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1
Miller, Brett A. "Incomplete focalization and scenic rhythm in the "Odyssey"". Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433491.
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Philpot, Donald Kent. "Character focalization in four children's novels : a stylistic inquiry". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30485.
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This study examined the selection and development of character focalization in four children’s novels. Character focalization was defined as the location of fictional world perception in the mind of a character. Novels by Meindert DeJong, Katherine Paterson, and Susan Patron were analyzed using systemic-functional resources (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004), narrative concepts, and a model of focalization described by Rimmon-Kenan (Narrative Fiction, 2002). The study showed that one character in each novel is selected and developed as the prominent fictional world sensory perceiver, emoter, and thinker. Moonta Riemersma in Far Out the Long Canal (DeJong, 1964), Jess Aarons in Bridge to Terabithia (Paterson, 1977), Gilly Hopkins in The Great Gilly Hopkins (Paterson, 1978), and Lucky Trimble in The Higher Power of Lucky (Patron, 2006) are selected and developed as focalizing characters in and beyond the first few chapters of their novels. Distinctive seeing-, hearing-, emoting-, and thinking-patterns obtain in the first few chapters and are subsequently developed according to the principles of continuation, augmentation, or reconfiguration. These distinctive patterns represent the focalized, the people and things perceived. All four characters selected as focalizers are cognitively-engaged individuals, and their thinking reveals their personal understandings about themselves, others, and their lived experiences. This study offers a rich description of four focalizations and a methodology for exploring character focalization in fiction for children, adolescents, and adults. The author suggests that students in fourth through sixth grade will benefit academically and personally by exploring questions centering on focalization in the novels they read, discuss, and reflect on at school.
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Kingsbury, William E. "Techniques of narration and focalization in three novels by Jacques de Lacretelle". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ23619.pdf.
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Benoit, James. "Working through the ambiguities of focalization with the films of Edward Yang". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98539.
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This thesis is an evaluation of the extent to which theories of focalization are useful for the analysis of point of view in film. In it, I apply the small number of focalization models advanced within film studies to an analysis of the works of an internationally acclaimed Taiwanese director, Edward Yang. I reveal that Yang's films serve well to demonstrate how the conventional typologies of external and internal focalization are convenient labels that mask the considerable degree of ambiguity that is reflected by processes of focalization and narration in many films. Furthermore, I illustrate how an application of the alternative theory of auto-focalization to film analysis can generally free us from the limitations of these typologies, by drawing our attention to the iconic implications of film imagery. Finally, I determine that both models of focalization are largely useful for highlighting the degree to which the functions of character-focalizers and narrators can be indistinguishable, particularly in self-reflexive films.
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Cherer, Brian Francis. "Voice, focalization and subjectivity in Virgil's Aeneid, Book 1 : a post-narratological approch /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115533.
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Dal, Farra Chiara <1991>. "Focalization matters. On focus typology, feature checking and the position(s) of focus". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8141.
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The present dissertation explores the properties of focalization, considering some of the main unsolved problems concerning its theoretical account.
The first problem regards the possibility of having a focus typology, namely the distinction of (at least) two types of focus and the description of their different realizations and properties.
The second one concerns two distinct accounts which try to explain focus movement and its trigger: a feature-driven approach, which claims the necessity of checking a [+ focus] feature contra a non-feature driven approach, which states the importance of the prosodic relation (rather than the syntactic one) between focus and stress. Whether or not [+ focus] is an inherent and legitimate feature, and the possibility of having more than one feature, will be considered.
The last problem I will take into account is about the movement of focused constituents. This is still a debated question in the literature: according to some authors there is movement to the left periphery, whereas others claim that focus may be in situ or that it can have two positions. Moreover, I will consider the position(s) of focus in the syntactic structure and I will try to explain how these data can account for some of the most problematic focused structures, such as parasitic gaps and negative words.
Since these problems are strictly connected, they must be considered in order to solve this open issue.
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Nazarov, Konstantin. "Focalization in the Old Testament narratives, with specific examples from the Book of Ruth". Thesis, University of Chester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/621584.
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The works in the field of general narratology that have been written since the first introduction of the concept by Genette in 1972 demonstrate a great dynamic in the development of this concept. Unfortunately, the refinements of Genette’s theory often suffer from inconsistency of definitions and remain heuristic, which does not allow the dissemination of the achievements to other types of texts (for example, Old Testament narratives). In the field of biblical narratology the concept of focalization (especially its recent development) was largely overlooked, and the attempts to study the Old Testament narratives in relation to the notion of focalization are generally not accompanied by careful examination of the subject. The purpose of the present research is the consideration of the narratological concept of focalization with regard to the Book of Ruth. To this end, the research examines if recent narrative theories suggest a universal methodology of exploring focalization that can be equally applicable to any narrative texts (including Old Testament narratives) and what are the specifics of applying this methodology to the Old Testament narratives? To answer the question above, the research considers Wolf Schmid’s ideal genetic model of narrative constitution and Valeri Tjupa’s theory of eventfulness and narrative world pictures as universal models for studying focalization. With some modifications and refinements these ideas are transformed into a methodology of studying focalization in the Old Testament narratives. The application of the method to the Book of Ruth shows that on the level of selection of narrative information, the narrator selects sixteen episodes that constitute four narratological events that became the basis of the plot. Then, on the level of composition by the means of reported speech and the play of horizons, those episodes and events were placed in a certain order. Finally, on the level of presentation, these events were presented mainly in the scope of internal focalization, which as demonstrated in the work correlates with the use of the qatal form of the Hebrew verb. Since Schmid’s ideal genetic model of narrative constitution claims to be universal, the method of studying focalization can be equally applied to other Old Testament narratives. Tjupa’s theory of eventfulness and narrative world pictures can help to emphasize narratological events and to blueprint the thread of the narrative and logic of selectivity for those Old Testament narratives that do not have clear division into episodes and events. A subject of special interest is the question if the hypothesis about correlation between constructions with the qatal form of the Hebrew verb and internal focalization remains true to other Old Testament narratives.
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Tihveräinen, H. (Heidi). "“God, look at these stupid cunts!”:indications of focalization in the graphic novel Ghost World". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2013. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201306061557.
