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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Frogs Evolution"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 10 de febrero de 2022

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1

McAlpine, Donald F. "Helminth communities in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-818.

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Twenty-three helminth species were identified from bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, green frogs, R. clamitans, and leopard frogs, R. pipiens, in New Brunswick. Digeneans dominated adult helminth communities in the aquatic bullfrog and semi-aquatic green frog; nematodes were dominant in the more terrestrial leopard frog. In green frogs and leopard frogs, richness and abundance were greatest in adults; in bullfrogs, juveniles showed the greatest richness and abundance. An increase in vertebrates in the diet of adult bullfrogs influences helminth communities in bullfrogs. Where Glypthelmins quieta an

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2

Woinarski, J. C. Z., S. M. Legge, L. A. Woolley, R. Palmer, C. R. Dickman, J. Augusteyn, T. S. Doherty, et al. "Predation by introduced cats Felis catus on Australian frogs: compilation of species records and estimation of numbers killed." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19182.

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Abstract ContextWe recently estimated the numbers of reptiles, birds and mammals killed by cats (Felis catus) in Australia, with these assessments providing further evidence that cats have significant impacts on Australian wildlife. No previous studies have estimated the numbers of frogs killed by cats in Australia and there is limited comparable information from elsewhere in the world. AimsWe sought to (1) estimate the numbers of frogs killed by cats in Australia and (2) compile a list of Australian frog species known to be killed by cats. MethodsFor feral cats, we estimated the number of fro

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3

Folt, Brian, and Craig Guyer. "Habitat-dependent effects of predatory spiders on prey frogs in a Neotropical wet forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 5 (August 16, 2021): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000274.

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AbstractIn seasonal wet Neotropical forests, many studies have suggested that species-rich terrestrial frog assemblages are regulated bottom-up by the abundance of leaf litter. However, terrestrial frogs are prey to a diverse community of predators, and no studies have tested for top-down effects of predators on this or other anuran assemblages. Here, we used an extensive field dataset to model the relative contribution of food resources, microhabitat resources and predators towards the occupancy and detection of two frog species (Craugastor bransfordii and Oophaga pumilio) at La Selva, Costa

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4

Paluh, Daniel J., Edward L. Stanley, and David C. Blackburn. "Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (March 27, 2020): 8554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000872117.

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Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse vertebrate orders, comprising more than 7,000 species with a worldwide distribution and extensive ecological diversity. In contrast to other tetrapods, frogs have a highly derived body plan and simplified skull. In many lineages of anurans, increased mineralization has led to hyperossified skulls, but the function of this trait and its relationship with other aspects of head morphology are largely unexplored. Using three-dimensional morphological data from 158 species representing all frog families, we assessed wide-scale patterns of shape variation ac

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5

McCAY, MICHAEL G. "AERODYNAMIC STABILITY AND MANEUVERABILITY OF THE GLIDING FROG POLYPEDATES DENNYSI." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 2817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.16.2817.

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SUMMARY Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frog. Tree frogs glide to descend rapidly to mating sites over temporary pools on the forest floor or to escape predators. The physical mechanisms used by frogs to glide and maneuver were investigated using a combination of observations of live frogs (Polypedates dennysi) gliding in a tilted wind-tunnel and aerodynamic forces and torques measured from physical models of tree frogs in a wind-tunnel. Tree frogs maneuvered in the tilted wind-tunnel using two different turning mechanisms: a banked turn (the frog rolls into the turn)

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6

Smith, Lora L., Jennifer M. Howze, Jennifer S. Staiger, Eric R. Sievers, Deborah Burr, and Kevin M. Enge. "Added Value: Gopher Tortoise Surveys Provide Estimates of Gopher Frog Abundance in Tortoise Burrows." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-030.

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Abstract The gopher frog Lithobates capito is one of the most terrestrial frogs in the southeastern United States and often inhabits gopher tortoise burrows Gopherus polyphemus outside of the breeding season. Gopher frog populations have declined, and the species is under review for listing as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Much of our knowledge on the status of gopher frogs is based on detections of larvae at breeding wetlands, which can be challenging because of environmental variability and provides no information on the terrestrial life stages of the specie

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7

Rhebergen, F., R. C. Taylor, M. J. Ryan, R. A. Page, and W. Halfwerk. "Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1403.

