antioxidants in this pathology should be considered in the therapy of the disease.
Morales, Galván Carlos Jorge. "Obesidad en caninos : epidemiología, fisiopatología y evaluación clínica". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/13675.
Texto completoTrabajo de suficiencia profesional
Santos, Sandra Regina Quintino dos. "Estudo da associação do alelo E4 da apolipoproteína E (APOE) com o comprometimento cognitivo e com as dimensões da cognição em idososvivendo em comunidade: projeto Bambuí". s.n, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/10047.
Texto completoApproved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-17T16:15:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SandraReginaQuintinodosSantos.pdf: 2208170 bytes, checksum: c51580d8dc858f9ea2c52068be2ab0f8 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-17T16:16:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SandraReginaQuintinodosSantos.pdf: 2208170 bytes, checksum: c51580d8dc858f9ea2c52068be2ab0f8 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T16:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_SandraReginaQuintinodosSantos.pdf: 2208170 bytes, checksum: c51580d8dc858f9ea2c52068be2ab0f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
A função cognitiva em idosos saudáveis é motivo de preocupação já que se observa um envelhecimento da população mundial. Fatores genéticos como o gene APOE podem predispor a um pior desempenho cognitivo em testes neuropsicológicos tanto na função cognitiva global como em domínios específicos da cognição. No Brasil, raros são os estudos epidemiológicos envolvendo indivíduos idosos saudáveis vivendo em comunidade, que avaliam os fatores que afetam o processo cognitivo durante o envelhecimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a associação do gene APOE e o comprometimento cognitivo em idosos participantes da linha de base da coorte de Bambuí e também determinar se a associação acontece de forma similar com todos os domínios da cognição mensurados pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental. Participantes da linha de base do Projeto Bambuí que tiveram amostra de sangue colhida para genotipagem e a função cognitiva mensurada pelo MEEM (n=1408) foram incluídos no estudo. Uma versão do MEEM adaptada à população brasileira foi utilizada, tendo um ponto de corte de 22 pontos (total de 30). As seguintes variáveis foram também consideradas nesse estudo: idade na linha de base, sexo, estado civil, escolaridade, cor da pele, colesterol HDL, triglicérides, pressão sanguínea e sintomas depressivos avaliados pelo General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Os odds ratio (OR) para a associação foram obtidos através de regressão logística não ajustada e ajustada em cinco modelos. Coeficientes _ não ajustados e ajustados foram estimados por regressão linear para a estimativa da relação entre o alelo APOE E4 e as dimensões do MEEM obtidas pela análise da principal componente (PCA). A homozigose para o alelo E4 foi significativamente associada ao menor escore do MEEM, e a associação foi mantida após o ajustamento pela idade, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil, cor da pele e outros possíveis fatores de confusão (HDL, triglicérides, pressão sistólica e escore do GHQ (OR = 2,98; IC 95% 1,15 – 7,71). O escore do fator da dimensão memória foi significativamente menor para os portadores do alelo APOE E4 enquanto que o escore do fator da dimensão concentração foi significativamente menor para os não portadores do alelo. A dimensão memória está inversamente associada com os heterozigotos para o alelo APOE E4 (_: -0,15; IC95%: -0,27 a -0,03). Os resultados mostraram haver uma associação somente entre indivíduos homozigotos para o alelo E4 do gene APOE e um comprometimento cognitivo medido pelo MEEM. Não portadores do alelo e heterozigotos obtiveram o mesmo odds ratio, não havendo associação com o comprometimento cognitivo nestes indivíduos. Na avaliação das dimensões do MEEM a única associação encontrada foi entre os indivíduos heterozigotos para o alelo E4 e o domínio memória. Apesar de não ter sido encontrada associação nos indivíduos homozigotos, houve uma relação de dose resposta em relação ao domínio memória. Através da utilização de um único teste neuropsicológico (MEEM), foi possível identificar indivíduos com um comprometimento cognitivo associado ao alelo APOE E4 e verificar que dentre as dimensões cognitivas avaliadas no teste houve um efeito diferencial, marcadamente no domínio memória em associação com a presença do alelo.
Cognitive function of healthy elders has been a global concern since the beginning of demographic transition. It is well known that some genes, like the APOE gene can influence the cognitive performance in neuropsychological tests, either on global cognition performance or on specific domains of cognition. There are few epidemiological studies in Brazil searching for factors that could affect cognition during the aging process and which also work with community-dwelling older. Our first objective was to evaluate a possible association between the APOE genotype and cognitive impairment in the baseline participants of the Bambuí Study. Our second objective was to analyze if the APOE alleles differentially affect specific domains of cognition measured by the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE). All of the participants at baseline (n = 1,408) who had either a cognitive status measured by MMSE and blood collected for APOE genotyping were selected for the study. The study questionnaire includes a standard Brazilian version of the MMSE with a cutoff point at 22 (out of 30). The following variables were also considered in this study: baseline age, gender, marital status, educational level, skin color, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and depressive symptoms as assessed by General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ). The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by using logistic regression to assess the relationship between the APOE genotype and cognitive impairment. The analysis was based on five models. Unadjusted and adjusted _ coefficients were estimated by linear regression to assess the relation between APOE E4 carriers and dimensions underlying the MMSE obtained using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). APOE E4 homozygosity was significantly associated with a lower MMSE score, and this association remained after incrementally adjusting for age, gender, education, marital status, skin color, and for all other potential confounding variables (HDL, SBP, triglycerides and GHQ score) (OR = 2.98; 95% CI 1.15-7.71). Memory dimension was inversely associated with APOE E4 heterozygotes (_: -0.15; 95%CI: -0.27 to - 0.03). Other dimensions were not associated with either APOE E4 homozygotes or heterozygotes. The APOE E4 allele is solely associated with cognitive impairment in homozygotes, there is no association with heterozygotes and non-carriers in the study population. The domains underlying the MMSE were differentially affected being the memory domain the only one associated with the presence of the allele. By the use of one neuropsychological test (MMSE) it was possible to identify those subjects with cognitive impairment associated with the APOE gene and also identify which cognitive domain (memory) is affected by the presence of the APOE E4 allele.
Tugues, Solsona Sònia. "Fisiopatologia de la cèl·lula endotelial en la cirrosi hepàtica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2256.
Texto completoEls coneixements actuals sobre els mecanismes fisiopatològics que intervenen en el desenvolupament i el manteniment de la cirrosi hepàtica han estat associats a una millora paral·lela en el tractament del malalt cirròtic. No obstant, la cirrosi hepàtica encara segueix estant vinculada de manera inevitable a un deteriorament progressiu de la qualitat de vida d'aquests pacients i a una disminució significativa de la seva esperança de vida. En aquest context, i gràcies a estudis realitzats durant les dos últimes dècades, s'ha pogut apreciar la importància de l'endoteli vascular com a regulador multifuncional de la fisiologia i la fisiopatologia dels processos homeostàtics i inflamatoris. Les funcions de l'endoteli depenen bàsicament de la seva capacitat per respondre a estímuls hemodinàmics, mediadors locals i d'alliberar factors que poden influenciar els mecanismes d'adhesió i agregació cel·lular. A més, aquest tipus cel·lular també està involucrat en els processos de vasculogènesi i angiogènesi, ja sigui en condicions fisiològiques o patològiques.
Una sèrie d'evidències acumulades durant els últims anys recolzen la hipòtesi de que una marcada disfunció endotelial podria ser la causa de l'inici i el manteniment d'algunes de les complicacions associades a la cirrosi hepàtica. En aquest context, existeixen diversos estudis que han destacat la importància de el NO en la fisiopatologia de la cirrosi, així com d'altres substàncies vasoactives produïdes per l'endoteli com són les prostaciclines o les endotelines, entre altres. A més a més, durant el desenvolupament de la cirrosi tenen lloc una sèrie de canvis morfològics i funcionals en la microvasculatura del territori hepàtic, entre els quals cal destacar la "capil·larització" sinusoïdal, caracteritzada per la presència d'una membrana basal capil·lar que envolta el sinusoide hepàtic que dificulta l'intercanvi de substrats entre els hepatòcits i la sang que perfon el fetge; la disminució de les fenestracions, tant en el diàmetre com en nombre, la formació de derivacions entre els vasos pre- i postsinusoïdals que causa un increment del lumen vascular o la dilatació de les vènules hepàtiques terminals, entre altres.