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The purpose of this study was to find indications of focalization, or point of view, in a graphic novel. My method was to explore the medium-specific narrative elements of comics, i.e. the color scheme, drawing style and text and image interaction, and show how they helped to create focalization. I also discussed what kinds of aspects of focalization can be expressed in a graphic narrative. My material for this study consisted of Daniel Clowes’ graphic novel Ghost World. My theoretical background included studies from the fields of comics research and narratology. The works of Scott McCloud, Will Eisner and Thierry Groensteen formed the basis for my discussion of the storytelling elements of comics. In order to explore the concept of focalization and its manifestation in graphic narratives, I relied on perspectives and tools formulated primarily from the works of Mieke Bal, Kai Mikkonen, Silke Horstkotte and Nancy Pedri. By analyzing the indications of focalization in the graphic novel, I found that the color scheme and drawing style conveyed focalization related to theme and characters. I also discovered the narrative connection between a graphic novel’s cover design and illustrations and its actual narrative content. The analysis of text and image interaction resulted in finding examples of multiple and shared points of view in the graphic novel as well as identifying sudden shifts in focalization, which emphasize the impression of a subjective perspective. The indications of focalization highlighted the central narrative aspect of graphic narratives, i.e. the openness to interpretation. I also found that a broad and flexible use of the concept of focalization is well suited for the study of graphic narratives. Future research on this topic might benefit from looking at other types of graphic narratives, where the structure of the narrative is more experimental. The ideas related to multiple and shared perspectives can perhaps be utilized in studying how multiple points of view are manifested in other multimodal texts on the Internet, where multiple users participate in creating wikis (collaborative websites), and other joint effortsTämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli etsiä fokalisaation, eli näkökulman, merkkejä sarjakuvanovellista. Tutkin sarjakuvalle tyypillisiä kerronnallisia elementtejä, värimaailmaa, piirrostyyliä sekä sanan ja kuvan vuorovaikutusta osoittaakseni, miten niiden avulla luotiin fokalisaatiota. Käsittelin tutkimuksessani myös sitä, miten fokalisaatioon liittyviä erilaisia elementtejä voidaan ilmaista sarjakuvakerronnassa. Tutkimukseni aineisto koostui Daniel Clowesin sarjakuvanovellista Ghost World, ja teoriapohjani muodostui sarjakuvan ja kerronnan tutkimukseen liittyvistä teoksista. Sarjakuvakerronnan elementtien tarkastelussa nojauduin muun muassa Scott McCloudin, Will Eisnerin ja Thierry Groensteenin teksteihin. Fokalisaation käsitettä ja sen ilmenemistä sarjakuvakerronnassa tutkin Mieke Balin, Kai Mikkosen, Silke Horstkotten ja Nancy Pedrin ajatuksiin pohjautuvilla näkökulmilla ja työkaluilla. Tarkastelemalla fokalisaation merkkejä sarjakuvanovellissa huomasin värimaailman ja piirrostyylin ilmaisevan novellin teemaan ja hahmoihin liittyvää fokalisaatiota. Analyysini toi myös esille yhteyden kannen kuvituksen ja novellin kertomuksen välillä. Näkökulman merkkien tutkiminen sanan ja kuvan vuorovaikutuksessa nosti esiin esimerkkejä samanaikaisista ja jaetuista näkökulmista sekä äkkinäisistä fokalisaation muutoksista, jotka vahvistivat näkökulman vaikutelmaa. Fokalisaation merkit korostivat sarjakuvakerronnan keskeistä ominaisuutta eli tulkinnan avoimuutta. Huomasin myös, että laaja ja joustava fokalisaation käsite sopii hyvin sarjakuvakerronnan tutkimukseen. Jatkotutkimus fokalisaation ja sarjakuvakerronnan parissa hyötyisi erilaisten, kokeellisempien sarjakuvien tutkimuksesta. Samanaikaisiin ja jaettuihin näkökulmiin liittyvät ajatukset voisivat myös olla avuksi tutkittaessa näkökulmien päällekkäisyyttä muissa useita esitysmuotoja hyödyntävissä kokonaisuuksissa Internetissä, missä useat käyttäjät osallistuvat wikien (yhteisöllisten verkkosivustojen) ja muiden yhteisprojektien rakentamiseen
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Wielewicki, Vera Helena Gomes. ""Say nothing and it may not be true" : focalization and voice in wide sargasso sea". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1992. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157740.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Comunicação e ExpressãoMade available in DSpace on 2016-01-08T17:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 88551.pdf: 1945190 bytes, checksum: 7a3e3a208e6d5d048fd622494b8bafc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992
Jean Rhys publicou em 1966 o romance Wide Sargasso Sea, a história de Bertha, a primeira esposa de Mr. Rochester do clássico Jane Eyre de Charlotte Brontë (1847). Esta dissertação propõe-se desta forma a uma investigação dos "silêncios" no romance principalmente daqueles ligados a Bertha como personagem e narrador. A análise é baseada na teoria sobre focalização e voz narrativa de Gerard Genette.
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Teranishi, Masayuki. "Polyphony and focalization in a literary-historical context : a stylistic analysis of Middlemarch, Nostromo and Herzog". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396579.
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Meek, Sherri. "A translation analysis of Ingeborg Bachmann's "Simultan": Narration, focalization and intertextuality in the stream of consciousness narrative". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0003/MQ46593.pdf.
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Wafula, Magdaline Nakhumicha [Verfasser] y Said [Akademischer Betreuer] Khamis. "Narrative Voice and Focalization in the Narration of Generational Conflicts in Selected Kiswahili Novels / Magdaline Nakhumicha Wafula. Betreuer: Said Khamis". Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106399554X/34.
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FitzSimmons, David Scott. "I see, he says, perhaps, on time: vision, voice hypothetical narration, and temporality in William Faulkner’s fiction". The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1061234845.
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Ekström, Caroline. "Äldre bilderböckers förmedlande i klassrummet : En analys av fyra bilderböcker av Elsa Beskow ur ett genusperspektiv". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53897.
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The study analyses four of Elsa Beskow´s picture books from a gender perspective and with character analyis as the method. The aim is to find out how gender is presented in the picture books and how the books reflect their time. The study also discusses how the books can be used in today´s school. The result shows that the men in the four works have the greatest power. They are portrayed as deciding and dominating everything. The character analysis also shows that they are portrayed as being surly rather than cheerful. The women and the girls in the works are portrayed as capable, caring and cautious. The school curriculum states that school should aim to ensure that all pupils are treated equally regardless for sex. Beskow´s works reflect the gender roles that prevailed around 1900, and teachers need to be aware of this when the works are used in school today.
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Manolov, Gueorgui V. "Elements of narrative discourse in selected short stories of Ernest Hemingway". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002250.
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Berggren, Lova. "”Låta slumpen råda” : En komparativ studie av fokaliseringen i Den allvarsamma leken och För Lydia". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39977.
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In 1912 Hjalmar Söderberg wrote what came to be a Swedish classic, The serious game, about the two young lovers Lydia and Arvid and their failed attempts to be with each other. 1973 Gun-Britt Sundström responded with her own novel, For Lydia, that tells the same story but from Lydia´s point of view. This essay discusses if the macro perspective, Sundström´s tendency in giving Lydia an agency, can be seen in the structure of the language, the micro perspective. To enable this, the essay has been using parts of the narratology theory founded in the 1960’s that was partly produced by Gérard Genette and supplemented by Mieke Bal. Looking at focalization (from what angle the story is told), it is possible to investigate what kind of information the reader can assimilate of Lydia and her progress. Susan Lanser defined feminist narratology and in accordance to her theory the essay examines the context and author of the novel to fully understand the writings. Sundström in a higher degree than Söderberg includes intern focalization when it comes to Lydia, which gives the reader more information about Lydia and her agency. Söderberg focalizes Arvid rather than Lydia which gives the reader the impression that Lydia acts selfish and unaccountable. Both novels arose in circumstances characterized by female emancipation and by regarding that, a more prominent picture of Sundström´s intention to make For Lydia a feministic response to The serious game can be seen. In conclusion, the essay shows that, the tendency of Sundström, to make a feministic response to Söderberg´s novel, can be seen even in the micro perspective of the language.
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Berggren, Matilda. "This is an Overlook Where No One Can Ever Come : A narratological analysis of the representation of the uncanny in The Shining". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81121.
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This essay is a narratological analysis of Stephen King’s The Shining, and employs Mieke Bal’s categorization of focalization, description and discourse with the intent of establishing their function in representing the concept of the uncanny in the narrative. By analyzing these narratological functions and their interplay, several manifestations of the ordinarily elusive uncanny become evident. The novel, through the structuring of the narrative and use of forthright descriptions as well as the insight into the characters’ minds, continually manages to represent the disturbances of the familiar that characterize the uncanny.
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Fransson, Amanda. "Detective VS Vampire - A Powerbattle : A Narratological Character Study of ‘SHERLOCK HOLMES VS. DRACULA or the Adventure of the Sanguinary Count’ to Find Underlying Symbolism of Imperialistic Representation". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-82442.
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This essay is a narratological character study of Loren. D Estleman’s novel SHERLOCK HOLMES VS DRACULA or the Adventure of the Sanguinary Count. The focus of this essay is how Sherlock and Dracula are characterised through Genette’s and Bal’s notions of focalization and description and how, through the additional incorporation of the concept of subtext, it unveils a dichotomy between the two literary figures. By further putting that relationship into historical context, it uncovers a symbolism which reflects imperial influence from the perceived decline of Britain as an empire, where Sherlock comes to symbolise England itself and Dracula an invading ‘other’. This suggests the existence of a covert reason for bringing these two famous (or infamous) characters together in a contemporary rendezvous novel.
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Costa, Natasha Vicente da Silveira. "Espaço e focalização em The ambassadors, de Henry James /". Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94140.