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Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats ( Trachops cirrhosus ). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the

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8

DeMarchi, Joseph A., Andrew Britton, Kaylee O'Donnell, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Behavioural preference for low levels of UV-B radiation in two neotropical frog species from Costa Rica." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000287.

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Abstract:Tropical frogs experience damaging effects from exposure to UV-B radiation, and some diurnally active, conspicuous species exhibit avoidance behaviours to high levels of UV-B. To determine if similar behaviours are present in other diurnal frogs, we experimentally compared UV-B avoidance in two common species of neotropical diurnal frogs – Oophaga pumilio, an aposematic poison frog and Craugastor bransfordii, a cryptic leaf-litter frog – in response to different levels of UV-B. Wild-caught frogs were tested in experimental arenas fitted with filters that permitted two different levels

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9

Tokita, Masayoshi, and Noriko Iwai. "Development of the pseudothumb in frogs." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.1038.

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Frogs have highly conserved hand and foot morphology, possessing four fingers and five toes. As an exception, two Japanese ranid frog species, the Otton frog Babina subaspera and the dagger frog Babina holsti , possess a unique thumb-like structure (the pseudothumb) in the forelimb, giving an appearance of a total of five fingers on the hand. To obtain insights into the developmental mechanisms that generate this novel character, we investigated the hand morphogenesis of the Otton frog. The unique morphological pattern of the pseudothumb was already established in juveniles. Surprisingly, the

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10

Feng, Yan-Jie, David C. Blackburn, Dan Liang, David M. Hillis, David B. Wake, David C. Cannatella, and Peng Zhang. "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (July 3, 2017): E5864—E5870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704632114.

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Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates and comprise nearly 90% of living amphibian species. Their worldwide distribution and diverse biology make them well-suited for assessing fundamental questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, despite their scientific importance, the evolutionary history and tempo of frog diversification remain poorly understood. By using a molecular dataset of unprecedented size, including 88-kb characters from 95 nuclear genes of 156 frog species, in conjunction with 20 fossil-based calibrations, our analyses result in the most

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11

Rowley, Jodi J. L., and Corey T. Callaghan. "The FrogID dataset: expert-validated occurrence records of Australia’s frogs collected by citizen scientists." ZooKeys 912 (February 17, 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.912.38253.

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This dataset represents expert-validated occurrence records of calling frogs across Australia collected via the national citizen science project FrogID (http://www.frogid.net.au). FrogID relies on participants recording calling frogs using smartphone technology, after which point the frogs are identified by expert validators, resulting in a database of georeferenced frog species records. This dataset represents one full year of the project (10 November 2017–9 November 2018), including 54,864 records of 172 species, 71% of the known frog species in Australia. This is the first instalment of the

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12

Smotherman, M. S., and P. M. Narins. "Hair cells, hearing and hopping: a field guide to hair cell physiology in the frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 2237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2237.

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For more than four decades, hearing in frogs has been an important source of information for those interested in auditory neuroscience, neuroethology and the evolution of hearing. Individual features of the frog auditory system can be found represented in one or many of the other vertebrate classes, but collectively the frog inner ear represents a cornucopia of evolutionary experiments in acoustic signal processing. The mechano-sensitive hair cell, as the focal point of transduction, figures critically in the encoding of acoustic information in the afferent auditory nerve. In this review, we p

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13

Hazell, Donna. "Frog ecology in modified Australian landscapes: a review." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02075.

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Frog decline in Australia has often occurred where habitat is relatively intact. Habitat alteration and loss do, however, threaten many species. Widespread degradation of aquatic and terrestrial systems has occurred since European settlement, with only 6.4% of Australia's landmass reserved for conservation. But what do we know about how frogs use modified Australian landscapes? Do wildlife managers have the information required to ensure that frog habitat is considered in the management and revegetation of these areas? This review examines published Australian research on frogs to determine kn

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14

Dahl, Chris, Stephen J. Richards, and Vojtech Novotny. "The Sepik River (Papua New Guinea) is not a dispersal barrier for lowland rain-forest frogs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 11, 2013): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000527.

