Tesis: "Freedom of competition"

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Paschalidis, Paschalis. "The impact of freedom of establishment on private international law for corporations". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2a154a6-22de-42b8-a745-5ddf3a8bf5a5.

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The present thesis is concerned with private international law for corporate and insolvency disputes in the context of freedom of establishment. First, it presents the traditional rules of conflict applicable to corporate disputes that have been implemented in some major jurisdictions. Second, it analyses the relevant leading judgments of the European Court of Justice and it demonstrates the way in which, contrary to popular belief, the real seat theory has not been held contrary to freedom of establishment. The thesis then deals with the concept of letter-box companies and examines the limitations that are being placed to the use of freedom of establishment. This is followed by a juxtaposition of the factors that have lead and could lead to regulatory competition for corporate law in the USA and the EU respectively. A modest approach is taken towards the possibility of the latter occurring in the EU. Third, the thesis examines the treatment of insolency disputes in this context. A substantial part of it is dedicated to the definition of the basis for international jurisdiction for the opening of insolvency proceedings, namely the centre of main interests. It argues in favour of an objective test for the identification of the centre of main interests (COMI) and the allocations of certain burdens on both the debtor and the creditors. It then focuses on the treatment of forum shopping in the context on international insolvencies. Based on considerations of consent and economic efficiency, it suggests a definition, according to which certain transfers of the COMI should not amount to forum shopping. Finally, the thesis examines the possibility of a regulatory competition for insolvencies in the EU and seeks to demonstrate that the conditions for such a competition are more analogous between US corporate law and EU insolvency, rather than company, law.

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2

Vodden, Angela. "A review and analysis of PPP/PFI in the context of EU and UK legislation relating to freedom of movement, competition and state aid". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515732.

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3

Reid, Robert Christopher Walter MacNeile. "Time and teachers : an empirical and conceptual study of the competition for the available time in the classroom practice of teachers working in the Western Cape, 1989-1990". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15997.

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Includes bibliography.
This study examines the role of time in the working lives of teachers in the Western Cape in the years 1989 and 1990. The study is based upon interviews with twelve teachers, all of whom were currently teaching or who had been teaching in the recent past. The interviews explored the attitudes and practices of the teachers regarding their timetables, free periods, extra-murals, marking practices and lesson preparation, meetings, homework practices, tests and examinations, and professionalism, in so far as these were affected by considerations of time. The study argues that conflict in schools is produced by the struggle for autonomy, particularly in the classroom practice of teachers, and that this struggle takes the form of competition for control of time. In particular, the study suggests that there are rankings of power and priorities in schools and that these can be better understood by examining the relationships between time, conflict and autonomy.

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4

Andersson, Daniel. "The Legality of Transfer Windows in European Football : A study in the light of Article 39 and 81 EC". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7590.

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The transfer system was created in order to control player movement between football clubs and has existed since the late nineteenth century. During the negotiation of today’s transfer rules FIFA, UEFA and the Commission found that a breach of contract during the season could upset the balance of competition and therefore should be restricted. It was considered necessary to strengthen the contractual stability and to apply a special rule to preserve the regularity and proper functioning of competition. This was done by the means of a provision stipulating that a football player only can be registered to play with a national association during one of the two registration periods per year, generally known as the transfer windows.

Sport has never been included in the formal structures of the European Union and the regulation of sport has instead materialized through verdicts from the European Court of Justice. One of the most influential statements emerging from the Court is that sport is subject to Community law in so far it constitutes an economic activity. Consequently, if the activity is economic there is a risk that it infringes EU law. The purpose of this master thesis is to examine the FIFA transfer window system and to determine whether it violates Article 39 and/or Article 81 EC.

The transfer windows, a regulation strengthened by the ECJ in the case of Lehtonen, restrict the ability of players to seek alternative employment and could therefore be regarded as a violation of the free movement of workers. In order to trigger the Treaty provisions guarding the right of freedom of movement the person in question must be a national of a Member State of the European Union and the activity must have a territorial dimension beyond the borders of a single Member State of the European Union. The person in question must also be engaged in some kind of economic activity. It is, however, clear that football players who are members of the European Union and are applying for a job in another Member State, and are performing at a certain level, fulfil these requirements. Footballers should therefore be considered as workers within the meaning of Article 39 EC and the prohibition of discrimination contained in that article which catches non-discriminatory private collective measures, such as the transfer system, invented by regulatory bodies like FIFA and UEFA.

When considering the FIFA “windows system” it is clear that it is liable of restricting the ability of players to seek alternative employment in another Member State and should therefore be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC. Nevertheless, restricted transfer periods have been found by the ECJ to be objectively justified as having sporting benefits in the Belgian Basketball league. It is, however, likely that the “window system”, as it operates in European football, goes beyond what is necessary to achieve team and player contract stability since it is too restrictive and somewhat redundant. Consequently, the FIFA transfer windows do not comply with the requirements of the principle of proportionality and should therefore, if challenged, be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC.

The use of transfer windows in European football can also be considered to be an issue for competition law and in particular Article 81 EC. The article prohibits all agreements between undertakings that restrict competition and affect trade between Member States and has the objective to protect consumers, enhance their welfare and to facilitate the creation of a single European market. The ECJ has, however, acknowledged a certain type of sporting rule that, even though it restricts competition, will be granted immunity from Article 81 EC. The FIFA “windows system” should not be regarded as such a rule since it does not fulfil the required conditions.

The transfer windows do little for the competitive balance within the European football. It may be argued that it preserves the appeal and the unpredictability of the finishing stages of a championship. However, they also prevent clubs from developing their economic activity and restrict the free play of the market forces of supply and demand. Furthermore, the “windows system” hinders certain clubs from raising the quality of their sporting performance since clubs in minor leagues with a closed window are losing their best players to clubs in a better league with an open window, without being able to replace them. All of this affects the small and economically weak clubs and strengthens the position of the financially strong clubs. As a result a few strong clubs will, contrary to the best interest of consumers, continue to dominate European football. The FIFA regulation of transfer windows is therefore likely to fall under Article 81(1) EC.

It is unlikely that the pro-competitive benefits of the FIFA transfer windows outweigh its restrictive effects since it is improbable that they would be considered the least restrictive means of creating these benefits. Subsequently, the FIFA “windows system” would not qualify for an exemption under Article 81(3) EC and should, if challenged, be void under Article 81(2) EC.

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5

Iguíñiz, Echeverria Javier María. "Libertad para competir en el mercado: recursos, procesos y resultados". Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118120.

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Freedom to compete in the market: resources, processes, and resultsHerein we analyze three concepts of market competition. Although the different aspects of freedom can be appreciated in each one of them, they make an especial contribution to some of them. We propose that the ‘neoclassical general equilibrium’ chiefly contributes to the discussion of the outcomes of an economic activity; the ‘barriers to entry’ approach calls for a study of the resources necessary to compete; and the ‘competition as a process’ approach emphasizes the competitive activity itself. Moreover, as we move from the first onwards, enriching the meaning of competition, the possibility of losing opportunities to participate in the market becomes more evident. Entry and exit are part of the competitive process. Each concept of competition responds to theories that specify or allude to certain types and distribution of economic agents’ freedoms to manoeuvre. Throughout this study, we often quote Amartya Sen with the purpose of buildingbridges between the study of competition and the approach of ‘development as freedom.
Analizamos tres conceptos de competencia en el mercado. Aunque en cada uno de ellos se pueden apreciar las distintas facetas de la libertad, también aportan especialmente a alguna de ellas. Proponemos que el enfoque de «equilibrio general neoclásico» aporta principalmente a la discusión de los resultados de una actividad económica, el enfoque de las «barreras a la entrada» invita a estudiar los recursos necesarios para competir y el enfoque de la «competencia como proceso» pone el acento en la actividad competitiva misma. Además, conforme nos movemos del primero hacia los demás, enriqueciendo el significado de la competencia, se pone más en evidencia la existencia de pérdidas de oportunidades para participar en el mercado que provienen de la propia competencia económica. Cada concepto de competencia responde a teorías que especifican o aluden a ciertos tipos y distribución de márgenes de acción y de acceso a herramientas para competir. En todo el trabajo citamos a menudo a Amartya Sen con el fin de establecer puentes entre el estudio de la competencia y el enfoque del «desarrollo como libertad»

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6

Edvinsson, Gunilla y Fanny Östlund. "Hur påverkar konkurrensutsättning kommunens ekonomi- och verksamhetsstyrning? : en studie av hur tillämpning av valfrihetssystem påverkar effektivitet inom kommunal hemtjänst". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8586.

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Med en ökad äldre befolkning förväntas åldersstrukturen i det svenska samhället förändras. Som en följd därav ökar behovet av service, vård och omsorg varpå kommuner ställs inför utmaningen att tillhandahålla de äldres behov utifrån ett bättre resursutnyttjande. Till det kommer att den nya lagen om valfrihetssystem (LOV) möjliggör och förtydligar konkurrensutsättning av hemtjänst. Kan konkurrens enligt LOV leda till ett ökat resursutnyttjande och ökad effektivitet i den kommunala hemtjänstverksamheten? Syftet med denna uppsats är således att förklara hur konkurrensutsättning av hemtjänstverksamhet enligt valfrihetssystem påverkar kommuners effektivitet. Vi vill även förklara hur ekonomi- och verksamhetsstyrning i kommunen påverkar effektivitet vid ett införande av valfrihetssystem.I fråga om metod har vi utgått från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi, en deduktiv forskningsansats, ett förklarande syfte och ett kvantitativt metodval. Då valfrihetssystem är ett relativt outforskat område har vår utformning av hypoteser utgått från tidigare forskning om konkurrensförhållanden inom primärvård. Grundstommen för vår uppsats är två teoretiska modeller som vi väljer att utgå ifrån för att påvisa olika samband. Den konstruktion av hypoteser vi valt att göra har vi därmed baserat på den befintliga forskning som finns om effekterna av att konkurrensutsätta verksamhet inom offentlig sektor.Vår empiriska undersökning bygger på en enkätstudie där vi gjort en totalundersökning på de 82 kommuner som har valfrihetssystem i drift. Slutsats därav blir således att konkurrensutsättning av hemtjänstverksamhet enligt LOV leder till ökad effektivitet. På samma sätt drar vi slutsatsen att en prestationsbaserad ersättning leder till att effektiviteten ökar. Likaså drar vi slutsatsen att en förtydligad och framgångsrik styrning leder till ökad effektivitet vid ett införande av valfrihetssystem.
With a growing elderly population the age structure of the Swedish society is expected to change. Consequently, the need for service and elderly care has increased and municipalities are faced with the challenge with providing for the needs of elderly people based on better utilization of resources. The new law about freedom of choice system (LOV) allows for competition in the home help sector. Can competition according to LOV lead to an increased utilization of resources and greater efficiency in the municipal home care business? The aim of this paper is, therefore, to explain how the competition in the home care sector, according to freedom of choice, affects municipal efficiency. We also aim to explain how management control in the municipality affects the efficiency of the introduction of the choice system.This study has a positivist research philosophy, a deductive research approach, an explanatory purpose and a quantitative method. Although the freedom of choice system is a relatively unexplored area, the hypotheses are based on previous research on competitive conditions in primary care. The foundation of the study is two theoretical models used to demonstrate different contexts. Therefore, the construction of the hypotheses was based on the existing research on the effects of exposure the business in public sector to competition.The empirical study is based on a comprehensive survey made on the 82 municipalities with freedom of choice system running. The conclusion is that competition of home care activities according to LOV leads to increased efficiency. In the same way performance-based compensation leads to increased efficiency. In addition a clearer and more successful management control leads to increased efficiency when introducing the freedom of choice system.

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7

Souza, Leonam Machado de. "O impacto da cláusula de raio nas relações entre o lojista e o empreendedor e seus efeitos no direito da concorrência". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8082.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A pesquisa analisa a validade da cláusula de raio no aspecto do direito civil-empresarial (privado) e da concorrência (público). No âmbito do direito civil-empresarial analisa-se a cláusula de raio em conjunto com a cláusula de aluguel percentual e possível lesão à boa-fé objetiva. No aspecto do direito da concorrência é analisado o mercado relevante na dimensão produto e geográfica, bem como as externalidades positivas e negativas produzidas pela cláusula de raio. Para a realização da pesquisa adota-se o método dedutivo, realizado a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial sobre o tema. Traz como resultado os parâmetros que devem ser utilizados para a análise da cláusula de raio e a hipótese em que ela pode ser prevista.
This research analyses the validity of radius clause in the aspect of business and civil law (private) and free competition (public). Under the business and civil law aspect, it analyzes the radius clause with percentage rent clause and the probability to the lesion the general clause of objective good faith. In the aspect of free competition it analyses the product and geographic relevant market and also the positive and negative externalities produced by the radius clause. In this research it is adopted the deductive method, performed based on literature and case law research about the theme. It brings as result the parameters that should be used for the analyses of the radius clause and the hypothesis that it may be used.