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Orientador: María-Dolores Aybar-RamírezBanca: Ricardo Maria dos Santos
Banca: Luciana Moura Colucci de Camargo
Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar a relação intrínseca e sinérgica entre as categorias narrativas do espaço e da focalização e seu efeito de sentido no romance The ambassadors (1998), do escritor estadunidense Henry James (1843-1916). Os principais teóricos que servirão de base a esse estudo são Iuri Lotman (1978) com A estrutura do texto artístico e Osman Lins (1976) com Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco relativamente às questões do espaço. Para o estudo da focalização, explorar-se-á principalmente The rhetoric of fiction, de Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, de Gérard Genette (1995) e Teoría de la narrativa, de Mieke Bal (2001). Será analisado, então, como a focalização sugere interpretações ambíguas quanto à consciência central do protagonista Lewis Lambert Strether e de que forma os Estados Unidos da América, a Inglaterra e a França, sob essa perspectiva, são elementos essenciais para a transformação do objetivo inicial do embaixador, para a caracterização psicológica e social de personagens e para a evocação de memórias
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to explore the intrinsic and synergistic connection between the narrative categories of space and focalization and its effect in novel The ambassadors (1998), by the American writer Henry James (1843-1916). The main theorists who will base this study are Iuri Lotman (1978) with A estrutura do texto artístico and Osman Lins (1976) with Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco, regarding the literary space. To study the focalization, this research will explore notably The rhetoric of fiction, by Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, by Gérard Genette (1995) and Teoría de la narrativa, by Mieke Bal (2001). Thus, this analysis investigates how the focalization implies ambiguous interpretations regarding the central consciousness of the protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether and how the United States of America, England and France, from this perspective, are key elements for the transformation of the ambassador‟s first purpose, for the social and psychological portrayal of characters and for the evocation of memories
Mestre
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Engdahl, Lin. "Spinnarfjärilens doft : En narratologisk läsning av Gabrielle Wittkops roman Le Nécrophile". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1967.
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The present BA thesis is an analysis and a close reading of the French author Gabrielle Wittkop's novel Le Nécrophile (1972). The analysis consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the story and can be described as an attempt to interpret the engine of the history. The second part of the analysis focuses on the narrative; how the story is told. Le Nécrophiles main motif is re-encoding the representation of death in art and literature, traditionally conceived as a beautiful female corpse. The narrative embodies death as different of body types – men, women, old people, childen - and hence avoids to produce death as the female Other. By the use of different methods, such as metaphores, focalizing etc., the corpse becomes something more than a passive object, now threatening and interacting. In the novel necrophilia is described as a higher form of love. The historical view of sexuality as divided into high/low is strongly codified from a gender perspective; the higher form of love is associated with masculinity and the lower form with femininity. In Le Nécrophile the classification of high/low is based on life and death instead of masculinity and femininity; a new way of staging the binery pairs high/low.
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Moreira, Lidia da Cruz Cordeiro. "Of Dogs and Men: strategies of control and resistance in the fiction of Helena María Viramontes". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1032.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a ficção da escritora Chicana contemporânea Helena María Viramontes, focalizando principalmente seu romance Their Dogs Came With Them, e secundariamente seus contos Neighbors e The Cariboo Café. Este trabalho concentra-se nas relações entre espaço e poder nos Estados Unidos contemporâneos e como essas relações são refletidas na ficção de Viramontes, tendo como base a investigação da herança Puritana dos Norte Americanos e a discussão de Michel Foucault acerca da sociedade disciplinar. Este trabalho também se concentra no uso que Viramontes faz da múltipla focalização como meio para alcançar um sentimento de fragmentação, a qual reflete a fragmentação nas vidas de seus personagens. Para isso, compara seu uso da focalização à linguagem usada em filmes como Amores Brutos
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the fiction of contemporary Chicana writer Helena María Viramontes, focusing primarily on her novel Their Dogs Came With Them, and secondarily on her short stories Neighbors and The Cariboo Café. This work concentrates on the relations between space and power in the contemporary United States and how these relations are reflected in Viramontess fiction, in view of Americas Puritan heritage and Michel Foucaults discussion of the disciplinary society. It also concentrates on Viramontess use of multiple focalization as a means to achieve a sense of fragmentation which reflects the fragmentation in the lives of her characters. It compares her use of focalization to the language used in films such as Amores Perros
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Smart, Matthew Peter. "Thought, action; impact: Modes of presentation to enable an immersive reader-response". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127474/2/Matthew_Smart_Thesis.pdf.
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This study consists of an exegesis examining modes of narration in literary fiction; and a creative work: an extract of a proposed novel Boots of Spanish Leather. Set in sixteenth-century Spain, this is the story of a shrewd and ambitious young foot soldier striving to escape the peasant class, who, risking everything he holds dear, joins the ill-fated Spanish Armada. The Absentee Narratee mode of presentation developed for use in Boots of Spanish Leather explores the theoretical foundations for the use of second person thought utterances in First Person-Present Tense narrative situations.
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Agnevall, Paula. "Berättarteknik i J.M. Coetzees Disgrace". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för teknokultur, humaniora och samhällsbyggnad, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1397.
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While Disgrace seems to be written from a single perspective, it is in fact multi-layered. In order to support this claim, this essay investigates what the novel's protagonist sees, how he sees it and who is narrating the story, using respectively the narratological key concepts of internal focalization, fallible filter and covert narration. The essay thereafter studies how the novel has affected readers in South Africa and how it is neccessary to challenge the perspective presented in the novel in order to fully understand the text.
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Saldías, Mónica. "La carne recordada : un análisis de la atemporalidad mítica y la subversión religiosa en Pedro Páramo". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Spanska, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5655.
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The aim of the present study is to analyze the representation of the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion in the novel Pedro Páramo (1953) by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo. The novel is analyzed from a narratological perspective based on the concept of focalization proposed by the French theoretician Gérard Genette. According to Genette it is possible to identify different levels of focalization depending on the position of the narrative voices.The key question in this investigation is if any salvation is possible in the universe of Pedro Páramo and how the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion are represented in the textual intentionality through the narrative voices. The main conclusion is that there is no possible salvation in the fictional universe of Pedro Páramo. The collective sin is so vast that the intermediation between God and the inhabitants of Comala does not work anymore. Thus, the only possible ”salvation” consists in the separation of the soul from the body the people of Comala experience after death. In Pedro Páramo the dead body is liberated from remorses, but - contrary to the Catholic concepts - becomes a conscious materia sentenced to remember eternally.Keywords: Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo, narratological analysis, Gérard Genette, textual intentionality, focalization, mythic timelessness, religious subversion, narrative voices.
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Madeira, Viviane Souza. "A representação literária da construção da identidade de duas famílias indo-portuguesas em Skin, de Margaret Mascarenhas, e A casa-comboio, de Raquel Ochoa". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8150/tde-09052016-103045/.
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A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar a representação das identidades da comunidade indo-portuguesa nos romances Skin (2001), de Margaret Mascarenhas, e A casa-comboio (2010), de Raquel Uchoa, por meio de uma análise comparativa que focaliza os vínculos estabelecidos entre as personagens e o universo colonial indo-português, bem como de que maneira os narradores enunciam sua ideologia por intermédio dessas conexões. Buscaremos averiguar de que forma esses romances contribuem para fundamentar identidades coloniais distintas, tendo por referência a colonização portuguesa na Índia.This dissertation aims to discuss the representation of identity of Indo-Portuguese communities depicted in the novels Skin (2001), written by Margaret Mascarenhas, and A casa-comboio (2010), written by Raquel Ochoa. The comparative analysis of these novels will focus on the connections established between the characters and the Indo-Portuguese colonial universe as well as on how the narrators enunciate their ideology. We also intend to investigate how these novels contribute to found distinct colonial identities, taking as reference the Portuguese colonization in India.
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Rönn, Ellen. "Narrative Space : Exploring Death in Markus Zusak's The Book Thief". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45224.
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To broaden the knowledge of narrator/character Death in Markus Zusak's novel The Book Thief, this research explores how Death uses his narrative space to alleviate the story's tragedy. This paper examines narration in the context of focalization, time, and unusual narration. In addition, the space of Death is analysed in the framework of how death—both as a concept and as a powerful being—is portrayed in literature. To conduct the research, the essay uses different theorists' perspectives of narration and Death. For instance, Rimmon-Kenan, Cohn, Phelan, Saghafi, and Brennan. This paper uses discourse analysis to study academic journals written about narrative theories and the space of Death in literature. As a result, it provides broader perspectives and helps analyse Death's role in The Book Thief.