Així doncs, tenint en compte els antecedents descrits, l'objectiu global d'aquesta tesi doctoral consistia en investigar nous mecanismes responsables de les alteracions en la cèl·lula endotelial que tenen lloc durant la progressió de la cirrosi hepàtica amb la finalitat d'explorar noves dianes terapèutiques específiques l'endoteli per al tractament d'aquesta malaltia.
De manera específica, aquesta tesi doctoral està dividida en quatre estudis principals dirigits a:
I. Avaluar el paper fisiopatològic de la via de senyalització Akt/eNOS en l'increment de la resistència intrahepàtica que té lloc en la cirrosi.
II. Determinar l'adaptació fisiopatològica de l'endoteli a la presència de líquid ascític mitjançant l'anàlisi de l'activitat morfogènica del líquid ascític humà en CEs.
III. Avaluar les diferències en el perfil d'expressió gènica entre l'endoteli hepàtic de rates controls i rates cirròtiques per tal d'identificar nous gens diana específics d'endoteli.
IV. Analitzar la funció fisiopatològica de l'angiogènesi inflamatòria en la cirrosi avaluant la utilitat terapèutica d'un inhibidor d'angiogènesi multidiana conegut com Sunitinib.
SUMMARY
"PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN CIRRHOSIS"
TEXT:
Liver cirrhosis represents a continuous disease spectrum characterised by an irreversible hepatic fibrosis that gives rise to an accumulation of connective tissue which disrupt the architecture of the liver and impair liver function. At the same time, cirrhosis is accompanied with severe hemodynamic complications that are associated to a hyperdynamic syndrome characterized by portal hypertension, arterial hypotension, an increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistances. As the disease progresses, cirrhotic patients develop important complications such as ascites formation or variceal bleeding, among others.
Current knowledge about the physiopathologic mechanisms associated to the development and maintenance of hepatic cirrhosis have been associated to an improvement in the treatment of cirrhotic patients. However, hepatic cirrhosis is still linked to a gradual deterioration of the quality of life of these patients which, eventually, leads to patient's death.
In this context, studies performed during the last two decades have shown the importance of the vascular endothelium as a multifunctional regulator of the physiology and physiopathology of inflammatory and homeostatic processes. Endothelial functions depend on its ability to adapt to hemodynamic stimulus, local mediators and release factors that can influence cellular adhesion mechanisms. Moreover, this cell type is also involved in processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in both physiological and physiopathological conditions.
Some evidences have revealed that an important endothelial dysfunction could be the cause of the beginning and maintenance of some complications associated to hepatic cirrhosis. In this context, some studies have shown the importance of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of cirrhosis. Moreover, cirrhosis development is also related to some morphological and functional changes in hepatic microvasculature which include sinusoidal capillarization, a decrease of fenestrations or the formation of intrahepatic shunts, among others.
Considering these observations, the main objective of this thesis was to investigate new mechanisms responsible for the endothelial alterations that take place during cirrhosis development in order to investigate endothelial specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.
Mego, Silva Marianela. "Fisiología y fisiopatología de la distensión abdominal: Gas intestinal". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323363.
Texto completoThe works of this thesis are focused on the study of the physiology of intestinal gas. In our first experiment, we determine the volume of intestinal gas produced after a flatulogenic test meal, with and without wash-out. Observed a great difference between the volume of intestinal gas evacuated with and without wash-out, only a quarter of the total volume produced were evacuated. Our data indicate that intestinal gas homeostasis is a highly dynamic process. A large proportion of the gas produced by bacterial fermentation of meal residues appears to be rapidly absorbed into the blood and/or metabolized by gas-consuming microorganisms, and only a relatively modest proportion eliminated per anus. Following the line, in the second experiment the intestinal gas production was measured after 1 day low-flatulogenic diet and fast or test meal; or 1 day high-flatulogenic diet and fast or test meal. We observed an increase in the volume of intestinal gas produced in the experiments with high preload respect to a low preload both in fasting, showing that preexisting residues on colon exert effect in the production of intestinal gas. After a test meal in both preload demonstrate a great increase in gas production, what is expected, but the gas production rate after the test meal with the high-flatulogenic preload was not higher than with the low-flatulogenic preload, suggesting that gas production may be a saturable process. Show, that the metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota markedly increases during the first few hours after ingestion of non-absorbable, fermentable substrates, but this activity still persists hours later, albeit at a lower level than in the early phase, and demonstrates summation effects of fermentable foodstuffs on gas production. A substantial proportion of subjects with functional gut disorders, or even in the general population, complain of symptoms that are commonly attributed to gas, like distension and bloating. This new knowledge should contribute to elucidating the dynamic complex of the intestinal gas in relationship with these symptoms, take into consideration different factors that may influence gas homeostasis and tolerance, such as intestinal motility, transit, sensitivity,and microbiota activity.
Neto, Marina Felicidade Dias. "Fisiopatologia da hipertensão arterial pulmonar infantil induzida pela Monocrotalina". Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/53585.
Texto completoRodrigues, Bernardete Maria Torres. "Fisiopatologia diagnóstico e novas terapêuticas da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna". Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62216.
Texto completoRiva, Letizia <1977>. "Fisiopatologia, clinica, storia naturale e terapia delle cardiomiopatie amiloidotiche". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2949/.
Texto completoVieira, Domingos Sávio de Souza [UNIFESP]. "Fisiopatologia da cefaléia crônica diária: estudo do líquido cefalorraquidiano". Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2008. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9654.
Texto completoIntrodução: A cefaléia crônica diária é constituída por um grupo de cefaléias, dentre elas a enxaqueca crônica, comórbida com patologias como a depressão, o abuso de medicamentos, a obesidade e, mais recentemente, associada a casos de hipertensão intracraniana idiopática sem edema de papila. Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de hipertensão intracraniana idiopática sem edema de papila e os níveis liquóricos de glutamato e ácido gama-aminobutírico em pacientes com enxaqueca crônica comparado a outros grupos de pacientes. Métodos: Foram estudados pacientes com enxaqueca crônica, mediante a realização do exame do líquido cefalorraquidiano com medida da pressão de abertura e dosagens dos níveis liquóricos dos aminoácidos glutamato e ácido gama-aminobutírico pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta resolução. Resultados: Dos pacientes submetidos a punção lombar, seis pacientes, em grupo de sessenta, tiveram elevação na pressão liquórica maior que 200 mm H20 sem acusar edema de papila à fundoscopia. Os pacientes que abusavam de triptanos mostraram níveis liquóricos de glutamato menores que aqueles com uso abusivo de outros tipos de medicações analgésicas e pacientes que não abusavam de nenhum tipo de medicação. Quanto aos níveis de ácido gamaaminobutírico no líquido cefalorraquidiano, esses foram menores nos pacientes com enxaqueca crônica e depressão quando comparados aos pacientes que tinham apenas enxaqueca crônica. Conclusões: A realização do estudo do líquido cefalorraquidiano foi importante em pacientes com enxaqueca crônica para a exclusão da hipertensão intracraniana idiopática sem papiledema, possibilitando perspectivas futuras para o entendimento da fisiopatogênese e desenvolvimento de novas terapias medicamentosas para a enxaqueca e suas comorbidades.