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8

Bittencourt, Bruno Ramon Chaves. "Princípios da liberdade econômica e da igualdade face à tributação : limites constitucionais às discriminações tributárias". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127988.

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O presente estudo tem como escopo examinar os limites constitucionais da influência da tributação nas atividades econômicas dos Contribuintes, à luz dos princípios e postulados da livre iniciativa, da livre concorrência, da igualdade, da proporcionalidade e da proibição do excesso. A indagação geral que impulsionará a pesquisa é a seguinte: pode a tributação, de forma indistinta, determinar como os Contribuintes devem agir ao plasmar suas atividades econômicas, ou há algum limite a partir do qual a influência da tributação sobre as livres escolhas dos Contribuintes não pode mais avançar? Quais as normas resultantes das interações entre direito tributário e direito econômico? Quais limites a igualdade impõe ao uso de medidas extrafiscais? De quais ferramentas dispõe o aplicador para realizar a liberdade econômica e a igualdade? Como a tese do legislador negativo representa um entrave para a realização dos princípios e postulados em questão? Quais paradigmas estão por trás de tal tese? Mais especificamente, examinaremos alguns casos concretos que ilustrem os problemas em questão e permitam um aprofundamento dos pontos discutidos na pesquisa. O primeiro caso será o das empresas excluídas do SIMPLES cuja exclusão esteja motivada pelo simples exercício de determinada atividade econômica, buscando elucidar se tal discriminação encontra suporte no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, considerando o seguinte: existindo um critério objetivo para definir quais empresas podem gozar dos benefícios do SIMPLES, qual seja, a receita bruta anual da empresa, pode o Poder Legislativo adotar critério distintivo diverso (a atividade econômica desenvolvida pela empresa) para fins de enquadramento no referido regime tributário? Tal discriminação em função da atividade econômica do Contribuinte encontra respaldo na Constituição Federal? Se a liberdade econômica é um limite à tal discriminação, quais são seus elementos e eficácia jurídica? O segundo caso, que impõe questionamentos semelhantes, é o da exclusão da possibilidade de creditamento da mão-de-obra de pessoas físicas utilizada como insumo por Contribuintes do PIS e da COFINS não-cumulativos.
This paper aims to verify which are the constitutional limitations to the influence of taxation over taxpayers’ economic activities, in the light of the principles and postulates of freedom of enterprise, free competition, equality, proportionality and the prohibition of excessive influence. The general enquiry that will guide this research is the following: can taxation, indistinctly, determine how taxpayers shall act when choosing and directing their economic activities, or are there some limitations that compel the government to not influence taxpayers' economic choices? What are the norms resulting from interactions between tax law and economic law? What limits does equality imposes to the use of behavior influent taxation? Which are the tools available to the judges to promote economic freedom and equality? How does the thesis of negative legislative power represents an obstacle to the achievement of such principles and postulates by the courts? What are the paradigms behind such thesis? More specifically, we are going to examine some cases that illustrate the problems abovementioned and allow us to go deeper in points discussed in this research. The first case is the exclusion of companies from tax benefit program called SIMPLES (for small business), whose exclusion is determined by the simple fact of exercise of a specific economic activity. We are going to exam it in order to elucidate if Brazilian law sustains such discrimination, considering the following: if the law choses one criteria to grant the tax benefits of SIMPLES (company's economic size measured by gross income), can the legislator choose another criteria (company's economic activity) to exclude it from the tax benefit program? Is it grounded in Brazilian Constitution the discrimination based upon the simple adoption of an economic activity? If freedom of enterprise is a limitation to such discrimination, which are its elements and legal effectiveness? The second case, which implies similar questions, is the exclusion of the possibility of crediting the labor of natural persons used as an input for taxpayers of non-cumulative PIS and COFINS (social contributions over gross income - VAT).

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9

Allegretti, Ivan. "A concentração da incidência nos tributos cumulativos e a neutralidade em relação ao mercado". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-09012014-113700/.

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Em todo o mundo, o imposto sobre valor agregado vem tomando o lugar dos tradicionais impostos sobre vendas. A razão está em que este método de tributação evita o efeito cumulativo, ao tributar apenas o valor adicionado em cada etapa da produção. No Brasil, por causa da sonegação fiscal em alguns setores da economia, e dos problemas de concorrência dela decorrentes, o Governo introduziu os métodos de apuração de tributos denominados de \"substituição tributária\" e \"incidência monofásica\". Estes dois métodos são chamados em conjunto de sistemáticas de concentração da incidência, porque buscam exigir adiantado, na primeira fase da cadeia de produção, a totalidade da carga tributária que se pretenderia cobrar de toda a cadeia de produção. O problema está em que estes métodos de cobrança causam não apenas violações de princípios constitucionais de direito tributário, mas também podem gerar efeitos nocivos à economia, violando princípios estabelecidos pela Constituiçao em relação à ordem econômica do país. A Constituição Brasileira exige a neutralidade da tributação em relação ao mercado, o que significa que a política fiscal não pode causar distorções na concorrência nem deve induzir a concentração de mercado. Os métodos de concentração da incidência, no entanto, podem gerar estes efeitos secundários, o que reclama seu estudo também no contexto da neutralidade da tributação.
Throughout the world, the value added tax has been gaining space over traditional sales taxes. The reason is that this method of taxation avoids the cumulative effect by taxing the value added at each stage of the production chain. In Brazil, due to tax evasion in some sectors of the economy and the competition issues arising from it, the Government introduced the methods of calculating tax called \"tax substitution\" and \"impact single phase\". When jointly referred to, these two methods are called of Concentration of Incidence Methods, because they seek to require early, in the first stage of the production chain, the total tax burden that would be charged in the entire production chain. The problem is that the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods not only cause violations of constitutional principles of tax law, but may also generate harmful effects to the economy, which would violate principles of economic order established by the Brazilian Constitution. The Brazilian Constitution requires neutrality of taxation in relation to the market, which means that fiscal policy may not distort competition or lead to market concentration. As the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods may cause these side effects, this issue should be taken into consideration during their study.

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10

FERRARIO, SUSANNA. "LAVORO AUTONOMO E INTERESSI COLLETTIVI: RAPPRESENTANZA, ORGANIZZAZIONE E AZIONE SINDACALE DI TUTELA". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/257.

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La ricerca prende avvio dalla ricostruzione dei processi socio-economici che hanno portato alla crisi del modo di produzione taylorista-fordista. Muovendo da tali riflessioni, si constata come le imprese “post-fordiste” si avvalgano in misura crescente di lavoratori autonomi, un tempo coordinati e continuativi e, oggi, a progetto (artt. 61 e ss., d.lgs. 276/2003). Tali collaboratori sono, dunque, soggetti ad un potere (contrattuale) di coordinamento del committente che, alle volte, si somma ad una condizione di dipendenza economica dal committente medesimo. Si crea, quindi, una differenziazione interna all'area dell'autonomia coordinata che non pare adeguatamente valorizzata dal legislatore ordinario, ma che sembra interessare i sindacati. Il dato reale vede, infatti, agire rappresentanze varie, sicché occorre circoscrivere l'ambito di applicabilità degli artt. 39 e 40 Cost. L'assenza di un genuino interesse collettivo e di un'effettiva attività di autotutela inducono a ritenere che i collaboratori “forti” e il relativo associazionismo possano beneficiare delle sole tutele poste dagli artt. 2, 18 e 41 Cost. A conclusione si affrontano le problematiche che la ricostruzione così svolta solleva, ovverosia come garantire l'effettività delle tutele riconosciute al sindacalismo dei collaboratori “deboli” e come contemperare l'associazionismo dei collaboratori “forti” con il diritto antitrust comunitario.
The search starts with the reconstruction of socio-economic processes. Moving from these reflections, it's possible to see that today's companies take advantage of increasingly self-employed coordinated and continuous and, after d.lgs. 276/2003 “lavoratori a progetto”. These employees are, therefore, subject to a power (contractual) coordination of the customer that, at times, it adds up to a state of economic dependence by the same. It then creates an internal differentiation into autonomy area that does not seem properly valued by the ordinary legislator, but that seems to involve trade unions. Given that in reality there are different representations, we move to circumscribe the scope of applicability of the Arts. 39 and 40 Const. The absence of a genuine interest and genuine self activities suggest that employees "strong" and its associations can only benefit from the protections posed by Arts. 2, 18 and 41 Const. At the end tackling the problems so that the reconstruction turn raises, namely how to ensure the effectiveness of the safeguards recognized unionism collaborators "weak" and reconcile the associations of employees "strong" with the antitrust law.

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11

Messina, Frédéric. "Équilibre concurrentiel et sport professionnel : l'exemple du football européen". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10066.

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L'analyse concurrentielle du marché pertinent du football professionnel européen fait ressortir le saisissant contraste présent entre la force de l'exigence d'une concurrence "libre" et "non faussée" et la relativité de son existence sur le marché. Depuis l'arrêt "Bosman" et la reconnaissance par la Cour de justice de la liberté de circulation des sportifs professionnels, l'économie concurrentielle du marché en cause est inégalitaire et le sort de la compétition économique prévisible. En supprimant les clauses de nationalité, qui limitaient les flux transnationaux de joueurs et l'impact de l'hétérogénéité des systèmes fiscaux sur le processus concurrentiel, les juges de Luxembourg ont structurellement remis en cause les conditions de concurrence du marché. En effet, les clubs au "coin socio-fiscal du travail" élevé ont vu leur liberté concurrentielle être affectée et leur chance de réussir, dans la compétition économique, considérablement se réduire. Leur incapacité fiscale à proposer, à coût égal, des rémunérations attractives et compétitives aux facteurs de concurrence que sont les joueurs, s'est traduite, dans le contexte de la libéralisation du marché, par un "état d'infériorité structurelle". Cette situation immédiatement contraire aux objectifs des Traités a engendré une allocation inefficace des richesses du marché et une qualité disparate de l'offre de spectacle sportif au sein de la Communauté
The competitive analysis of the relevant market of the European professional football highlights the striking contrast between the strength of the requirement of a “free” and “undistorted” competition and the relativity of its existence on the market.Since the “Bosman” decision and the recognition by the European Court of Justice of the freedom of movement for professional sportsmen, the competitive economy of the relevant market is non-egalitarian and the result of economic competition is predictable. By suppressing the nationality clauses which limited the transnational flows of the players and the impact of heterogeneity of tax systems on the competitive process, the judges of Luxembourg structurally altered the competitive conditions into the market. Indeed, football clubs at “the wedge between labour costs and net wages” saw their competitive freedom being affected and their chance to succeed in the economic competition considerably reduced. Their tax incapacity to propose, at equal cost, attractive and competitive payments to the competition factors that are the players, has translated, in the context of the liberalization of the market, by a “structural inferiority state”. This situation at once went against the objectives of the Treaties causing an inefficient allowance of the wealth in the market, as well as an ill-assorted quality of the sport entertainment offer within the Common Market

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12

Landa, Arroyo César. "Constitutionalization of Commercial Law". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109901.

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The Constitution, being the Supreme Law of the Peruvian legal system, irradiates its normative force towards all the legal fields. For its part, Commercial Law is an area based on privatea utonomy; however, in our legal system a zone free of constitutional control does not exist.In this article, the author conducts a remarkable analysis about the constitutionalization of Commercial Law, making reference to the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence which, applying fundamental principles and rights, has had an effect on the application of the commercial laws in our country.
La Constitución, al ser la Norma Suprema del sistema jurídico peruano, irradia su fuerza normativaa todos los ámbitos del Derecho. Por su parte, elDerecho Mercantil es una rama que se basa en laautonomía privada; sin embargo, en nuestro orde-namiento no existe zona que esté exenta de controlconstitucional.En este artículo, el autor realiza un notable análisis acerca de la constitucionalización del Derecho Mercantil, haciendo un recorrido por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional que, aplicando principios y derechos fundamentales, ha influido en la aplicación de las normas mercantiles en nuestro país.

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13

Gutzwiller, Ryan R. "Realpolitik and Iran's post-Saddam strategy for Iraq". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1581.