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Costa, Natasha Vicente da Silveira [UNESP]. "Espaço e focalização em The ambassadors, de Henry James". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94140.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar a relação intrínseca e sinérgica entre as categorias narrativas do espaço e da focalização e seu efeito de sentido no romance The ambassadors (1998), do escritor estadunidense Henry James (1843-1916). Os principais teóricos que servirão de base a esse estudo são Iuri Lotman (1978) com A estrutura do texto artístico e Osman Lins (1976) com Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco relativamente às questões do espaço. Para o estudo da focalização, explorar-se-á principalmente The rhetoric of fiction, de Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, de Gérard Genette (1995) e Teoría de la narrativa, de Mieke Bal (2001). Será analisado, então, como a focalização sugere interpretações ambíguas quanto à consciência central do protagonista Lewis Lambert Strether e de que forma os Estados Unidos da América, a Inglaterra e a França, sob essa perspectiva, são elementos essenciais para a transformação do objetivo inicial do embaixador, para a caracterização psicológica e social de personagens e para a evocação de memórias
The aim of this dissertation is to explore the intrinsic and synergistic connection between the narrative categories of space and focalization and its effect in novel The ambassadors (1998), by the American writer Henry James (1843-1916). The main theorists who will base this study are Iuri Lotman (1978) with A estrutura do texto artístico and Osman Lins (1976) with Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco, regarding the literary space. To study the focalization, this research will explore notably The rhetoric of fiction, by Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, by Gérard Genette (1995) and Teoría de la narrativa, by Mieke Bal (2001). Thus, this analysis investigates how the focalization implies ambiguous interpretations regarding the central consciousness of the protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether and how the United States of America, England and France, from this perspective, are key elements for the transformation of the ambassador‟s first purpose, for the social and psychological portrayal of characters and for the evocation of memories
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Aspersand, Anna-Karin. "En Strid För Lättnad : En narratologisk läsning av Edith Södergrans ”Undret” med diskussion ur feministteologisk synvinkel". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-43909.
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This thesis is a narratological analysis of the poem “The Miracle” by Edith Södergran. The thesis uses narratological tools from Mieke Bal in order to investigate different themes mainly connected to Christological sacrificial mythology. The thesis furtermore offers a discussion that highlights the poem from a feminist theological point of view, mainly with the help of ideas developed by Catherine Keller and Anne-Sofie Eriksson. ”The Miracle” is a dialogue between a girl and a nun about a troublesome dream that the girl has. It is a dream, which the girl finds strange and it concerns the need for revenge to reach relief. The dialogue also shows the risk of a kind of oppressive forgiveness by covering unfairness, and how the girl finds her way with help from the nun. With the altar in the poem as a kind of stage, “The Miracle” offers a challenge for the church and the whole world about attitudes, and about how to be constructive and liberating. This includes questions about the need to be careful and realistic when it comes to danger as well. How can you aim for fairness and at the same time handle unfairness, at several levels? Both the girl and the nun keep progressing in their different situations, from a horizon including escatological expressions. It is not easy, but they are not tied to oppressive traditions in their way of thinking either. What makes “The Miracle” such an interesting poem is the way it directs the reader to pose several constructive questions, without offering preformed answers.
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Wendt, Höjer Fanny. "Staden som f(r)iktion : En maktanalys av rumsliga gestaltningar". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-65976.
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Den här uppsatsen undersöker gestaltningar av rumslighet i Yxta Maya Murrays roman Locas och i Helena María Viramontes novell ”The Cariboo Cafe”. Utifrån en lefebvriansk förståelse av det sociala rummets produktion görs en feministisk, postkolonial läsning av rummets betydelse i texterna. Med utgångspunkt i detta teoretiska ramverk diskuteras tematiseringen av plats, rum och identitet i berättelserna. Vidare används en narratologisk analys av texternas användning av deixis och fokalisering för att visa hur språket fungerar som en granskande skildring av olika platsers och rums villkor. En sådan läsning tillåter texterna att träda fram som avslöjare av specifika maktordningar och som kritik mot dessa.This essay examines the spatial descriptions in Yxta Maya Murray’s novel Locas and in Helena María Viramontes’ short story “The Cariboo Café”. Based on Henri Lefebvre’s understanding of the production of social space, a post-colonial, feminist reading of the texts’ spaces is executed. Rooted in this theoretical framework, the texts’ thematization of space, place and identity is discussed. Furthermore, a narratological analysis is added to the investigation through a scrutiny of the usage of deixis and focalization. It is shown how the usage of language in the texts functions to further expose different bodies’ divergent access to different spaces. This reading permits the texts to appear both as revealers of specific power systems, and as critics of them.
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Svärd, Helena. "“Och här är det man finner det man söker.” : En stilistisk analys av fyra miljöskildringar i Selma Lagerlöfs Jerusalem". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Svenska/Nordiska språk, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154169.
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This study examined four different settings in Selma Lagerlof’s novel Jerusalem, part I and II. The aim of the study was to analyse the narrative perspective in the four selected scenes of the novel, and also to investigate whether the narrator’s tone in any of the passages could be said to express orientalism. The material consisted of four text passages describing the novel’s two main geographical locations (the district of Dalarna and the Holy Land). Literary theories used for the study were narratology and postcolonial theory. The applied method to analyse the passages was to use the selection of semantic and syntactic markers compiled by Staffan Hellberg (1985) for stylistic analysis of the narrator’s perspective in Swedish narrative texts. The results of the study show that the overall narrative perspective in the scenes are non-focalized, and that the most frequently featured stylistic markers consist of words and phrases expressing value. A summery of the most frequently used stylistic markers show that it is possible to divide the narrative tone into four categories, as the “presenting”, “sympathizing”, “demonstrating” and “educating” narrator. The results also indicate that orientalism is evident in the two analysed passages from Jerusalem, part II.
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Petrusca, Lorena Mihaela. "Validation d’une nouvelle génération de sondes HIFU en utilisant la thermométrie IRM". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10345.
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L’objectif principal du projet concerne l’étude sous contrôle IRM de nouveaux transducteurs HIFU pour la thérapie. Le premier sous-projet vise la caractérisation d’une sonde HIFU pour le traitement des varices et l’optimisation des paramètres de tir en fonction de la profondeur de la veine dans le tissu. Des mesures acoustiques avec un hydrophone ont confirmé la création d’une ligne de focalisation. Une étude ex vivo utilisant des veines humaines excisées a été réalisée avec l’IRM de température haute résolution afin d’établir des paramètres d'efficacité et de sécurité. La deuxième partie est une étude de sonde sectorielle pour le traitement du cancer de la prostate. La méthode utilisée actuellement par Ablatherm a été comparée avec la méthode sectorielle, en alternant les deux secteurs de la sonde. Les résultats montrent que la forme et les dimensions de la lésion sont les mêmes, avec un gain de temps est de 20%. Troisièmement nous avons étudié une sonde à focalisation dynamique pour le traitement du cancer de la prostate. La validation in vitro et in vivo a été effectuée. Des points focaux distants de 32 à 69mm de la sonde ont été obtenus et des séquences décrivant des lignes, des tranches et des volumes ont été testées. Les cartes de température et de dose thermique montrent que la stratégie de sonication est adéquate pour induire une dose létale homogène de la forme désirée, ce qui permet un traitement mieux adapté en fonction l’anatomie de chaque patient. L’IRM nous a permis de mesurer de façon non-invasive et en temps réel la température au sein des tissus soumis au tir ultrasonore et de visualiser le volume détruit ainsi que les tissus adjacentsThe main objective of the project concerns the study of new HIFU transducers for therapy using MRI guidance. The first sub-project aims the characterization of a HIFU probe for the treatment of the varices and the optimization of the shooting parameters according to the vein depth in the tissue. Acoustic measurements with a hydrophone were carried out in order to confirm the creation of a focalization line. An ex-vivo study using human excised veins was realized using high resolution MRI temperature control in order measure efficiency and security parameters. The second part is a study of a sector switching probe for prostate cancer treatment. The method used by Ablatherm was compared with the sector switching method, by alternating the two sectors of the probe. Results show that the lesion shape and the dimensions are the same for the two methods, but the time saving is 20% for the sector switching probe. A dynamic focalization probe for the prostate cancer treatment was studied for the last experimental part. In vitro and in vivo validation was carried out. Focal points at several distances (between 32 mm and 69 mm with respect to the probe) were obtained and sequences describing lines, splits and volumes were tested. The temperature and thermal dose maps show that the sonication strategy is adequate for inducing a homogenous lethal dose of the desired form. A treatment better adapted to the anatomy of each patient can be performed with this technique. The MRI allowed us to measure in a non-invasive manner and in real time the temperature within tissues subject to ultrasonic shooting and to visualize both the ablated volume and the adjacent tissues
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Andrade, Nathiane Oliveira CeledÃnio MacÃdo de. "Multidimensional poverty and participation in family allowance program for households Cearà in 2012". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14533.
