Tesis sobre el tema "Fusta"

Els objectius d’aquesta tesi han estat respondre a diverses qüestions sobre diferents aspectes de la tecnologia i, per extensió, sobre les capacitats tècniques de les societats que les van implementar. En aquest sentit la nostra recerca s’ha centrat en: -L’anàlisi dels diversos mètodes i tècniques de talla de diverses roques silícees emprades en la producció d’instruments lítics. -L’anàlisi dels mètodes i tècniques de talla de les diverses espècies lígnies en la producció d’artefactes de fusta, tant si són parts d’eines compostes de diversos materials, com és el cas dels mànecs, com si estan fets únicament amb fusta. La nostra recerca ha tractat els grups agrícoles i ramaders del nord-est peninsular durant la prehistòria recent, o sigui, des dels inicis de la neolitització durant el sisè mil lenni cal. BC fins a la segona meitat del tercer mil lenni cal. BC; moment clau per entendre l’evolució de les estratègies de gestió dels recursos lítics davant de la consolidació de la metal lúrgia. -El neolític antic. La consolidació de la producció laminar A partir del sisè mil lenni, amb la introducció de l’economia agricultora i ramadera, les estratègies de gestió dels recursos lítics tallats es dirigiran essencialment cap a la producció laminar amb diferents roques silícees amb qualitats variables i de procedències diverses, malgrat que s’explotin altres litologies de qualitat baixa, bàsicament per a la producció d’ascles. En el cas dels recursos lignis emprats en la confecció d’artefactes de fusta a la Draga (Banyoles, Pla de l’Estany), l’aprovisionament es feia a tocar del mateix assentament. Una selecció de fustes es portaven al poblat on es transformaven per fer diferents tipus d’estris i mànecs. -El neolític mitjà. La consolidació de les xarxes d’intercanvi a llarga distància La producció lítica va dirigida, majoritàriament, a l’explotació de diverses varietats de sílex per fer làmines, entre els quals destaca, per la seva importància, el sílex melat, i per la seva singularitat, l’obsidiana. L’origen de les roques silícees de qualitat tenen orígens teòrics diferents, fet que descriu una gran complexitat pel que fa a les estratègies de captació de les matèries i dibuixa unes xarxes de contactes i d’intercanvis que superen les relacions estrictament regionals. -El neolític final / calcolític. Canvis en les xarxes d’intercanvi a llarga distància Les xarxes d’intercanvi i de contactes entre els grups del nord-est i altres indrets de la Mediterrània es transformen profundament. Desapareix l’explotació del sílex melat i l’obsidiana, així com altres matèries com la variscita, la jadeïta entre altres. Les estratègies de gestió dels recursos lítics canvien i s’encaminen a l’aprovisionament d’altres tipus de roques silícees que seran emprades fins a mitjan tercer mil lenni cal. BC. Dins de les produccions laminars documentades a Catalunya, destaquen les que denominem grans làmines. Són productes que poden arribar a els 300 mm de llargada i estan relacionats amb unes metodologies de producció sofisticades. Les trobem, majoritàriament, com a elements d’acompanyament funeraris, tot i que també s’han localitzat fragmentades als poblats. A finals del tercer mil lenni cal BC. la presència del bronze i la diversificació de l’utillatge metàl lic fa disminuir la necessitat d’obtenció de béns de producció lítics tallats i reorganitza les necessitats de les comunitats cap a la captació de recursos minerals metàl lics, de productes acabats i dels coneixements tècnics inherents a la metal lúrgia. En conclusió, una definició nova de les xarxes d’intercanvis de les comunitats de l’edat del bronze.
The goal of the present thesis was to answer various questions about an array of technology aspects and, by extension, about technical skills of societies that implemented them. In this sense, our research has focused on: - The analysis of knapping methods and techniques of different silica stone (siliceous stones) used in the production of lithic tools. - The analysis of the different knapping methods and techniques of several ligneous species in the production of wooden-made artefacts, either those being part of tools made of several materials (i.e. handles) or those wholly made of wood. Our research has been focused on the agricultural and farming groups of Iberian peninsula’s north-east during the recent prehistory, that is, from the beginning of Neolithic, during the sixth millennium (cal. BC), until the second half of the third millennium (cal. BC), which is a key period to understand the evolution of management strategies of lithic resources facing the consolidation of metallurgy. Early Neolithic. Consolidation of blade production From the sixth millennium, with the introduction of agricultural and farming economy, management strategies of lithic resources will be specially focused on the blade production with different siliceous stones of diverse qualities and origins, despite the fact that other lithic raw materials of lower quality are also exploited for flake production. In the case of ligneous resources used for wooden artefacts manufacture at La Draga (Banyoles, Pla de l’Estany), supplies where available near by the settlement. A selection of woods was carried to the village where it was transformed in order to turn out different types of tools and handles. Middle Neolithic. Consolidation of long-distance trading networks Lithic production is mainly focused on the exploitation of several flint varieties for knapping blades, among which distinguish honey flint for its importance and obsidian for its singularity. Allegedly, quality siliceous stones have different origins, which highlight a great complexity regarding procurement of these materials, and outlines contact and trading networks that overcome strictly regional relationships. Late Neolithic / Chalcolithic. Changes in long-distance trading networks Trading and contact networks between groups in the north-east and other Mediterranean locations are profoundly transformed. Honey flint and obsidian exploitation disappears as well as other materials like variscite and jadeite, among others. Management strategies of lithic resources change towards supplying other silica stone types that will be largely used until the half of the third millennium (cal. BC). The documented blade productions in Catalonia include the so called big blades. These are products that can reach 300mm of length and are related with more sophisticated production methodologies. They can mainly be found as accompanying elements in burials, although some fragmented big blades also have been found in settlements. At the end of the third millennium (cal. BC) the existence of bronze and the diversification of metal tools decreases the need for knapped stone goods. The needs of the communities are redirected towards gathering of metallic mineral resources, of finished products and of technical knowledge in metallurgy, which conclude with a new definition of trading networks for Bronze Age communities.

El castanyer és una espècie forestal important dels boscos del Sistema Mediterrani Català. La tesi analitza les propietats de la seva fusta per optimitzar i ampliar les possibilitats d’ús de l’espècie. En l’estudi es realitza un anàlisi diferencial de la fusta normal i la que mostra una aparença rogenca per determinar les modificacions provocades per la coloració, l’abast de l’afectació, i les seves possibilitats tecnològiques. La investigació es divideix en quatre parts en les que es caracteritza el material a escales diferents: propietats químiques i microscòpiques; propietats físiques i mecàniques de la fusta massissa lliure de defectes; propietats de la fusta de grandària estructural, i propietats mecàniques i el potencial resistent de la fusta laminada encolada. Els assaigs s’han dut a terme seguint els estàndards UNE, EN i TAPPI, a més d’altres tècniques d’anàlisi específiques d’acord amb la finalitat de la investigació. La fusta de castanyer ha demostrat ser apta per a ús estructural. El roig és una coloració provocada per productes de rebuig metabòlic que no altera significativament la majoria de les propietats de la fusta de castanyer.
El castaño es una especie forestal importante de los bosques del Sistema Mediterráneo Catalán. La tesis analiza las propiedades de su madera para optimizar i ampliar las posibilidades de uso de la especie. En el estudio se realiza un análisis diferencial de la madera normal y la que muestra una apariencia rojiza para determinar las modificaciones provocadas por la coloración, el alcance de la afectación y sus posibilidades tecnológicas. La investigación se divide en cuatro partes en las que se caracteriza el material a escalas diferentes: propiedades químicas y microscópicas; propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera maciza libre de defectos; propiedades de la madera de tamaño estructural, y propiedades mecánicas y el potencial resistente de la madera laminada encolada. Los ensayos se han llevado a cabo siguiendo los estándares UNE, EN y TAPPI, además de otras técnicas de análisis específicas acordes con la finalidad de la investigación. La madera de castaño ha demostrado ser apta para uso estructural. La coloración rojiza se debe al acumulo de productos metabólicos en el duramen del tronco, y no altera significativamente la mayoría de las propiedades del castaño estudiadas.
The sweet chestnut is an important forest tree species in the Catalan Mediterranean System. The thesis analyses the wood properties to optimize and widen the usage of the species. The study carries out a differential analysis between normal and red wood to determine the modifications made by the coloration, the reach of the affection, and its technological possibilities. The research is divided in four parts to characterize the material at different scales: chemical and microscopic properties, physical and mechanical properties of the clear wood, solid timber properties, and mechanical and strength properties of glulam. Tests were done according to UNE, EN, and the TAPPI standards, as well as other specific techniques according to the objectives of the research. The chestnut wood has proven to be suitable for structural use. The red coloration it is caused by metabolic waste products and does not produce significant changes on most properties of chestnut wood.

