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Afsar, Bekir, Kyle Eyvindson, Tuomas Rossi, Martijn Versluijs, and Otso Ovaskainen. "Prototype Biodiversity Digital Twin: Forest Biodiversity Dynamics." Research Ideas and Outcomes 10 (June 17, 2024): e125086. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e125086.
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Forests are crucial in supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Understanding forest biodiversity dynamics under different management strategies and climate change scenarios is essential for effective conservation and management. This paper introduces the Forest Biodiversity Dynamics Prototype Digital Twin (pDT), integrating forest and biodiversity models to predict the effects of management options on forest ecosystems. The primary objective is to identify optimal management strategies that promote biodiversity, focusing on conservation and adaptation to different climate conditions. We start with the case of Finnish forests and bird species and plan to expand to include more European countries and a variety of species as the pDT is further developed.
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Bütler, Rita, and Thibault Lachat. "Wälder ohne Bewirtschaftung: eine Chance für die saproxylische Biodiversität | Forests without harvesting: an opportunity for the saproxylic biodiversity." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0324.
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Veteran trees and deadwood are key elements to maintain forest biodiversity. Setting aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches is a recent concept intended to favor deadwood dependent species. We compared forest areas where no harvesting occurred for at least 30 years with regularly managed forests, in order to assess the efficiency of such conservation measures. We collected data from 24 sites in Switzerland, where we inventoried dead trees and habitat structures such as cavities, cracks, bark pockets, etc. In unmanaged forests we found deadwood amounts of 98–143 m3 and 20 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare, one and half time more large trees (> 60 cm DBH) und twice as many habitat structures as in managed forests. The latter had in average 15–19 m3 of deadwood and 3 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare. Deadwood amounts in unmanaged forests were similar to the ones in natural forests of central Europe. However, we found 10–50 times less veteran trees (> 80 cm DBH) than in natural forests (1 vs. 0.2 trees per hectare in unmanaged vs. managed forests). For equal diameter classes, trees had more habitat structures in unmanaged than in managed forests. Forest managers plan to intensify wood harvesting in Swiss forests. Consequently, we recommend to urgently set aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches, to maintain and favor habitat trees in managed forests, and to introduce an efficient sustainable deadwood management in any forest.
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Recher, HA. "Conserving forest biodiversity: A comprehensive multiscaled approach." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03113_br.
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DAVID Lindenmayer and Jerry Franklin are the two most influential forest conservation biologists of the past decade and will probably remain so for the coming decade. Each has contributed significantly to forest research, management, biodiversity conservation and policy. Lindenmayer is an Australian based at the Australian National University in Canberra who has worked mainly in the temperate eucalypt forests of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. Most of his research is wildlife oriented, with an emphasis on arboreal marsupials and the impacts of forest management on forest vertebrates. Franklin is an American at the University of Washington, Seattle in the Pacific Northwest. His research is more botanically oriented, with an emphasis on the impacts of forest management on forest structures (e.g., large trees and logs) and processes. Of the two, Franklin has had the greatest involvement in the political, economic and social processes driving the modern change in forestry practices and attitudes. Together they form a formidable team to present a summary and an analysis of how temperate forests globally can and should be managed. Their goal is not just to enhance biodiversity and other ecological values, but to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest ecosystems. Only when forests are managed sustainably to protect biodiversity can forest managers guarantee the many social and economic benefits derived from the world’s forests, including wood production.
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Gullison, R. E. "Does forest certification conserve biodiversity?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000346.
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Forest certification provides a means by which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry standards can identify their products in the marketplace, allowing them to potentially receive greater market access and higher prices for their products. An examination of the ways in which certification may contribute to biodiversity conservation leads to the following conclusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification generates improvements to management with respect to the value of managed forests for biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not sufficient to attract the majority of producers to seek certification, particularly in tropical countries where the costs of improving management to meet FSC guidelines are significantly greater than any market benefits they may receive; available incentives are even less capable of convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and produce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At present, current volumes of certified forest products are insufficient to reduce demand to log high conservation value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, particularly in tropical countries, significant investments will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce the costs of certification. Conservation investors will need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that will be generated from such investments, versus the benefits generated from investing in more traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation.
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Schulze, E. D., L. Bouriaud, H. Bussler, M. Gossner, H. Walentowski, D. Hessenmöller, O. Bouriaud, and K. v. Gadow. "Opinion Paper: Forest management and biodiversity." Web Ecology 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-14-3-2014.
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Abstract. In this opinion paper we investigate the effects of forest management on animal and plant biodiversity by comparing protected areas with intensively and extensively managed forests in Germany and in Romania. We want to know the extent to which differences in diversity of Romanian compared to German forests are based on management. The number of tree species was not different in protected and managed forests ranging between 1.8 and 2.6 species per plot in Germany and 1.3 and 4.0 in Romania. Also herbaceous species were independent of management, ranging between 13 species per plot in protected forests of Romania and 38 species per plot in German coniferous forest. Coarse woody debris was generally low, also in protected forests (14 to 39 m3 ha−1). The main difference between Romania and Germany was the volume of standing dead trees (9 to 28 m3 ha−1 for Romania), which resulted in larger numbers of forest relict saproxylic beetles independent of management. Large predators (wolves, bears and lynxes) are only found in regions with low human intervention. Thus, we identified a "cut and leave" type of management in Romania, in which clear-felling of forest are followed by long periods of no human intervention. Forests managed in the "cut and leave" mode contained the highest diversity, due to a natural succession of plant species and due to habitat continuity for animals. In Germany intensive management eliminates poorly formed tree individual and species of low market value during stand development. Forest protection does not ensure the maintenance of more light demanding key species of earlier stages of succession unless competition by shade-tolerant competitors is reduced through disturbances. We compare the economics of intensive and extensive management. The "cut and leave" mode delivers less wood to the wood market, but saves expenses of tending, thinning and administration. Thus the net income could be quite similar to intensive management at a higher level of biodiversity. Our analysis suggests that forest protection per se does not yet ensure the maintenance of species. Clear-felling followed by natural succession may even be superior to the protection of old growth forests, regarding biodiversity. Further research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Hopkins, Brian, T. J. B. Boyle, and B. Boontawee. "Forest Biodiversity Measurement." Biodiversity Letters 3, no. 3 (May 1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999727.
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Safe'i, Rahmat, Christine Wulandari, and Hari Kaskoyo. "Assessment of Forest Health in Various Forest Types in Lampung Province." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1795-109.
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In Lampung Province, awareness of the importance of forest health in achieving sustainable forest management in various types of forests is still low so that forest health problems have not received serious attention so far. This study aims to obtain indicators of forest health assessment and the status of forest health conditions in various types of forests in Lampung Province. This research was carried out in mangrove and community forests in East Lampung District, and protected and conservation forests in Tanggamus District in 2018. The stages of this study consisted of formulating guarantees of forest health indicators, making measuring plots, measuring forest health, processing data, and forest health assessment. The results showed that indicators for assessing the health of forests in mangrove forests are vitality and biodiversity, in community forests are productivity, vitality and site quality, in protected forests are biodiversity, vitality and productivity, and in conservation forests are biodiversity and productivity. The status of health conditions in each cluster of plots in mangrove forest is bad and good, in community forests is good and medium, in protected forests is bad and good, and in conservation forests are bad and good.Keywords: indicator, forest health status, forest types, Lampung Province
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Bollmann, Kurt, Ariel Bergamini, Beatrice Senn-Irlet, Michael Nobis, Peter Duelli, and Christoph Scheidegger. "Konzepte, Instrumente und Herausforderungen bei der Förderung der Biodiversität im Wald | Concepts, instruments and challenges for the conservation of biodiversity in the forest." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0053.