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nÃo hÃNeste estudo à realizada, inicialmente, uma discussÃo teÃrica acerca da pobreza sob dois aspectos, monetÃria e multidimensional. Posteriormente, utilizou-se a metodologia desenvolvida por Alkire e Foster (2009) para analisar comparativamente, sob estas duas abordagens, a focalizaÃÃo do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia entre os domicÃlios cearenses, referente aos dados da PNAD 2012. Estimouse, tambÃm, dois modelos Logit visando identificar as caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas destes domicÃlios que contribuem para a classificaÃÃo como pobre por renda ou multidimensional. Constatou-se que, quando se considera a pobreza como um fenÃmeno multidimensional, a focalizaÃÃo do PBF à pior do que sob o aspecto renda. Observou-se, tambÃm, que cerca de 40% dos domicÃlios do Cearà sÃo pobres, independente da abordagem utilizada e que, quanto maior a populaÃÃo de crianÃas e/ou idosos no domicÃlio, mais vulnerÃvel este fica a vivenciar uma situaÃÃo de pobreza.
This research is initially based on a theoretical discussion about poverty in two aspects: monetary and multidimensional. Furthermore it was used Alkire and Foster methodology (2009) to analyze and compare the objectives of âBolsa Familiaâ amongst households in Ceara with regards to the PNAD 2012 data. It was also projected two Logit models to identify the socioeconomic characteristics of households that contribute to the classification of poor by income or multidimensional. It was found that , when considering poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon the focus of GMP is worse than under the income aspect . In addition it was estimated that about 40 % of Cearà 's households are poor regardless of the approach used and the higher the population of children and/or elderly at the domicile, the more vulnerable they are to experience a situation of poverty.
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Zhang, Ting. "Electromagnetic wave imaging of targets buried in a cluttered medium using an hybrid Inversion-DORT method". Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037906.
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The objective of this thesis work is to detect and to characterize three-dimensional targets in a disordered medium, using electromagnetic excitations. This research domain is of great interest in many applications, such as subsoil probing, medical imaging, non-destructive testing and geophysical exploration, etc. In order to extract the target information from the heterogeneities of the medium, we propose to use one of the time reversal technique, namely the DORT method (French acronym for Décomposition de l'Opérateur de Retournement Temporel). This method permits us to generate different waves that focus selectively on each target in high noisy environment. Moreover, this method is also combined with a non-linear inversion algorithm, which permits not only to localize but also to characterize the targets. The reconstruction resolution appears to be better than the ones obtained with the DORT or the inversion procedure alone, especially in the illumination direction. It is also shown that using full-polarized data is indispensable for achieving better performances rather than in scalar configuration. Moreover, in the half-space configuration, it is mandatory to use the frequency-diversity data to get an accurate reconstruction. These theoretical developments are also confronted to experimental data measured in the optical domain. A full-polarization Tomographic Diffractive Microscopy (TDM) is implemented and a resolution about one-fourth of the wavelength is thus obtained. Furthermore, the DORT method is applied in TDM to realize selective focalization and characterization. In the presence of multiple targets, selective characterization of each scatterer is achieved.This thesis work also deals with the characterization problem using transient data. Different inversion algorithms are validated using synthetic and experimental hyper-frequency data.
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Pinto, Helena Leite. "A long way down to redemption : Nick Hornby's four sides to the same story". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/101634.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra.This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.
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Jakobsson, Matilda. "Många röster små : En applicering av Michail Bachtins polyfonibegrepp på Moa Martinsons roman Kvinnor och äppelträd". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-22479.
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The aim of this essay is to investigate to which extent the novel Kvinnor och äppelträd by Moa Martinson can be classified as a polyphonic novel. The concept polyphony was established in literary theory by the Russian language theorist and literary critic Michail Bachtin in 1929, in his book Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics. In order to understand and comprehend the concept of polyphony I have used an interpretation due to the literature scholar Robyn McCallum. She notes that the characters in a polyphonic novel function as focalizers. All fictional characters create their own basis of social, cultural and ideological opinions and values, from which they provide their particular perspective on the story. Therefore, when fictional characters and their socio-ideological viewpoints intersect, a rather complex structure of interaction, dialogues and intersubjectivity is created between them. Kvinnor och äppelträd is according to the most prominent scholar in the field, Ebba Witt-Brattström, a polyphonic novel. Her presumption is based upon the plurality of voices that is expressed in the novel, and the ambiguous interaction between them. However, to the best of my knowledge, no profound investigation of the novel’s polyphonic structure has yet been undertaken, and therefore this essay is dedicated to this task. For this purpose I have performed an analysis of the narratology in the novel, resulting in the overall conclusion that Kvinnor och äppelträd is indeed a polyphonic novel. Since the concept of polyphony also implies a modernistic feature, one can discuss the fact that Kvinnor och äppelträd has been classified as working class literature, and not modernistic literature. The final conclusion of the essay is that the complex polyphonic structure of the novel, and its controversial and pioneering content, have been underestimated and ignored. Regarding this aspect Moa Martinson should have been categorized under the Swedish literary modernism.
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Malmström, Martin. "Tillbaka till texten : derivativt skrivande i en svensk gymnasieklass". Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för kultur, språk och medier (KSM), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7622.
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This licentiate thesis investigates fiction writing and reading in up- per secondary school in Sweden. Inspired by fanfiction I created a teaching project of derivative writing in which the students in a se- cond-year social science class wrote short stories derived from 20th century novels. They also gave peer response, both orally and in writing. Finally they wrote a reflective text about the project. The main purpose of the study is to describe and analyse the teaching project. The primary material is the students’ short sto- ries. Drawing from theories of intertextuality, most notably Genette’s transtextuality theory and fanfiction theories, I analyse how the students make use of the source text. Theories of narratology have been used to analyse techniques of storytelling, mainly characterization and focalization. In the analysis of the stu- dents’ written comments on each other’s texts I draw from re- sponse theories. The results show that the students tend to stay close to the source texts. The most common subgenre is refocalization, that is to change the perspective to one of the secondary characters’ view. Refocalization seems to be an efficient way of deepening the under- standing of the main character of the source text; in many of the students’ stories the protagonist functions as the focalized object. Which novel the students read plays an important part in how fo- calization is expressed, however. Short stories based on novels with complex focalization tend to be focalized in a variety of ways whereas stories based on novels with fixed focalization mostly fol- low the pattern of the source text. Reading the short stories and, not least, the reflective texts it becomes evident that the characters  are extremely important in this kind of literature, more so than semiotic theories of characters have acknowledged; the characters are more than merely functions. In the chapter about peer response I argue that many students write analyses of the text they are about to respond to rather than give advice about how to proceed. It is difficult to see if the response is of any help to the writer. Thus, I question whether peer response has any other effect than strength- ening the social bonds between the group members. The study shows that creative writing could very well be an in- tegral part of the education in Swedish in upper secondary school. Derivative writing may function as an alternative to traditional lit- erary analyses. Refocalizing is a way of seeing the story from a dif- ferent viewpoint, which could enhance the students’ sense of empa- thy. Questions of focalization might also lead to discussions of power. Furthermore, creative writing may make the students more attentive as writers. In the new syllabus Gy 11, however, the op- portunities for working with creative writing are, unfortunately, limited.
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Gaetano, Fabrizio. "Scrivere la storia : costruzione e rappresentazione degli spazi nelle Storie di Erodoto". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG005.