La Draga (5320-4800 cal BC) és un assentament neolític antic situat a la vora de l’Estany de Banyoles. Les condicions de conservació excepcionals han permès la conservació de la matèria orgànica, com ara la fusta, una de les matèries primeres més emprades durant la prehistòria. Els materials lignis de la Draga s’han classificat en diferents categories partint de l’esquema de producció: fustes informes (procés d’obtenció), restes de talla (procés d’obtenció i transformació) i fustes arquitectòniques i eines (procés d’obtenció, transformació i ús). Per abordar l’estudi d’aquests processos, ha estat necessari implementar diferents anàlisis: dendrològica, morfomètrica, experimental, traceològica i espacial. Per l’anàlisi traceològica s’ha desenvolupat una metodologia específica basada en la creació de models 3D adquirits amb un escàner que ha permès la caracterització detallada de les traces tecnològiques i funcionals. Aquest tipus d’anàlisis encara no estan plenament desenvolupades en la investigació actual, pel què també ha calgut contrastar les seves possibilitats amb la fusta arqueològica. Aquesta tesi demostra que la fusta és una matèria que soluciona gran varietat de necessitats tant relacionades amb el condicionament dels espais d’hàbitat i de treball com amb les diverses activitats productives que requereixen eines elaborades totalment o parcial en fusta. La gran diversitat d’accions implicades amb les activitats econòmiques documentades, expliquen la diversitat d’eines recuperades, demostrant així la versatilitat de la matèria primera llenyosa. Ramaderia, cacera, agricultura, transformació de fibres vegetals per a les manufactures tèxtils, de corderia i cistelleria o la tecnologia de la fusta requereixen eines especialitzades i en la seva producció es procura obtenir les formes i dimensions adequades, i utilitzar primeres matèries amb les propietats precises. Així, mentre que l’arc requereix de fusta flexible, el pal cavador precisa fusta dura i resistent. Tots dos casos exemplifiquen bé l’adequació de la matèria primera amb la funcionalitat corresponent. Pel que fa al volum de fusta utilitzat, l’activitat constructiva és la que en va requerir més quantitat. La desforestació resultant va ser notòria, ho demostra la caiguda del pol·len de roure contemporània a l’assentament de la Draga. El volum de fusta requerit per confeccionar estris va ser molt menor i menys impactant en l’entorn, però requereix una selecció de la matèria primera precisa ja que és la categoria artefactual on es troba una major varietat de taxons, mides i formes. Aquest treball ha mostrat com la fusta va ser un element imprescindible per al desenvolupament de la població de la Draga. És una matèria primera que afecta als aspectes bàsics quotidians, tant socials com econòmics, sent un element essencial per a la supervivència. Requereix una obtenció contínua i que implica un coneixement i domini molt exhaustiu dels boscos de l’entorn, el desenvolupament d’activitats socials col·lectives per a la seva obtenció, transformació i consum, un treball i coneixement complex per a la seva elaboració; pràctiques que afecten a tots els aspectes quotidians per al desenvolupament de la vida al poblat de la Draga. La Draga és un element únic i singular en el Neolític de la Península Ibèrica, però les dades obtingudes poden ser considerades com a rellevants relacionades a les primeres comunitats pageses del nord-est Peninsular. Tenien els coneixements i tecnologies necessàries per aprofitar els recursos forestals de manera intensiva i d’acord a les seves necessitats. La Draga permet per primera vegada documentar la diversitat morfològica dels productes manufacturats en fusta i els usos que se’ls hi donava, però també ha aportat dades úniques sobre els processos de manufactura que fins ara només es coneixien parcialment a partir dels instruments lítics. S’han pogut fer visibles processos i productes on només la fusta hi està implicada.
La Draga (5320-4800 cal BC) is an Early Neolithic waterlogged site situated at the shore of the Estany de Banyoles (Banyoles Lake). The exceptional preservation conditions allows the conservation of the organic matter, wood also, one of the raw materials most used during prehistory. The production process diagram has been the base for the classification of the woody materials: unworked wood (extraction process), technological debris (extraction and transformation processes), architectonic elements and tools (extraction, transformation and use processes). In order to study those processes different analytics have been implemented: dendrologic, morphometric, experimental, use and technological wear and spatial analysis. For the use and technological wear analysis it have been developed a methodology based on the creation of 3D models obtained with a scanner. This has allowed a detailed characterization of the technological and use wear. This work demonstrates that wood is a material that solves large variety of needs related to the preparation of habitat and working areas, as well as related to the various productive activities that require totally or partially wood elaborated tools. The great diversity of actions involved with the economic activities that have been documented, explain the diversity of tools recovered, demonstrating the versatility of the woody raw material. Livestock, hunting, agriculture, processing of fibers for manufacturing textiles, basketry and rope or wood technology require specialized tools. Its production tries to get the appropriate forms and dimensions, and use raw materials with certain properties. So while the arch requires flexible wood, the pointed stick needs hard and tough wood. Both cases illustrate well the relation between raw material and functionality. Regarding the volume of wood used, constructive activity is the one that required in more quantity. The resulting deforestation was notorious, evidenced by the fall of contemporary oak pollen in the settlement of la Draga. The volume of wood required for making utensils was much smaller and less impactful on the environment, but requires precise selection of raw material because it is the category where a greater variety of taxa, sizes and shapes are found. This work showed how wood was an essential element for the development of the site of la Draga. It is a raw material that affects the everyday basics, both social and economic, being essential for survival. It requires a continuous extraction and involves a very thorough knowledge and mastery of the surrounding woods, the development of social group for its production, processing and consumption, and complex knowledge work for development; practices that affect all aspects of everyday life for the development of the site of la Draga. La Draga is a unique and singular site in the Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula, but the data can be regarded as significant related to the first farming communities in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. They had the knowledge and technologies needed to exploit forest resources intensively and according to their needs. La Draga supply documentary evidence related with morphological diversity of wooden products and uses they are given. It also provides unique data about manufacturing processes of wood that until now were only known partially from the lithic tools. It has been possible to make visible processes and products where there is only wood involved.

Les vint-i-sis taules policromades –frontals, laterals d’altar i retaules primitius- que s’analitzen en aquesta tesi doctoral han estat assenyalades repetidament com a obres clau de la transició artística del romànic al gòtic. Representen l’evolució d’un llenguatge pictòric que correspon al període artístic denominat gòtic lineal català. Aquestes taules, han estat estudiades a nivell iconogràfic i estilístic des de les últimes dècades del segle XIX. Els estudis artístics, dotats de certa subjectivitat i focalitzats en aspectes documentals, històrics i estilístics, encara no han desvelat tots els elements claus per a la completa comprensió de l’obra. Fins al moment, no existien estudis exhaustius individualitzats i sistemàtics que permetessin relacionar les tipologies, els materials i les estructures del suport del llegat de taules policromades d’estil gòtic lineal català, moment clau en l’evolució estructural de les taules, en el què conviuen mobles d’altar -frontals i laterals- i els primers retaules. Per tant, la taula policromada continuava requerint investigacions que exploressin la seva tecnologia, els procediments i els recursos tècnics emprats per a determinar la seva elaboració i així establir la metodologia de treball de confecció del suport de cada taller, per contribuir amb noves dades a la determinació de l’autoria i de la procedència. La investigació científico-tècnica presentada en aquesta tesi permet relacionar les solucions tecnològiques del suport i agrupar les estructures segons la seva tipologia, evidenciat que les taules d’estil gòtic lineal català són obres claus per comprendre l’evolució estructural de les taules, tant transcendental en aquest període caracteritzat per la convivència d’ambdues formes, sent el retaule l’hereu directe del frontal. Els resultats objectius dels estudis tècnics i científics del suport aporten informació inèdita per a la comprensió de les taules policromades, demostrant que el suport, fins ara una font d’informació infravalorada, és un element més a tenir en compte per reconstruir la història de l’obra, essent un complement imprescindible dels estudis historicoartístics.
The twenty-six polychrome tables –altarpieces, laterals and primary retables- analyzed in this research have been repeatedly identified as a key work of the transition from Romanesque to Gothic art. They represent the evolution of a pictorial language that corresponds to the artistic period known as Catalan Linear Gothic.These tables have been ichnographically and stylistically studied since the last decades of the nineteenth century. Artistic studies, which can be somehow subjective and focused on documental, historical and stylistic aspects, have not yet revealed all the key elements for the complete understanding of the work.So far, there are no systematic and individualized exhaustive studies to relate support typologies, materials and structures of the polychromatic Catalan Linear Gothic tables, period of significance in the structural evolution of the tables, in which coexist the altarpieces and the earliest retables.Therefore, the tables still require research that explores the technology, procedures and technical resources in order to determine their development and thus, to establish the methodology of each workshop, contributing with new data to determine the authorship and origin of the tables.The scientific and technical research presented in this thesis provide relationships among the different technology solutions of the support and group them by type, evidencing that Catalan Linear Gothic tables are essential to understand the structural evolution of the tables, which is transcendental in this period characterized by the coexistence of both forms, being the retable a direct successor of the altarpiece.The objective results of technical and scientific studies provide new information to support the understanding of polychrome tables, demonstrating that the support, hitherto an undervalued source of information, is another element to be considered in order to reconstruct the history of the fine work, being essential for historical and artistic studies.

La presente tesis es una aportación a la historia forestal de España y Cataluña. Trata de la industria y del comercio de la madera en el Pirineo Catalán, en una perspectiva histórica desde la revolución industrial (1850-1950). La tesis empieza con dos capítulos introductorios donde se expliquen los contextos institucionales y económicos del sector forestal a partir de una síntesis bibliográfica y documental actualizada. Se analiza la evolución de la política forestal y los conflictos de intereses que provocó, principalmente entre productores nacionales e importadores, fractura que vertebró los grupos de presión. Se analiza también la demanda de productos forestales y madereros, los costes de producción y su evolución a España. Después, en el capítulo 3 se hace la primera estimación de consumo de madera a Cataluña, considerando los diferentes usos por partidas (construcción, embalajes, papel, postes, transporte, etc…). Sigue la metodología de otros autores y aporta nuevas consideraciones sobre el escalado regional de los modelos nacionales utilizados actualmente. Permite concluir en la poca representatividad a escala regional de las hipótesis utilizadas a escala nacional, a pesar de límites evidentes que tendrán que corregirse en futuras investigaciones. En el capítulo 4, el autor analiza la evolución de la producción forestal exclusivamente a Cataluña, poniendo en relieve los factores principales que condicionaron su evolución, en particular la extensión de la red de carreteras, y el papel de la zona urbana y peri-urbana de Barcelona como motor de crecimiento del sector maderero. En el capítulo 5 se realiza un análisis más desagregado de la industria maderera a partir de la Contribución Industrial y de Comercio, a escala regional y de 7 partidos judiciales del Pirineo catalán. Permite destacar a nivel municipal cierta especialización temprana de la industria transformadora, donde podía representar una parte significativa de la economía local (Valle de Aran, Alt Urgell, Solsonès) o una economía complementaria (Pallars, Cerdaña, Berguedà, Noguera). Finalmente el capítulo 6 está dedicado a un análisis comparado con dos provincias francesas pirenaicas: Ariège y Pyrénées-Orientales, para observar las dinámicas transfronterizas en el contexto de la producción y del comercio forestal.
This thesis is a contribution to the Forest history of Spain and Catalonia. It deals with the industry and marketing of wood in the Catalan Pyrenees, in an historical perspective from the industrial revolution (1850-1950). The thesis opens with 2 introductory chapters where institutional and economical contexts of the forest sector are detailed, based on an up-to-date documental and bibliographic synthesis. The evolution of forest policy is reviewed along with the conflicts of interests it generated, principally between national producers and importers, fracture upon which pressure groups were mobilized. An analysis of the evolution of the demand for forest and wood products is also conducted at national level, along with production costs. Then, in chapter 3 the author builds the first estimate of an historical series of consumption of wood in Catalonia, considering several subseries (construction, packaging, paper, poles, transport, etc…). The methodology developed by former authors is followed though new considerations are brought regarding the downsizing of national models at regional scale. This brings to the conclusion that hypothesis used in national models have a low relevance at regional scale. It nevertheless shines light on some obvious limits of this regional approach that will have to be cleared by further investigations. In chapter 4, the author analyses the evolution of forest production exclusively in Catalonia, showing the main factors that conditioned its evolution, particularly the extension of the road networks and the role of the urban and peri-urban area of Barcelona as a motor for the growth of the wood sector. In chapter 5 an in-depth analysis of the wood industry is conducted at local level, based on the statistics on Industrial and Commerce Tax, at regional level and for 7 local councils. This brings into light some areas where the wood economy was significant (Valle de Aran, Alt Urgell, Solsonès), and others were it was just complementary (Pallars, Cerdaña, Berguedà, Noguera). Finally chapter 6 is dedicated to a comparative analysis with 2 french Pyrenean provinces: Ariège and Pyrénées-Orientales, in order to observe the cross-border dynamics in the context of forest production and wood products marketing.