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According to the forest law, the conservation of biological diversity is an integral part of the multifunctional forestry in Switzerland. To date, biodiversity conservation has mainly been addressed by sustainable and partly nature-close forest practices and the conservation of rare biotopes and single threatened species. Some studies show that this generally integrative approach cannot guarantee the persistence of the 32 000 known species, their genes and habitats in Switzerland. The deficits of highest concern are the low percentage of forest reserves, old-growth stands and deadwood, the dominance of uniform and dense stands and the high proportion of unstructured, linear forest edges. The total area of primary forests and nature forest reserves as well as special forest reserves that are managed in favour of a conservation target is below five percent. Besides, old-growth stands are missing more or less in forests dedicated for timber production. Here, we describe the major concepts and instruments (segregation, integration) for biodiversity conservation in forests. In a further step, we discuss the main challenges for this task by considering the accelerated demand for wood as renewable resource, the ongoing climate change and the increasing number of invasive species. We conclude that a strategy that links both, integrative and segregative instruments and measures and combines them with species conservation projects will be the best option to address ongoing problems of biodiversity conservation in forests. In addition, there is a need to scientifically identify the gaps in the network of forest reserves so as to complement the spectrum of protected forest habitats and their various organismic groups.
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Ette, Jana-Sophie, Markus Sallmannshofer, and Thomas Geburek. "Assessing Forest Biodiversity: A Novel Index to Consider Ecosystem, Species, and Genetic Diversity." Forests 14, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040709.
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Rates of biodiversity loss remain high, threatening the life support system upon which all human life depends. In a case study, a novel biodiversity composite index (BCI) in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity is established in Tyrol, Austria, based on available national forest inventory and forest typing data. Indicators are referenced by ecological modeling, protected areas, and unmanaged forests using a machine learning approach. Our case study displays an average biodiversity rating of 57% out of 100% for Tyrolean forests. The respective rating for ecosystem diversity is 49%; for genetic diversity, 53%; and for species diversity, 71%. Coniferous forest types are in a more favorable state of preservation than deciduous and mixed forests. The BCI approach is transferable to Central European areas with forest typing. Our objective is to support the conservation of biodiversity and provide guidance to regional forest policy. BCI is useful to set restoration priorities, reach conservation targets, raise effectiveness of financial resources spent on biodiversity conservation, and enhance Sustainable Forest Management.
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Stephens, S. Sky, and Michael R. Wagner. "Forest Plantations and Biodiversity: A Fresh Perspective." Journal of Forestry 105, no. 6 (September 1, 2007): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/105.6.307.
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Abstract We examined the worldwide literature on biodiversity in forest plantations for the indicator organism assessed, species composition (native versus exotic), tree species diversity, and appropriateness of the comparisons made. Fifty percent of the studies used invertebrates, 36% birds, 6% mammals, and 6% vascular plants as bioindicators. We found that 76% of the existing literature compares exotic plantation forests to native/natural forests, 9% of studies compare native plantations to native/natural forests, and 3% examine plantations to plantations. Lower biodiversity in plantation forest compared to other forests was reported by 94% of the reviewed studies. However, some studies indicate higher biodiversity in plantation forests compared to other land uses such as agriculture. We argue that much of the literature reporting lower biodiversity in plantation forests is based on inappropriate comparisons. We suggest more appropriate approaches to assessing the effects of plantation forests on biodiversity.
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Habel, Jan Christian, Elisabeth Koc, Roland Gerstmeier, Axel Gruppe, Sebastian Seibold, and Werner Ulrich. "Insect diversity across an afro-tropical forest biodiversity hotspot." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00293-z.
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Abstract Tropical forests host a remarkable proportion of global arthropod diversity. Yet, arthropod communities living in tropical forests are still poorly studied, particularly for dry forests of Eastern Africa. The aim of this study was to analyse community structures, species richness and relative abundances of insects across a heterogeneous forest consisting of various forest types. We collected insects in the lower canopies with light traps across the Arabuko Sokoke forest, part of the East African coastal forest biodiversity hotspot in southeast Kenya. Sampling was conducted across three forest types and along the forest edge. In total we collected > 250,000 individuals. We grouped these individuals into orders, and beetles into (sub)families. Representatives of the taxonomically well-known beetle families Cerambycidae, Tenebrionidae and Scolytinae were further determined to species level. We subsequently classified these groups into guilds according to their ecological requirements and life-histories. Relative abundances of arthropods strongly differed among taxonomic groups and forest types. Evenness was highest in the heterogeneous natural Brachystegia forest type. The mixed forest type and the forest edges showed intermediate degrees of evenness, while the structurally homogenous Cynometra forest showed comparatively low degrees of evenness. Implications for insect conservation We found that taxonomic and guild compositions strongly differed among the forest types. Our findings reveal that structural heterogeneity of a forest is the major driver of insect diversity, community composition, and relative abundance. Our study underlines that the preservation of all three forest types is crucial to maintain the complete diversity of arthropods across all taxonomic groups.
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Lukac, Martin. "Soil biodiversity and environmental change in European forests." Central European Forestry Journal 63, no. 2-3 (June 27, 2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0010.
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AbstractBiodiversity not only responds to environmental change, but has been shown to be one of the key drivers of ecosystem function and service delivery. Forest soil biodiversity is also governed by these principles, the structure of soil biological communities is clearly determined by spatial, temporal and hierarchical factors. Global environmental change, together with land-use change and forest ecosystem management, impacts the aboveground structure and composition of European forests. Due to the close link between the above- and belowground parts of forest ecosystems, we know that soil biodiversity is also impacted. However, very little is known about the nature of these impacts; effects they have on the overall level of biodiversity, the functions it fulfills, and on the future stability of forests and forest soils. Even though much remains to be learned about the relationships between soil biodiversity and forest ecosystem functionality, it is clear that better effort needs to be made to preserve existing soil biodiversity and forest conservation strategies taking soils into account must be considered.
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Zhang, Tian-Ye, Dong-Rui Di, Xing-Liang Liao, and Wei-Yu Shi. "Response of Forest Plant Diversity to Drought: A Review." Water 15, no. 19 (October 5, 2023): 3486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193486.
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Forests, being the primary repository of terrestrial biodiversity, possess a significant capacity to regulate the phenomenon of climate change. It is additionally crucial to consider how natural disasters affect the state and development of forest biodiversity. The alteration of climate patterns over recent decades has had a discernible impact on forest ecosystems, specifically the damage caused by drought to ecosystems, has become increasingly evident. Nevertheless, there is limited research to elucidate the relationship between forest biodiversity and drought, as well as to explore the mechanisms of biodiversity response to drought. This review synthesizes the existing literature on the effects of climate change on forests across various scales and examines the adaptive responses of forest communities to drought-induced stress. Forest biodiversity can be influenced by various factors, including the severity of drought, initial climatic conditions, and the composition of species in drylands. During periods of drought, the biodiversity of forests is influenced by a range of intricate physiological and ecological factors, encompassing the capacity of plants to withstand drought conditions and their subsequent ability to recuperate following such periods. Moreover, the choice of different drought indices and biodiversity estimation methods has implications for subsequent response studies.
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Fredericksen, Todd S. "Biodiversity Conservation in Managed Forests." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081054.
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Tung, Do Quang, Felipe Bravo, Rosario Sierra-de-Grado, and Hoang Van Sam. "Global biodiversity-related conventions on facilitating biodiversity conservation in Vietnam." Forest and Society 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2022): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.14473.