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La thèse est organisée en trois chapitres, dans lesquels on analyse, respectivement, la relation entre la notion d’espace et trois civilisations spécifiques – les Perses, les Egyptiens, les Scythes, les peuples auxquels Hérodote consacre les portions les plus amples et longues de son ouvrage – ; les fonctions des espaces sacrés grecs et « barbares », qui peuvent être un lieu d’émerveillement, un instrument argumentatif du discours historiographique, un repère géographique ou dénotatif ; enfin, le territoire de l’œcoumène, considéré en tant qu’espace de mouvement et en tant qu’argument de débat politique et littéraire. Les logiques qui soutiennent les constructions/représentations répondent à une double nécessité : fournir des informations sur la narration, la civilisation, le groupe humain ou l’individu qui constituent le sujet du récit ; assurer que le public des Histoires participe aux mécanismes narratifs qui règlent l’accès aux savoirs collectés par l’historien et, en particulier, à sa façon de décrire les espacesThe main purpose of this project is to try to understand the function of spaces in Herodotus’ work and, in particular, to analyze the way in which spaces may play a different role accordingly to a specific context or topic Herodotus is dealing with. A first part of the research is dedicated to the attempt of understanding how spatial descriptions are fundamental to characterize those civilizations to which Herodotus devotes a large part of his narrative (the Persians, the Egyptians and the Scythians). The second part of the research is dedicated to sacred spaces. In this section I focus on two aspects: the multiple role of the temple as thoma, landmark and proof/impulse of the historical narrative; the passages in which Herodotus describes his characters by insisting on their behaviors towards sacred spaces. A third and final part of the thesis deals with space from a more geographical perspective and it is structured in the five following paragraphs: terminology of proximity; 'epeiros'; 'eremos', 'eschatos' and knowledge; hodological and cartographic space; naming lands and seas
La nozione di spazio è analizzata secondo una prospettiva tripartita. Nel primo capitolo mi occupo del binomio spazio/civiltà: l'obiettivo è quello di capire come la nozione di spazio venga diversamente declinata in ciascun contesto per rendere ragione delle caratteristiche preminenti delle civiltà in oggetto. Il secondo capitolo è ulteriormente suddiviso in due sottosezioni: nella prima indago le funzioni storiografiche degli spazi sacri menzionati nelle Storie; nella seconda esamino il comportamento di tre coppie di individui rispetto a uno spazio di partenza che viene sottoposto a un processo di sacralizzazione o diviene, al contrario, teatro di un’azione sacrilega. Nel terzo capitolo tratto gli spazi dell'esperienza quotidiana, prestando attenzione a tematiche quali la nozione di prossimità, l'orientamento, la divisione politica e geografica dell'ecumene, la percezione dei territori di frontiera e periferici
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Gustavsson, Josefin. "Att uppmärksamma könsroller i den visuella världen : En genusanalys av fokalisering och genuslekt i tv-serien 13 Reasons Why ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81068.
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Syftet med studien är att utifrån Maria Nikolajevas feministiska narratologi uppmärksamma och undersöka stereotypa könsroller i serien 13 Reasons Why. Dessa stereotypa könsroller analyseras med hjälp av en genusteori kring det sociala könet som socialt konstruerat som feminina och maskulina karaktärsdrag. Undersökningen bygger på en narratologisk analys som utgår ifrån fokalisering (synvinkel) och genuslekt (studier i språket relaterat till kön) och studerar därmed hur kön presenteras genom olika berättarperspektiv och språkmönster. Materialet som ligger till grund för undersökningen är serien 13 Reasons Why, som visualiserar könsstereotypa situationer som ligger till grund för undersökningens analys. Analysen visar att serien är starkt influerad av feminina och maskulina karaktärsdrag och att språket i serien innehåller stora könsskillnader. Vidare styrker studien tidigare forskning om kvinnan som objekt, eftersom det genom tv-seriens val av fokalisering är tydligt att flickorna är de som är betraktade i samtligt analyserade scener. Detta är problematiskt eftersom det frångår skolans mål om att elever ska uppmuntras att finna sin unika egenart utan fördomar om kvinnligt och manligt och påverkar deras bild av hur flickor och pojkar bör vara.
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Kinzo, Carla Moreira. "Amar, verbo intransitivo: conjugações". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8156/tde-12052015-094833/.
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Este projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparado entre o livro Amar, verbo intransitivo, de Mário de Andrade e os roteiros jamais filmados ou publicados que o professor, roteirista e crítico de cinema Paulo Emilio Salles Gomes fez a partir do livro. A proposta da dissertação é comparar roteiros e livro, tendo como base um estudo da problemática da focalização, de modo que se busque um sentido para o conjunto de diferenças verificadas na passagem do livro aos roteiros. É central, neste projeto, tentar entender a que tipo de leitura do romance as modificações promovidas pelos roteiros servem, sobretudo no que diz respeito à construção da voz narrativa. Com isso, esperamos contribuir para os estudos da obra de Paulo Emilio Salles Gomes, bem como esmiuçar a específica leitura que os roteiros fazem do texto (e do contexto) de Mário de Andrade.The aim of this work is to analyze the screenplays written by film critic Paulo Emilio Salles Gomes which were based on the book Fräulein, by Mário de Andrade (New York: The Macaulay Company, 1933). These screenplays were never published nor made into film. This thesis compares both the screenplays and the book, and it is based on the The Theory of Point of View in fiction. In addition, the objective is to find meaning in the differences between the book and screenplays. This will enable us to understand how these changes can offer an alternate interpretation of Andrade\'s book.
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Fernández, Marco Gero. "A Framework for Agile Collaboration in Engineering". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7630.
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Often, design problems are strongly coupled and their concurrent resolution by interacting (though decentralized) stakeholders is required. The ensuing interactions are characterized predominantly by degree of interdependence and level of cooperation. Since tradeoffs, made within and among sub-systems, inherently contribute to system level performance, bridging the associated gaps is crucial. With this in mind, effective collaboration, centered on continued communication, concise coordination, and non-biased achievement of system level objectives, is becoming increasingly important.
Thus far, research in distributed and decentralized decision-making has focused primarily on conflict resolution. Game theoretic protocols and negotiation tactics have been used extensively as a means of making the required tradeoffs, often in a manner that emphasizes the maximization of stakeholder payoff over system level performance. More importantly, virtually all of the currently instantiated mechanisms are based upon the a priori assumption of the existence of solutions that are acceptable to all interacting parties. No explicit consideration has been given thus far to ensuring the convergence of stakeholder design activities leading up to the coupled decision and the associated determination of values for uncoupled and coupled design parameters. Consequently, unnecessary and costly iteration is almost certain to result from mismatched and potentially irreconcilable objectives.
In this dissertation, an alternative coordination mechanism, centered on sharing key pieces of information throughout the process of determining a solution to a coupled system is presented. Specifically, the focus is on (1) establishing and assessing collaborative design spaces, (2) identifying and exploring regions of acceptable performance, and (3) preserving stakeholder dominion over design sub-system resolution throughout the duration of a given design process. The fundamental goal is to establish a consistent framework for agile collaboration that more accurately represents the mechanics underlying product development and supports interacting stakeholders in achieving their respective objectives in light of system level priorities. This aim is accomplished via improved resource management and design space exploration, augmented awareness of system level implications emanating from sub-system decisions, and increased modularity of decentralized design processes. Stakeholder synergy in design processes is enhanced via stakeholder focalization, based on the systematic communication of decision-critical information content.
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Åström, Josephine. "Holmes och Watson – Ett Queerläsningsäventyr : En undersökning av maskulinitet och sexualitet i Sir Arthur Conan Doyles The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27673.
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This thesis is a queer masculinity reading of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s short story collection The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894). The analysis focuses on the dissonances, tensions and queerness that reside within the text itself. This has been done from my problem statement: How is Sherlock Holmes and John Watson’s sexuality and masculinity portrayed within the boundary of the text? What is being said, what is hidden, and what is dealt with silently? To reveal these queer parts this analysis has been focused around five themes: the late Victorian male, the Woman, countertypes and decadence, the homosocial sphere and sexuality. The thesis has two major theoretical perspectives: masculinity theory, and queer theory. For the masculine analysis I have used Jørgen Lorentzen and Claes Ekenstam’s concept of manly/unmanly, character, and the citizen from the book Män i Norden: Manlighet och modernitet 1840-1940 and George L. Mosse’s countertype. For the queer theoretical I have used a queer resistant reading combined with Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s concept of homosexual panic, and Judith Butler’s gender melancholia. Professor Joseph A. Kestner’s Sherlock’s Men has guided the reading of the short story collection. This thesis aims at showing that the improbable might well reside within the text, not least in the relationship between the two main characters Holmes and Watson. At first glimpse this world of Holmes’s seems devoid of desire, but in a closer reading cracks appear. There are silences, and unnecessary explanations, which have little to do with the adventures themselves, not to mention silent looks, and the association with the domestic. These threaten to effeminize their masculinity, especially Holmes who is a bachelor and suffers from repeated nervousness. Disease of the nerves was associated with effeminacy and homosexuality during the Victorian era. Also, the relationship between Holmes and Watson do at times parody the heterosexual. It’s hard however to find any conclusive evidence of any sexuality in the text, least of all homoerotic, which is hardly surprising considering the forbidding laws that were in place.