Els diferents treballs presentats en aquesta tesi han permès aprofundir en diversos aspectes relacionats amb el maneig de plantacions de cirerer per a fusta de qualitat en un context mediterrani, així com en uns altres més purament relacionats amb processos hidrològics, fisiològics o ecològics i amb la metodologia utilitzada per la mesura d'aquests. En el primer capítol es van testar els efectes que poden tenir sobre la producció de fusta el tipus de sòl (argilenc amb escàs percentatge d'elements gruixuts, enfront de sorrenc amb elevat percentatge d'elements gruixuts), el reg per degoteig (reg enfront de no reg) i el llaurat del sòl (llaurat mecànic enfront de vegetació espontània). Els resultats van mostrar que tant el tipus de sòl com el reg van tenir efectes significatius, mentre que el llaurat de sòl no va suposar increments notables en el increment en el volum de fusta. L'extrapolació dels resultats a tot el torn de plantació va permetre establir que, si la tendència observada es manté, el torn de plantació pot ser massa elevat per al sòl de tipus sorrenc, mentre que s'aconseguiria una reducció del voltant de deu anys al aplicar el reg, independentment del tipus de sòl. D'altra banda, la valoració econòmica i ecològica dels resultats del llaurat del sòl va permetre establir una forta reducció dels costos associats i una alta diversitat de la vegetació herbàcia acompanyant, amb els beneficis associats que aquesta última podria portar amb si. En el següent capítol es va estudiar la partició de la pluja amb un disseny experimental d'alta resolució espacial i temporal (que va permetre estudiar els processos a diferents escales), i amb un seguiment de l'estructura forestal i el clima com a possibles factors explicatius. Mentre que certes pluges d'escassa magnitud van provocar elevades intercepcions de pluja, els resultats a escala global (acumulat per a tot el període d'estudi) van indicar una baixa capacitat d'intercepció de la plantació, amb el que això pot suposar en matèria de reg. Des del punt de vista metodològic, es va posar de manifest que deu pluviòmetres per mesurar la trascolaciò són suficients per recollir la variabilitat espacial d'aquesta variable a l'escala global. En el tercer i quart capítol així com en l'annex, es va avaluar la transpiració i la seva relació amb variables ambientals (evapotranspiraciò i contingut hídric del perfil de sòl) i estructurals de la vegetació, d'una banda, i diversos aspectes metodològics relacionats amb l'us de sensors de flux de saba per estimar la transpiració, per una altra. Com a resultats més importants, es va posar de manifest el control estomàtic de la transpiració per a rangs concrets de contingut hídric del sòl, així com de la utilitat de les podes per millorar l'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua a escala de plantació (capítol 3). En relació als aspectes metodològics, es va confirmar que alguns mètodes àmpliament utilitzats en altres espècies per estimar l'àrea conductora no van ser vàlids per a l'espècie estudiada. D'altra banda, es van establir els perfils radials i azimutals de la densitat de flux de saba (capítol 4) i es va comprovar que no considerar la variació que l'àrea conductora té al llarg del període vegetatiu pot suposar importants errors en l'estimació de la transpiració (annex). Finalment, en el capítol cinc, gràcies a l'us d'isòtops estables de l'aigua, es va arribar a la conclusió que, encara que les arrels fines dels arbres es van presentar al llarg del tot el perfil de sòl (0-100 cm), l'extracció principal d'aigua en l'època vegetativa es va produir fonamentalment de les capes superficials, unes vegades a 25 cm de profunditat i unes altres a menor profunditat. Aquest patró d'extracció d'aigua, juntament amb el similar observat per a la vegetació herbàcia acompanyant, va semblar indicar una competència per l'ús de l'aigua entre els arbres i les herbàcies. D'altra banda, els resultats en el sòl de pitjor qualitat agronòmica (el de tipus sorrenc indicat en el primer paràgraf d'aquest resum), amb taxes transpiratives molt baixes en les condicions de no reg, van indicar que la tècnica isotòpica podria ser no adequada en aquestes condicions, on la mescla de les aigües del xilema i floema invalidaria l'assumpció inicial de la relació directa entre l'aigua de xilema i l'aigua del sòl.
Los diferentes trabajos presentados en esta tesis han permitido profundizar en diversos aspectos relacionados con el manejo de plantaciones de cerezo para madera de calidad en un contexto mediterráneo, así como en otros más puramente relacionados con procesos hidrológicos, fisiológicos ó ecológicos y con la metodología utilizada para el monitoreo de éstos. En el primer capítulo se testaron los efectos que pueden tener sobre la producción de madera el tipo de suelo (arcilloso con escaso porcentaje de elementos gruesos frente a arenoso con porcentaje elevado de elementos gruesos), el riego por goteo (riego frente a no riego) y el laboreo del suelo (laboreo mecánico frente a vegetación espontánea). Los resultados mostraron que tanto el tipo de suelo como el riego tuvieron efectos significativos, mientras que el laboreo no supuso incrementos notables en el volumen maderable. La extrapolación de los resultados a todo el turno de plantación permitió establecer que, si la tendencia observada se mantiene, el turno de plantación puede ser demasiado elevado para el suelo de tipo arenoso con porcentaje elevado de elementos gruesos, mientras que se lograría una reducción de alrededor de diez años al aplicar el riego, independientemente del tipo de suelo. Por otra parte, la valoración económica y ecológica de los resultados del laboreo del suelo permitió establecer una fuerte reducción de los costes asociados y una alta diversidad de la vegetación herbácea acompañante, con los beneficios asociados que esta última puede traer consigo. En el segundo capítulo se estudió la partición de la lluvia con un diseño experimental de alta resolución espacial y temporal, además de un seguimiento de la estructura forestal y las variables meteorológicas como posibles factores explicativos de la variabilidad espacio-temporal. Mientras que ciertas lluvias de escasa magnitud provocaron elevadas pérdidas por interceptación, los resultados para todo el periodo de estudio indicaron una baja capacidad de interceptación de la plantación, con lo que ello puede implicar en materia de riego. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se puso de manifiesto que diez pluviómetros son suficientes para recoger la variabilidad espacial de la trascolación a escala de parcela. En el tercer y cuarto capítulos, así como en el anejo, se evaluó la transpiración y su relación con las variables ambientales (evapotranspiración y contenido hídrico del perfil de suelo) y estructurales de la vegetación. Así mismo, se analizaron diversos aspectos metodológicos relacionados con el empleo de sensores de flujo de savia para estimar la transpiración. Como resultados más destacables se puso de manifiesto el control estomático de la transpiración para rangos concretos de contenido hídrico del suelo, así como de la utilidad de las podas para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua a escala de plantación (capítulo 3). En lo que se refiere a los aspectos metodológicos, se confirmó que algunos métodos ampliamente utilizados en otras especies para estimar el área conductora, no fueron válidos para la especie estudiada. Por otro lado, se establecieron los perfiles radiales y azimutales de la densidad de flujo de savia (capítulo 4) y se comprobó que no considerar la variación a lo largo del período vegetativo del área conductora puede suponer importantes errores en la estimación de la transpiración (anejo). Por último, en el capítulo cinco, gracias al empleo de isótopos estables del agua, se llegó a la conclusión de que, aunque las raíces finas de los árboles se localizaron a lo largo del todo el perfil de suelo (0-100 cm), la extracción de agua durante el período vegetativo se produjo principalmente de las capas más superficiales, unas veces a 25 cm de profundidad y otras a menor profundidad. Este patrón de extracción de agua, junto con un patrón similar observado para la vegetación herbácea acompañante, pareció indicar una competencia por el uso del agua entre los árboles y las herbáceas. Finalmente, las tasas transpirativas tan bajas obtenidas en condiciones de no riego en los árboles situados en el suelo de peor calidad agronómica (el de tipo arenoso indicado en el primer párrafo de este resumen), indicaron que la técnica isotópica podría ser no adecuada en dichas condiciones, ya que una posible mezcla de las aguas del xilema y floema, en estas condiciones de estrés severo, invalidaría la asunción inicial del método de una relación directa entre el agua del xilema y el agua del suelo.
All different works presented in this thesis have allowed a further study of some of the main aspects related to the management of wild cherry tree plantations for timber production under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Moreover, key hydrological, physiological and ecological processes have been monitored and the methodology used for that purpose tested. Within the first chapter, the potential effects of soil type (clay-loam texture with negligible presence of gravels versus sandy-loam texture with high proportion of gravels), irrigation (drip irrigation versus rainfed conditions) and soil tillage (soil tillage versus spontaneous herbaceous plants leaved to grow) on timber volume were tested. Results showed that both soil type and irrigation had significant effects on the timber volume increase, whereas soil tillage did not. Extrapolation of these results to the future allowed setting that, if the observed tendency is maintained, the rotation length will be too high for the sandy soil, whereas a reduction of ten years in the rotation length will be obtained if irrigation is applied, regardless the soil type. On the other hand, the economic and ecological assessment of soil tillage results allowed establishing a strong reduction of the associated costs and high herbaceous vegetation diversity, with the potential related benefits the latter could imply. In the following chapter rainfall partitioning was studied by using an experimental design of high spatial and temporal resolution, together with the monitoring of forest structure and climate variables as potential driving factors. While certain rainfall events of low magnitude caused high interception losses, results at global scale (the accumulated value for the whole study period) indicated a low rainfall interception capacity for the plantation. From a methodological point of view, it was showed that ten tipping buckets were sufficient to collect the spatial variability of throughfall at the global scale. Within chapters three and four and in the annex, stand transpiration and its dependency with environmental (evapotranspiration and soil water content) and forest structural variables were assessed in one hand, and in the other, certain methodological aspects related to the use of sap flow sensors were evaluated. As for the most relevant results, the linear relationship between transpiration and soil water content, and the ability of branch pruning to improve the water use efficiency at stand scale, are highlighted (chapter 3). With regards to methodological aspects, it was confirmed that some methods widely used in other species to estimate the sapwood area were not suitable for the specie under study. In addition, radial and azimuthal profiles of the sap flux density were defined (chapter 4), and it was confirmed that the non consideration of the variation of the sapwood area along the vegetative period may cause relevant errors in the transpiration estimates (annex). Finally, in chapter five, thanks to the use of stable water isotopes, it could be concluded that, even though fine tree roots were observed all through the soil profile (0-100 cm), the root water extraction during the vegetative period was mainly obtained from soil superficial layers, sometimes from 25 cm depth, and some other times from more superficial depths. This water uptake pattern for wild cherry tree, together with that similar one observed in the spontaneous vegetation, is likely to be an indication of water use competence between trees and herbaceous plants. On the other hand, results from the lowest agronomic quality soil (that of sandy texture indicated in the first paragraph of this summary), with very low tree transpiration rates under rainfed conditions, seemed to indicate that water isotopes technique can be inadequate for such conditions, where the mixture of xylem and phloem waters may invalidate the assumption of a direct linkage between xylem and soil waters.