Introduction: Chronic daily headaches consist of a group of headaches, among them chronic migraine, that is comorbid with depression, overuse of medication, obesity and recently, cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilloedema. Objectives: To establish idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilloedema prevalence and glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with chronic migraine compared to other groups of patients. Methods: We studied patients with chronic migraine, who underwent lumbar puncture to rule out idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilloedema. Amino acids glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in cerebrospinal fluid. Results: Six patients, among sixty, had CSF open pressure higher than 200 mm H20 without papilloedema on fundoscopy. Patients who overused triptans had glutamate levels lower than those with abuse of other analgesic types and nonoverusers. The gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid were lower in depressed patients when compared to patients without depression and controls. Conclusions: The study of the cerebrospinal fluid was important in patients with chronic migraine for the exclusion of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilloedema, opening perspectives for the understanding of the physiopathology and development of new drug therapies for migraine and its comorbidities.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Lopes, António Manuel Correia Martinho. "Fisiopatologia da pressão intra-abdominal em animais de companhia". Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2812.
Texto completoObjectivos do estudo: O aumento da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA) é um evento bem documentado em inúmeras condições clínicas em Medicina Humana (MH), estando este mal documentado em Medicina Veterinária. Este promove alterações fisiopatológicas adversas em vários sistemas orgânicos aumentando a morbilidade e a mortalidade (Joubert, 2006). O trabalho dividiu-se: 1.ª Fase - avaliação da aplicabilidade do método transvesical (MT) e determinação dos valores normais da PIA para felídeos e canídeos. Segundo o conhecimento do autor não existem valores descritos na literatura para felídeos, estando só descritos para canídeos (Drellich, 2000); 2.ª fase- Identificar afecções que levem à alteração da PIA provocando Síndrome de Compartimentalização Abdominal (SCA). Na sequência do trabalho foi estabelecida uma fórmula matemática que traduz as forças envolvidas no MT. Material e Métodos: Dos vários métodos disponíveis para a sua determinação, o MT constitui o Gold Standard e um dos mais facilmente aplicáveis em MH (Karnak, Bingol-kologlu, Karaagaoglu, Buyukpamukçu & Tanyel, 2001). Este consiste na colocação de uma algália associada a uma válvula de três vias conectada a uma coluna de água. Após remoção do conteúdo vesical e instilação de uma quantidade de fluido padrão permite-se o equilíbrio dinâmico entre ambos, determinando-se o valor da PIA em cm de H2O (Drellich, 2000). População controlo em estudo: 39 felídeos e 11 canídeos. Critério de inclusão: ausência de patologia comprovada por exame clínico e exames complementares. População em estudo: 12 felídeos e 21 canídeos. Critério de inclusão: evidência de afecção em pacientes cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos que possa alterar a PIA. Resultados: População Controlo - PIA em felídeos foi de 4.63 cm H2O (intervalo:2.9-7.1cm H2O,DP±1.15). Em canídeos a PIA foi de 4.62 cm H2O (intervalo:3.23-8.05cm H2O,DP±1.43). População em estudo - PIA em felídeos com afecção foi de 7.3 cm H2O (intervalo:2.00-16.5cm H2O,DP±4.06). Em canídeos a PIA foi de 12.06 cm H2O (intervalo:3.20-26.5 cm H2O,DP±6.28). Discussão/Conclusão: O MT pode assim ser utilizado para determinar PIA em felídeos normais e os valores obtidos são similares aos descritos para humanos e canídeos (Drellich, 2000). Em todas as fases do estudo foram estabelecidos vários factores que afectam a mensuração da PIA, como a cirurgia, peso, sexo, entre outros. O MT pode ser traduzido matematicamente aumentado a sua fidedignidade. O único caso da SCA foi observado num canídeo do sexo feminino com insuficiência cardíaca.
ABSTRACT - Objectives of the study: Increases in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) can be associated to potentially harmful effects in several organ systems increasing the morbility and mortality of patients. (Joubert, 2006) IAP measurement is well documented in Human Medicine but not in Veterinary Medicine. This study was divided in two phases: the first was designed to test the applicability of transurethral method (TM) and to determine the normal values of IAP in healthy cats and dogs. In the author’s knowledge there are no reports of IAP TM measurement in cats (Drellich, 2000).The second phase consisted in the identification of condition that can increase IAP and cause Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS). During the study a mathematic formula was developed to include all the forces that influence IAP measurement by TM. Materials and Methods: The determination of IAP through TM is considered the most accurate indirect method in Human Medicine (Karnak, Bingol-kologlu, Karaagaoglu, Buyukpamukçu & Tanyel, 2001). IAP measurement: a urinary catheter was connected to a water column by a three way stopcock. After collecting urine, a preset amount of sterile saline solution was introduced in the empty bladder. IAP volume was obtained when the point of equilibrium between the water column and the bladder was obtained (Drellich, 2000) and measured in cm de H2O. Control population in study: 39 cats and 11 dogs. Inclusion criteria: absence of disease verified by physical examination and additional diagnostic tests. Study population: 12 cats and 21 dogs. Inclusion criteria: presence of a pathological condition both in surgical and non surgical patients that could increase IAP. Results: Control Population - IAP for all cats was 4.63 cm H2O (range: 2.9-7.1cm H2O,SD±1.15). In dogs the IAP was 4.62 (range:3.23-8.05cm H2O,SD±1.43). Study Population: IAP for cats was 7.3 cm H2O (range:2.0-16.5cm H2O,SD±4.06). IAP for dogs was 12.06 cm H2O (range:3.20-26.5 cm H2O,SD±6.28). Discussion/Conclusions: TM seems to be suitable for assessing IAP in normal cats. Feline IAP values are similar to those described for humans and dogs (Drellich, 2000). Several factors influence TM measure including weight, sex of the patient, surgery and others. TM can be described by a mathematical formula providing a validation of the method. The only case of abdominal compartment syndrome was observed in a female dog with right heart failure.
Fernandes, Nuno Pedro. "Associação entre doença periodontal e diabetes mellitus: revisão da literatura". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6131.
Texto completoDiabetes may be considered as one of the risk factors for the development of periodontal disease, but periodontal disease becomes more severe when present in diabetic patients and these are more prone to infections, hence periodontal treatment on the metabolic control of diabetes have interest among health clinicians in recent times. The study of this bidirectional interrelation is there more fundamental and relevant, since periodontal disease can prevent adequate monitoring of blood glucose values and be responsible for numerous complications that rise in diabetes, increasing the morbidity and mortality of these patients. It is necessary and credible to reinforce the idea that the patient should be adequately monitored by specialized health technicians in the areas and the interaction of the dentist in the hospital environment is important for the institution of primary prevention strategies before the disease is established or for secondary prevention whose disease is already established, but we can intervene in its early stages, with less aggressive therapies and better prognosis.
Ferreira, Ana Maria Pereira da Silva da Costa. "Fisiopatologia dos telómeros". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/8739.
Texto completoTelomere is a deoxyribonucleoprotein structure that is present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. It consists of serial hexamer repeats, specifically 5'-TTAGGG-3’, and a protein complex called "shelterin". This complex consists of a set of six evolutionarily conserved proteins that maintain the integrity of telomeric DNA. Human telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex. It comprises a highly conserved domain with reverse transcriptase activity, a noncoding RNA component with a region used as a template by the catalytic site of the enzyme domain for telomeric DNA synthesis, and various proteins with a role in the biogenesis, assembly and recruitment of telomerase to telomeres. Telomeric erosion is a progressive process that results from the inability of DNA polymerase to replicate the linear ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. This limitation may, however, be overcome by the action of telomerase. The telomere / telomerase complex is thus essential for the stabilization and maintenance of chromosomes, genomes and cellular function. Changes in the components of this complex may result in shortening or lengthening of telomeric DNA and subsequently lead to the development of specific diseases. Thus, this work reviews the structural and functional aspects of the telomere / telomerase complex, its relationship with aging, and the potentialities and limitations of using telomeric DNA length as a biomarker of aging-related diseases.
Barros, Cláudia Maria Beirão da Costa. "Crómio, fisiologia e fisiopatologia". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/13038.