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Global biodiversity-related conventions have positively influenced nature conservation in Vietnam. Adherence to international policies and strategies is one of the critical motivations for reducing biodiversity loss. As highlighted in Aichi Target 11, protected areas are central for this effort and Vietnam is not an exception. In this study we reflect on and suggest how this Target can be most effectively pursued in Vietnam. Of which, besides remaining the status of special-use forests, uplifting protection forests, especially focusing on forest areas which are in rich biodiversity condition, to special-use forests category should be a priority.
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Tawade, Shailesh, Rinku R. Choudhary, and Vaishnavi Santosh Chavan. "EFFECTS OF FOREST FIRE ON FOREST ECOSYSTEM, BIODIVERSITY AND LOSS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14926.
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Forests fires though considered a natural disaster by many it is a result of combined natural and anthropogenic causes. Loss of habitat due to forest fire is the greatest threat to biodiversity. Frequent forest fires in the forests around the globe have been blamed for forest deterioration. It is true thatfrequent fires on large scales cause air pollution, affect quality of stream water, threaten biodiversity and spoil the aesthetics of an area, but fire plays an important role in forest ecosystem dynamics. In this paper effects of fire on various forest elements, biodiversity and its threat to flora and fauna of a forest area is analyzed and reviewed with the help of existing publications and research papers.
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Wohlgemuth, Thomas. "Die Natur und ihr Imitat (Essay) | The nature and its imitation (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0316.
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This essay questions the increasing call for broad conservation strategies to sustain and support biodiversity in the Swiss forest. Three arguments build the basis for this discussion: 1) Forests, together with the alpine mountain zones, represent the most extensive ecosystems in Switzerland. As a consequence of the continuous expansion of the forest area, biodiversity of forest organisms is not generally at risk. 2) Endangered species are less frequent in mountain forests than in lowland forests. 3) Populations of different species groups have been subjected to large, natural fluctuations over the last 3000 years. The biodiverse forest model, which is aspired today, resembles more an intensively or even overused forest of former times than a natural or even pristine forest. I conclude that future forest management should focus on the preservation of natural processes rather than biodiversity. Since Switzerland lacks large contiguous zones of natural forests, existing incentives should be more effectively used to achieve this goal.
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Haule, Leonard John, Emanuel Richard Kaking’o, and Kerstin Joseph. "Avian Taxonomic and Functional Diversity in Contrasting Habitats: A Comparative Study of Urban and Remote Forests in Arusha, Tanzania." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (September 26, 2023): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.6.1.1461.
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Urbanisation globally transforms landscapes, impacting biodiversity significantly. In Arusha, Tanzania, rapid urban expansion accentuates the interplay between urbanisation and avian biodiversity. This study investigates urbanisation's influence on avian communities in two contrasting forested habitats: the urban "Themi River Forest" and the remote "Lake Duluti Forest." We explore taxonomic and functional avian diversity, elucidating underlying mechanisms. Taxonomic diversity analysis reveals "Lake Duluti Forest" with slightly higher species richness and "Themi River Forest" with a more even species distribution, reflecting urbanisation's influence. This aligns with global trends indicating reduced urban species richness due to habitat fragmentation. The urban forest, however, demonstrates avian adaptability to urbanised landscapes. Functional diversity analysis uncovers "Lake Duluti Forest" with greater functional richness, indicating a wider array of ecological roles. In contrast, "Themi River Forest" maintains comparable functional evenness, suggesting ecological balance despite urbanisation. Both forests exhibit distinct ecological niches, highlighting avian community flexibility. These findings hold significance for avian conservation and urban planning in Arusha and similar urbanising regions. Higher taxonomic diversity in remote forests underscores conservation importance. The urban forest showcases avian adaptability, emphasising green spaces in urban planning. Long-term conservation should protect both urban and remote forests, integrating strategies for avian habitat preservation and connectivity. This study advances understanding of urbanisation, forest type, and avian biodiversity's intricate relationship, offering insights for effective conservation in evolving urban landscapes
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Hedges, S. Blair, Warren B. Cohen, Joel Timyan, and Zhiqiang Yang. "Haiti’s biodiversity threatened by nearly complete loss of primary forest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 46 (October 29, 2018): 11850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809753115.
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Tropical forests hold most of Earth’s biodiversity. Their continued loss through deforestation and agriculture is the main threat to species globally, more than disease, invasive species, and climate change. However, not all tropical forests have the same ability to sustain biodiversity. Those that have been disturbed by humans, including forests previously cleared and regrown (secondary growth), have lower levels of species richness compared with undisturbed (primary) forests. The difference is even greater considering extinctions that will later emanate from the disturbance (extinction debt). Here, we find that Haiti has less than 1% of its original primary forest and is therefore among the most deforested countries. Primary forest has declined over three decades inside national parks, and 42 of the 50 highest and largest mountains have lost all primary forest. Our surveys of vertebrate diversity (especially amphibians and reptiles) on mountaintops indicates that endemic species have been lost along with the loss of forest. At the current rate, Haiti will lose essentially all of its primary forest during the next two decades and is already undergoing a mass extinction of its biodiversity because of deforestation. These findings point to the need, in general, for better reporting of forest cover data of relevance to biodiversity, instead of “total forest” as defined by the United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organization. Expanded detection and monitoring of primary forest globally will improve the efficiency of conservation measures, inside and outside of protected areas.
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Suarez, Raul, and Percy Sajise. "Deforestation, Swidden Agriculture and Philippine Biodiversity." SciEnggJ 3, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54645/yzaz96884.
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It is thought that about 90% of Philippine land area was once forested. This has now been reduced to <20% and, if the current rate of deforestation is maintained, it is projected that no forest cover shall remain within the next decade. Forest destruction has occurred in two steps, beginning with logging, followed by various forms of swidden cultivation. We examined the literature in search of data with which to test the hypothesis that swidden cultivation is “not bad” for biodiversity in the Philippines. The great biodiversity and endemism of forest flora and fauna are such that, in most cases, number and kinds of species in the swidden do not adequately substitute for what is lost in the course of forest destruction. However, studies comparing forest and swidden biodiversity have been inadequate and have failed to consider ecosystem function and services. Because many indigenous and endemic species evolved as forest specialists, the continued deforestation of the Philippines shall likely lead to their extinction. The valuation of ecosystem services provided by Philippine forests may yet reveal that the benefits derived from their conservation would greatly exceed those currently derived from their destruction.