[EN] ABSTRACT Nicholas Brent Taylor: The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material The bicycle is often considered as one of the most important inventions of all time. In addition, it is the most efficient form of human transport in the world. It is non pollutant, uses no fuel other than human power and its carbon footprint is neutralised in a short time. Today, faced with the threat of global warming brought about by fossil fuels, countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Columbia actually encourage the use of the bicycle as a viable means of urban transport, and in the city of Paris there are financial incentives for cycling commuters. In China alone there are 450 Million bicycles. The form of the bicycle is universally recognisable, it is easy to use and simple to maintain. However, in spite of its apparent simplicity, the bicycle is made up of numerous components and sub-assemblies. Over the years these components and sub-assemblies have undergone a succession of changes and modifications. As with the evolution, development, and life cycle of any product, some of the modifications were relatively short lived. Others for various reasons have been adopted almost universally, such as steel ball bearings, the roller chain, pneumatic tires, tension spoked wheels, etc. In order to more fully understand the bicycle, its advantages, its shortcomings, and its place in the modern world, the first part of this study aims to address the various criteria which apply to bicycle typology, differentiation, use and construction. However, although numerous types of Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs) exist, the initial part of this research is constrained to the evolution and development of the "Safety" type bicycle - attributed to J. K. Starley of Coventry in 1895 - up to the present day, taking into account such factors as; design, material selection, manufacturing technology, and diversity. The first part of the study is a comprehensive overview of the bicycle which identifies crucial technological aspects and categorises bicycle by type and intended use. Due to the huge quantities and types of bicycles produced worldwide this research identifies generic types of each category irrespective of origin or manufacturer. The second part of this dissertation is devoted to the study of wooden bicycles and the specific requirements of this type of bicycle such as the use of wood and its derivatives e.g. engineered wood, as a bicycle frame construction material and some of the solutions arrived at and the special parts or components required. Contemporary and historical bicycles made from wood, other organic material and its derivatives have been investigated and conclusions drawn regarding their functionality and purpose. Part three is dedicated to the Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Wooden Bicycle prototype undertaken by the Author with the assistance of three Industrial Design Students. Part four describes the design, construction and testing of subsequent prototypes in detail including the fabrication of pre-production bicycles and proposals for manufacture on a commercial level. Parts five and six outline the empirical findings from the previous section and attempt to define strategies for marketing bicycles manufactured from wood and its derivatives as an alternative to conventional materials with a view to reanimating small local industries which have a strong base of expertise and knowhow working with wood, such as producers of furniture and similar products (broom handles, tool handles, boxes etc.). Part seven is devoted to the potential diversification of wooden framed bicycles which are electrically assisted. The fabrication of a prototype is discussed but no conclusions were made due to constraints beyond my control. Keywords: Design, Product, Frame, Bicycle
[ES] RESUMEN Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilidad de la Madera y sus Derivados como Material de Fabricación de Cuadros de Bicicletas La bicicleta es frecuentemente considerada como una de las invenciones más importantes de todos los tiempos. Es también una de las formas de transporte humano más eficiente en el mundo. Hoy en día, por la amenaza del calentamiento global provocado por las fuentes de energía no renovables, países como Dinamarca, Holanda y Colombia animan a usar la bicicleta como un medio de transporte urbano. La figura de la bicicleta es universalmente reconocida, es fácil de usar y su mantenimiento es simple. A pesar de su aparente simplicidad, la bicicleta está compuesta de numerosos componentes y subconjuntos. A lo largo de los años, los subconjuntos sufrieron una serie de cambios y transformaciones. Como en cualquier evolución y desarrollo, los cambios influyen en el ciclo de vida de cualquier producto, a pesar que algunas de estas aportaciones tuvieron una vida efímera. Otras, por razones varias, fueron adoptadas casi universalmente. Entre estas podemos citar los rodamientos de esferas de azor, la cadena, los neumáticos, etc. Para comprender mejor el producto bicicleta, se ha considerado como objetivo en la primera parte de este estudio, abordar varios criterios que se aplican de acuerdo con la tipología, diferenciación, uso y construcción de la bicicleta. A pesar de existir numerosos tipos de Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs), la primera parte de esta investigación se limita al estudio de la evaluación y desenvolvimiento de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK.1895, desde su aparición hasta nuestros días, tomando en consideración la selección de materiales, las tecnologías de fabricación, el diseño, y el estatus de la bicicleta en la sociedad. La segunda parte de esta tesis está dedicada por completo al estudio de la madera y sus derivados como material de construcción de la bicicleta. Bicicletas contemporáneas e históricas de madera y sus derivados, que han sido investigados y se han presentado los resultados en relación a su funcionalidad y propósito. La tercera parte describe con detalle el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de una bicicleta prototipo de madera, los prototipos posteriores y las bicicletas prototipo o de pre-producción de madera y sus derivados fabricados por el autor con la ayuda de los Estudiantes finalistas del grado de Diseño Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la cuarta parte se describe el diseño, construcción y prueba de prototipos posteriores en detalle, incluyendo la fabricación de bicicletas de pre-producción y propuestas para la fabricación a nivel comercial. La quinta y sexto partes resume los resultados empíricos de la sección anterior y trata de definir estrategias de marketing, para bicicletas fabricadas a partir de la madera y sus derivados como una alternativa a los materiales convencionales, con el fin de animar a producción industrial a las pequeñas industrias locales, que poseen una base sólida de experiencia en el trabajo con la madera, como productores de muebles y productos similares. En la última parte, se ha dedicado a la diversificación potencial de cuadros de bicicletas en madera que están asistidas eléctricamente. La fabricación de un prototipo forma parte de la discusión y pretende ser una proyección de futuro. Palabras Clave: Diseño, Producto, Madera, Bicicleta.
[CAT] RESUM Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilitat de la Fusta i els seus Derivats com Material de Fabricacio de Quadros de Bicicletes La bicicleta es freqüentment considerada com una de les invencions mes importants de tots els temps. Es tambe una de les formes de transport huma mes eficient en el mon. Hui en dia, per l'amenaça del calfament global provocat per les fonts d'energia no renovellables, països com Dinamarca, Holanda i Colombia animen a usar la bicicleta com un mig de transport urba. La figura de la bicicleta es universalment reconeguda, es facil d'usar i el seu manteniment es simple. A pesar de la seua aparent simplicitat, la bicicleta està composta de numerosos components i subconjuntos. A lo llarc dels anys, els subconjuntos patiren una serie de canvis i transformacions. Com en qualsevol evolucio i desenroll, els canvis influixen en el cicle de vida de qualsevol producte, a pesar que algunes d'estos aportaments tingueren una vida efimera. Atres, per raons varies, foren adoptades casi universalment. Entre estes podem citar els rodaments d'esferes d'azor, la cadena, els neumatics, etc. Per a comprendre millor el producte bicicleta, s'ha considerat com objectiu en la primera part d'este estudi, abordar varis criteris que s'apliquen d'acort en la tipología, diferenciacio, us i construccio de la bicicleta. A pesar d'existir numerosos tipos d'Human Powered Vehicles (HPVS), la primera part d'esta investigacio se llimita a l'estudi de l'evaluacio i desenvolupament de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK. 1895, des de la seua aparicio fins nostres dies, prenent en consideracio la seleccio de materials, les tecnologies de fabricacio, el disseny, i l'estat de la bicicleta en la societat. La segona part d'esta tesis està dedicada per complet a l'estudi de la fusta i els seus derivats com material de construccio de la bicicleta. Bicicletes contemporanees i historiques de fusta i els seus derivats, que han segut investigats i s'han presentat els resultats en relacio a la seua funcionalitat i proposit. La tercera part descriu en detall el disseny, desenroll i evaluacio d'una bicicleta prototip de fusta, els prototips posteriors i les bicicletes prototip o de PRE-produccio de fusta i els seus derivats fabricats per l'autor en l'ajuda dels Estudiants finalistes del grau de Disseny Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la quarta part se descriu el disseny, construccio i prova de prototips posteriors en detall, incloent la fabricacio de bicicletes de pre-produccio i propostes per a la fabricacio a nivell comercial. La quinta i sisè parts resumix els resultats empirics de la seccio anterior i tracta de definir estrategies de marketing, per a bicicletes fabricades a partir de la fusta i els seus derivats com una alternativa als materials convencionals, en el fi d'animar a produccio industrial a les menudes industries locals, que posseixen una base solida d'experiencia en el treball en la fusta, com productors de mobles i productes similars. En l'ultima part, s'ha dedicat a la diversificacio potencial de quadros de bicicletes en fusta que estan assistides electricament. La fabricacio d'un prototip forma part de la discussio i preten ser una proyeccio de futur. Paraules Clau: Disseny, Producte, Fusta, Bicicleta.
Brent Taylor, N. (2016). The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63663
TESIS

Freqüentment els escultors parlen tot emprant termes com "el llenguatge de la matèria” o "el respecte per la naturalesa dels materials" . Això passa especialment a una part dels escultors nascuts en la primera meitat del segle, encara que també fan servir aquestes paraules altres escultors més joves. Generalment, es parla de matèries i no de materials, en considerar que les matèries tenen un pes específic originat pel que hem anomenat comportaments propis i la seva utilització històrica, mentre que als materials els manca aquesta peculiaritat històrica: són generalment novedosos, molts d'ells d'origen industrial, i s'han incorporat a la pràctica escultòrica recentment. Diversos autors atribueixen a Brancusi l'origen de la proposta que estableix el respecte per les propietats de la matèria com a una característica de l'escultura moderna. Són molts els escultors que han partit d'aquest principi i han continuat elaborant el llenguatge de la matèria com un recurs escultòric, fins a l'actualitat. La proposta d'investigació parteix d'aquesta filosofia en que es considera la matèria com un agent, més que com un pacient; és a dir, com una entitat capaç de manifestar les seves peculiaritats. Pressuposem que, quan l'escultor escull la matèria amb un plantejament similar a l'exposat en el paràgraf anterior, és perquè ja té una actitud d'estima cap a ella, en la mesura que intenta valorar la peculiar idiosincràsia del suport escollit. Per tant, es considera que l'elecció de la matèria ja condiciona, o ve condicionada (indistintament) pel propòsit inicial, per la disposició vers l'escultura, pel món referencial, pel mètode de treball, pels procediments, i pels resultats. En la nostra recerca, i amb el fi de concretar més, hem delimitat la hipòtesi de treball de la manera següent: La utilització de la fusta en la pràctica escultòrica, des de la perspectiva del comportament, pressuposa l'assumpció del pes cultural i tradicional que ha acumulat aquesta matèria al llarg de la seva història; hi destaquen tres aspectes fonamentals: la percepció plàstica de la natura i de l'arbre; la participació dels components simbòlics, tradicionals o primitius implícits en les societats primàries i arcaiques; i el contacte directe amb la matèria, amb la conseqüent aplicació dels procediments artesanals. En la proposta inicial d'aquesta tesi tenim en compte el matis temporal regressiu que comporta aquesta pràctica, en la mesura que s'hi recullen aspectes derivats d'una dinàmica obsoleta, generalment relacionada amb cultures de tecnologia rudimentària i que tenen un contacte directe amb la natura.