Texto completoO crómio é um metal que desempenha funções essenciais no organismo em quantidades escassas, sendo por isso considerado um oligoelemento. Este micronutriente é um componente muito importante no metabolismo dos hidratos de carbono, dos lípidos e das proteínas. Assim, em condições de carência ou excesso de crómio, ocorre uma desregulação da sua atividade, que resulta no desenvolvimento de patologias graves, tais como diabetes mellitus e doenças cardiovasculares. Na presente dissertação é descrita a quantidade de crómio necessária ao organismo, as suas funções metabólicas, bem como as fisiopatologias a ele associadas. Visto que o crómio é essencial para o bom funcionamento do nosso organismo, a sua deficiência pode ser tratada com suplementos existentes no mercado. Uma das situações que pode levar à disfunção do metabolismo do crómio é a administração de nutrição parentérica, que quando aplicada sem suplementação deste oligoelemento pode levar a doenças associadas à sua carência. Porém, quando existe suplementação de crómio na nutrição parentérica é extremamente importante o controlo dos níveis deste metal, de forma a evitar situações de toxicidade para o organismo. Todos estes temas são também desenvolvidos neste trabalho. Por último, são salientadas as situações quotidianas, como é o caso da perda de peso, onde se usam suplementos alimentares ricos em crómio. Até à data, no mercado português, a maioria dos produtos dietéticos possuem elevadas quantidades de crómio na sua composição.
Gomes, Catarina Salgueiro de Magalhães. "Cobre: fisiologia e fisiopatologia". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/17673.
Texto completoTodos os organismos necessitam de cobre para a sua sobrevivência e desenvolvimento. O cobre é um micronutriente essencial aos humanos e está envolvido em várias funções fisiológicas, sendo indispensável manter o seu equilíbrio homeostático. Existe no organismo em dois estados de oxidação, Cu+ e Cu2+ e é esta dualidade e capacidade de aceitar ou doar eletrões facilmente que o implica como um elemento preponderante nas reações de oxidação-redução, as quais podem dar origem a radicais livres e aos danos celulares a eles associados. O cobre funciona como cofator de algumas enzimas que estão envolvidas em alguns processos fisiológicos importantes como a respiração celular, produção de energia, manutenção do tecido conjuntivo e neurotransmissão. A principal fonte de Cu é a dieta alimentar, podendo a deficiência em cobre ser provocada por problemas de má nutrição, de absorção ou por excesso de outros elementos (zinco), casos de toxicidade alimentar por Cu são raros. Desequilíbrios na quantidade de Cu ingerida podem provocar alterações no sistema imunitário, na manutenção do tecido conjuntivo e neurodegeneração. Algumas doenças estão associadas a mutações genéticas que alteram o metabolismo do cobre provocando situações de deficiência, doença de Menkes e síndrome de Corno Occipital ou de acumulação de Cu nos tecidos, doença de Wilson.
Ribeiro, Luís Miguel Gonçalves. "Fisiopatologia da Alopécia Areata". Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/89494.
Texto completoDuarte, Ana Cláudia Mendes. "Fisiopatologia da fibrilhação auricular". Dissertação, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/114040.
Texto completoAlves, André Oliveira. "Polimiosite - Fisiopatologia e Terapêutica". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84581.
Texto completoA Polimiosite é uma doença que se inclui no grupo das Miopatias Inflamatórias Idiopáticase cuja etiologia continua desconhecida até ao momento. Contudo, a presença de anticorpose linfócitos T nos músculos, acompanhada por respostas positivas à terapêutica imunológica,constituem evidência de que podemos estar perante uma doença autoimune.As vias imunitárias e não imunitárias são a base do estudo da Polimiosite, sendo que aevolução destes conceitos foi crucial para uma melhor compreensão e distinção entre asdiferentes Miopatias Inflamatórias Idiopáticas.Apesar de nem sempre ser detetada morte ou degeneração celular, a nível muscular, éeste o processo que está na origem da fraqueza e diminuição do desempenho muscularcaraterísticas desta doença, sendo por isso, o primeiro alvo de estudo em caso de suspeita amesma.Ao longo dos anos foram vários os avanços ao nível do diagnóstico e terapêutica, de talforma que, ao exame físico inicial, indicativo da progressão da fraqueza muscular, foramacrescentados outros critérios de diagnóstico, tais como os níveis séricos das enzimasmusculares, características da distrofia muscular, presença de anticorpos específicos da mioseno soro e, por fim, a biópsia muscular, peça fundamental na distinção entre a Polimiosite e asrestantes Miopatias Inflamatórias Idiopáticas.A base do tratamento da Polimiosite continua a ser o reforço e eliminação da inflamaçãomuscular, em que o tratamento de primeira linha são os corticosteroides. No entanto, novasalternativas terapêuticas têm surgido, tais como a utilização de agentes imunossupressores e,mais recentemente, a bioterapia.A presente monografia consiste, assim, numa revisão da literatura sobre os estudos eavanços alcançados ao nível da fisiopatologia e terapêutica da Polimiosite, doença muito poucoconhecida atualmente.
Polymyositis is a disease included in the group of the Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathiesand whose etiology remains unknown, so far. However, the presence of antibodies and Tlymphocytes in the muscles, accompanied by positive responses to the immunological therapy,evidence that this might be an autoimmune disease.The immune and non-immune pathways are the basis of the study of Polymyositis, beingthat the evolution of these concepts was crucial for a better understanding and distinctionbetween the different Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies.Although death or cell degeneration are not always detected at the muscular level, theyconstitute the source of weakness and decrease of muscular performance, characteristics ofthis disease, being therefore the first target of study in case of suspicion.Over the years there have been several advances in diagnosis and therapy, in such a waythat the initial physical examination, indicative of the progression of muscle weakness, is nowcomplemented by other diagnostic criteria, such as serum levels of muscle enzymes, musculardystrophy, the presence of myositis specific antibodies in the serum and, finally, muscle biopsy,a key element in the distinction between Polymyositis and the remaining IdiopathicInflammatory Myopathies.The basis for Polymyositis treatment continues to be the strengthening and eliminationof muscle inflammation, where the first treatment line are the corticosteroids. However, newtherapeutic alternatives have emerged, such as the use of immunosuppressive agents and,more recently, biotherapy.The present monography consists in a review of the literature on the studies and advancesachieved in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of Polymyositis, a disease that remains littleknown nowadays.
Duarte, Ana Cláudia Mendes. "Fisiopatologia da fibrilhação auricular". Master's thesis, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/114040.
Texto completoRibeiro, Luís Miguel Gonçalves. "Fisiopatologia da Alopécia Areata". Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/89494.
Texto completoManageiro, Andreia Sofia Rodrigues. "Sarcopénia : fisiopatologia e consequências clínicas". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/13023.
Texto completoDefine-se por Sarcopénia a perda progressiva e generalizada de massa, força e função muscular que ocorre durante o envelhecimento. Este termo foi utilizado pela primeira vez por Irwin Rosenberg (1989), para descrever a perda de massa muscular que verificou ocorrer durante o envelhecimento. Desde então, e devido a uma melhoria nos métodos de avaliação da composição corporal, concluiu-se que o termo sarcopénia deveria também englobar a perda de força e função muscular. As alterações neuromusculares e endócrinas, a disfunção mitocondrial, a apoptose, fatores neurotróficos e inflamatórios assim como um estilo de vida sedentário e carente do ponto de vista nutricional, contribuem para o desenvolvimento desta síndrome geriátrica. As principais manifestações clínicas da sarcopénia são dificuldade na realização das tarefas do quotidiano, como caminhar, subir um lance de escadas ou o simples ato de se levantar de uma cadeira sem recurso a qualquer tipo de apoio. Apesar da maioria das manifestações clínicas ocorrer a nível funcional, também se verifica um compromisso a nível metabólico. Neste sentido, os idosos com sarcopénia apresentam uma probabilidade acrescida de desenvolver infeções nosocomiais, diabetes tipo II, dislipidémia, hipertensão arterial e osteoporose. O seu diagnóstico é realizado com recurso a métodos de avaliação da massa e da força muscular assim como do desempenho físico. A nutrição, o tratamento hormonal, a prática de exercício físico e alguns medicamentos como os IECAs, ARAs e anti-inflamatórios previnem a perda de massa e força muscular, sendo por isso utilizados no tratamento da sarcopénia.