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Hilmers, Torben, Nicolas Friess, Claus Bässler, Marco Heurich, Roland Brandl, Hans Pretzsch, Rupert Seidl, Jörg Müller, and Nathalie Butt. "Biodiversity along temperate forest succession." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 2756–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13450857.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract The successional dynamics of forests—from canopy openings to regeneration, maturation, and decay—influence the amount and heterogeneity of resources available for forest‐dwelling organisms. Conservation has largely focused only on selected stages of forest succession (e.g., late‐seral stages). However, to develop comprehensive conservation strategies and to understand the impact of forest management on biodiversity, a quantitative understanding of how different trophic groups vary over the course of succession is needed. We classified mixed mountain forests in Central Europe into nine successional stages using airborne Li DAR . We analysed α‐ and β‐diversity of six trophic groups encompassing approximately 3,000 species from three kingdoms. We quantified the effect of successional stage on the number of species with and without controlling for species abundances and tested whether the data fit the more‐individuals hypothesis or the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Furthermore, we analysed the similarity of assemblages along successional development. The abundance of producers, first‐order consumers, and saprotrophic species showed a U‐shaped response to forest succession. The number of species of producer and consumer groups generally followed this U‐shaped pattern. In contrast to our expectation, the number of saprotrophic species did not change along succession. When we controlled for the effect of abundance, the number of producer and saproxylic beetle species increased linearly with forest succession, whereas the U‐shaped response of the number of consumer species persisted. The analysis of assemblages indicated a large contribution of succession‐mediated β‐diversity to regional γ‐diversity. Synthesis and applications . Depending on the species group, our data supported both the more‐individuals hypothesis and the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Our results highlight the strong influence of forest succession on biodiversity and underline the importance of controlling for successional dynamics when assessing biodiversity change in response to external drivers such as climate change. The successional stages with highest diversity (early and late successional stages) are currently strongly underrepresented in the forests of Central Europe. We thus recommend that conservation strategies aim at a more balanced representation of all successional stages. , Foreign Language Abstract Die Sukzessionsdynamik der Wälder ‐ von der Kronenöffnung bis zur Verjüngung, Reifung und Verfall ‐ beeinflusst die Menge und Heterogenität der Ressourcen, die für Waldorganismen zur Verfügung stehen. Der Naturschutz konzentrierte sich bislang im Wesentlichen auf ausgewählte Sukzessionsstadien (z. B. späte Sukzessionsstadien). Um jedoch umfassende Erhaltungsstrategien zu entwickeln und die Auswirkungen des Waldmanagements auf die Biodiversität zu verstehen, ist ein quantitatives Verständnis darüber erforderlich, wie die Artenzahlen unterschiedlicher trophischer Gruppen im Laufe der Sukzession variieren. In dieser Studie wurden Bergmischwälder in Mitteleuropa anhand von luftgestütztem LiDAR in neun Sukzessionsstadien klassifiziert und die α‐ und β‐Diversität von sechs trophischen Gruppen, die etwa 3.000 Arten aus drei Königreichen umfassen, analysiert. Wir haben den Effekt des Sukzessionsstadiums auf die Artenzahlen, die Arthäufigkeiten sowie die Artenzahlen unter Berücksichtigung der Arthäufigkeiten quantifiziert und haben getestet, ob die Daten der Mehr‐Individuen‐Hypothese oder der Habitat‐Heterogenitäts‐Hypothese entsprechen. Darüber hinaus analysierten wir die Ähnlichkeit der Artengemeinschaften entlang der Sukzessionsstadien. Die Arthäufigkeiten von Produzenten, Konsumenten erster Ordnung und saprotrophen Arten zeigte eine U‐förmige Entwicklung entlang der Sukzession. Die Artenzahlen der Produzenten‐ und Konsumentengruppen folgten im Allgemeinen diesem U‐förmigen Muster. Entgegen unserer Erwartung zeigten die Artenzahlen der saprotrophen Arten keine Veränderung entlang der Sukzession. Wurde der Effekt der Arthäufigkeiten auf die Artenzahlen berücksichtigt, stiegen die Artenzahlen der Produzenten und xylobionten Käferarten linear mit der Sukzession, während die U‐förmige Reaktion der Artenzahlen der Konsumentenarten unverändert blieb. Die Analyse der Artengemeinschaften zeigte einen großen Beitrag der β‐Diversität zwischen Flächen unterschiedlicher Sukzessionsstadien zur regionalen γ‐Diversität. Synthese und Anwendungen . Abhängig von der Artengruppe unterstützen unsere Daten sowohl die Mehr‐Individuen‐Hypothese als auch die Habitat‐Heterogenitäts‐Hypothese. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen den starken Einfluss der Sukzessionsdynamik von Wäldern auf die biologische Vielfalt. Dementsprechend sollten bei der Bewertung der Veränderung der Artenvielfalt als Reaktion auf externe Faktoren wie den Klimawandel potentielle sukzessionsdynamische Prozesse mit einbezogen werden. Die Sukzessionsstadien mit höchster Diversität (frühe und späte Sukzessionsstadien) sind derzeit in den Wäldern Mitteleuropas stark unterrepräsentiert. Wir empfehlen daher, dass Erhaltungsstrategien auf eine ausgewogenere Verteilung aller Sukzessionsstadien abzielen. , Depending on the species group, our data supported both the more‐individuals hypothesis and the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Our results highlight the strong influence of forest succession on biodiversity and underline the importance of controlling for successional dynamics when assessing biodiversity change in response to external drivers such as climate change. The successional stages with highest diversity (early and late successional stages) are currently strongly underrepresented in the forests of Central Europe. We thus recommend that conservation strategies aim at a more balanced representation of all successional stages.
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Mörtberg, Ulla, Xi-Lillian Pang, Rimgaudas Treinys, Renats Trubins, and Gintautas Mozgeris. "Sustainability Assessment of Intensified Forestry—Forest Bioenergy versus Forest Biodiversity Targeting Forest Birds." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052789.
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Intensified forestry can be seen as a solution to climate change mitigation and securing energy supply, increasing the production of forest bioenergy feedstock as a substitution for fossil fuels. However, it may come with detrimental impacts on forest biodiversity, especially related to older forests. The aim of this study was to assess the sustainability of intensified forestry from climate-energy and biodiversity perspectives, targeting forest bird species. For this purpose, we applied the Landscape simulation and Ecological Assessment (LEcA) tool to the study area of Lithuania, having high ambitions for renewables and high forest biodiversity. With LEcA, we simulated forest growth and management for 100 years with two forest management strategies: Business As Usual (BAU) and Intensive forestry (INT), the latter with the purpose to fulfil renewable energy goals. With both strategies, the biomass yields increased well above the yields of the reference year, while the biodiversity indicators related to forest bird habitat to different degrees show the opposite, with lower levels than for the reference year. Furthermore, Strategy INT resulted in small-to-no benefits in the long run concerning potential biomass harvesting, while substantially affecting the biodiversity indicators negatively. The model results have the potential to inform policy and forest management planning concerning several sustainability goals simultaneously.
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Xu, Wei, Ping Zhou, Miguel Ángel González-Rodríguez, Zhaowei Tan, Zehua Li, and Ping Yan. "Changes in Relationship between Forest Biomass Productivity and Biodiversity of Different Type Subtropical Forests in Southern China." Forests 15, no. 3 (February 21, 2024): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15030410.
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Forest productivity is influenced by various factors, including biodiversity, environmental factors, functional traits, and forest types. However, the relative importance of these factors in determining the productivity of subtropical forests in southern China remains controversial. In this study, we analyzed a dataset of 24 forest plots from four subtropical forest types in the Nanling Mountains with the main goal of identifying and quantifying the relative contribution of the main driving factors of forest productivity in these forests. Generalized linear regression and structural equation modeling were used to examine the relationship between forest biomass productivity (aboveground, belowground and total), biodiversity (taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity), and environmental variables (i.e., physiography and climate). The results indicated that both environmental factors and biodiversity played pivotal roles in explaining the biomass productivity of the Nanling subtropical forests. Environmental factors had the greatest influence on total productivity, while the impacts of different types of biodiversity on various productivity components (aboveground and belowground) varied notably. Taxonomic diversity showed the strongest positive effect on the aboveground and belowground biomass productivity. However, phylogenetic and functional diversity had negative effects on productivity. Furthermore, these relationships also exhibited variations when considering different altitude gradients, with low altitudes generally leading to negative biodiversity–productivity correlations. We contextualized our results regarding the three state-of-the-art theories about biodiversity–productivity relationships (selection probability, niche complementarity, and biomass ratio) and concluded that both selection probability and niche complementarity are the driving mechanisms of productivity in the subtropical forests of the Nanling Mountains. This study offers valuable insights into the functioning and biodiversity mechanisms of subtropical forest ecosystems in southern China.