En les últimes dècades, les malalties de la fusta de la vinya han estat motiu d’una preocupació creixent, paral·lela a l’augment de la seva incidència arreu del món. En aquest context, l’objectiu global d’aquesta tesi ha estat el d’ampliar el coneixement de la biologia i l’epidemiologia d’aquestes malalties, així com el de valorar l’aplicació d’aquests nous coneixements en seu el control. Diferents espècies de fongs de la família Botryosphaeriaceae -entre elles, Diplodia seriata-, Eutypa lata i Phaeomoniella chlamydospora són alguns dels fongs patògens més importants. En un primer estudi es van caracteritzar 83 soques de D. seriata, des del punt de vista molecular, fenotípic -basat en la morfologia dels conidis, el creixement miceliar i la compatibilitat vegetativa i sexual- i patogènic. L’estudi molecular va mostrar un polimorfisme del 88 % entre les soques, que es van classificar en dos grups genètics diferenciats. La resta d’estudis realitzats no van ser congruents amb l’agrupació genètica establerta i es va posar de manifest una gran variabilitat intraespecífica a D. seriata. Malgrat això, es va confirmar el caràcter patogènic d’aquesta espècie. Per a millorar algunes tècniques de treball amb els tres patògens citats anteriorment, es va determinar el rang de concentració d’espores òptim per a realitzar inoculacions artificials en sarments de vinya. Per a obtenir percentatges d’infecció d’entre 50 i 70 % van ser necessaris de 100 a 1000 conidis de D. seriata per ferida inoculada, de 100 a 2000 conidis de P. chlamydospora i de 100 a 500 ascòspores d’E. lata. Es va estudiar l’alliberament de conidis de D. seriata en les restes de poda de la vinya. Es va observar la reducció progressiva de l’inòcul, amb disminucions significatives en el nombre de picnidis amb conidis, el nombre de conidis per picnidi i el seu percentatge de germinació . Tot i això, tres anys i mig després de la poda encara es detectaven conidis amb capacitat germinativa, fet indicatiu d’una gran persistència de la font d’inòcul. Es va determinar la micoflora d’infeccions naturals de les ferides de poda de la vinya. Els fongs més freqüents van ser, en ordre decreixent, D. seriata, P. chlamydospora i Cryptovalsa ampelina. En conjunt, les infeccions van ser més freqüents després de la poda d’hivern, en comparació amb la poda primerenca, a la tardor. La pluja acumulada després de la poda i les temperatures registrades durant aquest període van correlacionar positivament amb els percentatges d’infecció observats. La susceptibilitat de les ferides de poda a D. seriata i P. chlamydospora va disminuir a mesura que augmentava el temps entre la poda i la infecció. Les ferides van restar més temps susceptibles a la infecció de D. seriata després d’una poda a l’hivern. La longitud de l’entrenús podat no va semblar interferir en la colonització del sarment de D. seriata; en canvi, va dificultar la de P. chlamydospora. Finalment, es va estudiar l’efecte del tractament de termoteràpia amb aigua calenta sobre la viabilitat de vuit espècies de Botryosphaeriaceae. En un primer assaig in vitro, es va avaluar la supervivència i el creixement del miceli després de sotmetre els fongs a diverses combinacions de temps i temperatura en un bany d’aigua calenta. En un segon assaig in planta, els fongs, prèviament inoculats en sarments de vinya, es van sotmetre a un rang de 50-53 °C durant 30 minuts i se’n va determinar la supervivència. En l’assaig in vitro, D. seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola, Neofusicoccum luteum i N. parvum van ser les espècies més sensibles, i N. vitifusiforme i Lasiodiplodia theobromae, les més tolerants. En l’assaig in planta, totes les espècies van ser controlades a 51 °C, quedant demostrada l’eficàcia d’aquesta tècnica i la seva potencialitat per a ser usada en el procés de producció de planta al viver.
This thesis aimed at providing new background knowledge about the biology and epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases as well as to integrate the outcome into the development of new control measures. Some of the most relevant trunk pathogenic fungi including Diplodia seriata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Eutypa lata were studied. Eighty-three D. seriata isolates were characterized with respect to their genetic, phenotypic and pathogenic features. Isolates were grouped into two distinct genetic groups. No relationships between these groups and the other studied variables were found. Diplodia seriata was confirmed as a weak grapevine pathogen but showing intraespecific variability in terms of virulence. In order to optimize the inoculum potential used in artificial inoculations with D. seriata, E. lata and P. chlamydospora, grapevine pruning wounds were inoculated with different spore doses. Infection percentages between 50-70 % were achieved when inoculating with 100-1000 conidia of D. seriata per wound, 100-2000 conidia of P. chlamydospora and 100-500 ascospores of E. lata. Release of D. seriata conidia from pruning debris was assessed. A progressive reduction in inoculum pressure was recorded as a decrease in pycnidia that contained conidia, mean amount of conidia per pycnidium and conidial viability. However, 3.5 years after pruning, viable conidia were still detected, thus confirming that pruning debris is an important long-lasting inoculum source. Pathogenic micoflora resulting from natural infections of pruning wounds included, in order of descending abundance, D. seriata, P. chlamydospora, Cryptovalsa ampelina and E. lata. Infection rates were generally higher after a late punning in winter as compared with those of an early pruning in autumn. The susceptibility of pruning wounds to D. seriata and P. chlamydospora decreased as the time between pruning and infection events increased. Pruning wounds remained more susceptible to D. seriata after a late pruning in winter. The length of the pruned internode did not inhibit cane colonization by D. seriata, but it did for P. chlamydospora. Hot water treatment reduced the viability and mycelial growth of eight Botryosphaeriaceae species in laboratory tests, thus showing the feasibility of this technique as a means of control in the grapevine propagation process.

A partir de polietilè d'alta densitat i de fibres lignocel·lulòsiques provinents del trèmol (Populus tremula) s'han obtingut uns materials amb propietats úniques denominats compòsits. Aquests compòsits, amb un màxim de 40% de fibres lignocel·lulòsiques han estat tractats i modificats amb diferents agents (silà A-174 i epolè C-18) per millorar la compatibilitat entre la matriu de polietilè i el reforç fibrós.

En una primera etapa les fibres lignocel·lulòsiques han estat pretractades amb cada un dels diferents tipus d'agents d'adhesió utilitzats i comentats prèviament, per seguidament barrejar aquestes fibres (en proporcions del 10, 20, 30 i 40%) amb la matriu d'HDPE.

Una vegada els dos components s'han homogeneïtzat, es sotmeten a un procés de mòlta per aconseguir, mitjançant compressió, les provetes corresponents. Finalment, el conjunt de provetes ha estat exposat a condicions climàtiques dràstiques (baixa temperatura i fatiga tèrmica, dues característiques significatives de l'hivern canadenc) durant períodes variables de temps (0, 15, 30, 60 i 90 dies).

Per tal d'avaluar tots i cada un dels paràmetres més significatius d'aquests compòsits, s'ha fet una caracterització orientada en dues vessants: estudi de la compatibilitat entre components del compòsit i estudi dels canvis estructurals que pateixen els compòsits degut a fenòmens d'envelliment provocats per exposició a les condicions climàtiques prèviament comentades.

L'estudi de compatibilitat es fonamenta en les possibles interaccions que s'originen entre els dos components en funció del tipus de tractament al que ha estat sotmès el compòsit (silà i epolè). Per valorar aquestes interaccions, s'han estudiat diferents propietats mecàniques, com ara la resistència a la tracció, el mòdul d'elasticitat, la deformació a trencament, la resiliència i la tenacitat, mitjançant una màquina universal d'assaigs. Tanmateix també s'ha fet una caracterització espectrefotomètrica FT-ir per comprovar els diferents mecanismes d'adhesió que actuen en la interfase fibra- matriu en funció del tipus de tractament i una caracterització morfològica, utilitzant la tècnica de microscòpia electrònica de rastreig (SEM). Amb els resultats obtinguts de la caracterització espectrefotomètrica, també s'ha realitzat un seguiment de la influència que cada component fa en la modificació del grau de cristal·linitat de l'altre.

L'estudi dels canvis estructurals que pateixen els compòsits degut a fenòmens d'envelliment s'ha fet partint de l'evolució de les propietats mecàniques bàsiques en funció dels diferents períodes d'exposició, on s'han caracteritzat els mateixos paràmetres definits anteriorment. Mitjançant valoració espectrefotomètrica s'han mesurat els canvis microestructurals (principalment de configuració), així com les modificacions en el grau de cristal·linitat que han tingut lloc sobre cada un dels diferents components del compòsit.

Cal afegir que les possibilitats que ofereix la tècnica espectrefotomètrica FT-ir ha permès dur a terme la realització d'aquesta tesi. L'estudi dels canvis en la microestructura dels compòsits esdevinguts a partir dels fenòmens prèviament esmentats no hauria pogut fer-se sense la possibilitat d'un processament adequat dels espectres, així com d'una subtracció espectral que permet la detecció de moltes bandes complexes i difícils de detectar mitjançant altres tècniques d'anàlisi.
Los materiales compuestos se han obtenido a partir de polietileno de alta densidad y fibras lignocelulósicas que provienen del alamo temblón. Estos materiales con un máximo del 40% de refuerzo lignocelulósico han sido tratadas y modificadas con distintos tipos de agentes de acoplamiento (Silano A-174 y epoleno C-18) para mejorar la compatibilidad entre la matriz y el refuerzo.

Las fibras tratadas previamente con cada uno de los distintos tipos de agentes de adhesión utilizados, se mezclan en distintas proporciones de las mismas (10,20,30 y 40%) con la matriz de HDPE.

Una vez ambos componentes se han homogenizado se someten a un proceso de molturación para obtener probetas tipo halterio mediante compresión. Estas probetas se han sometido durante distintos períodos de tiempo (hasta 90 días) a condiciones de exposición drásticas (baja temperatura y fatiga térmica, características significativas del invierno canadiense).

Para evaluar los parámetros más significativos de estos materiales compuestos se ha caracterizado la compatibilidad entre la matriz y el refuerzo, asimismo también se han estudiado los cambios estructurales que sufren estos materiales debido a fenómenos de envejecimiento provocados por la exposición de los mismos a las condiciones climáticas previamente comentadas.

Els estudio de compatibilidad se centra en las posibles interacciones que se originen entre ambos componentes en función del tipo de tratamiento al que se ha sometido dicho material compuesto (silano y epoleno). Para valorar las interacciones que se generen entre ambos componentes, se ha ensayado distintas propiedades mecánicas (resistencia a tracción, módulo de elasticidad, deformación a rotura, resilencia y tenaciadad, utilizando la máquina universal de ensayos. Asimismo, también se ha caracterizado mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo (FTIR) los posibles mecanismos de adhesión que tienen lugar entre la matriz y el refuerzo en función del tipo de tratamiento, asi como la caracterización morfológica utilizando la técnica de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se ha podido seguir la influencia que tiene cada componente en la modificación de los respectivos grados de cristalinidad.