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Throughout history, threats emerging from Iran's frontiers have significantly influenced its security policies towards Iraq. Given Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, Iran's security environment has changed a great deal. Does Iran have a strategy for post-Saddam Iraq and, if so, what is it? With few exceptions, Kenneth Waltz's Realpolitik and balance-of-power theories have guided Iran's security policy decisions. The combined effects of Iran's formative history, individual and institutional agendas, and national interests form the foundation for a Realpolitik strategy aimed at preventing a resurgent "anti-Teheran" government in Iraq. Pragmatism, consensus, influence, and competition appear to be the watchwords for an assertive strategy built upon military prudence and cross-border, multi-disciplined engagement. Iran is putting its internal political and economic house in order so as to achieve greater effectiveness in the pursuit of its national interests vis-a-vis Iraq and the United States. While an alliance is unlikely, there is alignment with the U.S.-led coalition's strategic interests in Iraq.
Major, United States Marine Corps

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14

Saleck, Ahmedna Mohamed Oumar. "Les médias et le droit de la concurrence en Mauritanie". Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0023/document.

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Identifiés comme acteurs politiques, économiques, sociaux ou encore culturels ayant un rôle et une responsabilité fondamentale dans un monde caractérisé par une mondialisation technologique galopante, les médias semblent évidemment soumis au droit de la concurrence. Pourtant, cette évidence n’en constitue pas une lorsque l’on analyse profondément la question. Les médias sont-ils vraiment soumis au droit de la concurrence ? Parallèlement est-il possible de dire qu’on se dirige résolument vers un droit de la concurrence propre aux médias ? Les relations entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence ont connus plusieurs épisodes en Mauritanie. Tout d’abord, l’épisode initiale au fil duquel le rapport entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence fut fade et monotone puisque l’Etat monopolisait tous les médias. Ensuite, au cours du deuxième épisode, il y a eu une ouverture partielle et partiale des médias à la concurrence et ainsi au droit de la concurrence. Enfin, le troisième et dernier épisode est celui inauguré par l’abolition totale du monopole. Dés lors, ce travail consiste à montrer et démontrer la soumission des médias au droit de la concurrence
Identified as a political, social, cultural or economical actor, having an esential role in the world characterized by soaring globalisation, which is in a staggering peak, media seems to be naturally submitted to the competition law. However, when the question is analysed in a precised and refined way, this obviousness is not right anymore. Are the media really submited to the competition law ? At the same time is it possible to talk about the competition law specific to medias ? Relations between media and the competition law have been faced of several incidents in Mauritania. First of all, during the first incident, the relation between two institutions, it means media and the competition law were bland and dull because of State’s monopolization of all media’s means. Then, there was a partial opening of media to competition. Eventually, the recording of media by the competition law happened during the last incident. This work consists in demonstration of media’s submission to the competition law even though the mediatic product keeps being specific

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15

Werner, Nicklas. "Den svenska äldrevården : Behov, konkurrens, kvalitet och valfrihet ur ett fastighetsperspektiv". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197792.

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In this thesis an explorative study was undertaken with the aim to study how a number of private care providers, as well as politicians and officials from councils in and around the Stockholm and Uppsala counties, think about the future of the Swedish elderly care from a property perspective, i.e. homes for the elderly. The analysis shows that there is a demand for capacity in 6 out of 16 municipalities, and that the property is an important part of this capacity, and the fulfillment of it. This was mainly due to the cost of capital, but also because of several other factors such as lack of land, a wish to guide the design, ideology, and in many cases a wish to use the property as an instrument of domination to control private health care providers. Also, the property was show to be connected to economic competition, to freedom of choice, and to quality. The problems related to the property in the market for elderly care still remains to be solved. The writer of this thesis suggests that, among other things, patients should be treated as customers to a larger extent and problems that counter competition must be solved. Lastly, the writer has analyzed the situation in the Swedish market for elderly care from a value creation perspective. It is suggested that value can be created in both the network and within the company, even if the companies are competing, and thus ought to compete and not cooperate.
I denna uppsats har en explorativ studie företagits med målsättningen att undersöka hur ett antal privata vårdföretag samt politiker och tjänstemän från ett antal kommuner i och runt Stockholms- och Uppsala län tänker kring framtiden för den svenska äldrevården. Utgångspunkten har tagits ur ett fastighetsperspektiv, närmare bestämt vårdboenden. Bakgrunden ligger i det stora behovet av äldrevård som växer fram i Sverige och som beräknas nå sitt maximum kring 2035. Genom intervjuer har respondenterna fått svara på frågor om fastighetsbehovet, om konkurrens samt om, och i så fall hur, fastigheten kunde kopplas till kvalitet, valfrihet och konkurrens. Analysen visade att behov förekom i 6 av 16 kommuner, och att det påverkades av bland annat deras inställning till ägande och privata vårdgivare. Vidare visade sig fastigheten vara en viktig del i behovet och lösningen utav det samma, främst på grund av kapitalkostnaden, men också på grund av faktorer så som markbrist, en vilja att styra utformningen, ideologi och i flera fall en vilja att använda fastigheten som ett domineringsinstrument för att kontrollera privata vårdgivare. Konkurrensen sågs till viss del som ett utbyte framför en tävling. Slutligen framkom att fastigheten, om än som en underordnad komponent, kunde kopplas till konkurrens som nyss nämnda instrument, till valfrihet genom attraktivitet i läge och utseende, och till kvalitet som möjliggörare av effektiv vård och med rätt utformning. Fastighetsproblematiken i stort för vårdmarknaden, speciellt kopplat till LOV, återstår att lösa och författaren föreslår bland annat att vårdtagarna bör ses som kunder i större utsträckning och att konkurrenshämmande problem skall åtgärdas. Avslutningsvis har författaren analyserat situationen på den svenska vårdmarknaden ur ett värdeskapande perspektiv, kopplat till Porters, Stabell och Fjeldstads teorier om värdekedjor. En problematisk situation, sett till konkurrenskrafter på marknaden, iakttogs som orsak till att de privata vårdföretagen tycks medvetet eller omedvetet skapar värde tillsammans genom värdeskapande i nätverk parallellt med verksamhet enligt den traditionella värdekedjan, trots att detta motverkar ökad konkurrens. En möjlig förklaring är en kombination av oplanerat resursinterberoende och att det är ett slags relationsbyggande mellan företagen, orsakat av en imperfekt marknad.

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16

Martinez, Neto Aldo Augusto. "Cláusula de não concorrência no contrato de trabalho: licitude e direitos fundamentais". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5932.

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The overcoming of legal positivism, as well as recognition of the normative force of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, led the incidence of human rights in private relations, among them labor relations with emphasis on employment agreement. As employees and employers are both holders of human rights, there are situations in which it checks for collision between the opposing fundamental rights. In order to solve the contradiction of human rights it is necessary to apply the principle of proportionality (adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense). We applied the principle of proportionality to reexamine the assumptions of non-compete clause to be effective after employment agreement termination in view of the collision between employees‟ human rights of freedom of work and employer's human rights of property. Applying the principle of proportionality it is possible to conclude that non-competition clause is in compliance with Brazilian labor legislation if the agreement observes the following assumptions: (i) justification for the restriction cause, (ii) temporal and geographical limitations, (iii) description of the activities and constraint of the object and (iv) financial compensation
A superação do positivismo jurídico, bem como o reconhecimento da força normativa da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (CRFB), propiciaram a incidência dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, dentre elas as relações trabalhistas, com ênfase no contrato individual do trabalho. Como empregados e empregadores são ambos titulares de direitos fundamentais, há situações em que se verifica a existência de colisão entre os direitos fundamentais opostos. Para solucionar esta antinomia de direitos fundamentais recorre-se ao princípio da proporcionalidade (adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito). Aplicou-se o princípio da proporcionalidade para examinar os pressupostos de licitude da cláusula de não concorrência com vigência após o encerramento do contrato individual do trabalho em vistas à colisão entre os direitos fundamentais de liberdade de trabalho do empregado e de propriedade do empregador. Através do princípio da proporcionalidade chega-se à conclusão da licitude da cláusula de não concorrência desde que observados os seguintes pressupostos: (i) motivação da restrição, (ii) limitação temporal e geográfica, (iii) descrição das atividades objeto da restrição e (iv) compensação financeira

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17

Marson, Grégory. "Le juge administratif et les libertés économiques : contribution à la définition des libertés économiques au sein de la jurisprudence adminuistrative". Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100033.

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L'étude a pour principal objet l'identification et la définition des libertés publiques économiques au sein de la jurisprudence administrative. Au terme de cette recherche, il apparaît que la liberté d'entreprendre constitue la seule véritable liberté publique économique utilisée par le juge administratif. Elle est en effet la seule qui a pour fondement la protection de droits ou d'intérêts subjectifs liés à la personnalité juridique, en particulier celles des personnes privées. Elle recouvre deux prérogatives essentielles : l’accès à une activité économique et l’exercice d’une activité économique. Si l'expression « liberté d'entreprendre » n'est pas apparue au sein de la jurisprudence administrative mais au sein des jurisprudences constitutionnelle et européenne, il importe de ne pas se laisser abuser par les mots employés. Celle-ci est en réalité présente au sein de la jurisprudence administrative depuis fort longtemps sous l'expression « liberté du commerce et de l'industrie ». A ce titre, elle recouvre un certain nombre d'autres appellations qui varient en fonction du contexte. Même si le juge administratif considère - à l'image du juge constitutionnel ou du juge européen - qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de second rang, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de valeur constitutionnelle. La définition et la classification de la « libre concurrence » s'avèrent plus problématiques. Celle-ci recouvre deux aspects distincts :- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être envisagée comme le respect du principe d'égale concurrence, c'est-à-dire comme celui d'une déclinaison, le cas échéant rénovée, du principe d'égalité. Dans cette optique, elle peut revêtir un aspect subjectif, c’est-à-dire qu’elle protège un droit dont le fondement se trouve dans la personnalité juridique, alors même que son objet principal reste la protection du mécanisme de marché.- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être regardée comme un ordre concurrentiel. Dans cette optique, elle ne peut être assimilée à une liberté publique mais doit être envisagée comme un objectif ou un impératif d'intérêt général correspondant au bon fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché. Les prérogatives ou intérêts que les opérateurs économiques tirent de la défense de cet ordre concurrentiel ne leur sont pas accordés en raison de leur seule personnalité. Ces prérogatives et intérêts sont défendus de manière subsidiaire puisque c’est l’atteinte au fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché qui est en premier lieu et avant tout prohibée. Les prérogatives et intérêts que les opérateurs tirent de la défense de l’ordre concurrentiel trouvent leur source et leur assise dans la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est cette liberté qui octroie aux personnes morales et physiques le droit d’accéder à l’activité économique et le droit de l’exercer. La libre concurrence a pour effet de garantir et de renforcer l’effectivité de ces deux prérogatives fondamentales
The primary purpose of this study is to identify and define economic public freedoms in administrative case law. The research shows that free enterprise is the only genuine public economic freedom relied upon by administrative judges. It is indeed the only one based on protecting the subjective rights or interests that are related to the legal personality, especially when it comes to individuals. It covers two essential rights: access to an economic activity and the running thereof. If the expression "free enterprise" was not created by the administrative judges but by the constitutional and European judges, it has however been known for a long time by administrative judges as "freedom of trade and industry." As such, it has a number of different names, which may vary depending on the context. Even if administrative judges consider – like their constitutional and European counterparts – that is it a secondary freedom, it is still a constitutional freedom.The definition and classification of "free competition" are more problematic, since such freedom covers two different aspects:- it may first be considered the respect of equal competition, as a new version of the equality principle. In this context, it can take a subjective aspect since it protects a right based on legal personality, even though its primary purpose is to protect market mechanisms.- it may also be considered as a competition system. From this perspective, it cannot be considered a public freedom but rather a goal or a requirement of general interest in the market good competitive functioning. The rights or interests of economic actors that derive from the protection of the competition system are not granted on the basis of their legal personality alone. The protection of those rights and interests in only subsidiary; interfering with free competition on the market is first and foremost prohibited. The rights and interests of economic actors in protecting the competition system have their source and guarantee in free enterprise. This freedom gives legal and natural persons the right to access and to run a business. Free competition ensures and reinforces the effectiveness of these two fundamental rights

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18

Rikabi, Mouaz. "Les droits de la propriété intellectuelle et l'intérêt général : approche en droit d’auteur et en droit des brevets". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0019.