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Abstract:Major tropical rivers have been suggested to be important dispersal barriers that increase the beta diversity of animal communities in lowland rain forests. We tested this hypothesis using assemblages of frogs in the floodplains of the Sepik River, a major river system in Papua New Guinea. We surveyed frogs at five sites within a continuous 150 × 500-km area of lowland rain forest bisected by the Sepik, using standardized visual and auditory survey techniques. We documented 769 frogs from 44 species. The similarity in species composition decreased with logarithm of geographical distan

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15

Withers, Philip C. "Evaporative water loss and the role of cocoon formation in Australian frogs." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 5 (1998): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98013.

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Measurements of evaporative water loss (EWL; mg min-1) and resistance (R; sec cm-1) for various Australian frogs indicate three general allometric patterns: non-cocooned and non-‘waterproof’ frogs with EWL ∝ Mass0.30 and R independent of body mass at about 1–3 sec cm-1, cocooned frogs with EWL reduced about 50–200-fold and R about 50–200 sec cm-1, and ‘waterproof’ frogs with EWL reduced about 5–100- fold and R about 5–100 sec cm-1. Cocooned frogs have an exponential reduction in EWL and fairly linear increase in R over time, corresponding to the temporal addition of layers to the cocoon. The b

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16

Costanzo, Jon P., and Richard E. Lee Jr. "Cryoprotectant production capacity of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-011.

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Freezing survival of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is enhanced by the synthesis of the cryoprotectant glucose, via liver glycogenolysis. Because the quantity of glucose mobilized during freezing bears significantly on the limit of freeze tolerance, we investigated the relationship between the quantity of liver glycogen and the capacity for cryoprotectant synthesis. We successfully augmented natural levels of liver glycogen by injecting cold-conditioned wood frogs with glucose. Groups of 8 frogs having mean liver glycogen concentrations of 554 ± 57 (SE), 940 ± 57, and 1264 ± 66 μmol/g cataboli

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17

Halliday, William D., and Gabriel Blouin-Demers. "Habitat selection by Common Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) is affected by vegetation structure but not by location of Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) prey." Canadian Field-Naturalist 132, no. 3 (April 11, 2019): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i3.1955.

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Understanding the factors affecting habitat selection of species is important for effective management and for conservation because habitat selection affects fitness. We tested the competing, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses that habitat selection of Common Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) at a fine spatial scale is driven by vegetation structure or by Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) prey abundance. We conducted surveys for snakes and frogs in six, 1-ha study grids in eastern Ontario in 2014 and 2015. Common Gartersnakes used areas dominated by forbs more than expected based

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18

Sun, Yan-Bo, Zi-Jun Xiong, Xue-Yan Xiang, Shi-Ping Liu, Wei-Wei Zhou, Xiao-Long Tu, Li Zhong, et al. "Whole-genome sequence of the Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri and the comparative evolution of tetrapod genomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (March 2, 2015): E1257—E1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501764112.

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The development of efficient sequencing techniques has resulted in large numbers of genomes being available for evolutionary studies. However, only one genome is available for all amphibians, that of Xenopus tropicalis, which is distantly related from the majority of frogs. More than 96% of frogs belong to the Neobatrachia, and no genome exists for this group. This dearth of amphibian genomes greatly restricts genomic studies of amphibians and, more generally, our understanding of tetrapod genome evolution. To fill this gap, we provide the de novo genome of a Tibetan Plateau frog, Nanorana par

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19

Courtois, Daniel, Raymond Leclair jr., Sylvain Lacasse, and Pierre Magnan. "Habitats préférentiels d'amphibiens ranidés dans des lacs oligotrophes du Bouclier laurentien, Québec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-206.