El estudio de los cambios estructurales a los que se han visto sometido los distintos materiales compuestos, debido a fenómenos de envejecimiento, se ha realizado mediante el seguimiento de la evolución de las propiedades mecánicas en función de los distintos períodos de exposición. Mediante valoración espectofotométrica se han medido los cambios micorestrucutrales (cambios de configuración), así como las modificaciones en el grado de cristalinidad sobre cada uno de los componentes de material compuesto.
Composite materials have been obtained from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and lignocellulosic fibers from aspen wood. These materials with a maximum of 40% of lignocellulosic reinforcement have been treated and modified with different types of coupling agents (Silane A-174 and epolene C-18) to improve the compatibility between the matrix and the reinforcement.

Four contents (10.20.30 and 40%) of fibers treated previously with each one of the different types of adhesion or coupling agents, are mixed with HDPE matrix.

The above mixture was compression-molded into dog-bone shaped tensile test specimens. The molding temperature was slowly raised to 150ºC and samples were held at this temperature for 20 min. Then the samples were slowly cooled to room temperature keeping constant pressure during cooling. These test specimens have been submitted during different periods of time (up to 90 days) to drastic conditions of exposition (low temperature and thermal stress, main characteristics of the Canadian winter).

In order to evaluate the most significant parameters of these composite materials, we have studied two ways: the compatibility between both components: matrix and reinforcement and the structural changes to composites due to phenomena of aging caused by the exposition of these materials to the drastic climatic conditions previously commented.

The study of compatibility has been centered in the possible interactions that are originated between both components as a function of lignocellulosic fiber pretreatment. In order to evaluate the interactions that are generated between both components, different mechanical test has been tested (tensile strength, elasticity modulus, deformation at break, resilence and toughness) by mean an Instron Testing Machine. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of adhesion that take place between the matrix and the reinforcement as a function of different pretreatments has been characterized by means infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and by the morphologic characterization using the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). From the obtained results it has been possible to follow the influence that has each component in the modification of the respective degrees of crystallinity.

The study of the structural changes of different composite materials, due to aging phenomena, has been analized by means of the pursuit of the evolution of the mechanical properties based on the different periods of exposure time. Furthermore the microstructural changes (basically configurational and crystallinity) has been evaluated by means of spectroscopy technique.

The obtained results indicate that the macroscopic properties of the composite materials must depend on the lignocellulosic fiber content and whether or not a coupling agent is used. SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces show that the addition of coupling agents enhances their dispersion in the continuous HDPE phase. They also show that the silane coupling agent facilitates the direct contact between the lignocellulosic fibers and HDPE matrix more than untreated and epolene treated composites do. The tensile strength depends on both the lignocellulosic fiber content and the type of coupling agent used. The other mechanical properties (elasticity modulus, elongation at break and toughness) mainly depend on the lignocellulosic fiber content and, to a lesser extent, on the presence of a coupling agent. Silane-treated composites show the best mechanical performance as a consequence of significant interactions at the interface between the HDPE matrix and the lignocellulosic fibers.

The differences observed between the various composites studied are explained by means of different adhesion mechanisms. Interdiffusion takes place in untreated composites; multiple mechanism of adsorption-wettability, interdiffusion and, to a lesser extent, chemical bonds take place in epolene treated composites, and finally, the adhesion in composites modified with silane is mainly a chemical mechanism of covalent bonds.

Esta tesis trata sobre la creación artística contemporánea realizada total o parcialmente con madera en el contexto de Cataluña. Asimismo estudia cómo se crea con madera y en base a qué motivaciones artísticas (conceptuales, plásticas, constructivas). La madera en el ámbito geográfico de Cataluña representa un elemento más dentro del campo de la creación, tan actual como el resto de los materiales (metal, piedra, cerámica, plásticos), con la particularidad de que la diversidad de formatos disponibles de esta material permite que se destine a un amplio espectro de manifestaciones, por encima de la creencia general de que es un elemento únicamente utilizado en la escultura o a la creación de carácter figurativo tradicional. Esta tesis pretende demostrar la contemporaneidad y el papel de la madera en la práctica artística actual, centrándonos en el ámbito artístico catalán, que ha destacado generalmente por su actitud de vanguardia. Hemos registrado y analizado obras realizadas en madera para conocer las características de este material y su relación con el significado, la forma y el aspecto de las obras. Se ha estudiado cómo perciben la madera los artistas, qué maderas utilizan y qué formatos, proyectos y acciones realizan con ella. También hemos ahondado en las raíces y antecedentes del arte actual de cara a definir qué diferencia a esta materia del resto de materiales más comunes del campo de la escultura. La acotación geográfica y temporal nos ha permitido realizar un registro exhaustivo, y a la vez conocer un pequeño universo cultural y artístico. Al cruzar el conocimiento sobre el material con el conocimiento aportado por las obras así como la trayectoria, testimonios e intereses de los artistas investigados, hemos podido extraer conclusiones sobre las distintas visiones, metodologías y valoraciones de los artistas en relación con la madera. Hemos estudiado y analizado el material por sí mismo como materia prima, y hemos descrito en profundidad las características y cualidades que pueden determinar su uso como medio de creación. Se ha investigado la parte técnica de su transformación y manufactura, las herramientas que pueden ser utilizadas individualmente y también las que se emplean industrialmente.

La presente tesis se fundamenta en el estudio de una selección de objetos de época medieval (siglos IX-XIII) ubicados en la actualidad en distintos países de Europa (España, Francia, Italia, Suiza, Bélgica, Alemania, Suecia). Estos objetos consisten en esculturas en madera policromada que representan la tipología iconográfica del Cristo Rey vestido de túnica o tunicato y clavado en la cruz. La propuesta metodológica arranca de una perspectiva historiográfica aplicada a la realidad de las obras existentes o documentadas, seleccionadas basándose en una definición unívoca de la susodicha tipología y consecuentemente en la aplicación de un criterio sólido de clasificación. Cada objeto se estudia tanto aisladamente como comparativamente, es decir relacionándolo con los otros objetos examinados en el escrito, y también, cuando es preciso, con obras de otras técnicas que ofrecen la posibilidad de configurar / hallar paralelos con ellos. La tesis está dividida en dos tomos. El primer tomo consta de cuatro capítulos, divididos a su vez en apartados. En el primero capítulo se exponen el planteamiento del tema examinado, los objetivos establecidos y los métodos de estudio empleados para el desarrollo de la investigación; luego se recogen las aportaciones historiográficas sobre las esculturas medievales sometidas a estudio, reconstruyendo el estado de la cuestión y destacando las contribuciones que han dado pie al planteamiento del problema. En el segundo se presenta un excursus sobre una selección de fuentes literarias e iconográficas en las que hallamos las raíces históricas, teológicas, cultuales y tipológicas de la iconografía que nos atañe. En el tercero argumentamos nuestra propuesta para una definición inequívoca de la tipología iconográfica del Cristo Rey tunicato; de la susodicha definición consigue el criterio establecido para la identificación y clasificación de las tallas, que consiste en el elemento de la túnica, que se erige como constante; basándonos en ello efectuamos un análisis comparativo ente las obras seleccionadas, comprobando para cada caso su pertinencia dentro del trabajo y evidenciando la presencia o la ausencia de elementos variables que también definen e identifican la tipología. En el cuarto exponemos nuestras conclusiones, indicando una propuesta para una taxonomía iconográfica, dejando abierto el escrito al análisis futuro de otros objetos que respondan al criterio establecido y resaltando el empirismo que caracteriza esta investigación. El segundo tomo consiste en un catálogo analítico de las esculturas sometidas a estudio, estructurado en función de su localización geográfica actual y compuesto por fichas, que se han configurado siguiendo los parámetros básicos de catalogación de una obra y contienen la información actualizada sobre cada ejemplar del corpus, incluyendo las referencias fotográficas de las obras.
The present thesis is based on the study of a selection of polychrome wood sculptures representing the iconographic typology of Christ the King, dressed in tunic or tunicato and nailed to the cros, dating from the Middle Ages (9th-13th centuries) and currently located in different European countries (Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, Sweden). The methodological proposal starts from a historiographical perspective applied to the reality of the existing or documented sculptures, selected on the basis of a univocal definition of the above-mentioned typology and consequently on the application of a solid classification criterion. Each art piece is studied both detachedly and comparatively, that is, by relating it to the other objects examined in the writing, and also, when necessary, to works of other techniques that offer the possibility of configuring / finding parallels with them. The thesis is divided into two volumes. The first one consists of four chapters, divided into sections. The first chapter sets out the approach to the subject examined, the objectives established and the methods of study used for the development of the research; it then collects the historiographical contributions on the medieval sculptures under study, reconstructing the state of the question and highlighting the contributions that have given rise to the approach to the problem. The second presents an excursus on a selection of literary and iconographic sources in which we find the historical, theological, cultural and typological roots of the iconography that concerns us. In the third we argue our proposal for an unequivocal definition of the iconographic typology of Christ the King tunicato; from this definition we achieve the criterion established for the identification and classification of carvings, which consists of the element of the tunic, which stands as constant; based on this, we carry out a comparative analysis between the selected works, checking for each case its relevance within the work, and evidencing the presence or absence of variable elements that also define and identify the typology. In the fourth, we expose our conclusions, indicating a proposal for an iconographic taxonomy, leaving open the writing for future analysis of other objects that respond to the established criterion and highlighting the empiricism that characterizes this research. The second volume consists of an analytical catalogue of the sculptures under study, structured according to their current geographical location and made up of data sheets, which have been configured following the basic parameters of cataloguing a work and contain updated information on each copy of the corpus, including the photographic references of the works.

Future Situation and Impact Awareness: FuSIA is a mission-centric framework using uncertain observables to determine the current and future impact for critical missions in an application such as protecting a computer network or protecting critical entities in a military environment. FuSIA serves to provide an implement of a domain-agnostic, yet domain-configurable, framework for higher level data fusion processes such as situation, impact, and threat assessment.

FuSIA ingests groupings of observables called attack tracks to estimate the current state of the assets in the given environment using state estimation. The state estimates can be combined across various in different ways to account for uncertainty through the use of the common mass function, which can be converted into a mission impact score. These assessments can then be processed by a mission tree that calculates the estimated impact of the critical missions, which is modeled by a mission tree. The mission tree uses a modification to the Yager Order-Weighted Aggregators to propagate not only the impact, but also uncertainty into the higher-level missions. The effectiveness of the mission impact calculations was also analyzed to determine how sensitive it was to different levels of uncertainty pertaining to different observables.

In addition to calculating current mission impact, FuSIA also generates a list of possible futures indicating events that could come to fruition in the near future. This list is pruned down to a human-manageable level through a process that involves assessing the likelihood of the futures using capability and opportunity metrics.

Finally, FuSIA solves a mixed-integer linear optimization problem for individual nodes on the mission tree while providing a heuristic algorithm to determine an optimal set of enforcers, actions that can be taken to improve a mission, to deploy so as the improve the overall state of the mission.