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L’évolution d’une économie industrielle vers une économie de la connaissance et du savoir a propulsé la propriété intellectuelle sur le devant de la scène. Désormais les droits intellectuels s’intègrent à tous les domaines de la vie moderne. De ce fait, le besoin de les protéger efficacement par des règles juridiques appropriées et d’inciter en conséquence les créateurs à produire de nouvelles créations est devenu une nécessité de premier ordre. Cependant, la spécificité de la nature de l’œuvre protégée par la propriété intellectuelle exige la prise en considération de multiples intérêts antagonistes. C’est pourquoi le législateur a cherché, au nom de l’intérêt général, à créer un juste équilibre interne entre les principaux intérêts présents au sein du régime de la propriété intellectuelle. Or, l’exercice des prérogatives octroyées par le régime de propriété intellectuelle effectué par le titulaire de droit a généré une importante expansion de ses intérêts au détriment des autres intérêts concurrents – présents dans la matière. Cette situation a provoqué, en conséquence, une rupture de l’équilibre interne de ce système, préétabli en amont par le législateur. Or, l’intérêt général peut jouer un rôle central dans le rétablissement d’un équilibre en la matière. Dans cette perspective, le juge peut, grâce à son pouvoir créateur de règles jurisprudentielles, se servir de l’intérêt général comme d’une ligne directrice servant à rétablir ce juste équilibre dans le système de la propriété intellectuelle. L’intérêt général justifie donc, tout autant que les limites intrinsèques aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle, les limites extrinsèques à ces droits
The evolution of the industrial economy towards the economy of knowledge has propelled intellectual property to the forefront. Intellectual property has become integrated in all the domains of the modern life. As a result, it has become a necessity to protect it effectively through appropriate legal rules that encourage creators to continue to provide new creations. However, the specificity of the nature of the work protected by intellectual property requires the consideration of multiple conflicting interests. As such, the legislator has sought, in the name of the general interest, to create a fair internal balance between the main interests present within the system of intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, the exercise of the prerogatives granted by the intellectual property system, carried out by the owner of intellectual property, has caused an important expansion of the interests of this owner, to the detriment of other concurrent interests. This has consequently caused a break in the internal balance of the system, instigated by the legislator. Nonetheless, the general interest can play a key role in restoring balance through the application of external rules to the intellectual property regime. In this perspective, the judge can, by using his creative power of jurisprudence, use the general interest as a guideline to restore balance in the intellectual property system. The general interest justifies thus, as well as the intrinsic limits to intellectual property rights, the extrinsic limits to these rights

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19

Pereira, Marco Antonio Marcondes. "Publicidade comparativa". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8876.

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Comparative Advertising is theme presented in their constituent aspects, as social phenomenon with reflexes in the economy, in the culture and in the Brazilian system of laws. The exam of the history of the advertising and the several ways as it has been conceived in the last years contribute to delimit the comparative method as a specific technique. Technique marked by the line of the aggressiveness in the formulation of the advertising messages that, under excuse of being mere fruit of the imagination and of the professionals' creativity in it involved, it has the unequivocal purpose of invigoration the economic function. The use of the technique, though, it is absent-minded of concerns with their effects in the sphere of the rights of the contestants, of the own professionals of the area of the publicity, of the consumers and of the citizens in general. The form how the advertising is collected by the legal system ― in the constitutional plan and in the statutory law plan ― it comes as vector to incite inquiries on the licitness of the comparative advertising in Brazil. The possible answer is among the many themes developed in the work, among the ones which, for instance, the fundamental rights, the freedom of expression and communication, the repression rules to the disloyal competition, the prohibition of the right abuse and the respect to the copyright. Starting from those juridical categories, the text shows the perplexity between professionals of the marketing areas and jurists on that aggressive advertising technique. Defenders and opponents of Comparative Advertising are characters of that plot of trade and consumerism of the current communication order. Strong and convincing arguments developed by those characters, solitary of the experience and of conflicts of interests, they allow the choice of an answer to the inquiry on the licitness of the comparative advertising in the Brazilian law
Publicidade Comparativa é tema apresentado em seus aspectos constitutivos, como fenômeno social com reflexos na economia, na cultura e na ordem jurídica brasileira. O exame da história da publicidade e as várias maneiras como vem sendo concebida nos últimos anos contribuem para delimitar a publicidade comparativa como uma técnica específica. Técnica marcada pelo traço da agressividade na formulação das mensagens publicitária que, sob pretexto de ser mero fruto da imaginação e da criatividade dos profissionais nela envolvidos, tem o inequívoco propósito de fortalecimento da sua função econômica. O uso da técnica, todavia, é abstraído de preocupações com os seus efeitos na esfera dos direitos dos concorrentes, dos próprios profissionais da área da publicidade, dos consumidores e dos cidadãos em geral. A forma como a publicidade é recolhida pelo ordenamento jurídico ― no plano constitucional e no plano infraconstitucional ― apresenta-se como vetor para incitar indagações sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no Brasil. A resposta possível está entre os muitos temas enfeixados no trabalho, dentre os quais, por exemplo, os direitos fundamentais, a liberdade de expressão e comunicação, as regras de repressão à concorrência desleal, a proibição do abuso de direito e o respeito ao direito autoral. A partir dessas categorias jurídicas, o texto mostra a perplexidade reinante entre profissionais das áreas de marketing e publicidade e juristas sobre essa técnica publicitária agressiva. Defensores e opositores dela ― Publicidade Comparativa ― são personagens dessa trama mercadológica e consumista da atual ordem comunicacional. Argumentos fortes e convincentes desenvolvidos por essas personagens, retirados da experiência e de conflitos de interesses, permitem a escolha de uma resposta à indagação sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

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Nowag, Julian. "Competition law, state aid law and free-movement law : the case of the environmental integration obligation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b14c7740-cac8-4084-acf8-86ff9c053e6c.

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This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

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21

Samb, Seynabou. "Le droit de la commande publique en Afrique noire francophone : contribution à l'étude des mutations du droit des contrats administratifs au Sénégal, au Burkina Faso, en Côte d'Ivoire et au Cameroun". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0326/document.

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Tenaillé entre les logiques de la globalisation juridique, de l'intégration communautaireet les contraintes politiques, économiques et sociales propres aux Etats, le droit des contratsadministratifs en Afrique noire francophone s'est transformé. Ses sources se sont élargies. Sesfondements conceptuels et matériels ont connu une mutation. C'est dans ce contexte qu'émergele droit de la commande publique. Renouvelant les principes matriciels de transparence, deliberté et d'égalité, le droit de la commande publique apporte un noyau dur de règles communesaux marchés publics, aux contrats de délégation de service public et aux contrats de partenariatpublic-privée. Pour ce faire, il se fonde d'abord sur une nouvelle conceptualisation des notions àla base du droit des contrats administratifs. Dans un second temps, le droit de la commandepublique représente une refondation des procédures de passation, des mécanismes de contrôle etde règlement des litiges relatifs à ces contrats administratifs. L'émergence de ces nouvellesrègles fait suite aux réformes d'envergure des législations nationales relatives aux contratsadministratifs. Cette étude se donne comme objectif d'analyser les apports véritables desdispositions issues de ces réformes afin de voir si elles ont permis de garantir davantagel'effectivité de l'idéologie concurrentielle
Caught between the new reality of legal globalization, community integrationrequirements and the political, economic and social constraints of each state, the regulation ofadministrative contracts in French-speaking African countries has changed. The sources of suchregulation have been expanded. Its conceptual and material foundations have changed. A newsystem of public procurement has emerged. Trying to renew principles of transparency, as wellas freedom of acces to public procurement and equality, the new public procurement regulationprovides a body of common rules for public procurement, public service delegation contractsand public-private partnership contracts.First, in order to achieve this, it relies on a new interpretation of the notions on whichAdministrative Contracts Law is based. Second, the new public procurement regulationrepresents a recasting of award procedures, control mechanisms and dispute resolutionmeasures. The emergence of these new regulations follows reforms of Administrative ContractsLaw in the respective countries.The objective of this study is to analyze the actual contribution of provisions flowing from thesereforms, in order to see if they are contributing to ensuring that competitive ideology isincreasingly effective

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22

Richard, Jeanne. "La divulgation de l'information protégée et les libertés économiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV073/document.

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La détention et l’exploitation de l’information apparaissent au cœur du développement de l’économie contemporaine, faisant de l’identification ainsi que de la protection de l’information des enjeux permanents pour les opérateurs économiques. Mais toutes les informations ne se valent pas. Seules celles bénéficiant d’une protection directe ou indirecte et conférant un avantage concurrentiel font l’objet d’un contrôle attentif des entreprises et des autorités de concurrence. Dans ce contexte, les libertés économiques, circonscrites à la liberté contractuelle, la liberté d’entreprendre et la libre concurrence, constituent, alternativement, un guide, un support ou une limite à la divulgation de l’information protégée. Justifiant l’absence de divulgation de certaines informations protégées, les libertés économiques consacrent le respect des secrets d’affaires. A l’inverse, elles peuvent imposer une divulgation et en dicter les modalités. Suivant un mouvement de balancier, les conditions de divulgation de l’information protégée, au sein d’échanges informels, dans le cadre d’opérations de normalisation, ou dans une optique de libre mise à disposition, influencent à leur tour les libertés économiques qui s’en trouvent contraintes, renforcées ou renouvelées. Au regard de ces interactions constantes dessinant un cadre évolutif, il importe de s’interroger sur la réalité de l’autonomie de la volonté des opérateurs économiques dans la gestion de leurs informations protégées
Possession and exploitation of information are essential to the development of the contemporary economy, making the identification as well as the protection of information permanent stakes for economic operators. But information is not always given the same value. Only those which are granted direct or indirect protection, and which give a competitive advantage are subject to close scrutiny by companies and competition authorities. In this context, economic freedoms, circumscribed by contractual freedom, freedom of enterprise and free competition, may in turn be considered as guide, a support or a limit to the disclosure of protected information. Justifying the lack of disclosure of some protected information, economic freedoms ensure the respect of trade secrets. Conversely, they may force the disclosure of protected information, and dictate the terms of this disclosure. Following a pendulum movement, the conditions for disclosure of protected information, in informal exchanges, in the framework of standardization operations, or in view of free provision, influence economic freedoms which in turn are constrained, reinforced or renewed by this operation. Following these constant interactions that draw on an evolving framework, it appears important to question the real autonomy of the economic actor’s will in the management of their protected information

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23

Huet, Davy. "Le petit professionnel dans ses rapports contractuels". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD005.

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Il n’est pas évident d’identifier le « petit professionnel » dans le droit des contrats actuel. Qu’il s’agisse du droit commun des contrats ou des droits spéciaux, aucun n’a réellement vocation à appréhender de manière spécifique cet acteur économique. Pourtant, si le droit positif ne porte pas un regard attentif à ce contractant, son éclosion au sein des relations juridiques n’est pas contestée et le droit européen, au travers des projets mis en œuvre, se positionne comme témoin de cette émergence. C’est pourquoi, il est proposé d’étudier les manifestations du « petit professionnel », d’une part, aux côtés des notions déjà connues de consommateur, de non-professionnel et de professionnel, puis d’autre part, des notions voisines de commerçant et d’entreprise. De nombreux domaines sont touchés par l’avènement du « petit professionnel » notamment le droit des contrats, le droit de la concurrence, ou encore le droit de la consommation. Aussi, l’objectif est de mettre en évidence le manque d’attention dont il fait l’objet. Dans le cadre de ses relations contractuelles, le « petit professionnel » est considéré bien souvent comme un professionnel quelconque malgré son statut particulier. Le propos est donc également de réfléchir à une adaptation des règles auxquelles il est soumis. Le contenu de ses droits et devoirs doit être analysé avec rigueur afin de les comprendre et de les rendre plus appropriés
The « small professional » is not so well identified in current contract law. Whether it concerns general laws of contract or special contract laws, neither really have a vocation to specifically appreciate this economic stakeholder. However, if positive law is not attentive to this contracting party, its emergence at the heart of legal relations is not disputed, and as pointed out in European law, it places itself as witness to this outcome. In consequence, it is proposed to study the expression of the « small professional », on the one hand, through the already-known notions of consumer, non-professional and professional, and on the other hand, through related notions of trader and business company. Many areas are affected by the advent of the « small professional » including contract law, competition law and consumer law. The aim is therefore to emphasize the lack of attention to this party. Within the scope of its contractual relationships, the « small professional » is generally considered as a common professional, despite its special status. The purpose is also to present an adaptation of the rules related to its activities. The content of its rights and duties should be strictly analyzed in order to understand, and make them more appropriate

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24

Robenate, Jean-Calvin. "Les politiques de transport routier dans la Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20105/document.