Stock, Mireille. "Adenocarcinoma Pancreático: Fisiopatologia e Viroterapia". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82121.
Texto completoO adenocarcinoma pancreático representa cerca de 90% dos tumores pancreáticos e é uma neoplasia maligna agressiva (5% de sobrevida aos 5 anos), altamente resistente à terapêutica vigente e com uma incidência crescente. O microambiente tumoral contribui grandemente para as suas características proliferativas, invasivas e de resistência e constitui um dos grandes obstáculos à terapia convencional. Nas lesões pré-neoplásicas (neoplasia intraepitelial pancreática, neoplasia papilar intraductal mucinosa e neoplasia cística mucinosa) que dão origem a este tumor, as mutações genéticas mais prevalentes são a ativação do proto-oncogene KRAS e a inativação dos genes supressores tumorais CDKN2A, TP53 e SMAD4, presentes em graus variáveis.A resistência à quimioterapia, cirurgia e radioterapia motivou a busca de novas opções terapêuticas que melhorassem o prognóstico. Atualmente, a viroterapia é reconhecida como uma abordagem alternativa promissora. Neste trabalho de revisão, foram abordados o Adenovirus, o Herpes simplex virus, o Parvovirus, o Reovirus, o vírus da doença de Newcastle, o vírus do sarampo e o Vaccinia virus por se tratarem dos vírus mais utilizados nos ensaios pré-clínicos e clínicos direcionados à neoplasia em questão.Os resultados iniciais são positivos, revelando-se estes vírus, de uma forma geral, eficazes (in vitro e in vivo), seguros e bem tolerados. Porém, há ainda um longo caminho a percorrer na medida em que a maior parte dos ensaios clínicos ainda não ultrapassou a fase I e que não existem estudos que comparem dados referentes a diferentes famílias virais. Por outro lado, faltam métodos que maximizem a biodisponibilidade e muitos dos mecanismos antitumorais estão ainda por esclarecer.
The pancreatic adenocarcinoma represents about 90% of pancreatic tumours and it is an aggressive malignant neoplasm (5-year survival of 5%), highly resistant to the current therapeutics and with a growing incidence. The tumor microenvironment greatly contributes to its proliferative, invasive and resistant characteristics and constitutes one of the biggest obstacles to conventional therapeutics. In the pre-neoplastic lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous and mucinous cystic neoplasms) that give rise to this tumor, the most prevalent genetic mutations are the activation of the proto-oncogene KRAS and the inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53 e SMAD4, present in varying degrees. The resistance to chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy motivated the search for new therapeutic options that would improve the prognosis. Presently, virotherapy has been recognized as a promising alternative approach. In this review, the Adenovirus, the Herpes simplex virus, the Parvovirus, the Reovirus, the measles virus, the Newcastle disease virus and the Vaccinia virus were addressed for being the most utilized in preclinical and clinical trials directed to the neoplasm in question.The initial results were positive and the viruses proved to be, in general, effective (in vitro e in vivo), safe and well tolerated. However, there is still a long way to go given that most clinical trials have not overcome phase I and that there are no studies comparing data on different viral families. On the other hand, methods to maximize bioavailability are lacking and many of the antitumor mechanisms remain unknown.
Dourado, Marília de Assunção Rodrigues Ferreira. "DPPIV/CD26 em Fisiopatologia Humana". Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/927.
Texto completoAntunes, Patrícia Filipa Mota. "Encefalopatia hepática: fisiopatologia e tratamento". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35887.
Texto completoA Encefalopatia Hepática é uma condição clínica que abrange um espectro alargado de perturbações neurológicas e motoras, que se desenvolve na sequência de um comprometimento hepático agudo ou crónico. Os sintomas incluem confusão mental, desorientação visual-espacial, diminuição da coordenação motora e nos estadios mais avançados pode conduzir ao coma. Os sinais clínicos são frequentemente inespecíficos e com grande variabilidade interindividual. Com efeito, o diagnóstico revela-se difícil, tornando-se essencial a realização do despiste de patologias com sintomatologia semelhante. A compreensão da natureza desta patologia é indispensável ao delineamento de estratégias terapêuticas. Neste contexto, a abordagem sobre as atuais opções de tratamento exige uma prévia exposição das características da doença. A Encefalopatia Hepática apresenta uma fisiopatologia multifatorial e complexa, que não está ainda inteiramente clarificada. A elevação da concentração sérica de amónia é a hipótese central da génese da encefalopatia hepática. A sua ação neurotóxica exprime-se tanto no desenvolvimento de edema cerebral, como na alteração da transdução de sinal. A inflamação sistémica mostra ser outra hipótese no desencadeamento da encefalopatia hepática e a sua ação sinérgica com a hiperamonémia conduz a um pior prognóstico. Os esquemas terapêuticos disponíveis, atualmente, assentam sobretudo na redução dos níveis plasmáticos de amónia. A lactulose e a rifaximina são os únicos fármacos com aprovação para o tratamento de encefalopatia hepática. No entanto, os resultados são pouco satisfatórios. Neste sentido, perspetiva-se que as novas descobertas no mecanismo fisiopatológico sejam um caminho para que, futuramente, os fatores inflamatórios possam constituir um novo alvo terapêutico.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a clinical condition, comprising a wide spectrum of neurological and motor disorders, that may develop after acute or chronic liver dysfunction. Symptoms include mental confusion, visual-spacial disorientation, decreased motor coordination and, in advanced stages, coma. Clinical signs are frequently nonspecific and have a high inter-individual variability. Thus, a diagnosis is difficult to establish and other condition/disorders with similar clinical presentations must be excluded beforehand. In order to define a therapeutic strategy, one must first understand the pathological nature of the condition. In this context, revising of current treatment options for hepatic encephalopathy requires a prior explanation of its characteristics. The physiopathology is multifactorial and complex and it is not fully understood yet. The increase of ammonia serum concentration is an important sign underlying hepatic encephalopathy. Neurotoxic activity of ammonia translates in cerebral edema and disturbances in signal transduction pathways. An alternative hypothesis relates to the role of systemic inflammation and its synergistic effect with hyperammonemia, lead together to a worse prognosis. Current therapeutic strategies are based on lowering ammonia serum levels. Lactulose and Rifaximin are the only approved drugs for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. However, the results are unsatisfactory. Therefore, the new findings in the pathophysiological mechanism indicate that inflammatory factors may constitute a new therapeutic target, in the future.
Vieira, Pedro António Gonçalves Barata de Magalhães. "A fisiopatologia dos cornetos nasais". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/43560.
Texto completoOs componentes primários das paredes laterais da cavidade nasal são os cornetos nasais. Estas estruturas projetam-se na cavidade nasal e permitem a realização de várias funções como a regulação térmica, filtração, humidificação e a criação de resistência no ar inspirado. A posição e forma dos cornetos nasais orienta o ar inspirado posteriormente em direção à nasofaringe, ao mesmo tempo que cria resistência obstrutiva suficiente para alterar o fluxo de ar de um padrão laminar para um padrão de transição. O fluxo de transição não é nem completamente laminar nem completamente turbulento e a sua dinâmica é protetora, para além de permitir a manutenção de uma normal fisiologia nasal. Quando a execução destas mesmas funções por parte dos cornetos falha, podem ocorrer alguns processos fisiopatológicos que condicionam o aparecimento ou o agravamento de patologias muito prevalentes na prática clínica, como a enxaqueca ou a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Tudo isto tem implicações clínicas que valem a pena compreender para uma melhor abordagem do doente.