Due to the large quantity of contamination by Fe in the waterlogged wood and the composites previously processed with poliethilenglycol, PEG , we have thought the possible extraction and formation of complexes Fe-L (L= 2-Phosphonobuta-1,2,4- tricarboxylic acid, (PBTC)) and their effect on (i) structure of the wood, (ii) structure and physiques characteristics of PEG and (iii) post-treatment contamination by Fe coming from atmospheric agents. This work is a project for to study the formation of these complexes and possible modifications in structures.

The energy demand increase and the generation of wastes is being the major problem regarding the next generation sustainability. Both problems can be corrected through the implementation of anaerobic digestion, a waste treatment technology able to produce electricity, heat and a fertilizer. The anaerobic co-digestion between two wastes with complementary characteristics has been widely studied to improve the methane production in anaerobic digesters. However, to increase the methane production from lignocelulosics substrates is still one of the main challenges of anaerobic digestion. Lignocelulosic components are a tridimensional structure between lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, which bonds are extremely difficult to degrade by conventional anaerobic bacteria. Besides, those components can be found in a wide range of substrates such as municipal solid wastes, agro-wastes and energy crops. In the following thesis, the increase of the economic viability of anaerobic digestion plants treating lignocelulosic materials has been studied. Initially, the transitory state while the co-substrate was changed in the anaerobic co-digestion between sewage sludge and fruit waste was studied. The stability of the reactors was not drastically affected when the co-substrate was changed, but, the use of a co-substrate with a high concentration of fibers did not improve the methane production too much. Secondly, in order to consider the valorization of lignocellulosic components through the production of by-products, the effect of these components on the municipal solid wastes anaerobic digestion performance was evaluated. When the paper waste was removed, the biodegradability of the feedstock increased allowing the specific methane production to increase. Nevertheless, the digester was more fragile against instabilities and the digestate quality decreased if short retention times are applied. Next, low-temperature and ultrasounds pretreatments, strategies that have not been used too much for the degradation of lignocellulosic components, were studied to increase the methane production during the anaerobic co-digestion of barley waste and pig manure. Low-temperature and ultrasound pretreatment increased the methane production in a 27 and 12% respectively but only the first one had a positive energy balance. Finally, rumen, a waste from the slaughterhouse industry was used as inoculum and as co-substrate to bring hydrolytic bacteria able to improve the degradation of Napier grass. The results showed that, when rumen is used as inoculum it need to be mixed with an inoculum with high buffer capacity and a co-substrate with alkalinity need to be used to avoid long start-up periods. The methane production only increased at the beginning and in a long-term, the microbial community was governed by the substrate and not by the rumen. However, rumen did not increase the methane production when it was used as a co-substrate because the digester conditions were not optimal for the activity of hydrolytic bacteria. All the experiments were carried out in the laboratory and the conclusions are considered a progress for the energy production through the use of lignocellulosic substrates.
El incremento de la demanda energética y la consecuente generación de residuos ponen en peligro la sostenibilidad del futuro. Es por eso que la digestión anaeróbica resulta ser una solución factible para mitigar el problema ya que se puede generar electricidad, calor y fertilizante a partir de los residuos orgánicos. El incremento de la producción de metano se consiguió a partir de la co-digestión de residuos con características complementarias. Aun así, no siempre se consigue extraer todo el potencial metanogénico de los residuos, especialmente, en el caso de los sustratos ligno-celulósicos. Los compuestos ligno¬celulósicos son estructuras complejos entre la lignina, la hemicelulosa y la celulosa con enlaces resistentes a la degradación microbiana que se encuentran en los residuos agro-industriales, los residuos municipales y los cultivos energéticos. En la tesis, se ha buscado aumentar la viabilidad económica de las plantas de digestión anaeróbica que tratan residuos con componentes ligno-celulósicos. Se usaron distintas nuevas estrategias para aumentar la degradabilidad de la materia ligno-celulósica como los pretratamientos térmicos de baja temperatura y de ultrasonidos y la integración del rumen, un residuo de la industria cárnica, para aportar bacterias hidrolíticas. Para valorar la opción de separar estos componentes para la formación de sub-productos, se estudió su efecto sobre el rendimiento del digestor en términos de estabilidad, producción de metano y calidad del digerido para así poder implementar la producción se sub-productos. Los estudios realizados en esta tesis doctoral se llevaron a cabo a escala de laboratorio y las conclusiones han supuesto un avance para el aprovechamiento energético de los residuos ligno-celulósicos en el futuro.

Natural fibers have been used recently as reinforcement of polymer-matrix based composites. The present thesis examines the mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite reinforced with sisal fiber, at different percentages of coupling agent. It extends the study of matrix-fiber’s interfacial shear strength (IFSS). Firstly, a standard modelization by Kelly-Tyson method is done. Later on, a deeper study of sisal fiber at nanometric level is carried out using microscope techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to sort out the real surface roughness of the sisal fiber inside the composite. Fiberglass has been used to compare with. According to the obtained results, a fractal roughness model is proposed for sisal fibers and extrapolated to all natural fibers, which do not have a circular cross section. Moreover, the fractal model is introduced in the standard KT model. Finally, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the composite from the classical model is compared with the one from proposed model
Las fibras naturales han sido usadas en un tiempo reciente para el refuerzo de polímeros. La presente tesis estudia las características mecánicas del compuesto polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) con fibra de sisal, con diferentes porcentajes de agente de acoplamiento. Profundiza en el cálculo de la tensión de la interfase matriz-fibra (IFSS). Una vez realizado el cálculo estándar mediante la modelización de Kelly-Tyson (KT), se adentra al estudio de la fibra de sisal a nivel nanométrico, mediante microscopio de fuerzas atómicas (AFM), microscopio de electrónico de transmisión (TEM) y microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) y descubre la rugosidad superficial de la fibra. Se comparan la fibra natural con la fibra de vidrio, dentro y fuera del compuesto, para finalmente proponer un modelo fractal acorde con la rugosidad observada en la fibra natural. Se realiza una generalización de la ecuación de KT bajo el principio de la fractalidad superficial de la fibra y se compara el resultado de IFSS obtenido mediante el estudio clásico de KT y la nueva expresión generalizada

Ce travail cherche à apporter un éclairage sur les relations séquence-structure-fonction des alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransférases, avec un accent particulier sur les core alpha1,3-fucosyltransférases des plantes. La fucosylation de type Core alpha1,3 est une caractéristique des oligosaccharides N-liés des plantes et invertébrés, avec une fonction biologique qui n'est pas encore élucidée. L'activité Core alpha1,3-fucosyltransférase est responsable d'allergies alimentaires, au pollen, et aux insectes chez l'homme. Dans le cadre de ce travail sont présentés des résultats de caractérisation biochimique (effet de cations divalents sur l'activité, Km de substrat donneur), des expériences de troncation des différents domaines (ex: suppression du domaine C-terminal spécifique aux core alpha1,3-fucosyltransférases des plantes), et de mutagenèse dirigée, en utilisant comme protéine modèle, la core 1,3-fucosyltransferase A (FucTA) d'Arabidopsis thaliana qui a été exprimée sous forme recombinante chez Pichia pastoris. Ces expériences ont été dictées sur la base de nos résultats d'analyses bioinformatiques des séquences de alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransférases et de la modélisation par homologie du domaine de liaison au nucléotide-sucre de l'enzyme FucTA. La mutagenèse des résidus clé identifiés par cette approche a permis de confirmer l'importance de certains acides aminés dans le mécanisme catalytique. Enfin la protéine FucTA étant elle-même glycosylée quand elle est produite chez P. pastoris, nous avons étudié l'impact de cette glycosylation sur la production et l'activité de la protéine, par des expériences de mutagenèse, de Western blotting et de spectrométrie de masse.

Nutrient cycles and budgets have been calculated for various ecosystems, but the impact of floral and bark litter decomposition on nutrient cycling has been little investigated. In this study, the characteristics and decomposition of floral and bark litter produced by Nothofagus fusca in the Lewis Pass Reserve, New Zealand, was investigated, using both field and laboratory studies. Nothofagus fusca floral litter production in 1999 was 734 ± 76 kg ha⁻¹. Floral production in 2000 was estimated to be approximately 1% of this mass, the considerable difference being due to mast flowering in 1999. The decay rate constant, k, for floral litter in the field was 0.94 ± 0.01, and mass loss after one year was estimated to be 61%. The input of nitrogen to the litter layer in Nothofagus fusca floral litter was 12 ± 1 kg ha⁻¹, and it was estimated that 65% of this nitrogen was released from the floral litter in the one year. Phosphorous input to the litter layer through Nothofagus fusca floral litter in 1999 was 0.8 ± 0.1 kg ha⁻¹, of which 69% was released in one year. It was estimated that in 1999 nitrogen and phosphorous inputs to the litter layer through Nothofagus fusca floral litter were 117% and 73% respectively of that through foliar litter. Four types of Nothofagus fusca bark were identified and further differences between bark types were confirmed by chemical analysis. Inner bark contained less nitrogen than outer bark, and was slower to decompose in microcosms, contradicting the findings of other research. Annual nitrogen and phosphorous inputs through the production of all types of Nothofagus fusca bark litter was estimated to be 1.0 kg ha⁻¹ and 0.2 kg ha⁻¹ respectively, although confidence in these values was low. Significant proportions of the nitrogen and phosphorous content in bark were water soluble. Field and laboratory experiments indicated net nitrogen immobilisation occurred in all bark litter types after one year in the field, while net release of phosphorous occurred after one year.