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From a study of riparian habitat structure and a quantitive distribution survey of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, mink frog, Rana septentrionalis, and green frog, Rana clamitans melanota, in 31 oligotrophic lakes, we looked for, among 18 physiographic parameters, those that could best explain the spatial organisation of the ranid community. The three species cohabitated in 18 lakes, the mink frog and the green frog in 10 lakes without bullfrog, and the bullfrog alone in 3 lakes. These frogs preferentially occupied (i) habitats with medium or high density of emergent vegetation, (ii) areas with ex

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20

Narayan, Edward, Frank Molinia, Ketan Christi, Craig Morley, and John Cockrem. "Urinary corticosterone metabolite responses to capture, and annual patterns of urinary corticosterone in wild and captive endangered Fijian ground frogs (Platymantis vitiana)." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 3 (2010): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10010.

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This study was based on the development of a non-invasive glucocorticoid enzyme-immunoassay for the assessment of stress in wild and captive endangered Fijian ground frogs (Platymantis vitiana). Enzyme-immunoassays were developed and validated for the first time to non-invasively measure both cortisol and corticosterone metabolites in frog urine. Frog urine showed parallel displacement with corticosterone but not cortisol standards, therefore corticosterone enzyme immunoassays were used to examine stress in wild and captive frogs. Urinary corticosterone metabolite concentrations increased in f

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21

Ma, Wen-Juan, and Paris Veltsos. "The Diversity and Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Frogs." Genes 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040483.

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Frogs are ideal organisms for studying sex chromosome evolution because of their diversity in sex chromosome differentiation and sex-determination systems. We review 222 anuran frogs, spanning ~220 Myr of divergence, with characterized sex chromosomes, and discuss their evolution, phylogenetic distribution and transitions between homomorphic and heteromorphic states, as well as between sex-determination systems. Most (~75%) anurans have homomorphic sex chromosomes, with XY systems being three times more common than ZW systems. Most remaining anurans (~25%) have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, w

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22

Stuart, Bryan L., Robert F. Inger, and Harold K. Voris. "High level of cryptic species diversity revealed by sympatric lineages of Southeast Asian forest frogs." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (June 20, 2006): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0505.

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Amphibians tend to exhibit conservative morphological evolution, and the application of molecular and bioacoustic tools in systematic studies have been effective at revealing morphologically ‘cryptic’ species within taxa that were previously considered to be a single species. We report molecular genetic findings on two forest-dwelling ranid frogs from localities across Southeast Asia, and show that sympatric evolutionary lineages of morphologically cryptic frogs are a common pattern. These findings imply that species diversity of Southeast Asian frogs remains significantly underestimated, and

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23

Layne, Jr.,, Jack R., and Matt E. Rice. "Postfreeze locomotion performance in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-202.

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Freeze tolerance exists among a few species of terrestrially hibernating North American frogs such as the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer). We investigated jump distance and swimming speed of these two frog species during postfreeze recovery because impaired performance, even if reversible, could have adverse ecological consequences for these frogs. Following a nonlethal freeze at –1.5 °C, R. sylvatica returned to the prefreeze level of both modes of locomotion sooner than P. crucifer (54 h vs. 11 d or longer). Wood frogs recovered slowly following more in

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24

King, Patricia A., Mary N. Rosholt, and Kenneth B. Storey. "Seasonal changes in plasma membrane glucose transporters enhance cryoprotectant distribution in the freeze-tolerant wood frog." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-001.

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One of the critical adaptations for freeze tolerance by the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, is the production of large quantities of glucose as an organ cryoprotectant during freezing exposures. Glucose export from the liver, where it is synthesized, and its uptake by other organs is dependent upon carrier-mediated transport across plasma membranes by glucose-transporter proteins. Seasonal changes in the capacity to transport glucose across plasma membranes were assessed in liver and skeletal muscle of wood frogs; summer-collected (June) frogs were compared with autumn-collected (September) cold-ac

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25

Booth, D. T. "Effect of soil type on burrowing behavior and cocoon formation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-062.