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La Convention régissant l’Union économique de l’Afrique centrale (UEAC) renferme les dispositions particulières dont l’objet est d’harmoniser les politiques de transports. Cela passe par l’ouverture des marchés nationaux des Etats membres aux opérateurs économiques, la suppression des restrictions à la libre prestation des services et d’établissement, l’interconnexion des infrastructures, etc. A partir des critères de validité formelle, factuelle et axiologique du droit, cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les contraintes qui handicapent ces politiques. Après avoir fait le constat des difficultés liées au choix de la technique d’harmonisation des droits, l’étude se penche sur les limites dues à la non-observation des procédures d’admission des conventions dans les ordres juridiques internes, à la faiblesse des institutions, aux risques économiques, financiers et politiques. Elle suggère qu’il est nécessaire de remettre de l’ordre dans les systèmes juridiques, grâce à une politique de codification et, à terme, de rechercher la sécurité juridique, par l’uniformisation des règles en présence. Enfin, face à la corruption, elle prend position pour un devoir d’ingérence de la Communauté internationale pour sécuriser les ressources destinées à la modernisation des infrastructures routières
Convention governing the economic Union of central Africa (UEAC) contains the specific measures whose object is to harmonize the policies of transport. That passes by the opening of the national markets of the Member States to the economic operators, the suppression of the restrictions on freedom to provide services and of establishment, the interconnection of the infrastructures, etc From the criteria of formal, factual and axiologic validity of the right, this thesis has the aim of analyzing the constraints which handicap these policies. After having made the report of the difficulties related to the choice of the technique of harmonization of laws, the study considers the limits due to the nonobservance of the procedures of admission of conventions in the internal legal orders, with the weakness of the institutions, with the economic risks, financial and political. It suggests that it is necessary to give of the order in the legal systems, thanks to a policy of coding and, in the long term, seeking the legal security, by the standardization of the involved rules. Lastly, vis-a-vis corruption, it gives an opinion for a duty of interference of the International community to make safe the resources intended for the modernization of the road infrastructures

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25

Ioannidou, Aimilia. "L'intérêt général en économie de marché : perspective de droit de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020035.

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Le droit de l’Union européenne induit de très importantes transformations du concept d’intérêt général dont notamment les deux suivantes Premièrement, dans le cadre du système juridique de l’Union l’intérêt général se décline désormais à deux niveaux, à savoir celui de l’Union et celui de ses Etats membres. Deuxièmement, le caractère principalement économique de l’Union européenne et de son droit, bien que quelque peu atténué, fait de la conception de l’intérêt général retenue au sein de l’ordre juridique européen une approche ancrée dans une perspective économique d’orientation libérale. Cela entraîne des conséquences significatives quant à l’agencement de la puissance publique et du marché dans les processus de définition ainsi que de mise en oeuvre de l’intérêt général, tant au niveau des Etats membres qu’au niveau de l’Union. Il en va d’ailleurs ainsi pour ce qui est des fonctions de l’intérêt général. L’objet de la présente thèse consiste en l’étude de ces transformations
The legal concept of general interest is significantly transformed under EU law. The most important transformations consist in the double-level (national and European) development of the concept and in the fact that the primarily economic character of EU law as well as its liberal orientation influence at a great extent the relation between public authority and the market as far as both the definition and the realization of the general interest, as well as its functions, are concerned. The object of the present thesis consists in a study of the aforementioned transformations

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26

Wuerfel, Tyll y Ellen Weiler. "Influences on the Adaptation and Standardization Level of Swedish MNCs in the German Market". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53093.

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The purpose of this thesis is to describe how the factors influence the level of adaptation and standardization of a marketing strategy and subsequently analyze how the factors influence the level of adaptation and standardization of Swedish MNCs’ in the German market. The relevant factors for the decision towards standardization and adaptation are found out using a framework composed by Viswanathan & Dickson (2007). The factors chosen are homogeneity of customer response to the marketing-mix, transferability of competitive advantage, homogeneity of economic freedom and decision variables. This thesis does so in a deductive and qualitative approach using Swedish retailer Clas Ohlson as a case study. Underlying this is a contextualized and interpretivist point of view. Data was collected through focus group interviews with German and Swedish students and complemented through data mining. An analysis of the empirical data shows a high homogeneity of customer response to the marketing-mix, the possibility of transferring the competitive advantage and a high homogeneity of economic freedom was discovered. When applying the frame of reference on the empirical data, Swedish MNCs, especially Swedish retailers, are recommended to choose a high degree of standardization for their IMS in the German market. It was discovered that the used framework does to some extent not cover a wish proposed by the German participants calling for a partial adaptation of the international marketing strategy. This disproves the assumption underlying the frame of reference as the majority of factors suggest standardization, yet from a consumer perspective, there is the wish to partially adapt. In the conclusion managerial implications, limitations and research implications are mentioned as well.

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27

Holm, Cyril. "F. A. Hayek's Critique of Legislation". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236890.

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The dissertation concerns F. A. Hayek’s (1899–1992) critique of legislation. The purpose of the investigation is to clarify and assess that critique. I argue that there is in Hayek’s work a critique of legislation that is distinct from his well-known critique of social planning. Further that the main claim of this critique is what I refer to as Hayek’s legislation tenet, namely that legislation that aims to achieve specific aggregate results in complex orders of society will decrease the welfare level. The legislation tenet gains support; (i) from the welfare claim – according to which there is a positive correlation between the utilization of knowledge and the welfare level in society; (ii) from the dispersal of knowledge thesis – according to which the total knowledge of society is dispersed and not available to any one agency; and (iii) from the cultural evolution thesis – according to which evolutionary rules are more favorable to the utilization of knowledge in social cooperation than are legislative rules. More specifically, I argue that these form two lines of argument in support of the legislation tenet. One line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the dispersal of knowledge thesis. I argue that this line of argument is true. The other line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the cultural evolution thesis. I argue that this line of argument is false, mainly because the empirical work of political scientist Elinor Ostrom refutes it. Because the two lines of argument support the legislation tenet independently of each other, I argue that Hayek’s critique of legislation is true. In this dissertation, I further develop a legislative policy tool as based on the welfare claim and Hayek’s conception of coercion. I also consider Hayek’s idea that rules and law are instrumental in forging rational individual action and rational social orders, and turn to review this idea in light of the work of experimental economist Vernon Smith and economic historian Avner Greif. I find that Smith and Greif support this idea of Hayek’s, and I conjecture that it contributes to our understanding of Adam Smith’s notion of the invisible hand: It is rules – not an invisible hand – that prompt subjects to align individual and aggregate rationality in social interaction. Finally, I argue that Hayek’s critique is essentially utilitarian, as it is concerned with the negative welfare consequences of certain forms of legislation. And although it may appear that the dispersal of knowledge thesis will undermine the possibility of carrying out the utilitarian calculus, due to the lack of knowledge of the consequences of one’s actions – and therefore undermine the legislation tenet itself – I argue that the distinction between utilitarianism conceived as a method of deliberation and utilitarianism conceived as a criterion of correctness may be used to save Hayek’s critique from this objection.

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28

Pezet, Fabrice. "La fiscalité et le marché. De l’Etat fiscal à la fiscalité de marché". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0098.

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Les systèmes fiscaux nationaux sont traditionnellement construits autour de la relation entre l’Etat et le contribuable. Au fondement de la notion d’ « Etat fiscal » (ce que la doctrine allemande appelle Steuerstaat), cette relation structure l’organisation du système fiscal, tenu de prendre en compte les facultés contributives, c’est-à-dire la capacité à payer des contribuables au regard de leur situation face à l’impôt. L’affirmation progressive de la portée fiscale du marché intérieur conduit à remettre en cause l’exclusivité de cette relation pour contraindre les systèmes fiscaux à se conformer aux objectifs propres au marché intérieur. Justifiée par le principe de primauté du droit de l’Union européenne, la « fiscalité de marché », c’est-à-dire un ensemble de règles fiscales accompagnant la construction et le bon fonctionnement du marché intérieur, fragilise les principes constitutifs de l’Etat fiscal. Alors que les principes de la « fiscalité de marché », nés de la portée fiscale des libertés de circulation et de l’objectif de concurrence libre et non faussée, suivent la logique propre au marché intérieur, l’Etat fiscal est centré autour du contribuable. Il est nécessaire d’analyser la relation entre ces deux logiques potentiellement conflictuelles en recherchant si les principes fondamentaux de l’Etat fiscal sont incompatibles avec ceux de la « fiscalité de marché » . La « fiscalité de marché » contribue à une transformation du fonctionnement de l’Etat fiscal par l’affirmation d’une obligation de neutralité sur le marché. Toutefois, elle n’en remet pas en cause les fondations, particulièrement la prise en compte des facultés contributives par le législateur fiscal. La pérennité de l’Etat fiscal invite alors à s’interroger sur les moyens d’organiser sa coexistence avec les principes de la « fiscalité de marché »
National tax systems are usually built upon the relation between State and Taxpayers. Laying at the foundations of the Fiscal State (what German doctrine calls Steuerstaat), this relation structures the very organization of the tax system which has to take taxpayer’s ability-to-pay into account. The affirmation of the fiscal scope of Internal market has led to question this relation’s exclusivity to force national tax systems to comply with Internal market’s goals. Based on the principle of primacy of the European Union Law, “market taxation” (fiscalité de marché), i.e. a whole set of tax rules going with the construction and the proper functioning of the Internal Market, weakens Fiscal State’s main principles. While “market taxation”’s principles are based on the fiscal scope given to freedoms of movement and undistorted competition and follow the Internal market’s goals, the Fiscal State is centered around the taxpayer. It is necessary to assess the relation between these possibly conflictual rationales by researching whether Fiscal State’s main principles go against those of “market taxation”. “Market Taxation” effectively leads to deep changes in the functioning of tax systems by enforcing a whole neutrality on the market. Nevertheless, Fiscal State’s foundations, in particular the legal obligation of taking taxpayers’ capacity-to-pay into account, are not disputed. Fiscal State’s continuity invites to examine how to organize its coexistence with “market taxation”’s principles

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IUDICONE, FELICIANO. "TRASFORMAZIONI DELLA FIGURA DEL DATORE DI LAVORO MULTINAZIONALE. FENOMENI DI MOBILITA' GEOGRAFICA E TUTELE". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/59518.

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La tesi esplora le sfide poste al diritto del lavoro e alla politiche europee dal distacco di lavoratori, illustrando le sue complesse relazioni con le libertà economiche da un lato e con i diritti sociali dall’altro. In particolare, si propone una analisi della normativa europea alla luce della sua interpretazione da parte della Corte di Giustizia Europea e della concreta applicazione da parte delle autorità pubbliche. Il lavoro è arricchito da evidenze di tipo quantitativo e qualitativo sui flussi e sulle condizioni lavorative dei lavoratori distaccati, incluse le attività e i risultati di progetti volti a migliorare la comprensione del fenomeno rafforzando, al contempo, le capacità di ispettorati e sindacati. Le conclusioni propongono diversi percorsi di riforma, ispirati da visioni alternative dell’equilibrio tra libertà economiche e diritti sociali.
The thesis explores challenges posed to labour law and to European policies by the posting of workers, highlighting its complex relations with economic freedoms on the one side and with social rights on the other side. This is done by providing an analysis of EU-level law provisions in the light of their interpretation by the European Court of Justice and implementation by public authorities. The work is integrated by quantitative and qualitative evidences on flows and working conditions of posted workers, including activities and outcomes of projects meant to improve understanding of the phenomenon while empowering stakeholders, such as inspectorates and unions. The conclusions propose different pathways to reform posting rules, inspired by alternative visions on the balance between economic freedoms and social rights.

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30

Lekkou, Efthymia. "La transparence et la commande publique". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30101.