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Gibrail, Alba. "Contextos de formação de estruturas de tópico e foco no português clássico". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269028.
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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland GalvesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta dissertação descreve os contextos de formação de estruturas de tópico e foco do português clássico. Investigamos o comportamento linguístico de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 16 e 19. O resultado de nossa investigação define uma gramática de natureza-V2 no licenciamento dessas construções. O resultado obtido também revela que a posição de realização dos clíticos é fortemente correlacionada com a posição ocupada pelo sintagma topicalizado em CP. Considerando os efeitos-V2 que emergem na formação dessas construções, assumimos o português clássico como uma gramática de natureza V2, com propriedades similares ao português antigo. Como hipótese de trabalho, propomos que o verbo finito se move para o núcleo Fin nas sentenças principais e subordinadas dessa gramática. Por outro lado, esta pesquisa mostra que ocorrem mudanças na frequência de uso e nas configurações estruturais dessas construções a partir do século 18. Assumimos que as mudanças estruturais são desencadeadas por uma nova gramática em uso na língua nesse período histórico. O resultado alcançado em nossa investigação permite-nos apresentar os fatores sintáticos e prosódicos que motivam a mudança gramatical. Apresentamos, nesta dissertação, análises para justificar a ausência de efeitos de localidade na formação de estruturas de tópico e foco em contextos de sentenças de ordens V2/V3/V4. As análises propostas estão ancoradas no Projeto Cartográfico de Rizzi (1997; 2004a)
Abstract: This research describes the contexts of structure formation of Topic and Focus in Classical Portuguese. We investigated the linguistic behavior of Portuguese authors born between 16th century and 19th century. The result of our research defines a V2 grammar which produces different forms of these structures. The result obtained also shows that the clitic placement is strongly correlated with the position occupied by topicalized phrase in CP. Considering the V2 effects on the formation of these structures, we assume Classical Portuguese as a V2 grammar, with similar syntactic proprieties to the Old Portuguese. As a working hypothesis, we propose that the finite verbs moves to Fin head in the main and subordinate sentences. Moreover, this research shows some changes related to the frequency and to the structural configurations of these V2 sentences in this language from 18th century. We assume that these structural changes are triggered by a new grammar in use in this language in this historical period. The result achieved in this research allows us to present the factors which motivated the grammatical change. We present some analyses to justify the absence of locality effects in the formation of Topic and Focus structures in sentences that project V2/V3/V4 orders. The proposed analyses are anchored in Rizzi's Cartography Project (1997, 2004a)
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Gutierrez, Menez Evangelina. ""No se nace mujer, la mujer se hace:" la autoconstrucción del personaje principal en la novela Leonora de Elena Poniatowska". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43025.
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The novel Leonora by Elena Poniatowska is about Leonora Carrington who was born into a wealthy family and challenged family traditions, and those expectations imposed by her social background and her gender. It will be shown that the main character acts according to a self-construction process free of social impositions. Simone de Beauvoir’s well-known phrase “one is not born a woman, one becomes one”, is one of the feminist positions that contributes to this analysis, as well as the literary techniques explained by Gérard Genette, Oscar Tacca, Mieke Bal and the narratology theories of focalization, direct speech, indirect speech and free indirect speech. The aim of this essay is to analyze the literary techniques that present the self-construction of the main character, and their effects on the reader. The hypotheses of this essay are that in order to present the self-construction of the character, the literary techniques create an effect of alternately zooming the reader in to the main character’s experience, and zooming out to a more objective view. In addition, the literary techniques used to present Carrington’s self-construction seek to show her feminist stance and her transgressions in both private and public spheres. Poniatowska’s literary techniques deliver the message that when a woman is released from social and cultural constraints she has the power to modify spheres.
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Marcelino, Nara Juscely Minervino de Carvalho. "As senten?as com ? ruim que no portugu?s brasileiro". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16317.
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Previous issue date: 2014-01-31Based on studies on the structure of copulates sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), according to grammar theory, it s analyzed on this dissertation, the complex copulate sentences what, in the PB, initiated by the formation ? ruim que in the PB, bringing the hypothesis that they can have one predicacional reading (PRED) and other especificacional reading (ESP). It s revealed what, though they are similar slightly, that makes the different that are triggered is structural configuration of sentence and the form as come emerged the its constituents: that of PRED interpretation, that we defined as Common Copulate Sentence (or SCC), it s checked that the constituent ruim, and only it, is predicate of a Small Clause, and appears in the structure on even position wherein is pronounced, not passing by the method of movement, from where introduce wide predication on all subject, that is the CP built-in; those sentences ? ruim que understanding ESP, that denominate of Negative Copulate Sentence (or SCN), whereas the fixed expression contradict or right what is asserted in built-in, it s perceived what the ruim is a part of this fixed expression, and surely crystallized, which appears in structure per movement, germinated as adjunct of Inflexional Phrase (IP) and being elevation to specifier to FocP (or SpecFocP), where acquires discursive interpretation of focus. Besides the mode as the ruim or the fixed expression emerge in that sentences, the relation between the copula and main verb likewise contribute to distinguish the sentences: 1) regarding flexion of mode, when is a SCC, the copula must be in the mode indicative, and the main verb, in the subjunctive; when is a SCN, copula and main verb must be always on indicative; 2) regarding flexion of temp, both the copula as main verb of the SCC can be flexed, whereas at the SCN, the main verb can vary in present, past and future, but the copula should appear, necessarily, in third persona of present of indicative, what confirms our hypothesis that there is an fixed expression at the copulate sentences with ? ruim que ESP. Other two evidences are pointed as characteristics that distinguish the sentence with ? ruim que PRED of sentence with ? ruim que ESP: 1) in semantics, the constituent ruim equals not good, that has appreciation, when the reading will PRED; already the pair ? ruim equals not, at the ESP; 2) in prosody, there discrete sound elevation the ruim on the other constituents of SCC, PRED, while there is accentuated acoustic elevation on the ruim of SCN, ESP. Our search it is grounded in authors as Zanfeliz (2000), Modesto (2001), Mioto (2003), Kato & Ribeiro (2006), Lobo (2006), Quarezemin (2006, 2009, 2011, 2012) e Resenes (2009), researchers that devoted their attention on studies the formation and organization of the constituents of cleaved sentences and focalization of constituent, basing itself in approach generative of linguistic
Embasados em trabalhos sobre a estrutura das senten?as copulares no Portugu?s Brasileiro (PB), conforme a teoria da gram?tica, analisamos nesta disserta??o as senten?as copulares complexas encabe?adas pela estrutura ? ruim que no PB, trazendo a hip?tese de que elas podem ter uma leitura predicacional (PRED) e outra especificacional (ESP). Revelamos que, apesar de serem superficialmente id?nticas, o que contribui para que as distintas leituras sejam desencadeadas ? a configura??o estrutural da senten?a e a forma como aparecem os seus constituintes: naquelas de interpreta??o PRED, que as definimos como Senten?a Copular Comum (ou SCC), checamos que o constituinte ruim, e somente ele, ? o predicador de uma Small Clause, e surge na estrutura no lugar mesmo em que ? pronunciado, n?o passando por processo de movimento, de onde insere ampla predica??o sobre todo o sujeito, que ? o CP encaixado; naquelas ? ruim que de entendimento ESP, que chamamos de Senten?a Copular de Nega??o (ou SCN), tendo em vista a express?o fixa negar ou corrigir o que ? afirmado na encaixada, verificamos que o ruim faz parte dessa express?o fixa, e j? cristalizada, a qual aparece na estrutura por meio de movimento, nascendo como adjunto de IP e sendo al?ado at? o especificador de FocP (ou SpecFocP), onde adquire fun??o discursiva de foco. Al?m da forma como o ruim ou a express?o fixa surge nessas senten?as, a rela??o entre a c?pula e o verbo principal tamb?m contribui para distinguir as senten?as: 1) quanto ? flex?o de modo, quando ? uma SCC, a c?pula deve estar no modo indicativo, e o verbo principal, no subjuntivo; quando ? uma SCN, c?pula e verbo principal devem estar sempre no modo indicativo; 2) quanto ? flex?o de tempo, tanto a c?pula quanto o verbo principal das SCC podem ser flexionados, enquanto nas SCN, o verbo principal pode variar entre presente, passado e futuro, mas a c?pula deve aparecer, necessariamente, na terceira pessoa do presente do indicativo, o que vem confirmar nossa hip?tese de que h? uma express?o fixa nas estruturas copulares com ? ruim que ESP. Outras duas evid?ncias s?o apontadas como caracter?sticas que distinguem a senten?a com ? ruim que PRED da senten?a com ? ruim que ESP: 1) na sem?ntica, o constituinte ruim equivale a n?o ? bom, que tem valor apreciativo, quando a leitura for PRED; o par ? ruim equivale a n?o, nas ESP; 2) na pros?dia, h? uma discreta eleva??o sonora do ruim sobre os demais constituintes das SCC, PRED, enquanto h? uma acentuada eleva??o ac?stica sobre o ruim das SCN, ESP. Nossa pesquisa est? fundamentada em autores como Zanfeliz (2000), Modesto (2001), Mioto (2003), Kato & Ribeiro (2006), Lobo (2006), Quarezemin (2006, 2009, 2011, 2012) e Resenes (2009), pesquisadores que dedicaram aten??o ? forma??o e constru??o das constru??es clivadas e focaliza??o, baseando-se na perspectiva da corrente gerativa da lingu?stica
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Panchal, Jitesh H. "A framework for simulation-based integrated design of multiscale products and design processes". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11232005-112626/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Eastman, Chuck, Committee Member ; Paredis, Chris, Committee Co-Chair ; Allen, Janet, Committee Member ; Rosen, David, Committee Member ; Tsui, Kwok, Committee Member ; McDowell, David, Committee Member ; Mistree, Farrokh, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wretljung, Alonso Camilla. "Suecia, o la torre de Babel : Análisis de las imágenes de Suecia en la novela El camino a Ítaca de Carlos Liscano". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-40206.