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Clark, James S., and Jason S. McLachlan. "Stability of forest biodiversity." Nature 423, no. 6940 (June 2003): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01632.
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Khasa, P. D., and B. P. Dancik. "Sustaining Tropical Forest Biodiversity." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 1-2 (April 4, 1997): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v05n01_03.
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Rybar, Jergus, and Michal Bosela. "Trade-offs or complementarity between biomass production and biodiversity in European forests: a review." Central European Forestry Journal 69, no. 4 (October 1, 2023): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2023-0019.
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Abstract Forestry faces the challenge of balancing the increasing demand for timber, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity protection. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in the stability and adaptability of forest ecosystems, enabling them to withstand disturbances and recover from them. Preserving biodiversity is essential for long-term survival and well-being. Enhancing biodiversity in managed forests is important because they occupy a significant area of forests in Europe. Understanding the relationships between forest production and biodiversity from various perspectives is crucial for developing effective multi-taxa management concepts. Biodiversity loss due to management practices can result in habitat destruction, fragmentation, and species displacement. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem services linked to biomass production, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. This study reviews the relationships between biodiversity and production in Europen forests, emphasising the impacts of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and production, as well as the effects of production indicators on biodiversity. The effects of biodiversity on productivity are often studied in the same population, most often in the tree layer. However, a lack of knowledge on how biomass production affects the diversity of other ecosystem components limits our understanding of the multifacet relationships. Forest management significantly impacts biodiversity and production, and different management systems have varying effects on forest ecosystems. Diverse ecosystems exhibit niche complementarity, resulting in increased biomass production. Sustainable practices, including land-use planning, habitat protection, agroforestry, and non-invasive species use, can mitigate the adverse effects of biomass production on biodiversity.
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McAfee, Brenda J. "Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Canada's forests: Progress and challenges." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79761-4.
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This paper is a summary of an assessment of the forest community's progress toward meeting its commitment to the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy of maintaining the extent, diversity and health of a large portion of the world's temperate and boreal forests. The past decade's success with current sustainable forest management programs has been important in achieving Canada's custodial responsibilities. So, too, is our enviable position of a high degree of public ownership of forests, the wilderness nature of most northern forests and limited development that has largely retained forests in their natural state. As Canada develops a new National Forest Strategy, there is again the opportunity to examine emerging issues and develop new programs to meet the challenges over the next five years. Canada has made considerable progress in achieving a strong commitment to biodiversity conservation by establishing a variety of new mechanisms to monitor and deliver programs. The Canadian Biodiversity Strategy is a long-term commitment that requires sustained resources and co-operation from a variety of governmental, industry and community interests. Key words: forest biodiversity, sustainable forest management, ecosystem approach.
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Venier, L. A., I. D. Thompson, R. Fleming, J. Malcolm, I. Aubin, J. A. Trofymow, D. Langor, et al. "Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 4 (December 2014): 457–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0075.
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Much of Canada’s terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species.
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Louis, Valentin, Susan E. Page, Kevin J. Tansey, Laurence Jones, Konstantina Bika, and Heiko Balzter. "Tiger Habitat Quality Modelling in Malaysia with Sentinel-2 and InVEST." Remote Sensing 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2024): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16020284.
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Deforestation is a threat to habitat quality and biodiversity. In intact forests, even small levels of deforestation can have profound consequences for vertebrate biodiversity. The risk hotspots are Borneo, the Central Amazon, and the Congo Basin. Earth observation (EO) now provides regular, high-resolution satellite images from the Copernicus Sentinel missions and other platforms. To assess the impact of forest conversion and forest loss on biodiversity and habitat quality, forest loss in a tiger conservation landscape in Malaysia is analysed using Sentinel-2 imagery and the InVEST habitat quality model. Forest losses are identified from satellites using the random forest classification and validated with PlanetScope imagery at 3–5 m resolution for a test area. Two scenarios are simulated using InVEST, one with and one without the forest loss maps. The outputs of the InVEST model are maps of tiger habitat quality and habitat degradation in northeast Peninsular Malaysia. In addition to forest loss, OpenStreetMap road vectors and the GLC2000 land-cover map are used to model habitat sensitivity to threats from roads, railways, water bodies, and urban areas. The landscape biodiversity score simulation results fall sharply from ~0.8 to ~0.2 for tree-covered land cover when forest loss is included in the habitat quality model. InVEST makes a reasonable assumption that species richness is higher in pristine tropical forests than in agricultural landscapes. The landscape biodiversity score is used to compare habitat quality between administrative areas. The coupled EO/InVEST modelling framework presented here can support decision makers in reaching the targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Forest loss information is essential for the quantification of habitat quality and biodiversity in tropical forests. Next generation ecosystem service models should be co-developed alongside EO products to ensure interoperability.
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Suarez, Raul, and Percy Sajise. "Deforestation, Swidden Agriculture and Philippine Biodiversity." SciEnggJ 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2010): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13509558.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) It is thought that about 90% of Philippine land area was once forested. This has now been reduced to <20% and, if the current rate of deforestation is maintained, it is projected that no forest cover shall remain within the next decade. Forest destruction has occurred in two steps, beginning with logging, followed by various forms of swidden cultivation. We examined the literature in search of data with which to test the hypothesis that swidden cultivation is "not bad" for biodiversity in the Philippines. The great biodiversity and endemism of forest flora and fauna are such that, in most cases, number and kinds of species in the swidden do not adequately substitute for what is lost in the course of forest destruction. However, studies comparing forest and swidden biodiversity have been inadequate and have failed to consider ecosystem function and services. Because many indigenous and endemic species evolved as forest specialists, the continued deforestation of the Philippines shall likely lead to their extinction. The valuation of ecosystem services provided by Philippine forests may yet reveal that the benefits derived from their conservation would greatly exceed those currently derived from their destruction.
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Boyle, T. J. B. "Biodiversity of Canadian forests: Current status and future challenges." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68444-4.
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Biodiversity is a concept covering all levels of biological organization, including genes, species, and ecosystems. Few estimates of levels of biodiversity in Canadian forests have been made. It is likely that, in general, species and ecosystem diversity do not match those in forests of more southerly latitudes, but genetic diversity is probably comparable. Although conservation activities both within and outside the natural surroundings of a species are already extensive, further efforts are justified and the effectiveness of current efforts should be demonstrated.The impact of human disturbances on forest biodiversity must be assessed. Inappropriate forest harvesting operations can lead to habitat fragmentation and loss of ecosystem integrity. Revision of forest management systems may be required to conserve biodiversity, but comprehensive and integrated research programmes must be developed in different forest regions to provide the necessary scientific information which is currently lacking.
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Carnus, Jean-Michel, John Parrotta, Eckehard Brockerhoff, Michel Arbez, Hervé Jactel, Antoine Kremer, David Lamb, Kevin O’Hara, and Bradley Walters. "Planted Forests and Biodiversity." Journal of Forestry 104, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/104.2.65.
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Abstract Expansion of planted forests and intensification of their management has raised concerns among forest managers and the public over the implications of these trends for sustainable production and conservation of forest biological diversity. We review the current state of knowledge on the impacts of plantation forestry on genetic and species diversity at different spatial scales and discuss the economic and ecological implications of biodiversity management within plantation stands and landscapes. Managing plantations to produce goods such as timber while also enhancing ecological services such as biodiversity involves tradeoffs, which can be made only with a clear understanding of the ecological context of plantations in the broader landscape and agreement among stakeholders on the desired balance of goods and ecological services from plantations.
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Referowska-Chodak, Ewa, and Bożena Kornatowska. "Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121682.