The primary components of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are the nasal turbinates. These structures protrude into the nasal cavity and allow the performance of various functions such as thermal regulation, filtration, humidification and the creation of resistance in the inspired air. The position and shape of the nasal turbinates guides the inspired air posteriorly towards the nasopharynx, while creating enough obstructive resistance to alter the airflow from a laminar pattern to a transitional one. The transitional flow is neither completely laminar nor completely turbulent and its dynamics are protective, in addition to allowing the maintenance of a normal nasal physiology. When the execution of these functions by the turbinates fail, some pathophysiological processes may occur that can modulate the appearance or exacerbation of pathologies very prevalent in clinical practice, such as migraine or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. All these facts have clinical implications that are worth understanding for a better approach to the patient.
Fernandes, Maria João Baptista. "Helicobacter Pylori - a Fisiopatologia da Doença". Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/84059.
Texto completoMelo, Maria Teresa Pinheiro Teixeira de. "Litíase Vesicular. Fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento". Dissertação, 2012. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/72314.
Texto completoPestana, Maria Nicole Nunes. "Hemangioma infantil : clínica fisiopatologia e tratamento". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/29158.
Texto completoO hemangioma infantil (HI) é o tumor cutâneo mais frequente nas crianças. Este resulta da proliferação de células endoteliais imaturas e ao contrário de outros tumores surge após o nascimento e involui espontaneamente na maioria dos casos. O presente artigo de revisão foi feito com base numa pesquisa bibliográfica acerca de vários temas relacionados com esta patologia de modo a obter uma visão ampla da epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, histopatologia, clínica, complicações, diagnóstico e opções terapêuticas existentes. Os factores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento deste tumor são a idade materna avançada, gestação múltipla, placenta prévia, pré-eclampsia, prematuridade e o baixo peso á nascença sendo este último o mais relevante. Hoje pensa-se que a histogénese do HI proviria de angioblastos residentes ou circulantes, células de origem placentar embolizadas ou células stem hemangioblastoídes. Estudos recentes apontam ainda para uma possível regulação da proliferação celular endotelial progenitora e diferenciação pelo sistema renina angiotensina (SRA). Na maioria dos casos, o HI apresenta-se clinicamente sob a forma superficial e localizada. As áreas mais afectadas são a cabeça e o pescoço. Este tumor vascular pode ainda surgir associado a síndrome PHACE, síndrome PELVIS, síndrome SACRAL e hemangiomatose. O diagnóstico baseia-se essencialmente na clínica e no exame físico. Os exames de imagem estão reservados para casos duvidosos ou atípicos. Dado a involução espontânea característica, muitas vezes a opção terapêutica passa pela abordagem “wait and see”. No entanto, alguns hemangiomas podem levar a morbilidades cosméticas e funcionais e nestes casos é necessário proceder a uma intervenção terapêutica activa FMUC Hemangioma Infantil: Clínica, Fisiopatologia e Tratamento 3 e precoce. Existe um leque variado de opções terapêuticas. O tratamento médico é considerado 1ª linha nomeadamente a corticoterapia e o propranolol. Outras modalidades médicas como a imiquimod, ciclofosfamida, interferão, vincristina, bleomicina e escleroterapia ficam reservados para casos seleccionados ou resistentes á terapêutica de 1ª linha. A terapêutica cirúrgica normalmente é mais dirigida ao tratamento de hemangiomas superficiais (laser) ou remoção de tecido involutivo (excisão cirúrgica)
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common skin cancer in children. It results of immature endothelial cellular proliferation and unlike other tumors it appears after birth and involutes spontaneously in most cases. This revision article was elaborated based on a research of the current scientific literature about several aspects related to this abnormality to achieve wide information about epidemiology, pathophysiology, histopathology, clinical features, complications, diagnosis and several options of available treatment. The risk factors associated to the development of this tumor are advanced maternal age, multiple pregnancy, placenta praevia, pre-eclampsia, pre-term birth and low birth weight this last one being the most important factor. It is believed that the histogenesis of IH would come from resident or circulating angioblasts, embolized cells originating from placenta or hemangioblast stem cells. Recent studies point to a possible regulation of progenitor cellular endothelial proliferation and differentiation by renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In the majority of cases, its most common clinical form is superficial and localized. The areas most commonly involved are the head and neck. This vascular tumor can appear associated to PHACE syndrome, PELVIS syndrome, SACRAL syndrome and hemangiomatosis. The diagnosis is based essentially in clinical and physical examination. The imaging tests are reserved for doubtful or atypical cases. Due to the spontaneous involution characteristic, usually the therapeutic option is the approach “wait and see”. However, some hemangiomas can lead to cosmetic and FMUC Hemangioma Infantil: Clínica, Fisiopatologia e Tratamento 5 functional morbidities and in these cases it's necessary to proceed to an active and early therapeutic intervention. There is an array of therapeutic options. The medical treatment is considered first line, namely the corticotherapy and propranolol. Other medical modalities such as imiquimod, cyclophosphamide, interferon, vincristine, bleomicin and sclerotherapy are reserved to selected cases or when first line treatment fails. Surgical treatment is usually indicated to superficial hemangiomas (laser) or removal of involuted tissue (surgical excision)
Eira, Carla Sofia Lopes da. "Choque hemorrágico : fisiopatologia, monitorização e terapêutica". Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/47957.
Texto completoIntrodução: As bases dos conhecimentos actuais sobre choque hemorrágico remontam aos nossos antepassados, com particular relevância para a guerra do Vietnam. Actualmente, a hemorragia é a principal causa de choque em doentes politraumatizados graves. A constante observação e reconhecimento dos sinais e sintomas de choque e a assistência médica precoce permitem, na maioria das vezes, a restauração eficaz da volémia. Objectivos: O objectivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão actualizada da fisiopatologia, monitorização e medidas terapêuticas que permitem a reposição da volémia em doentes com choque hemorrágico, tendo em conta que o objectivo primordial é restabelecer uma perfusão adequada dos órgãos em tempo útil. Para tal, foi efectuada uma vasta revisão da literatura existente sobre esta área, nomeadamente artigos científicos e de revisão indexados na MEDLINE (United States National Library of Medicine). Desenvolvimento: O choque é uma síndrome aguda que tem por consequência uma má perfusão periférica e hipóxia tecidular, que não tratada pode evoluir até à síndrome da disfunção múltipla de órgãos. No choque hemorrágico, devido à perda de parte significativa do volume de sangue circulante ou fluidos, existe uma diminuição crítica do volume intravascular, condicionando um baixo retorno venoso e uma distribuição regional anormal do fluxo sanguíneo em todos os órgãos. Os sinais e sintomas de choque e as alterações nos parâmetros laboratoriais podem ser discretos e subtis numa fase inicial, mas serão óbvios no choque prolongado. A sua abordagem é sempre uma emergência, porque a janela de tempo para restaurar a circulação é curta, devendo a terapêutica inicial ser dirigida a restabelecer urgentemente uma pressão de perfusão adequada na microcirculação periférica. Esta deve ser feita em simultâneo com a correcção da causa responsável pelo choque. Genericamente, os fluidos usados são o sangue, os derivados do sangue e seus substitutos, colóides, cristalóides e, eventualmente, a solução salina hipertónica. A ausência de resposta à fluidoterapia implica o recurso a fármacos vasopressores. Conclusões: Actualmente, a fisiopatologia do choque hemorrágico é bem conhecida. A importância do reconhecimento precoce do estado de choque e a sua influência no prognóstico tem sido alvo de investigação ao longo dos anos. Os colóides e cristalóides são o núcleo de discussões há algumas décadas, pela controvérsia a respeito do fluido ideal. Os dados mais recentes dão destaque favorável aos cristalóides, e dentro destes, o lactato de Ringer e a solução salina normal são igualmente aceites como terapêuticas de primeira linha.