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La transparence, à travers ses multiples applications par le juge européen, est érigée en principe général du droit de l’Union européenne. Ses fondements juridiques retentissent sur sa portée, impérative et supplétive, son champ d’application matériel et personnel ainsi que sur son extension progressive et sa limitation aux seuls rapports verticaux développés entre les autorités adjudicatrices et les opérateurs économiques. La transparence est rattachée directement aux libertés fondamentales des soumissionnaires potentiels dont elles assurent la protection juridique et indirectement au principe de libre concurrence par la suppression des obstacles privés à la libre circulation des activités économiques. Ainsi, au service d’une finalité immédiate, la transparence garantit l’accès à la commande publique et, au service d’une finalité médiate, elle protège les structures du marché de la commande publique. Le principe général de transparence donne alors naissance aux contrats relevant de la commande publique qui prennent le relais des contrats publics. Instrument d’intégration et élément structurel du marché intérieur, cette nouvelle génération des contrats matérialise l’accès à la commande publique qui constitue un secteur d’activité économique faisant partie du marché intérieur
Transparency, through its multiple applications by the european judge, has become a general principle of european law. Its legal basis resound its purview, imperative and suppletive, its personnal et material scope, as well as its progressive extension and its restriction to the vertical relationships developed between contracting authorities and economic operators. Transparency is attached directly to potential bidders fundamental freedoms whose its provides legal protection. It is attached indirectly to the principle of free competition by the elimination of private barriers to the free movement of economic activities. Thus, in the service of an immediate finality, transparency guarantees access to public procurements and, in the service of a mediate finality, it protects the market structures of public procurement. The general principle of transparency gives then rise to contracts of public order (contrats relevant de la commande publique) which take over public contracts. Instrument of integration and structural element of the internal market, this new generation of contracts materialize access to public order (commande publique), that constitutes a sector of economic activity as part of the internal market

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31

Huang, Yueh-Wen y 黃玥玟. "A Study on the Reasonableness of Restraining Workers’ Freedom to Switch to Another Job －A Focus on Minimum Years of Service Clauses and Non-Competition Clauses". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68520491935106515698.

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Jirková, Pavla. "Přemístění sídla obchodní společnosti v rámci Evropské unie". Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353943.

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The idea of internal market is one of the basic concepts of the European integration. The internal market of the European Union is a single market in which the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons is ensured. This thesis focuses on the free movements of legal persons in the European Union, namely freedom of establishment and the possibility of cross-border transfer of a company's registered office. This business focused freedom is regulated mainly by primary law in Articles 49 a 54 TFEU and its main objective is to enable the exercise of economic activities even in the territory of other Member States. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the regulation and development of case law regarding freedom of establishment of companies and give their comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, the thesis points out the fact that the choice of company's seat and its change is often associated with advantageous conditions laid down by national legislation. Companies often choose countries which have minimum requirements for their establishment and existence. States are aware of this behavior. Consequently, some of them reduce their legal standards and try to attract companies into their territory. This may cause the battle of jurisdictions. The thesis consists of the initial and final part and...

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Fitas, David José Simões. "As cláusulas anti-rival : a (i)legitimidade da limitação à liberdade do praticante desportivo". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36886.

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O mediatismo associado à competição desportiva, a prossecução do resultado e do lucro pelos clubes desportivos e a dependência de todo este universo dos praticantes desportivos faz com que, por vezes, sejam previstas cláusulas e celebrados acordos de compatibilidade duvidosa com os direitos deste último. Um dos limites à liberdade negocial nesta matéria do direito do desporto é precisamente o direito à liberdade do trabalho e escolha da profissão pelo praticante desportivo. As cláusulas anti-rival, servindo em primeira linha interesses dos clubes/entidades empregadoras são suscetíveis de violar direitos fundamentais do trabalhador desportivo e desta forma tem de se acautelar estes atropelos ainda que em prol da competição, lucro ou vontade da massa adepta. O desporto é de todos e para todos mas não à custa de qualquer um.
The vast popularity that is related with sports competitions, the quest for the best score and profit by sports clubs and that all this universe rely on professional athletes its cause for, sometimes, registration of clauses and agreements that makes you wonder about their compatibility with the rights of those professional athletes. One of the limits concerning freedom of negotiation in this sportive law matter its precisely the freedom of labour right and free profession choice by the professional athlete. Anti rival clauses, they serve, at first the sports clubs interests and they are likely to violate fundamental rights of professional athletes and, for that reason, we need to beware this violations even if those happens in favour of the competition, profit or fans will. Sport is for everyone, but not at the expense of anyone.

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Costa, Bernardo Edgar Serafim. "Pactos de não concorrência: algumas reflexões". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18285.

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Esta dissertação reflete essencialmente o estudo dos pactos de não concorrência, aprofundando as causas históricas, os seus interesses e o seu regime. Pretende-se, numa fase inicial, entrelaçar a estreita ligação existente entre a liberdade de trabalho e as cláusulas limitativas da liberdade, apresentando simultaneamente as suas razões históricas. Num segundo patamar, são apresentados os pactos de não concorrência em concreto, a sua noção, o seu regime atual, os interesses que visam proteger, salientando-se algumas das suas especificidades, designadamente, os seus requisitos formais e materiais. Por outro lado, são também destacadas, algumas questões de maior relevância, seja o prejuízo do empregador, a duração da limitação, o limite geográfico e de atividade, bem como a compensação a atribuir ao trabalhador. É igualmente abordado o pacto de não concorrência, na Lei Geral do Trabalho em Funções Públicas, confrontando-o com o modelo geral previsto no código de trabalho. É também englobada a cessação do contrato de trabalho, dando destaque às situações de incumprimento do pacto de não concorrência, seja o incumprimento por parte do trabalhador ou por parte do empregador. Num juízo final, avança-se ainda, a possibilidade de aplicação da concorrência desleal, caso se verifique a (in)existência do pacto de não concorrência, como forma de proteção do empregador. Palavras chave: Liberdade trabalho, pacto de não concorrência no trabalho, restrição à liberdade do trabalho, concorrência desleal.
The dissertation will start by focusing on the close correlation between freedom of labour and restrictive clauses of freedom as well as, their historical background. The text will further present the particularities of non-competition agreements, more specifically, their concept, current regime and the interests that they aim to protect. Lastly, some of their specificities, namely their formal and material requirements are also subject of this dissertation. Some issues of greater relevance, such as employer's disadvantages, the duration of the limitation, the geographical and activity limit, as well as the compensation to be assigned to the employee were included for consideration/discussion. The text also analyses non-competition agreement within the context of the General Labour Law in Public Administrations, comparing it with the general model described in the Code of Labour. The termination of contract is also analysed, with particular emphasis on the noncompliance issues with the non-competition agreements, whether of employee’s or the employer’s fault. In a final assessment, a proposal is made to apply unfair competition, in cases of existing or non-existing non-competition agreement as a form of protection of the employer.

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Vieira, Rui Frederico Almeida Santos Pinho. "A mobilidade transfronteiriça das sociedades comerciais na União Europeia : breve antologia de uma odisseia". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/30819.

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A mobilidade transfronteiriça das sociedades é fundamental para o desenvolvimento do mercado único e representa um importante corolário da liberdade de estabelecimento. Para o efeito, é decisivo suplantar os entraves ao comércio transfronteiriço, procurando o justo balanço entre a promoção da concorrência e competitividades dos operadores económicos e a proteção de diversas partes interessadas, nomeadamente sócios (minoritários), credores e trabalhadores. O presente trabalho tem com objetivo analisar o estado da arte à luz do direito primário e derivado da União Europeia, bem como de acordo com a vasta jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça. Partindo de uma abordagem empírica, procuramos demonstrar que o principal entrave à mobilidade transfronteiriça das sociedades reside na disparidade das regras de conflitos espalhadas pelos Estados-Membros, pelo que propomos uma revisão do paradigma da neutralidade conflitual, mediante uma intervenção legislativa de harmonização por via de regulamento.
Cross-border mobility of limited liability companies is of the essence to the development of the single market and represents an important corollary of the freedom of establishment. In this regard, it is paramount to overcome the obstacles to cross-border commerce, seeking the appropriate balance between the promotion of competition and competitivity of the economic agents and the protection of different stakeholders such as (minority) shareholders, creditors and employees. This paper aims to analyse the status quo according to primary and secondary law of the European Union, as well as pursuant to the vast case-law of the Court of Justice. Departing from an empirical analysis, we intent to demonstrate that the main hindrance to cross-border mobility of companies resides in the disparity of the conflict of laws regime throughout the Member-States, which leads us to propose a revision of the conflict of laws neutrality paradigm, by means of a legislative intervention to harmonise the regime by means of a regulation.

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Delgado, Júnia Luiza Rêgo. "O dever de lealdade do trabalhador: Uma abordagem específica do pacto de não concorrência". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21146.

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Esta dissertação surge no intuito de apresentar um estudo sobre as especificidades do pacto de não concorrência, demonstrando a sua relevância nas relações jurídico-laborais e a sua evolução durante as últimas décadas, e deste modo, contribuir para um melhor entendimento deste regime legal sobre o qual desde os anos 90 começou a despertar o interesse da doutrina nacional, devido a sua atualidade e importância comprovada pelo crescente número de decisões jurisprudenciais nesta matéria. Neste sentido, numa fase inicial introduz-se o dever de lealdade, a sua evolução histórica, a sua aplicabilidade e entendendo a sua estreita ligação com o pacto de não concorrência, demonstrando que são matérias distintas, porém entrelaçadas. Num segundo plano, apresentamos o pacto de não concorrência em concreto, a sua noção o seu regime, os sujeitos parte deste negócio jurídico-laboral, os interesses que visa proteger, evidenciando os requisitos legais para a sua validade. Destacamos ainda questões como o interesse do empregador na realização do pacto, a sua duração, o seu limite geográfico e de atividade e a compensação pecuniária dada ao trabalhador pela limitação da liberdade deste. São ainda abordadas as causas de extinção do pacto, que variam desde a sua durabilidade ao seu incumprimento. Num juízo final, analisamos ainda a possibilidade de inclusão de uma cláusula penal para o incumprimento do pacto de não concorrência, bem como a pós-eficácia do dever de lealdade.
This dissertation appears in order to present a study on the specificities of the non-competition pact, demonstrating its relevance in the legal-labor relations and its evolution during the last decades, and in this way, contributing to the understanding of this legal regime on which not since the 1990s did it begin to arouse the interest of the national doctrine, due to its timeliness and importance, evidenced by the growing number of jurisprudential decisions in this matter. In this sense, in an initial phase the duty of loyalty is introduced, its historical evolution, its applicability and understanding its close connection with the non-competition pact, demonstrating that they are distinct, yet intertwined matters. Secondly, we present the specific non-competition pact, its notion and its regime, the subjects are part of this legal-labor business, the interests it seeks to protect and highlighting the legal requirements for its validity. We also highlight issues such as the employer's interest in making the pact, its duration, its geographical and activity limit and the monetary compensation given to the worker. The causes for extinction of the pact are also addressed, ranging from its durability to its non-compliance. In a final judgment, we also analyzed the possibility of including a penal clause for non-compliance with the non-competition pact.

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Fernandes, José Martins Ferreira. "O pacto de não concorrência". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19115.

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Esta dissertação pretende estudar o regime dos pactos de não concorrência. Inicialmente, iremos fazer o enquadramento do pacto de não concorrência e a distinção deste regime com alguns institutos que se apresentam semelhantes. Faremos, igualmente, uma análise doutrinal e jurisprudencial sobre a questão da constitucionalidade destes pactos, retendo excertos de acórdãos pioneiros nesta matéria e posições doutrinais sobre a figura em análise. Iremos analisar historicamente a evolução na lei destes pactos e abordaremos o princípio da liberdade de trabalho. De seguida, faremos uma análise completa dos requisitos do pacto de não concorrência, analisaremos as causas de cessação do pacto de não concorrência, dando especial ênfase à problemática questão da renúncia ao referido pacto e iremos fazer, ainda, referência aos casos em que existe uma transmissão de empresa ou estabelecimento. Por fim, abordaremos a importante questão sobre as consequências do incumprimento do pacto de não concorrência. Pretende-se trazer à colação em todos os capítulos da presente dissertação, as mais importantes decisões jurisprudenciais e as várias posições doutrinais que se têm feito sentir em Portugal nos últimos anos e que tanto têm ajudado a dignificar e atualizar todos os aspetos de um regime cada vez mais presente e com maior importância no nosso país.
This dissertation aims to study the regime of the non-compete agreements. Firstly, we will do the framing of the figure of the non-compete agreement and the distinction of this regime from institutions with some similarities. A doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis will be carried out about the question of the constitutionality of the non-compete agreements, retaining excerpts from essential and pioneering judgements in this matter and, also, doctrinal positions about the figure in analysis. Then, we will do a complete analysis of the requirements of these non-compete agreements, analyzing the causes for cessation of the non-compete agreement, giving special emphasis on the problematic question of the renounce to the non-compete agreement and we will also hint the cases where a transmission of a company occurs. Finally, we will approach the important question regarding the consequences of the infringement of the non-compete agreement. We aim in this dissertation to bring awareness to the most important jurisprudential decisions and the various doctrinal positions that have appeared in Portugal regarding this matter in recent years and, therefore, have been dignifying and actualizing every aspect of a regime increasingly more present and with higher importance in our country.