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At all times, historical, political, economic, and social factors have affected the management of forests, with direct and indirect effects on the landscape. This study aimed to trace the impact of Poland’s forestry evolution over the last 75 years (1945–2020) on forest biodiversity at the landscape level. Five indicators were selected (forest area, forest fragmentation, protected forests, protective forests, harvesting intensity) to identify directions and dynamics of changes of the forest landscape and their determinants and repercussions. In addition, there were determined forest landscapes threats and recommendations for further action and intervention were formulated. The study period embraced two eras of widely divergent political-economic conditions in Poland (socialism and democracy). In the socialism era (1945–1989), there promptly increased total forest cover, wood resources (total growing stock) and the total area of protective forests (essential for safeguarding biodiversity, including the landscape level). In the era of democracy (1990–2020), average growing stock density increased intensely, and at the same time, a greater emphasis was put on reducing forest fragmentation and clear-cut logging. The results obtained showed equal average increase in the area of protected forests in both eras under the study (most intense at their crossing point). In view of the protection of biodiversity at the forest landscape level, the changes throughout the study period were considered positive, although not without problems and challenging consequences for foresters. The determined pressures to the forest landscapes, requiring legal, political, or financial solutions, include a risk of alteration of the ownership structure of Poland’s forests or possibility of operational changes in the State Forests National Forest Holding; outdated forest policies; organizational difficulties in the forest landscape protection; insufficient conservation funding; uneven distribution and further fragmentation of forests; and—last but not least—climate change impacts, including extreme weather events and droughts.
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Lewis, Simon L. "Tropical forests and the changing earth system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1465 (November 21, 2005): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1711.
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Tropical forests are global epicentres of biodiversity and important modulators of the rate of climate change. Recent research on deforestation rates and ecological changes within intact forests, both areas of recent research and debate, are reviewed, and the implications for biodiversity (species loss) and climate change (via the global carbon cycle) addressed. Recent impacts have most likely been: (i) a large source of carbon to the atmosphere, and major loss of species, from deforestation and (ii) a large carbon sink within remaining intact forest, accompanied by accelerating forest dynamism and widespread biodiversity changes. Finally, I look to the future, suggesting that the current carbon sink in intact forests is unlikely to continue, and that the tropical forest biome may even become a large net source of carbon, via one or more of four plausible routes: changing photosynthesis and respiration rates, biodiversity changes in intact forest, widespread forest collapse via drought, and widespread forest collapse via fire. Each of these scenarios risks potentially dangerous positive feedbacks with the climate system that could dramatically accelerate and intensify climate change. Given that continued land-use change alone is already thought to be causing the sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history, should such feedbacks occur, the resulting biodiversity and societal consequences would be even more severe.
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Carrasco‐Rueda, Farah, and Bette A. Loiselle. "Do riparian forest strips in modified forest landscapes aid in conserving bat diversity?" Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 4192–209. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13468303.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Agricultural practices lead to losses of natural resources and biodiversity. Maintaining forests alongside streams (riparian forest strips) has been used as a mechanism to minimize the impact of clearing for agriculture on biodiversity. To test the contribution of riparian forest strips to conserve biodiversity in production landscapes, we selected bats as a biodiversity model system and examined two dimensions of diversity: taxonomic and functional. We compared bat diversity and composition in forest, with and without stream habitat, and in narrow forest riparian strips surrounded by areas cleared for agriculture. We tested the hypothesis that riparian forest strips provide potential conservation value by providing habitat and serving as movement corridors for forest bat species. Riparian forest strips maintained 75% of the bat species registered in forested habitats. We found assemblage in sites with riparian forest strips were dominated by a few species with high abundance and included several species with low abundance. Bat species assemblage was more similar between sites with streams than between those sites to forests without stream habitat. These results highlight the importance of stream habitat in predicting presence of bat species. We registered similar number of guilds between forest sites and riparian forest strips sites. Relative to matrix habitats, stream and edge habitats in riparian forest strips sites were functionally more diverse, supporting our hypothesis about the potential conservation value of riparian forest strips. Results from this study suggest that maintaining riparian forest strips within cleared areas for agricultural areas helps conserve the taxonomic and functional diversity of bats. Also, it provides basic data to evaluate the efficacy of maintaining these landscape features for mitigating impacts of agricultural development on biodiversity. However, we caution that riparian forest strips alone are not sufficient for biodiversity maintenance; their value depends on maintenance of larger forest areas in their vicinity.
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Ptichnikov, A. V. "Market based forest conservation opportunities." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019697-106.
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Forests of Russia have global ecological significance. They include huge massive of boreal forests, almost a quarter of global area of intact forest landscapes. The global role of Russian forests in inhibition of aridization and land degradation is well known. Development of representative system of forest protection is one of the main tasks of Russian Federation in implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity obligations. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 and the Aichi Strategic Goals plan protection of no less than 17% of terrestrial ecosystems area to the 2020, especially the sites of high significance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The main forest protection mechanisms are protected natural areas (PNA), forests with protective functions, and protective sites (PS). PNA contains around 7% of forest covered area. Forests with protective functions make up around 16% of forest covered areas, but the management regimes of many types of such forests are not conforming to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Many of forests with protective functions are under lease for forest management. Since recently the significance of voluntary Forest Stewardship council (FSC) certification for biodiversity conservation is increasing. The standards of FSC certification require from forest companies to implement protection and appropriate use of high conservation value forests (HCVF). Totally there are 46 mln ha of FSC certified forests in Russia, from them around 56 mln ha of HCVF received additional protection from certification. One of the most important categories of HCVF are intact forest landscapes (IFLs). Around 1 mln ha of IFLs are protected as the result of forest certification, providing significant input into Convention on Biological Diversity. For 35 FSC certified companies the share of identified HCVFs with nature conservation regimes in their leased forests is comparable with the average share of PNAs (without certification) on the regional or district level. The main output of the research is that the role of voluntary forest certification for enhancing the system of forest protection in Russia is increasing, which receives worldwide recognition.
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Referowska-Chodak, Ewa, and Bożena Kornatowska. "Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests." Forests 14, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091739.
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This paper presents the results of an analysis of the effects of Poland’s forest management evolution over the last 75 years on forest biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Forest biodiversity changes in the two politically and economically different eras (socialism and democracy) are interpreted based on four indicators used in assessments of forest stands (naturalness; habitat diversity; forest management system; forest stand age structure). In the era of socialism (1945–1989), there were dynamic increases in the area of semi-natural forests as well as in the proportion of the most fertile habitats, whilst the proportion of the poorest habitats decreased quite dynamically. Then, the clearcutting management system was regularly implemented, with adverse impacts on forest spatial structure diversity. The proportion of old/mature tree stands and the stand average age increased at relatively slow rates. In the era of democracy (1990–2020), there were comparatively more dynamic increases observed in the area of forests undisturbed by man, as well as in the proportions of mixed broadleaved and wetland forest habitats. At the same time, the proportion of old/mature stands and stand average age kept increasing at relatively fast rates. The area of forests managed with the use of the shelterwood system increased and the area of forest plantations substantially decreased. On the other hand, irrespective of the era under study, there occurred a noticeable not-so-favourable decreasing trend in the proportion of the youngest forest stands. All in all, during the analysed period of more than seven decades, the evolution of forest management practice implemented in Poland’s forests by State Forests National Forest Holding led to the restoration of/an increase in biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Yet, there have remained unsolved issues, as regards the following aspects: organisational (the assurance of further reconstruction of forest stands, and the restoration of water profiles), political (a lack of up-to-date national forest policy), and financial (the costs of protecting/restoring biodiversity vs. State Forests’ self-financing), as well as conceptual (old-growth stands in managed forests, and controversy over clearcutting) and natural/anthropogenic (climate change, and the eutrophication of forest habitats) issues. The solutions may require measures outside the limits of Poland’s forestry, if not far beyond national borders.