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This study examined the effect of soil type on burrowing behaviour and cocoon formation during aestivation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata (Günther, 1867). Given a choice, frogs always chose to burrow in wet sand in preference to wet clay. Frogs buried themselves faster and dug deeper burrows in sandy soil. However, under my laboratory conditions, there was little difference in the pattern of soil drying between the two soil types. Frogs in both sand and clay soil experienced hydrating conditions for the first 3 months and dehydrating conditions for the last 3 months

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Irwin, Jason T., Jon P. Costanzo, and Richard E. Lee, Jr. "Terrestrial hibernation in the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-087.

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We used laboratory experiments and field observations to explore overwintering in the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans, in southern Ohio and Indiana. Cricket frogs died within 24 h when submerged in simulated pond water that was anoxic or hypoxic, but lived 8-10 days when the water was oxygenated initially. Habitat selection experiments indicated that cricket frogs prefer a soil substrate to water as temperature decreases from 8 to 2°C. These data suggested that cricket frogs hibernate terrestrially. However, unlike sympatric hylids, this species does not tolerate extensive freezing: onl

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27

Martín, José, Juán José Luque-Larena, and Pilar López. "Factors affecting escape behavior of Iberian green frogs (Rana perezi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-114.

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Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that prey should not flee immediately upon detecting an approaching predator, but instead should adjust their escape response to minimize the costs of flight. Similarly, after deciding to escape, animals should tend to adjust the magnitude and characteristics of their escape response according to the perceived level of predation risk. Although these hypotheses have been tested in some prey types, it remains for their applicability to a wider range of taxa to be ascertained and for a larger variety of microhabitat and environmental conditions to

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28

Tarvin, Rebecca D., Juan C. Santos, Lauren A. O'Connell, Harold H. Zakon, and David C. Cannatella. "Convergent Substitutions in a Sodium Channel Suggest Multiple Origins of Toxin Resistance in Poison Frogs." Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, no. 4 (January 18, 2016): 1068–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv350.

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Abstract Complex phenotypes typically have a correspondingly multifaceted genetic component. However, the genotype–phenotype association between chemical defense and resistance is often simple: genetic changes in the binding site of a toxin alter how it affects its target. Some toxic organisms, such as poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae), have defensive alkaloids that disrupt the function of ion channels, proteins that are crucial for nerve and muscle activity. Using protein-docking models, we predict that three major classes of poison frog alkaloids (histrionicotoxins, pumiliotoxins, and batr

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LeGros, David L., David Lesbarrères, and Brad Steinberg. "Terrestrial dispersal of juvenile Mink Frog (Lithobates septentrionalis) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 135, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v135i1.2607.

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Dispersal following metamorphosis is critical for sustaining anuran metapopulations. Mink Frog (Lithobates septentrionalis) is a primarily aquatic species that is common in eastern Canada. The species is not well studied, and little is known about the terrestrial dispersal of recently metamorphosed individuals. Here we present our observations on the phenology of terrestrial activity in recently metamorphosed Mink Frogs in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Despite a sampling effort of over 26 000 trap nights over two years (2010 and 2011) in an area with a known population of Mink Fr

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Lewis, B. D., and R. L. Goldingay. "Population monitoring of the vulnerable wallum sedge frog (Litoria olongburensis) in north-eastern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 3 (2005): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03063.

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The literature on the population ecology of Australian frogs provides relatively few accounts of population monitoring. This has hampered our ability to understand how frog populations respond to dynamic rainfall patterns and to determine the stability of populations of threatened frog species. We conducted biannual monitoring of the wallum sedge frog (Litoria olongburensis) along transects at 10 sites over a 4-year period (1996–2000). We recorded six environmental parameters to assess their influence on our population indices. Monitoring of transects indicated that populations were rarely sta

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31

Klop-Toker, Kaya L., Jose W. Valdez, Michelle P. Stockwell, Matthew E. Edgar, Loren Fardell, Simon Clulow, John Clulow, and Michael J. Mahony. "Assessing host response to disease treatment: how chytrid-susceptible frogs react to increased water salinity." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16145.