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Ribeiro, Bruno Miguel Bessa. "Limitações à liberdade contratual do profissional desportivo". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/30360.

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O desporto, desde há muitos séculos, é parte integrante das nossas vidas. Quer seja com objetivos recreativos, competitivos, de melhorias de saúde ou laborais a prática desportiva evolui lado a lado com o Homem. No entanto, a partir do século XXI, com o desenvolvimento da indústria desportiva surge a necessidade de o Direito regular o crescente número de relações desportivas. No meio destas relações desportivas encontra-se o praticante desportivo profissional, sendo que este, não poucas as vezes, pratica o desporto ao abrigo de um contrato de trabalho. É sobre a figura do praticante desportivo e as limitações à sua liberdade contratual que se debruça a presente dissertação. Deste modo, numa primeira análise abordaremos o surgimento e a evolução histórica do direito desportivo laboral, bem como o regime especial do contrato de trabalho desportivo. De seguida, tendo por base a Lei n.º 54/2017, de 14 de julho, que estabelece o regime jurídico do contrato de trabalho do praticante desportivo, do contrato de formação desportiva e do contrato de representação ou intermediação, mais concretamente o seu artigo 19.º respeitante à liberdade contratual, procuraremos abordar todos os institutos legais que possam limitar a liberdade contratual do praticante desportivo.
Sport, for many centuries, is an integral part of our lives. Whether with recreational, competitive, health or labor goals, sports practice has evolved side by side with Man. However, since the XXI century, following the development of the sports industry, the need arises for the Law to regulate the growing number of sports relations. In the center of these sports relations, we find the professional sportsman, who often practices sports under an employment contract. It is on the figure of the sportsman and his limitations on freedom of contract that the present dissertation lays on. Thus, in a first analysis, it addresses the emergence and historical evolution of labor sports law, as well as the special regime of the sports employment contract. Then, based on the Law no. 54/2017, of July 14, which establishes the legal regime of athlete’s employment contract, the sports training contract and the representation or intermediation contract, more specifically its 19th article on freedom of contract, we will seek to address all legal institutes that may limit the freedom of contract of the sportsman.

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Bader, Daniel. "Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26127.

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Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics examines the Platonic theory of craft and shows its application to different ethical problems in medicine, both ancient and modern. I begin by elucidating the Platonic use of the term “craft” or “technē”, using especially the paradigmatic craft of medicine, and explicate a number of important principles inherent in his use of the term. I then show how Plato’s framework of crafts can be applied to two ancient debates. First, I show how Plato’s understanding of crafts is used in discussing the definition of medicine, and how he deals with the issue of “bivalence”, that medicine seems to be capable of generating disease as well as curing it. I follow this discussion into Aristotle, who, though he has a different interpretation of bivalence, has a solution in many ways similar to Plato’s. Second, I discuss the relevance of knowledge to persuasion and freedom. Rhetors like Gorgias challenge the traditional connections of persuasion to freedom and force to slavery by characterizing persuasion as a type of force. Plato addresses this be dividing persuasion between sorcerous and didactic persuasion, and sets knowledge as the new criterion for freedom. Finally, I discuss three modern issues in medical ethics using a Platonic understanding of crafts: paternalism, conclusions in meta-analyses and therapeutic misconceptions in research ethics. In discussing paternalism, I argue that tools with multiple excellences, like the body, should not be evaluated independently of the uses to which the patient intends to put them. In discussing meta-analyses, I show how the division of crafts into goal-oriented and causal parts in the Phaedrus exposes the confusion inherent in saying that practical conclusions can follow directly from statistical results. Finally, I argue that authors like Franklin G. Miller and Howard Brody fail to recognize the hierarchical relationship between medical research and medicine when they argue that medical research ethics should be autonomous from medical ethics per se.

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Guth, Jessica y Edward T. Mowlam. "Question & Answer EU Law". 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14047.

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No
EU law is not a subject enjoyed by most students but it really does not have to be difficult. Every EU law question is likely to ask you to apply your knowledge of the law to a particular context – either a practical one, as in problem questions, or a more theoretical one, as in essay questions. For both you need to remember that EU law does not exist in isolation but is inextricably linked with the national legal systems of the Member States. The interaction between European law and these systems is crucial to understanding how EU law works. EU law is often considered in a political context and this has become very apparent in the UK following the referendum in June 2016 and the vote for ‘Brexit’. At te time of writing Brexit negotiations are continuing and for now EU law applies as it always has in the UK. Recognising that your political stance is likely to influence your views on EU law is valuable and something which can make your answers stronger, particularly in relation to questions on historical, constitutional or institutional issues.

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Izdebski, Paweł. "Administracyjnoprawne środki ochrony konsumentów na rynku kapitałowym w ramach działalności Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego i Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów". Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3204.

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Zasadniczym przedmiotem rozważań zawartych w ramach rozprawy doktorskiej jest zaprezentowanie oraz analiza administracyjnoprawnych standardów ochrony konsumentów w relacjach z instytucjami świadczącymi usługi maklerskie (firmami inwestycyjnymi) na rynku kapitałowym. Ujęcie tematyczne, będące przedmiotem prowadzonych tutaj badań, stanowi złożone zagadnienie problemowe. Na jego wieloaspektowość mają wpływ co najmniej dwie kwestie natury ogólnej. Po pierwsze, zarówno prawo ochrony konsumentów, którego centralny ośrodek zainteresowań stanowi jednostka, będąca w istocie najsłabszą – pośród pozostałych – kategorią uczestników obrotu gospodarczego, jak też prawo rynku kapitałowego, w zakresie którego mieści się działalność instytucji świadczących usługi maklerskie, stanowią zbiory norm prawnych o niejednorodnym charakterze jurydycznym. Te obszary regulacyjne, w znakomitej większości, bazują co prawda na rozwiązaniach natury administracyjnoprawnej, aczkolwiek stosunkowo dużą ich część wypełniają normy prawa cywilnego. Na domiar tego, dla obszarów tych charakterystyczne są również szczątkowe regulacje natury prawnokarnej, co w ogólnym rozrachunku implikuje konieczność prowadzenia badań zarówno na gruncie prawa publicznego jak i prawa prywatnego. Po drugie, regulacje prawne normujące rynek kapitałowy, w przeciwieństwie do regulacji prawnych odnoszących się do innych segmentów rynku finansowego (takich jak sektor bankowy czy sektor usług płatniczych), nie obejmują explicite swoim zakresem relacji konsumenckiej. Posługują się one natomiast odrębnymi kategoriami uczestników (usługobiorców) sui generis charakterystycznymi dla rynku kapitałowego (np. inwestor, klient firmy inwestycyjnej, uczestnik funduszu inwestycyjnego) i dla tychże kategorii tworzą mechanizmy ochronne. Główna część rozważań zawartych w ramach dysertacji poświęcona została analizie prawnej kompetencji, zadań oraz środków administracyjnoprawnych przysługujących Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego oraz Prezesowi Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, jako tzw. niezależnym organom regulacyjnym. Autor rozprawy, jako fundamentalną tezę przyjął założenie, iż normy o charakterze publicznoprawnym, w szczególności normy prawa administracyjnego, w sposób zdecydowanie bardziej efektywny wypełniają sferę regulacyjną ochrony konsumentów oraz rynku kapitałowego względem uregulowań natury prywatnoprawnej. Świadczy o tym chociażby ograniczenie wolności gospodarczej podmiotów prowadzących działalność maklerską, czy zasada administracyjnego nadzoru nad rynkiem kapitałowym, w której granicach zawiera się szereg funkcji reglamentacyjno-policyjnych administracji publicznej. Ponadto, w obszarze publicznoprawnej ochrony konsumentów strategiczną rolę odgrywają instrumenty administracyjnoprawne wykorzystywane przez organy administracji publicznej, w szczególności Prezesa UOKiK, jako organu władnego do wydawania decyzji administracyjnych w sprawach o uznanie postanowień wzorca umowy za niedozwolone oraz decyzji w sprawach praktyk naruszających zbiorowe interesy konsumentów. Status tychże organów powoduje, że wypełniane przez nie zadania mają charakter działania w interesie publicznym, a co za tym idzie działanie to realizuje potrzeby całego społeczeństwa – w przeciwieństwie do uregulowań natury prywatnoprawnej, których efektywność zauważalna jest wyłącznie na etapie relacji kontraktowej pomiędzy konsumentem a instytucją świadczącą usługę. Tym samym autor pracy przyjął, iż efektywna ochrona konsumentów, w obszarze rynku kapitałowego, może być gwarantowana wyłącznie przy wykorzystaniu instrumentów prawa administracyjnego, którym przyznał rolę wiodącą, jednocześnie dochodząc do wniosków, że instrumenty prawa prywatnego charakteryzują się tutaj małą efektywnością, wobec czego przyznał im wyłącznie funkcję uzupełniającą.
The main subject of deliberations included in this thesis is presentation and analysis of administrative legal standards of consumer protection in relations with institutions providing brokerage services (investment companies) on the capital market. Thematic approach, which is the subject of conducted research, is a complex problematic issue. Its multidimensional nature is influenced by at least two general issues. Firstly, both consumer protection laws with the central centre of interest is an individual, which is in fact the weakest – among the others – category of economic trading participants, and the capital market law, which covers the activities of institutions providing brokerage services, constitute sets of legal standards of a heterogeneous juridical nature. These regulatory areas mostly rely on administrative legal solutions, although a relatively large part of them comply with civil law norms. In addition, these areas are also characterized by fragmentary regulations of a criminal law nature, which in general implies the need to conduct research on the basis of both public and private law. Secondly, regulations governing the capital market, unlike regulations relating to other sectors of the financial market (such as the banking or payment services sector), do not explicitly cover consumer relations. However, they use separate sui generis categories of participants (recipients of services) characteristic for the capital market (e.g. investor, client of an investment company, participant of an investment fund) and for these categories they create protective mechanisms. The main part of deliberations included in this dissertation was devoted to the legal analysis of competences, tasks and administrative legal means vested in the Polish Financial Supervision Authority and the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as the so-called independent regulatory bodies. The author of paper, as a fundamental thesis, adopted the assumption that standards of public and legal nature, in particular standards of administrative law, in a much more effective way fill the regulatory sphere of consumer protection and the capital market in relation to regulations of private and legal nature. This is evidenced by e.g. restriction of economic freedom of entities conducting brokerage activities, or the principle of administrative supervision over the capital market, within the limits of which a number of regulatory and police functions of public administration are included. Moreover, in the area of public-private consumer protection, administrative legal instruments used by public administration bodies have a strategic role, in particular the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as the body competent to issue administrative decisions in cases of declaring the provisions of the model contract prohibited and decisions in cases of practices infringing collective consumer interests. The status of these bodies means that tasks performed by them have a nature of acting in the public interest, and thus this action meets the needs of the whole society – in contrast to regulations of a private law nature, which effectiveness is noticeable only at the stage of contractual relations between the consumer and institution providing services. Therefore, the author assumed that effective consumer protection in the area of capital market can be guaranteed only with the use of administrative law instruments, to which he gave a leading role, at the same time reaching a conclusion that private law instruments are characterized by low effectiveness, and thus he granted them only a complementary function.

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Dzierżak, Paulina. "Swoboda kształtowania treści umowy spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością". Doctoral thesis, 2017.