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Mölder, Andreas, Malin Tiebel, and Tobias Plieninger. "On the Interplay of Ownership Patterns, Biodiversity, and Conservation in Past and Present Temperate Forest Landscapes of Europe and North America." Current Forestry Reports 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-021-00143-w.
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Abstract Purpose of Review Ownership patterns and the associated management characteristics are related to forest structures, biodiversity patterns, and their conservation worldwide. A literature review on this topic is missing so far. We fill this gap with an emphasis on the temperate forests of Europe and North America. Mixed-ownership landscapes are the special focus of the analysis. In a first step, historical effects of ownership patterns on forest structure and biodiversity are elucidated. Second, connections between present-time forest ownership patterns and both forest structural and biodiversity patterns are analyzed. Finally, implications for integrative conservation management are evaluated with a special focus on mixed-ownership forest landscapes. Recent Findings Close linkages between ownership type-specific forest management and particular forest structural and biodiversity patterns are identified for past and current forest landscapes. Both in Europe and North America, publicly and privately owned forests show comparable lines of historical development but with a time shift. Forest reserves and ancient woodland with long ecological continuity appear to be mainly connected with public ownership. A high diversity of management approaches and cultural landscape habitats is characteristic of non-industrial small private forests. In mixed-ownership landscapes, a more diverse mosaic of habitats has developed than in mono-ownership landscapes. Summary We conclude that cross-boundary ecosystem management is crucial for effective conservation in present-day mixed-ownership landscapes. Integrative forest management that considers biodiversity and social-ecological aspects across ownerships is indispensable. We present a framework of implications for conservation management in mixed-ownership forest landscapes that build on each other and may enhance cross-boundary ecosystem management.
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Sodhi, Navjot S., Lian Pin Koh, Reuben Clements, Thomas C. Wanger, Jane K. Hill, Keith C. Hamer, Yann Clough, Teja Tscharntke, Mary Rose C. Posa, and Tien Ming Lee. "Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified landscapes." Biological Conservation 143, no. 10 (June 7, 2010): 2375–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13509720.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Southeast Asia experiences one of the highest rates of deforestation in the tropics due to agricultural expansion, logging, habitat fragmentation and urbanization, which are expected to result in species declines and extinctions. In particular, growing global demands for food, biofuel and other commodities are driving the rapid expansion of oil palm and paper-and-pulp industries at the expense of lowland dipterocarp forests, further jeopardizing Southeast Asian forest biotas. We synthesize recent findings on the effects of land-use changes on plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and ecosystem functioning/services in Southeast Asia. We find that species richness and abundance/density of forest-dependent taxa generally declined in disturbed compared to mature forests. Species with restricted ranges and those with habitat and foraging specialization were particularly vulnerable. Forest loss also disrupted vital ecosystem services (e.g. crop pollination). Long-term studies are needed to understand biotic sustainability in regenerating and degraded forests, particularly in the context of the synergistic or additive effects of multiple agents of biodiversity loss (e.g. invasive species and climate change). The preservation of large tracts of mature forests should remain the principal conservation strategy in the tropics. In addition, reforestation and reintroductions of native species, as well as improved connectivity among forest patches could enhance the conservation value of forest remnants in human-dominated landscapes.
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Sodhi, Navjot S., Lian Pin Koh, Reuben Clements, Thomas C. Wanger, Jane K. Hill, Keith C. Hamer, Yann Clough, Teja Tscharntke, Mary Rose C. Posa, and Tien Ming Lee. "Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified landscapes." Biological Conservation 143, no. 10 (June 7, 2010): 2375–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13509744.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Southeast Asia experiences one of the highest rates of deforestation in the tropics due to agricultural expansion, logging, habitat fragmentation and urbanization, which are expected to result in species declines and extinctions. In particular, growing global demands for food, biofuel and other commodities are driving the rapid expansion of oil palm and paper-and-pulp industries at the expense of lowland dipterocarp forests, further jeopardizing Southeast Asian forest biotas. We synthesize recent findings on the effects of land-use changes on plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and ecosystem functioning/services in Southeast Asia. We find that species richness and abundance/density of forest-dependent taxa generally declined in disturbed compared to mature forests. Species with restricted ranges and those with habitat and foraging specialization were particularly vulnerable. Forest loss also disrupted vital ecosystem services (e.g. crop pollination). Long-term studies are needed to understand biotic sustainability in regenerating and degraded forests, particularly in the context of the synergistic or additive effects of multiple agents of biodiversity loss (e.g. invasive species and climate change). The preservation of large tracts of mature forests should remain the principal conservation strategy in the tropics. In addition, reforestation and reintroductions of native species, as well as improved connectivity among forest patches could enhance the conservation value of forest remnants in human-dominated landscapes.
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Bohn, Friedrich J., and Andreas Huth. "The importance of forest structure to biodiversity–productivity relationships." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160521.
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While various relationships between productivity and biodiversity are found in forests, the processes underlying these relationships remain unclear and theory struggles to coherently explain them. In this work, we analyse diversity–productivity relationships through an examination of forest structure (described by basal area and tree height heterogeneity). We use a new modelling approach, called ‘forest factory’, which generates various forest stands and calculates their annual productivity (above-ground wood increment). Analysing approximately 300 000 forest stands, we find that mean forest productivity does not increase with species diversity. Instead forest structure emerges as the key variable. Similar patterns can be observed by analysing 5054 forest plots of the German National Forest Inventory. Furthermore, we group the forest stands into nine forest structure classes, in which we find increasing, decreasing, invariant and even bell-shaped relationships between productivity and diversity. In addition, we introduce a new index, called optimal species distribution, which describes the ratio of realized to the maximal possible productivity (by shuffling species identities). The optimal species distribution and forest structure indices explain the obtained productivity values quite well ( R 2 between 0.7 and 0.95), whereby the influence of these attributes varies within the nine forest structure classes.
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Mulwa, Moses, Mike Teucher, Werner Ulrich, and Jan Christian Habel. "Bird communities in a degraded forest biodiversity hotspot of East Africa." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 8-9 (May 10, 2021): 2305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02190-y.
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AbstractTropical forests suffer severe habitat destruction. Thus, tropical forests frequently consist today of only a few small remnants that are often embedded within a matrix of agricultural fields and tree plantations. Forest specialist species have experienced severe population declines under these circumstances. We studied bird communities based on census plots set up in a near-natural forest block, as well as degraded forest patches, tree plantations, and agricultural fields, across the Taita Hills in southern Kenya. We classified each bird species according its ecology and behavior. We quantified the land cover and landscape configuration around each census plot. Typical forest species were mainly observed in the near-natural forest block, and to a lower extent in degraded forest patches. Plantations were almost devoid of birds. Bird communities of small forest fragments were more similar to that of agricultural land than the near-natural forest block. Most frugivorous, insectivorous and nectarivorous birds occurred in forest habitats, while granivorous bird species dominated the bird communities of agricultural land. The surrounding landscape had a marginal impact on bird species composition at local sites. Our study showed that the preservation of near-natural cloud forest, including small forest patches, is essential for the conservation of forest-dependent species, and that plantations do not serve as surrogate habitats.
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A. McAlpine, C., A. Peterson, and P. Norman. "The South East Queensland Forests Agreement: Lessons for Biodiversity Conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050003.