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Context The severity and prevalence of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is correlated with several environmental variables, including salinity, temperature, and moisture content, which influence the pathogen’s growth and survival. Habitats that contain these environmental variables at levels outside of those optimal for Bd growth and survival may facilitate the survival of susceptible host species. Therefore, manipulation of environmental salinity is a potential management strategy to help conserve Bd-susceptible species. However, host behaviour also influence

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32

Madsen, T., and R. Shine. "Toxicity of a tropical Australian frog, Litoria dahlii, to sympatric snakes." Wildlife Research 21, no. 1 (1994): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940021.

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Although Litoria dahlii is one of the most abundant frog species of floodplain habitats in tropical Australia, it is rarely eaten by snakes. Force-feeding trials showed that L. dahlii is highly toxic to snakes: ingestion of even a single large frog was potentially fatal for pythons (Liasis childreni and Liasis fuscus), colubrids (Dendrelaphispunctulatus and Stegonotus cucullatus) and elapids (Acanthophis praelongus and Demansia atra). Only one species, the keelback, Tropidonophis mairii (Colubridae), could consume these frogs without ill effects. Keelbacks were also the only snakes recorded to

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33

FLANIGAN, JAMES E., PHILIP C. WITHERS, and MICHAEL GUPPY. "In Vitro Metabolic Depression of Tissues from the Aestivating Frog Neobatrachus Pelobatoides." Journal of Experimental Biology 161, no. 1 (November 1, 1991): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.273.

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The desert frog Neobatrachus pelobatoides reduced its resting metabolism in vivo by 60–70% during 5–7 weeks of aestivation (summer dormancy). The rate ofoxygen consumption (V·OO2) of isolated and intact skeletal muscle, measured in vitro, was 70% lower for aestivating frogs compared with non-aestivating frogs. The cause of the reduced V·OO2 of aestivating frog muscle must lie in the tissue itself rather than being induced by external factors such as oxygen supply or bloodborne metabolites (because these were identical in the in vitro assay conditions), by any short-term effects produced by hor

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Eaton, B. R., W. M. Tonn, C. A. Paszkowski, A. J. Danylchuk, and S. M. Boss. "Indirect effects of fish winterkills on amphibian populations in boreal lakes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-151.

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We exploited fish winterkills in small, boreal Alberta lakes to determine if anuran amphibians respond to large but natural changes in fish densities. Eight large declines in fish abundance occurred in seven lakes over a 5 year period, while major increases in fish abundance, reflecting recovery after winterkill, were recorded 5 times. Summer pitfall trapping of young-of-the-year (YOY) Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica LeConte, 1825) and Boreal (Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852) and Canadian (Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886) toads indicated that frog abundance responded consistently to such large

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Railsback, Steven F., Bret C. Harvey, Sarah J. Kupferberg, Margaret M. Lang, Scott McBain, and Hart H. Welsh. "Modeling potential river management conflicts between frogs and salmonids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 5 (May 2016): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0267.

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Management of regulated rivers for yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii) and salmonids exemplifies potential conflicts among species adapted to different parts of the natural flow and temperature regimes. Yellow-legged frogs oviposit in rivers in spring and depend on declining flows and warming temperatures for egg and tadpole survival and growth, whereas salmonid management can include high spring flows and low-temperature reservoir releases. We built a model of how flow and temperature affect frog breeding success. Its mechanisms include adults selecting oviposition sites to balance risks of egg

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Portik, Daniel M., Rayna C. Bell, David C. Blackburn, Aaron M. Bauer, Christopher D. Barratt, William R. Branch, Marius Burger, et al. "Sexual Dichromatism Drives Diversification within a Major Radiation of African Amphibians." Systematic Biology 68, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz023.

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AbstractTheory predicts that sexually dimorphic traits under strong sexual selection, particularly those involved with intersexual signaling, can accelerate speciation and produce bursts of diversification. Sexual dichromatism (sexual dimorphism in color) is widely used as a proxy for sexual selection and is associated with rapid diversification in several animal groups, yet studies using phylogenetic comparative methods to explicitly test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification have produced conflicting results. Sexual dichromatism is rare in frogs, but it is both s

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Bennett, A. M., and D. L. Murray. "Carryover effects of phenotypic plasticity: embryonic environment and larval response to predation risk in Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 11 (November 2015): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0129.