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Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest zagadnienie swobody kształtowania treści umowy spółki z o.o. Doktryna nie wypracowała dotąd jasnych wskazówek interpretacyjnych, które pozwoliłyby rozstrzygnąć w spójny sposób o dopuszczalności umieszczania określonych postanowień w umowie spółki z o.o. Konsekwencją tego są spory dotyczące licznych zagadnień szczegółowych. Prowadzi to do niejednolitej praktyki sądów rejestrowych, co jest zjawiskiem niepożądanym, powoduje bowiem brak pewności co do rozstrzygnięć sądowych.W tych uwarunkowaniach konieczne było, po pierwsze, ustalenie treści dyrektyw interpretacyjnych, przy pomocy których należy oceniać dopuszczalność zamieszczenia w umowie spółki z o.o. konkretnych postanowień oraz, po drugie, ustalenie właściwego sposobu pojmowania kryteriów ograniczających swobodę kształtowania treści umowy spółki z o.o. Analiza obu tych kwestii umożliwiła z kolei odpowiedź na pytanie, czy stosowana wdoktrynie i orzecznictwie wykładnia przepisów nie zawęża nadmiernie autonomii woli wspólników.Pracę podzielono na trzy części. Analiza przeprowadzona w pierwszej części pracy doprowadziła do wniosku, że spółka z o.o. stanowi szczególnego rodzaju stosunek zobowiązaniowy. W związku z tym spółkę z o.o. należy postrzegać przez pryzmat zasady swobody umów – wspólnicy powinni mieć możliwość swobodnego dostosowywania kształtu instytucji spółki z o.o. do własnych potrzeb, tak długo, jak realizacja ich autonomii woli nie narusza szeroko pojętego bezpieczeństwa obrotu. Podstawę ustalania zakresu swobody kształtowania treści umowy spółki z o.o. w zakresie pozostawionych przez ustawodawcę luzów decyzyjnych, tj. w odniesieniu do postanowień zmieniających treść ustawy oraz postanowień dodatkowych stanowi więc art. 3531 k.c. Jednak ze sposobu sformułowania przepisów oraz aksjologii prawa spółek odkodowanej z całokształtu regulacji spółki z o.o. wynika konieczność przyjęcia – inaczej niż w prawie zobowiązań – wstępnego domniemania imperatywnego charakteru norm prawnych. Ponadto analiza dotycząca charakteru prawnego spółki z o.o. doprowadziła do sformułowania uwag de lege ferenda – w niektórych przypadkach regulacja spółki z o.o. nadmiernie ogranicza swobodę umów.W drugiej części pracy zostały omówione kryteria delimitujące swobodę kształtowania treści umowy spółki z o.o.: zasady współżycia społecznego, natura stosunku spółki z o.o. i ustawa. Z analizy wynika, że w procesie definiowania tych kryteriów należy poszukiwać rozwiązań w jak największym stopniu uwzgledniających zasadę swobody umów – dotyczy to m.in. sposobu pojmowania kryterium natury spółki.W trzeciej części dysertacji zilustrowano, jak tezy zaprezentowane w poprzednich częściach pracy wpływają na ocenę dopuszczalności umieszczenia w umowie spółki z o.o. konkretnych postanowień. W tej części rozprawy odwołano się również do poglądów doktryny niemieckiej, która uznaje dość szeroki zakres swobody umów w spółce z o.o. Powyższe spostrzeżenie powinno stanowić asumpt do podjęcia dyskusji nad zasadnością zawężania swobody umów w polskiej spółce z o.o. Pomimo ogólnych deklaracji o obowiązywaniu w spółce z o.o. zasady swobody umów, polska doktryna często opowiada się przeciwko dopuszczalności konkretnych postanowień umowy spółki z o.o. w sytuacjach, gdy wydaje się, że w świetle zasady swobody umów zasadne byłoby przyznanie wspólnikom swobody kształtowania treści umowy spółki.
This doctoral dissertation focuses on the freedom of determination of the contents of articles of association of a Polish spółka z o.o. So far, the doctrine has not developed unambiguous interpretative guidelines that would make it possible to consistently decide the issue of admissibility of introducing certain provisions in articles of association of spółka z o.o. This gives rise to disputes on a number of specific issues. This leads to the inconsistent approach taken by registry courts, which is an undesirable phenomenon, as it gives rise to uncertainty as to court decisions.In such circumstances, it was necessary, first, to determine the content of the interpretative directives which should be used for evaluating the admissibility of introducing certain provisions in the articles of association of spółka z o.o. and, secondly, to determine the proper understanding of the criteria restricting the freedom of determination of the content of articles of association of spółka z o.o. The analysis of these two issues has, in turn, made it possible to answer the question of whether the interpretation of the provisions applied by the doctrine and courts does not excessively restrict the autonomy of shareholders’ will.The dissertation has been divided into three parts. The analysis carried out in the first part has led to the conclusion that spółka z o.o. creates an obligation of a specific type. Accordingly, spółka z o.o. should be seen through the prism of the principle of freedom of contract, i.e. shareholders should be able to freely adjust the structure of spółka z o.o. to their purposes, so long as the exercise of their autonomy of will does not prejudice broadly understood security of transactions. Therefore, the determination of the scope of freedom of determination of the contents of articles of association of spółka z o.o. within the leewaygranted by the legislator, i.e. with respect to the provisions amending the legal norms and additional provisions, is based on Article 3531 of the Polish Civil Code. However, it results from the way of drafting the legal provisions and the axiology of company law decoded from all provisions governing spółka z o.o. that, unlike in the contract law, legal norms must be presumed to be mandatory. In addition, the analysis of the legal nature of spółka z o.o has led to the formulation of comments de lege ferenda – in some cases the provisions governing spółka z o.o excessively restrict the freedom of contract.The second part of the dissertation discusses the criteria delimiting the freedom of determination of the contents of articles of association of spółka z o.o, such as principles of community life, nature of the spółka z o.o. relationship and relevant acts. The analysis reveals that, when determining such criteria, solutions taking into account, as much as possible, the principle of freedom of contract should be sought. This applies, among others, to the understanding of the criterion of the nature of a company.The third part of the dissertation illustrates how the theses put forward in the previous parts affect the evaluation of admissibility of introducing certain provisions in the articles of association of spółka z o.o. That part of the dissertation also refers to the views presented in the German doctrine which allows for a fairly broad freedom of contract in spółka z o.o. The above observation should serve as a cornerstone for discussion whether or not it is reasonable to restrict the freedom of contract in a Polish spółka z o.o. Despite general declarations that the principle of freedom of contract is applicable in spółka z o.o., the Polish doctrine often puts forward arguments against the admissibility of introducing certain provisions in the articles of association of spółka z o.o. where, in the light of the principle of freedom of contract, it would be reasonable to allow shareholders to freely determine the contents of articles of association.

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Miętek, Agata. "Swoboda umów oraz jej ograniczenia przy kształtowaniu treści stosunku pracy". Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2576.

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Przedmiotem dysertacji jest analiza zagadnień związanych ze swobodą umów stron stosunku pracy przy kształtowaniu jego treści. Obecny kształt swobody umów stron stosunku pracy przy kształtowaniu jego treści powstał w zasadniczych zrębach w momencie wprowadzania Kodeksu pracy, w innych uwarunkowaniach ustrojowych, społecznych i gospodarczych. Zmiany, jakie dokonały się w tym czasie, mają charakter fundamentalny, co stwarza nową przestrzeń dla dyskusji o swobodzie umów w prawie pracy. W tej perspektywie sformułowano cztery główne pytania badawcze. Pierwsze pytanie dotyczyło ustalenia charakteru prawnego stosunku pracy i jego związku z prawem publicznym oraz prywatnym. Kolejne pytanie dotyczyło ustalenia normatywnych podstaw obowiązywania zasady swobody umów w indywidualnym prawie pracy oraz mechanizmu jej funkcjonowania. W następnej kolejności postawiono pytanie o zakres swobody umów w odniesieniu do poszczególnych elementów treści stosunku pracy. Wreszcie, czwarte pytanie dotyczyło ustalenia, czy zasada swobody umów powinna zostać uznana za kierunkową zasadę prawa pracy. Niezależnie od problemów badawczych, kompleksowa analiza swobody umów stron stosunku pracy przy kształtowaniu jego treści miała także na celu uporządkowanie materiału normatywnego dotyczącego tej problematyki. Przeprowadzona analiza doprowadziła do sformułowania następujących wniosków. Po pierwsze, jakkolwiek nie jest możliwe całościowe zakwalifikowanie prawa pracy wyłącznie do prawa publicznego bądź prywatnego, powyższy wniosek nie dotyczy stosunku pracy, który jest stosunkiem zobowiązaniowym (pomimo, iż zawiera elementy ingerencji publicznej). Po drugie, granice swobody umów przy kształtowaniu treści stosunku pracy częściowo określone zostały w sposób odmienny, niż w prawie cywilnym, chociaż z wykorzystaniem mechanizmów cywilistycznych. Swoboda, przysługuje stronom także w obszarze tzw. ochrony pracy, chociaż jest ona znacznie bardziej ograniczona. Po trzecie, pomimo iż podstawę obowiązywania swobody umów przy kształtowaniu treści stosunku pracy stanowi art. 3531 k.c. w związku z art. 300 k.p., zasada swobody umów w jej cywilistycznym wydaniu nie stanowi zasady kierunkowej w obszarze kształtowania treści stosunku pracy, w którym swoboda została przyznana w zakresie, jaki jest konieczny do efektywnej realizacji stosunku pracy lub nie zagraża równości stron stosunku pracy i godności pracownika i w którym obecna jest ingerencja państwa w zakresie, jaki jest uzasadniony ochroną równości stron stosunku pracy i godności pracownika. Dysertacja została podzielona na cztery części obejmujących osiem rozdziałów. W części pierwszej (Rozdziały I i II) przedstawiono proces historyczny, w trakcie którego doszło do wyodrębnienia prawa pracy jako samodzielnej gałęzi prawnej, zakres przedmiotowy pojęcia stosunek pracy oraz źródła kształtowania jego treści. Druga część pracy (Rozdział III) została poświęcona przedstawieniu zakresu swobody umów w zobowiązaniowym stosunku prawa cywilnego oraz ukazaniu tła aksjologicznego i normatywnego, uzasadniającego obowiązywanie zasady swobody umów. Zasadniczą treść dysertacji zawarto w trzeciej części (Rozdziały IV – VII), w której dokonano kompleksowej analizy norm prawnych dotyczących swobody umów. Rozważania teoretyczne zawarte w pierwszych trzech częściach pracy zostały w części czwartej (Rozdział VIII) wykorzystane do praktycznej analizy poszczególnych elementów treści stosunku pracy. Dopełnieniem pracy jest zakończenie, w którym zawarto syntetyczne podsumowanie i wnioski szczegółowe. W pracy posłużono się historyczną oraz formalno – dogmatyczną metodą badawczą, a ich wybór został podyktowany celami dysertacji.
The subject of the dissertation is the analysis of issues related to the freedom of contract of parties to an employment contract. The basic framework of the current scope of the freedom of contract of parties to an employment contract to shape its content was created when the Labor Code was introduced, in different political, social and economic conditions. There have been fundamental changes since then creating a new background for discussions on the freedom of contract in employment law. Therefore, four main research questions were formulated. The first question pertains to determination of the legal nature of an employment contract and its connections with public and private law. The second question concerns determination of the normative basis for the principle of freedom of contract in individual employment law and its functioning mechanism. Next, a question was raised about the scope of the freedom of contract in respect of particular elements of the employment relationship. Finally, a fourth question was posed to determine whether the principle of freedom of contract should be recognized as a guiding principle of employment law. Despite research problems, a comprehensive analysis was also aimed at organizing the normative material related to this problem. The analysis led to the following conclusions. Firstly, although it is not possible to generally classify employment law as exclusively private or public law, the same does not apply to the employment relationship, which is a contractual relationship (although it includes elements of public intervention). Secondly, the limitations of the freedom of contract in shaping the content of an employment relationship were partly determined differently than in civil law, although with the use of civil law mechanisms. The freedom of contract applies also in the area of so called employment protection. However, it is more limited in this area. Thirdly, although art. 3531 of the Civil Code in connection with art. 300 of the Labour Code constitutes the legal basis for the freedom of contract of parties to an employment relationship to shape its content, the principle of freedom of contract in its civil meaning does not constitute a guiding principle in the area of shaping the content of an employment relationship where freedom has been granted in the scope which is necessary to effectively realize an employment relationship or does not jeopardize the equality of the parties and employee’s dignity and where the public interference is present in the scope which is justified to protect the equality of the parties to an employment contract and employee’s dignity. The dissertation has been divided into four parts covering eight chapters. The first part (Chapters I and II) presents the historical process during which employment law was separated as an independent branch of law, the material scope of the concept of an employment relationship and the sources of shaping its content. The second part (Chapters III) presents the scope of the freedom of contract in contractual civil law relationships as well as the axiological and normative background justifying application of the principle of freedom of contract. The main content of dissertation is contained in third part (Chapters IV – VII), which provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal norms concerning the freedom of contract. The theoretical considerations contained in the first three parts of the work are used in the fourth part (Chapter VIII) to perform a practical analysis of particular elements of the content of an employment relationship. The dissertation ends with a synthetic summary. In the dissertation, a historical and formal-dogmatic method of research was used. Their choice was justified by the purposes of the dissertation.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Freedom of competition"

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