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The focus of this study is to investigate what images of Sweden are transmitted in the novel The road to Ithaca (1994), by the Uruguayan author Carlos Liscano. The study focuses on the first half part of the novel for this taking place in Stockholm, Sweden, in the early nineties. The aim is to investigate by what literary strategies and literary subgenres the images of Sweden are transmitted. The theoretical framework applied derives from studies of the literary genre of the picaresque novel and its bufonesco mood, such as the literary strategies irony and laconism. For the analysis Mieke Bal´s concept of focalization and semantic axes are used. The study shows that in Sweden there are parallel worlds to the official world of the welfare state; in the shadow side of society there are the metecos, unwanted residents: the undocumented and the mentally ill. Through a picaresque and ironic style, the author shows that Sweden is a neat, clean, but culturally hermetic society; almost perfect on the surface, but with a lot of hidden “trash” beneath. The welfare state of Sweden seams benevolent in its integrative intention, but is, at the same time, blind, or even worse, disinterested in the new reality of the country; that of the welfare state in dissolution and Sweden as a Tower of Babel.
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Adrian, Anderson. "Tystnad - talande tystnad : Luckor och möjlighetsutrymmen i Alice Munros novell "Hateship, friendship, courtship, loveship, marriage"". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-59953.
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Benmoftah, Najah. "Des ligateurs de cause : étude contrastive entre le français parlé à Paris et l’arabe parlé à Tripoli (Libye). Proprietés syntaxiques et fonctionnements pragmatico-discursifs". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA051/document.
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Cette thèse en linguistique contrastive décrit et met en opposition les propriétés syntaxiques ainsi que les fonctionnements pragmatico-discursifs de parce que en français parlé dans le septième arrondissement de Paris et de certains de ses équivalents en arabe parlé à Tripoli (Libye) : liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu et biḥkum.Pour ce qui concerne l’arabe parlé à Tripoli, ces ligateurs peuvent appartenir à deux classes grammaticales différentes : ils peuvent être des ligateurs conjonctionnels et/ou des ligateurs prépositionnels. Cela dépend de leur degré de grammaticalisation. Alors que liʔanna et māhu sont des ligateurs conjonctionnels qui introduisent des propositions subordonnées organisées autour de prédicats verbaux ou non-verbaux, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ et biḥkum peuvent s’employer comme ligateurs prépositionnels et introduire des compléments circonstanciels, ou grammaticalisés comme ligateurs conjonctionnels et introduire des propositions causales.De plus, ces ligateurs peuvent occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale, ou une position non-canonique pour laquelle il existe deux cas de figure : soit l’énoncé commence par la causale qui est introduite par un ligateur de cause et la causale est suivie par la proposition principale, soit l’énoncé commence par la proposition principale qui est suivie par la causale qui n’est pas introduite par un ligateur de cause ; ce dernier se trouve en fin de causale et clôture l’énoncé. D’un point de vue pragmatique, la modification de l’ordre des constituants, lorsque les ligateurs et les causales ne sont pas en position canonique, permet de focaliser la causale.Contrairement à l’arabe de Tripoli, l’examen du Corpus du Français Parlé Parisien des années 2000 (CFPP2000) montre que parce que est un ligateur conjonctionnel et introduit des propositions causales qui s’organisent autour de prédicats verbaux, très rarement averbaux.De plus, parce que peut occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale et non canonique lorsque parce que suit le présentatif c’est et introduit une causale. Mais il ne peut pas être postposé. Il n’accepte pas non plus de suffixe.En outre, parce que peut être repris mais sous la forme réduite « que », lorsqu’il introduit plusieurs propositions causales. On remarque alors une série de « que ».Parce que ne peut pas non plus relier deux énoncés coordonnés par la préposition et. D’un point de vue pragmatique lorsque l'énoncé commence par c'est parce que, cette structure permet de focaliser la causaleThis contrastive linguistic thesis describes and contrasts the syntactic properties and the pragmatic-discursive function of parce que in spoken French in the seventh district of Paris and some of its Arab equivalents in spoken Arabic of Tripoli (Libya): liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu and biḥkum.Regarding the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, these ligators may belong to two different grammatical classes: they may be conjunctional ligators and / or prepositional ligators. It depends on their degree of grammaticalization. While liʔanna and māhu are conjunctional ligators that introduce causal clauses organized around verbal or non-verbal predicates, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ and biḥkum can be used as prepositional ligators and introduce circumstantial complements or be grammaticalized as conjunctional ligators and introduce causal clause.In addition, these ligators can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause or a non-canonical position for which there are two cases : either the utterance begins with the causal which is introduced by the ligator of cause and is followed by the main clause, or the utterance begins with the main clause which is followed by the causal not introduced by a ligator of cause; the latter is found at the end of the causal and closing the utterance. From a pragmatic point of view, changing the order of the constituents when ligators and causal clauses are not in canonical position allows the focalization of the causal clause.Unlike the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, the examination of the “Corpus Français Parlé Parsien des années 2000 (CFPP2000)” shows that parce que is conjunctional ligator. It introduces a causal clause organized around verbal predicate, rarely non-verbal.Parce que can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause and a non-canonical position when parce que follows c’est and introduces a causal clause. However, it cannot be postponed and it does not accept either suffix.When parce que introduces several causal clauses, it may be found but in reduced form que, giving a series of que.In addition, parce que cannot connect two utterances coordinated by the preposition et. From a pragmatic point of view, when the utterance begins with c’est parce que this structure allows to focalisation of the causal clause
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Sigvardson, Malin E. "The Constitution of Movement in Rudy Wiebe's Fiction : A Phenomenological Study of Three Mennonite Novels". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of English, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1299.
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Kubitsky, Torninger Isabella. "Helga registrerar, Doktor Glas spekulerar : Intertextualitet i Bjarne Moelvs Helgas offer – dagboksroman om ett brott och Hjalmar Söderbergs Doktor Glas". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-176467.
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Uppsatsen syftar till att studera intertextualiteten i Bjarne Moelvs Helgas offer – dagboksroman om ett brott och Hjalmar Söderbergs Doktor Glas. Tyngden i analysen ligger på Moelvs roman, under det att Doktor Glas tjänar som belysande jämförelsematerial. Analysen består av tre delar där den textuella strukturen, perspektivet och berättarstrukturen undersöks. Resultaten visar att romanerna uppvisar flera stilistiska likheter men även tydliga skillnader när det gäller jagberättarens framställning. Moelv distanserar sig från det kvinnliga berättarjaget genom att begränsa henne till en iakttagare. Detta ger uttryck för en framställning som konstrueras ur ett genussystem där manliga normer slår igenom i representationer av kvinnor.