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Limitations of phenotypic plasticity affect the success of individuals and populations in changing environments. We assessed the plasticity-history limitation on predator-induced defenses in anurans (Wood Frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825), and Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782)), predicting that plastic responses to predation risk by dragonfly larvae (family Aeshnidae) in the embryonic environment would limit the defensive response to predators in the larval environment. Predator-conditioned Wood Frog embryos increased relative tail depth in response to thos

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Mason, Matthew J., and Peter M. Narins. "Vibrometric studies of the middle ear of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana I. The extrastapes." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 20 (October 15, 2002): 3153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.20.3153.

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SUMMARY Laser vibrometry was used to measure the vibration velocity at different points on the ossicular apparatus of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana in response to free-field sound. The ascending process of the extrastapes,neglected in most accounts of frog middle ear mechanics, supports a rocking motion of the extrastapes and is critical to the normal function of the ossicular apparatus. The articulation between extrastapes and the bony stapes shaft acts as a hinge, although movement at this hinge is usually small. The ratio of tympanic membrane to footplate vibration velocity is significantly

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39

Nishiumi, Nozomi, and Akira Mori. "A game of patience between predator and prey: waiting for opponent’s action determines successful capture or escape." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 6 (June 2020): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0164.

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When predator and prey animals face each other, preemptive actions by both sides are considered to mediate successful capture or escape. However, in spite of the general presumption, some animals, such as predatory snakes and their frog prey, occasionally remain motionless or move slowly for a while before striking or escaping, respectively. To clarify the possible advantages of this behaviour, we examined interactions between Japanese Four-lined Ratsnakes (Elaphe quadrivirgata (H. Boie, 1826)) and Black-spotted Pond Frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Hallowell, 1861)), focusing especially on k

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40

YUSNAVIEL GARCÍA-PADRÓN, L. "Anomalous colour in a Cuban cave-dwelling frog: First record of piebaldism in Eleutherodactylus zeus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae)." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 147, Spring 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb147.13.

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Pigmentation anomalies may occur due to genetic or environmental factors and can affect restricted parts of the body or the entire surface. Eleutherodactylus zeus is frog endemic to western Cuba where it is adapted to life in caves, rock crevices, and other sheltered sites in limestone landscapes associated with forest habitats. We observed 43 frogs in Santo Tomás cave, in Viñales National Park, of which 26 % showed depigmented blotches, typical of piebaldism, along their bodies. No unusual behaviour was detected in any of these frogs. This is the first reported case of piebaldism in frogs of

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Allmon, Warren D. "A plot study of forest floor litter frogs, Central Amazon, Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 4 (November 1991): 503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005885.

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ABSTRACTAbundance and distribution of frogs inhabiting the litter layer of an area of primary lowland rain forest in Central Amazonia were studied over a period of 15 months by sampling 498 plots each 5m × 5m. The litter frog fauna of the area consists of 23 species, but only 12 of these were encountered in the plots, and 84% of the frogs encountered belonged to only six species. Total abundance and diversity within the plot data are strongly seasonal and peak in the late wet season. Both are positively correlated with litter volume and moisture. Most of this variation is due to seasonality of

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Nunes, Ana L., Germán Orizaola, Anssi Laurila, and Rui Rebelo. "Rapid Evolution of Antipredator Defenses in Frogs." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 95, no. 4 (October 2014): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.451.

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MENSI, PAOLA, ALDO LATTES, BIANCAMARIA MACARIO, SEBASTIANO SALVIDIO, CRISTINA GIACOMA, and EMILIO BALLETTO. "Taxonomy and evolution of European brown frogs." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104, no. 4 (April 1992): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00925.x.

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44

Woodhams, Douglas C., Jon P. Costanzo, Jonathan D. Kelty, and Richard E. Lee, Jr. "Cold hardiness in two helminth parasites of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-034.