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In Australia, regional forest agreements formed the cornerstone of strategies for resolving disputes over the logging of native forests in the last decade of the twentieth century. These disputes, driven by an increasingly vocal and influential conservation movement, coincided with changes in the nature of relationships between Commonwealth and State Governments, with the Commonwealth adopting an increasing role in environmental management (Lane 1999). Following very public disputes about the renewal of export woodchip licenses from native forests (which culminated in log truck blockades of the Commonwealth Parliament, Canberra), the Commonwealth Government adopted regional forest agreements as the mechanism for achieving sustainable management of Australia?s native hardwood forests. This was underpinned by the National Forest Policy Statement (Commonwealth of Australia 1992), which outlined principles for ecologically sustainable management of the nation?s production forests. The Commonwealth and several State Governments reached agreement to develop regional forest agreements (RFAs) for the long-term management and use of forests in ten regions (Fig. 1) (Commonwealth of Australia 2004). Key goals of the agreement were to: reconcile competing commercial, ecological and societal demands on forests in a way that was consistent with the principles and goals of ecologically sustainable forest management (Davey et al. 1997, 2002; Lane 1999); and to establish a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system, based on the nationallyagreed JANIS criteria (JANIS 1997).
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Frey, Ueli. "Waldbiodiversität im Kanton Luzern | Forest biodiversity in the canton Lucerne." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0185.
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The promotion of forest biodiversity in Lucerne is conducted by the office of Landwirtschaft und Wald (Lawa). The biodiversity program 2008–2011 is coordinated with the program agreement “Biodiversität im Wald” between the federal and the cantonal authorities. The canton Lucerne has well-developed planning criteria available which allow a correct prioritization during the promotion and a goal oriented investment of the available financial resources. One difficulty with the application of the biodiversity program is the large portion of private forest owners in the canton Lucerne. The following measures which are eligible for grants and their application are discussed in more detail: old growth, forest edges, forest ponds and forest reserves.
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Kasper, Heinz. "Warum Naturwaldreservate einrichten? (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0180.
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Why should we have natural forest reserves? (Essay) Natural forest reserves, where any kind of intervention is prohibited, are a component of a holistic biodiversity and forest policy today. Permitting natural processes to unfold in natural forest reserves is a sustainable and cost-efficient contribution to the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity. This paper discusses the reasons for the establishment of natural forest reserves and the peculiarities that need to be taken into account when implementing the biodiversity goals. It demonstrates that particularly the establishment of large natural forest reserves in currently managed forests on the Swiss Plateau and in the Jura mountains requires a large effort.
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Lock, Marcelle, Iris van Duren, Andrew K. Skidmore, and Neil Saintilan. "Harmonizing Forest Conservation Policies with Essential Biodiversity Variables Incorporating Remote Sensing and Environmental DNA Technologies." Forests 13, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030445.
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It remains difficult to compare the state of conservation of forests of different nations. Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) are a set of variables designed as a framework for harmonizing biodiversity monitoring. Methods to monitor forest biodiversity are traditional monitoring (according to conservation policy requirements), remote sensing, environmental DNA, and the information products that are derived from them (RS/eDNA biodiversity products). However, it is not clear to what extent indicators from conservation policies align with EBVs and RS/eDNA biodiversity products. This research evaluated current gaps in harmonization between EBVs, RS/eDNA biodiversity products and forest conservation indicators. We compared two sets of biodiversity variables: (1) forest conservation indicators and (2) RS/eDNA biodiversity products, within the context of the Essential Biodiversity Variables framework. Indicators derived from policy documents can mostly be categorized within the EBV ‘ecosystem vertical profile’, while ‘ecosystem function’ remains underrepresented. RS/eDNA biodiversity products, however, can provide information about ‘ecosystem function’. Integrating RS/eDNA biodiversity products that monitor ecosystem functioning into monitoring programs will lead to a more comprehensive and balanced reporting on forest biodiversity. In addition, using the same variables and similar RS/eDNA products for forest biodiversity and conservation policies is a requirement for harmonization and international policy reporting.
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Petaloudi, Lydia-Maria, Petros Ganatsas, and Marianthi Tsakaldimi. "Exploring Biodiversity and Disturbances in the of Peri-Urban Forests of Thessaloniki, Greece." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148497.
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Forests host important plant biodiversity. Nevertheless, due to climate change and human disturbances, the floristic quality of forest ecosystems is degraded. Greek peri-urban forests biodiversity is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as forest fragmentation, pollution, garbage, etc. Measurement of biodiversity status and the floristic quality assessment can be used to estimate the degree of forest degradation caused by anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, we compared and evaluated six forest ecosystem types in the peri-urban forests of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, by using Shannon’s biodiversity index as well as and α and β diversity Sørensen indices. Furthermore, we recorded the prevailing anthropogenic disturbances and compared the plant families and the ruderal species appearing in each forest ecosystem. Finally, the average conservatism value (C value) of the plant species found in each ecosystem was determined in order to calculate the ecosystem floristic quality index. Analysis of the results showed that the floristic and ecological parameters tested greatly vary among ecosystems. Broadleaf forests of higher altitude hosted the greatest biodiversity, and the higher floristic quality index and plant conservation value. On the contrary, most disturbances and most ruderal species were recorded in ecosystems of lower altitude, adjacent to the city (Pinus brutia forest and Maqui vegetation), the least disturbed ecosystems were found in the steep slopes (Castanea sativa forest). Most ruderal species found belonged to the Asteraceae and Rosaceae families. Accessibility and attractiveness of stands were positively correlated with disturbances. Insufficient management, lack of protection measures, and littering removal contribute to the increase in the level of disturbance.
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Mahiga, Samuel N., Paul Webala, Mugo J. Mware, and Paul K. Ndang’ang’a. "Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest." International Journal of Ecology 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8248270.
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Few studies have explored how human land uses influence and support persistence of forest biodiversity in central Kenya. In the case of the Mount Kenya ecosystem, farmlands and plantation forests are significant land-use types. Using point counts, we assessed bird communities in natural forests, plantation forests, and farmlands in the Nanyuki Forest Block, Western Mount Kenya. Bird point counts were undertaken during two sampling periods (wet and dry season). Compared to farmlands and plantation forest, natural forest had the highest overall avian species richness and relative species richness of all except one forest-dependent foraging guild (granivores) and nonforest species, which occurred frequently only on farmlands. Plantation forest had the lowest relative richness of all avian habitat and foraging guilds. Conversely, specialist forest-dependent species mainly occurred in the structurally complex remnant natural forest. Our study underscores the importance of remnant natural forests for the persistence and conservation of forest biodiversity and risks posed by replacing them with plantation forests and farmlands.
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İNANÇ, Sevim. "Artvin Urban Forest and expectations of the people." Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.615897.
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MÅREN, INGER E., KHEM R. BHATTARAI, and RAM P. CHAUDHARY. "Forest ecosystem services and biodiversity in contrasting Himalayan forest management systems." Environmental Conservation 41, no. 1 (August 9, 2013): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000258.
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SUMMARYIn developing countries, the landscape surrounding agricultural land is important for maintaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Forests provide a full suite of goods and services to subsistence farmers in the Himalayan agro-ecological system. The effects of biomass outtake on woody species richness and composition were analysed in forests under communal and government management. Interviews on forest use and perception of forest condition and ecosystem service delivery were conducted in farmer households bordering the forests. Significantly more woody species were found in the community managed forests. Species richness was negatively correlated with walking distance from the nearest village and increasing levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Community forests were generally less degraded than government managed forests, giving support to common pool resource management. Woody vegetation represented a crucial source of fuelwood, timber, fodder, and edible, aromatic and medicinal plants. Using a multidisciplinary framework to analyse ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service delivery enabled a finer understanding of these complex agro-ecological systems, giving support to evidence-based management and conservation planning for the future.