Introduction: The basis of current knowledge on hemorrhagic shock goes back to our ancestors, with particular relevance to the Vietnam War. Currently, hemorrhage is the main cause of shock in severe trauma patients. The constant observation and recognition of signs and symptoms of shock and early medical care allow, in most cases, effective restoration of blood volume. Objectives: The aim of this work is to create an updated review of pathophysiology, monitoring and therapeutic measures that allow the replacement of blood volume in patients with hemorrhagic shock, given that the primary objective is to restore an adequate perfusion of organs in sufficient time. To this end, a broad review of the literature on this area was made, including scientific articles and review articles indexed in MEDLINE (United States National Library of Medicine). Development: The shock is an acute syndrome that has the consequence of a poor peripheral perfusion and tissue hypoxia, which untreated can progress to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In hemorrhagic shock due to loss of a significant portion of circulating blood volume or fluid, there is a critical decrease in intravascular volume, conditioning a low venous return and an abnormal regional distribution of blood flow in all organs. Signs and symptoms of shock and changes in laboratory parameters can be discreet and subtle initially, but will be too obvious in prolonged shock. Its approach is always an emergency because the window of time to restore circulation is short, and the initial therapy should be directed to urgently restore adequate perfusion pressure in the peripheral microcirculation. This should be done simultaneously with the correction of the causes responsible for shock. Generally, the fluids used are blood, blood products and their substitutes, colloids, crystalloids and, eventually, the hypertonic saline solution. The lack of response to fluid therapy involves the use of vasopressors. Conclusions: Currently, the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock is well known. The importance of early recognition of shock and its influence on prognosis has been investigated over the years. Colloids and crystalloids are the core of discussions for several decades, due to the controversy regarding the ideal fluid. Recent data have emphasized in favor of crystalloids, and within these, the Ringer's lactate and normal saline solution are accepted as first-line treatments.
Sousa, Ana Filipa Batista Costa e. "Anemia megaloblástica: da fisiopatologia à terapêutica". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/37360.
Texto completoNina, Ana Sofia Costa. "Eczema atópico - Da fisiopatologia ao tratamento". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82224.
Texto completoAtopic dermatitis is a chronic and relapsing skin disease with serious socioeconomic impact. Is also affects significantly the quality of life of the patients. Its physiopathology combines barrier dysfunction, inflammatory response with T helper lymphocytes (Th) and alteration in skin microbiome. Barrier dysfunction depends on endogenous and exogenous factors. The result of this dysfunction is a skin with xerosis and that allows penetration of antigens and allergens. In the acute phase there is a predominantly Th2 and Th22 response with cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. The chronic phase is characterized by Th1 and Th2 and in lesser degree Th17 and Th22. (1, 2). Along with immune cells keratinocytes also contribute to the inflammatory process. Inflammation leads to more barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Pruritus is responsible for worsening the dermatitis in a cycle of pruritus-scratching-pruritus. Skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is more in skin lesion than in non lesional skin and correlates with disease severity. Treatment for atopic dermatitis depends on the severity of the lesions. Treatment intends to restore skin barrier and suppress inflammation. The mainstay of treatment for atopic dermatitis is hydrating the skin with the regular use of emollients. Most patients will need to apply topic corticosteroides or calcineurin inhibitors according to a reactive or proactive strategy. In patients with severe atopic dermatitis systemic treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressors might be necessary. Antimicrobial agents are an adjuvant treatment. The search for agents with better risk / benefit ratio and better therapeutic adherence demonstrated promising results, with emphasis on phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, biological agents such as Dupilumab antibody and functional textiles.
O eczema atópico é uma dermatose crónica e recorrente com impacto significativo socioeconómico e na qualidade de vida. A sua fisiopatologia assenta na tríade de disfunção da barreira cutânea, resposta inflamatória orquestrada por linfócitos T auxiliares (T helper-Th) e alteração do microbioma cutâneo. A disfunção da barreira depende de fatores endógenos e exógenos e traduz-se numa pele com xerose e mais permissiva ao contato com antigénios e alergénios. A resposta inflamatória depende, na fase aguda, de linfócitos Th2 e Th22 e das citocinas IL-4 e IL-13. Na fase crónica, o perfil de linfócitos é Th1 e Th2 e, em menor quantidade, Th17 e Th22. (1, 2) Além das células do sistema imunitário, os queratinócitos também contribuem ativamente para o processo inflamatório. A inflamação agrava a disfunção e vice-versa. O prurido que depende de várias vias agrava as lesões através do ciclo de prurido-scratching-prurido. O aumento da colonização de Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) contribui para a disfunção da barreira e do sistema imunitário, agravando as lesões. O tratamento preconizado é escalonado com base na gravidade da clínica e atua na tentativa de restaurar a integridade da barreira cutânea e diminuir o processo inflamatório local. A hidratação com emolientes é transversal. A maioria faz tratamento com corticosteroides e inibidores da calcineurina tópicos numa estratégia reativa ou proactiva. Em casos mais graves pode ser necessário tratamento sistémico com corticosteroides e imunossupressores. Agentes antimicrobianos são um tratamento adjuvante. A procura de agentes com melhor relação risco/benefício e melhor adesão terapêutica demonstrou resultados promissores, destacando-se os inibidores da fosfodiasterase-4, os agentes biológicos como o anticorpo Dupilumab e os têxteis biofuncionais.
Machado, Cristiana Patrícia Oliveira. "Doença de Alzheimer: fisiopatologia e terapêutica". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7701.
Texto completoDuring the last years, with ageing of people worldwide, the number of dementia cases have increased and, possibly, it will affect more than 81 million people in 2040. Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementia and, nowadays, it is a health problem that mainly affects elderly people. This disease is acknowledged as progressive multifarious neurodegenerative disorder that, pathologically, it is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and ß-amyloid peptide extracellular deposits that, consequently, leads to the formation of amyloid plaques. Since the disease manifests at a late stage after a long period of clinically silent characterized by a process of neurodegeneration, it is essential the knowledge of the different risk factors associated in order to promote an effective primary prevention as well as to implement suitable diagnostic methods, such as the identification of biomarkers, for a pre-symptomatic detection. Although there is no cure for Alzheimer‟s disease, the available treatment options intend, at least, to stop the disease progression and help the patients and family to deal with the symptoms and to improve their quality of life. In this work, our goal is to clarify the physio pathological mechanisms and clinical manifestations that occur in the disease and to address the recent prevention strategies, based on the identification of the risk factors. Another goal includes to compile the mainly DA treatments currently used at clinical level.
Leite, Daniela Miriam de Jesus. "Mieloma múltiplo: fisiopatologia e abordagem terapêutica". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/36112.
Texto completoIntrodução: O mieloma múltiplo é uma neoplasia maligna, caracterizada pela proliferação descontrolada dos plasmócitos. É um distúrbio com grande relevância clínica dentro das alterações hematológicas malignas e continua incurável. A inibição da apoptose das células cancerígenas e a libertação de citocinas são fatores preponderantes no desenvolvimento da doença. São vários os fatores envolvidos na sua fisiopatologia, nomeadamente: fatores de crescimento; fatores que promovem o desequilíbrio entre a formação e a reabsorção do osso; anomalias genéticas; desregulação epigenética e das células estaminais mesenquimais. O tratamento destes doentes engloba terapêutica farmacológica e cuidados de suporte. A terapia farmacológica é distinta consoante os doentes são ou não elegíveis para transplante autólogo de células estaminais e engloba quimioterápicos clássicos (melfalano e vincristina), corticosteróides (prednisona) e terapia biológica (bortezomib e lenalidomida). Objetivo: Enumerar e descrever, através de revisão sistemática, as abordagens terapêuticas utilizadas e emergentes com base no conhecimento, cada vez mais aprofundado, da fisiopatologia heterogénea da doença. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica através da utilização da base de dados PUBMED. Resultados: A adição de talidomida ao tratamento tido como padrão, melfalano-prednisona, aumentou em 20% a sobrevida livre de progressão da doença. Surgiram como efeitos adversos a neuropatia periférica e os eventos trombóticos. Discussão: A introdução de novos agentes terapêuticos, nomeadamente de imunomoduladores, como a lenalidomida e inibidores de proteossoma, como o bortezomib aumentaram significativamente as taxas de remissão da doença e a incidência de efeitos adversos foi reversível com a diminuição ou suspensão da dose. Conclusão: Os avanços terapêuticos, o conhecimento da fisiopatologia e um diagnóstico cada vez mais precoce revelam benefícios inegáveis e que são refletidos no alcance de uma sobrevida de 10 anos.