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Wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, tolerate the freezing of their body tissues as an overwintering adaptation. Various parasites infect wood frogs of northern populations, but nothing is known about their strategies for surviving within a frozen host. We examined winter-conditioned wood frogs that were experimentally exposed to 0°C (nonfrozen) or 4°C (frozen) to determine whether endoparasites survive the freezing of their host. We found no differences in the prevalence or intensity of adult lungworms Rhabdias ranae (Nematoda) or of larvae of an unidentified species of digenetic trematode between th

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Mutnale, Milind C., Gundlapally S. Reddy, and Karthikeyan Vasudevan. "Bacterial Community in the Skin Microbiome of Frogs in a Coldspot of Chytridiomycosis Infection." Microbial Ecology 82, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01669-5.

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AbstractChytridiomycosis is a fungal disease caused by the pathogens, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), which has caused declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Asia is considered as a coldspot of infection, since adult frogs are less susceptible to Bd-induced mortality or morbidity. Using the next-generation sequencing approach, we assessed the cutaneous bacterial community composition and presence of anti-Bd bacteria in six frog species from India using DNA isolated from skin swabs. All the six frog species sampled were tested using nested PCR and found

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46

Blackburn, David C., Rachel M. Keeffe, María C. Vallejo-Pareja, and Jorge Vélez-Juarbe. "The earliest record of Caribbean frogs: a fossil coquí from Puerto Rico." Biology Letters 16, no. 4 (April 2020): 20190947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0947.

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The nearly 200 species of direct-developing frogs in the genus Eleutherodactylus (the Caribbean landfrogs, which include the coquís) comprise an important lineage for understanding the evolution and historical biogeography of the Caribbean. Time-calibrated molecular phylogenies provide indirect evidence for the processes that shaped the modern anuran fauna, but there is little direct evidence from the fossil record of Caribbean frogs about their distributions in the past. We report a distal humerus of a frog from the Oligocene (approx. 29 Ma) of Puerto Rico that represents the earliest known f

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Borkent, Art, and Peter Belton. "Attraction of female Uranotaenia lowii (Diptera: Culicidae) to frog calls in Costa Rica." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 1 (February 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-113.

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AbstractDuring a survey of frog-biting corethrellid midges in Costa Rica, we collected 79 female Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, mosquitoes known to bite frogs, from seven lowland localities using the recorded calls of a frog. The calls of male barking tree frogs, Hyla gratiosa LeConte, were repeated about once per second, lasted about 0.15 s, and had a fundamental frequency near 450 Hz. We suggest that this frequency is within the range of acoustic sensitivity of the female mosquito antennae. Males of several families of Nematocera use sound to detect flying females of their own species, but we b

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Mori, Akira. "Is headfirst ingestion essential in gape-limited predators? Prey-handling behavior of the anurophagous snake Rhabdophis tigrinus (Colubridae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-073.

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Headfirst ingestion of prey is a common adaptive behavioral trait in gape-limited predators that swallow large prey whole. To ascertain this tendency during anurophagy, prey handling and direction of prey ingestion were investigated in Rhabdophis tigrinus (Boie, 1826), a snake that feeds mainly on anurans. Examinations of stomach contents of wild R. tigrinus revealed that this snake does not show a tendency for headfirst ingestion of large prey, unlike most other snake species. In the laboratory, direction of ingestion depended largely on initial bite position, and when R. tigrinus swallowed a

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CANNATELLA, DAVID C., and LINDA TRUEB. "Evolution of pipoid frogs: intergeneric relationships of the aquatic frog family Pipidae (Anura)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94, no. 1 (September 1988): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb00880.x.

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Emerson, Sharon B., Carol N. Rowsemitt, and David L. Hess. "Androgen levels in a Bornean voiceless frog, Rana blythi." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-027.

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Male Rana blythi and males of three other species of voiceless frogs from Bornean rain forests lack the suite of secondary sex characteristics typical of most anurans: nuptial pads, vocal sacs, enlarged forearm flexors, and male advertisement calls. At the same time, basal species in the voiceless frog lineage exhibit an extreme type of male parental care: the males carry the tadpoles on their backs. This unusual form of male parental care evolves at the same point in the phylogenetic history of the group as the loss of the secondary sex characteristics. This suggests that these voiceless frog

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