Introduction: Multiple myeloma is a malignant neoplasm, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of the plasma cells. It is a disorder of great clinical relevance within malignant hematological disorders and remains incurable. Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis and release of cytokines are major factors in the development of the disease. There are several factors involved in its pathophysiology, specifically: growth factors; factors that promote imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption; genetic anomalies; epigenetic and mesenchymal stem cells deregulation. Treatment of these patients encompasses pharmacological therapy and supportive care. Pharmacological therapy is distinct according to whether or not patients are eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation and consists of classical chemotherapy (melphalan and vincristine), corticosteroids (prednisone) and biological therapy (bortezomib and lenalidomide). Objective: To list and describe, through a systematic review, the therapeutic approaches already in use and emerging based on the increasing knowledge of the heterogeneous pathophysiology of the disease. Methods: Bibliographic review using the PUBMED database. Results: The addition of thalidomide to the standard treatment, melphalan-prednisone, increased the progression-free survival of patients by 20%. Peripheral neuropathy and thrombotic events have appeared as adverse effects. Discussion: The introduction of new therapeutic agents, namely immunomodulators such as lenalidomide and proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, significantly increased remission rates of the disease and the incidence of adverse events was reversible with dose reduction or suspension. Conclusion: Therapeutic advances, knowledge of pathophysiology and an increasingly early diagnosis reveal undeniable benefits and are reflected in the achievement of a 10-years survival.
Prabhudas, Ridhi Rameshcandra 1988. "Determinantes genéticos na fisiopatologia da asma". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10822.
Texto completoA asma é um grave problema de saúde pública a nível mundial que apresenta uma elevada morbilidade. Apresentando uma interacção complexa de diversos factores, a asma é uma doença inflamatória crónica das vias respiratórias caracterizada por uma obstrução brônquica reversível que desencadeia episódios recorrentes de pieira, aperto torácico e tosse. O óxido nítrico desempenha um papel importante na regulação fisiológica da função das vias respiratórias e está implicada na doença das vias aéreas, como a asma. Os estudos genéticos permitem associar os polimorfismos ao risco de desenvolvimento da doença em estudo. Os estudos bioquímicos permitem verificar se existem enzimas, biomarcadores circulantes, cujas alterações ao nível da sua concentração sejam o reflexo de qualquer distúrbio no metabolismo e mecanismos de acção que afecte o desenvolvimento da doença. Assim o principal objectivo deste trabalho consistiu no estudo dos polimorfismos exão/intrão 16 e intrão 20 do gene da sintase do óxido nítrico induzível, uma enzima envolvida na formação do NO e o polimorfismo G463A do gene da mieloperoxidase que está envolvida na variabilidade dos seus níveis circulantes e como tal na biodisponibilidade do NO e desenvolvimento da asma. Os resultados demostram que os genótipos CT/TT do polimorfismo exão 16 da iNOS e o genótipo GG do polimorfismo intrão 20 da iNOS podem estar associados a uma maior susceptibilidade de desenvolver asma. Em relação ao polimorfismo MPO G463A, os genótipos GA/AA estão associados a uma maior susceptibilidade de desenvolver asma. Existe ainda uma diferença significativa entre o polimorfismo da MPO com a concentração da enzima entre os doentes asmáticos e o grupo controlo. A interação epistática entre os genótipos GA/AA da MPO associados aos genótipos CT /TT do polimorfismo exão 16 apresentam um grande factor de risco, assim como o genótipo GA/AA da MPO associado ao homozigótico (GG) do intrão 20, quando comparados individualmente.
In terms of world wise, asthma is a big health public issue and it represents a high morbidity. Representing complex interaction of several factors, asthma is an inflammatory chronic disease of the respiratory system which is characterized by a reversible bronchial obstruction and which triggers recurrent episodes of wheezing, chest tightness and coughing. The nitric oxide plays an important role in the physiological function of the airways and it’s implicated in airway disease, such as asthma. A genetic study allows association between polymorphisms and the risk of developing the disease under study. Biochemical studies determines whether there are enzymes, circulating biomarkers, whose changes on its level are a reflection of any disturbances in metabolism and mechanisms of action that affects the development of the disease. Thus the main aim of this work was to study the exon/intron 16 and intron 20 polymorphism of the gene of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme involved in the formation of NO and the polymorphism G463A of myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene which is involved in NO bioavailability. Also we studied its circulating levels related to polymorphism. The results show that the genotypes CT/TT polymorphism of the exon 16 of iNOS and genotype GG of the polymorphism intron 20 of iNOS, may be associated with a greater susceptibility to develop asthma. In relation of the polymorphism G463A MPO, the genotypes GA/AA are associated with a greater susceptibility to develop asthma, as well. There are still significance differences between the MPO polymorphism with the enzyme concentrations between asthmatic patients and control group. The epistatic interaction between the genotype GA/AA of MPO associated with genotypes CT/TT polymorphism of iNOS exon 16, presents the most significant risk factor, as well as the genotypes GA/AA MPO associated with homozygous (GG) of intron 20 when individually compared.
Cândido, Sara Filipa Fernandes. "Fisiopatologia e terapêutica da dor neuropática". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/46030.
Texto completoEsta revisão de conjunto tem como principal objectivo descrever o mecanismo fisiopatológico subjacente à Dor Neuropática (DN), assim como, compreender o arsenal terapêutico actualmente existente para tratamento ou alívio da doença. A DN é uma síndrome complexa, que atinge milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, envolvendo mecanismos biológicos pouco esclarecidos e teorias inflamatórias e imunológicas. É amplamente conhecida como uma das condições dolorosas crónicas mais difíceis de reconhecer e tratar, constituindo um significante desafio para os clínicos gerais e especialistas da dor. O principal arsenal terapêutico para o tratamento da DN é sustentado por métodos farmacológicos. Actualmente, uma série de medicamentos são utilizados para controlar a dor, nomeadamente antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes, opióides e tratamentos tópicos, como a capsaícina e a lidocaína. Muitos doentes verificam uma analgesia insatisfatória com a terapêutica de 1ª. linha em monoterapia pelo que muitas das vezes é necessário alterar a classe farmacológica inicialmente prescrita ou recorrer a um tratamento combinado. Contudo, a escolha correcta dos fármacos e a sequência óptima para a sua utilização, continua pouco conhecido. Em suma, é importante encarar a DN como um problema de Saúde Pública com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida, saúde mental, relações sociais e económicas do indivíduo e estar consciente de que todos os profissionais de saúde devem estar adequadamente familiarizados com o seu diagnóstico e tratamento.
This review main goal consists in the description of the physiopathologic mechanism of the Neuropathic Pain (NP), and the comprehension of the therapeutic agents currently available to treat or relief the disease. The NP is a complex syndrome, affecting millions of people all over the world, involving unknown biologic mechanisms and inflammatory and immunological theories. It is largely known as one of the chronic pain conditions more difficult to recognize and to treat, being a challenge for the general practitioners and pain specialists. The main therapeutic approach for the treatment of NP is sustained by pharmacologic methods. Currently, a group of medicines are used to control pain, especially antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids and topic treatments, as capsaicin and lidocaine. Several patients have an unsatisfactory analgesic state with the first line therapeutic approach, consisting of monotherapy, and usually it is necessary to change the pharmacologic class or to use combined therapy. However, the correct choice of medicines and the correct order of their usage are still unknown. Concluding, it is important to recognize NP as a public health problem with a negative impact on the patient life quality, mental health, social and economic relationships and to be sensible that every healthcare provider must be informed about the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.