[ES] El municipio de Serra se asienta en la vertiente meridional de la Sierra Calderona. El término municipal ocupa una superficie de 5.730 hectáreas de las cuales, el 95 % de su territorio se encuentra dentro del ámbito del Parque Natural de la Sierra Calderona y el 85% del territorio corresponde a Suelo Forestal. La estructura económica del municipio ha tenido, desde 1960, al sector de la construcción como eje principal de la economía, quedando el subsector forestal, como actividad residual. Esto ha provocado un flujo de mano de obra desde el sector primario hacia otros más productivos, teniendo como consecuencia un crecimiento desordenado de la masa forestal, provocando un deterioro del paisaje. Esto ha aumentado considerablemente el riesgo de incendios y plagas y amenaza en definitiva el patrimonio forestal del Parque Natural de la Sierra Calderona. Siguiendo las directrices marcadas por las prioridades de la UE en desarrollo rural se ha puesto en marcha un proyecto de investigación dirigido hacia la creación de empleo local mediante el fomento de actividades sostenibles cuyos resultados se reinviertan en la sociedad local generando una economía circular que constituya la base del desarrollo socio económico local. El proyecto consiste en el aprovechamiento energético sostenible de la biomasa forestal, agrícola y de jardinería y su reconversión a un combustible sólido (pélet) empleado en la calefacción de edificios públicos y por otra parte, comercializando el excedente de pélet, con esto se pretende un ahorro económico energético y de gestión del residuo y un beneficio que podrá ser empleado directamente en la creación de empleo local. El proyecto contribuye además a la protección y mejora de los montes de Serra. La presente Tesis trata de estudiar si un adecuado modelo de gestión de la biomasa en zonas de la interfaz urbano forestal de municipios, como Serra, incluidos en el Parque Natural de la Sierra Calderona puede tener efectos directos positivos en la prevención de incendios forestales y la lucha contra el cambio climático, la Tesis estudia además si estos modelos de gestión pueden ser económica y medioambientalmente sostenibles y su capacidad para contribuir a mejorar el desarrollo socioeconómico de estas poblaciones, fijando su población y ofreciendo un verdadero desarrollo rural basado en el aprovechamiento racional de sus recursos naturales.
[CA] El municipi de Serra s'assenta en el vessant meridional de la Serra Calderona. El terme municipal ocupa una superfície de 5.730 hectàrees de les quals, el 95 % del seu territori es troba dins de l'àmbit del Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona i el 85% del territori correspon a Sòl Forestal. L'estructura econòmica del municipi ha tingut, des de 1960, al sector de la construcció com a eix principal de l'economia, quedant el subsector forestal, com a activitat residual. Açò ha provocat un flux de mà d'obra des del sector primari cap a uns altres més productius, tenint com a conseqüència un creixement desordenat de la massa forestal, provocant una deterioració del paisatge. Açò ha augmentat considerablement el risc d'incendis i plagues i amenaça en definitiva el patrimoni forestal del Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona. Seguint les directrius marcades per les prioritats de la UE en desenvolupament rural s'ha engegat un projecte de recerca dirigit cap a la creació d'ocupació local mitjançant el foment d'activitats sostenibles els resultats de les quals es reinverteixen a la societat local generant una economia circular que constituïsca la base del desenvolupe soci econòmic local. El projecte consisteix en l'aprofitament energètic sostenible de la biomassa forestal, agrícola i de jardineria i la seua reconversió a un combustible sòlid (pélet) emprat en la calefacció d'edificis públics i d'altra banda, comercialitzant l'excedent de pélet, amb açò es pretén un estalvi econòmic energètic i de gestió del residu i un benefici que podrà ser emprat directament en la creació d'ocupació local. El projecte contribueix a més a la protecció i millora de les muntanyes de Serra. La present Tesi tracta d'estudiar si un adequat model de gestió de la biomassa en zones de la interfície urbà forestal de municipis, com Serra, inclosos en el Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona pot tenir efectes directes positius en la prevenció d'incendis forestals i la lluita contra el canvi climàtic, la Tesi estudia a més si aquests models de gestió poden ser econòmica i mediambientalment sostenibles i la seua capacitat per a contribuir a millorar el desenvolupament socioeconòmic d'aquestes poblacions, fixant la seua població i oferint un vertader desenvolupament rural basat en l'aprofitament racional dels seus recursos naturals.
[EN] The municipality of Serra sits on the southern slope of the Sierra Calderona mountains. The municipality occupies an area of 5,730 hectares of which, 95% of its territory is within the Sierra Calderona Natural Park and 85% of the territory corresponds to forest land. The economic structure of the municipality has had, since 1960, the construction sector as the main axis of the economy, leaving the forestry sub-sector as a residual activity. This has caused a labor flow from the primary sector to more productive ones, resulting in a disorderly growth of the forest mass, causing a deterioration of the landscape. This has considerably increased the risk of fire and pests and ultimately threatens the forest heritage of the Sierra Calderona Natural Park. Following the guidelines set by the EU priorities for rural development, a research project aimed at the creation of local jobs has been launched through the promotion of sustainable activities whose results are reinvested in the Local society generating a circular economy that constitutes the basis of the local socio-economic development. The project consists of the sustainable energetic use of forest, agricultural and garden biomass and its conversion to a solid fuel (wood pélet) used in the heating of public buildings and on the other hand, marketing the surplus of this wood pélet, this aims to a saving of energy bills and waste management costs and brings a benefit that can be used directly in the creation of local employment. The project also contributes to the protection and improvement of the Serra Mountains. This thesis aims to study whether an adequate model of management of biomass in the municipal urban forest interface, such as Serra, included in the Natural Park of the Sierra Calderona can have direct positive effects on the prevention of forest fires and the fight against climate change, the thesis also studies whether these management models can be economically and environmentally sustainable and their ability to contribute to improving the socioeconomic development of these populations, setting their Population and offering a true rural development based on the rational use of their natural resources.
Mayans Díaz, JJ. (2021). Gestión integral de la biomasa en la interfaz urbano-forestal, en ámbito supramunicipal y sus efectos en la lucha contra el cambio climático, Red Natura 2000 y prevención de incendios forestales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166094
TESIS

Der Actinomycet T. fusca KW3, isoliert aus Kompost, bildete während der Kultivierung im Mineralsalz-Spurenelement-Vitamin-Minimalmedium nach Zusatz von PET-Fasern eine 52 kDa Carboxylesterase (TfCa), welche effizient zyklische PET Trimere (CTR) hydrolysiert. Die TfCa besitzt einen pI von 4,8, eine Substratspezifität gegenüber kurzkettigen p-Nitrophenyl-Estern und wird durch Phenylmethylsulfonylfluorid (PMSF) und Tosyl-L-Phenylalanin-Chloromethylketon (TPCK) in der Aktivität gehemmt. Die Carboxylesterase hydrolysiert kein Cutin oder Poly-ε-caprolacton (PCL). CTR hingegen wurden durch die TfCa mit einem Km von 0,5 mM und einer Vmax von 9,3 μmol/min/mg bei optimalen Bedingungen (60°C, pH 6) hydrolysiert. Das aktive Zentrum der Carboxylesterase besteht aus den Aminosäuren Ser185, Glu319 und His415, wobei das Serin in das katalytische Motiv G-E-S-A-G eingebettet ist. Während der Reaktion setzte die TfCa auch Hydrolyseprodukte aus PET-Fasern und -Filmen frei. Der Nachweis der Hydrolyse erfolgte durch Umkehrphasen-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie der Abbauprodukte und bei den PET-Filmen zusätzlich mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie. Dabei zeigte die Carboxylesterase verglichen mit anderen PET-Hydrolasen eine geringere Effizienz, was durch die Lage des aktiven Zentrums in einer Bindungstasche und der daraus folgenden schlechten Zugänglichkeit für polymere Substrate begründet werden kann. Bei der Hydrolyse der viel kleineren CTR war die TfCa deutlich effektiver, was auf eine höhere Spezifität gegenüber kurzkettigen PET Substraten hinweist.

Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Mei He
Thermobifida fusca, an aerobic moderately thermophilic, filamentous soil bacterium is capable of producing butyric acid. Butyric acid is a 4-carbon short chain fatty acid that is widely used in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, butyric acid is primarily produced through petroleum-based chemical synthesis, but could be a candidate to be produced by fermentation. By producing through a fermentation platform, production of butyric acid can be shifted from a non-renewable to a renewable source. In an effort to make T. fusca produce a high yield of butyric acid, multiple fermentation parameters were explored and optimized. The effect of different carbon sources (mannose, xylose, lactose, cellobiose, glucose, sucrose, and acetates) on butyric acid production was studied, where cellobiose produced the highest yield of 0.67 g/g C (g-butyric acid/g-carbon input). The best stir speed and aeration rate for butyric acid production were found to be 400 rpm and 2 vvm in a 5-L fermentor. The maximum titer of 2.1 g/L butyric acid was achieved on 9.66 g/L cellulose. Fermentation was performed on ground corn stover as a substrate to evaluate the production of butyric acid on lignocellulosic biomass, and the optimized conditions resulted in a titer of 2.37 g/L butyric acid. The butyric acid synthesis pathway was identified involving five genes that catalyzed reactions from acetyl-CoA to butanyol-CoA in T. fusca. A study into the transcriptomics of T. fusca was begun by growing T. fusca under a variety of fermentation conditions, isolating the messenger RNA, and performing a sequence of the mRNA using whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. The results of sequencing of various samples were plotted to determine correlation across numerous fermentation parameters. This correlation based analysis determined that the carbon to nitrogen ratio has the largest overall impact on gene transcription of T. fusca among all of the fermentation parameters studied. Overall, the work from this study proves that production of butyric acid is possible from a renewable cellulosic feedstock.

Currently, one of the hurdles hindering efficient production of cellulosic biofuel is the recalcitrant nature of cellulose to hydrolysis. A wide variety of cellulase enzymes are found natively in microorganisms that can potentially be used to effectively hydrolyze cellulose to fermentable sugars. Thermobifida fusca is a high G-C content, thermophilic, gram-positive soil actinobacterium with high cellulolytic activity. The phenomenological and mechanistic parameters affecting cellulase activity were studied in T. fusca and two mechanisms have been found: 1) transcriptions of cellulase-related genes were not closely associated with measured differences in cellulase activity and 2) cellular energetics (intracellular ATP) correlated more closely to changes in specific cellulase activity. In T. fusca, CelR is thought to act as the primary regulator of cellulase gene expression by binding to a 14-bp inverted repeat: 5’-(T)GGGAGCGCTCCC(A) that is upstream of many known cellulase genes. An efficient procedure for creating precise chromosomal gene replacements has been developed and this procedure was demonstrated by generating a celR deletion strain. Measurements of mRNA transcript levels in both the celR deletion strain and the wild-type strain indicated that the CelR potentially acts as a repressor for some cellulase genes and as an activator for other cellulase genes. Based on the protocol of disrupting celR gene, the direct conversion of untreated cellulosic biomass to 1-propanol in aerobic growth conditions using an engineered strain of T. fusca was demonstrated. Based upon computational predictions, a bifunctional butyraldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (encoded by adhE2) was added to T. fusca leading to production of 1-propanol during growth on glucose, cellobiose, cellulose (Avicel), switchgrass, and corn stover. The highest 1-propanol titer (0.48 g/L) was achieved for growth on switchgrass. The adaptive evolution of T. fusca was conducted to find a high cellulase-yield strain. The evolved strains of T. fusca were generated for two different scenarios: continuous exposure to cellobiose (strain muC with specialist phenotype) or alternating exposure to cellobiose and glucose (strain muS with generalist phenotype). Characterization of cellular phenotypes and whole genome re-sequencing were conducted for both the muC and muS strains and 18 and 14 point mutations in the muC and muS strains, respectively were verified. Among these mutations, the site mutation of Tfu_1867 was found to contribute the specialist phenotype and the site mutation of Tfu_0423 was found to contribute the generalist phenotype. The experiment results were used to test genome-scale metabolic model of T. fusca built in this study.

I det här arbetet ställs prestationsmål mot skicklighetsmål för att hitta motivationer kring fuskande i kompetitiva dataspel. För att definiera fusk så förklaras många aspekter av spel som ofta används för fuskande. Från brytande av regler satta av utvecklare, turneringar, eller andra involverade grupper, till ambiguös utnyttjning av buggar och glitchar. För att undersöka motiveringar till fuskande antas det att om skicklighetsnivån hos en spelare inte når upp till skicklighetskravet i ett spel så ökar chansen för fusk. En 1 mot 1 spelare mod till spelet Starcraft 2 skapades, där 2 testare ställs inför en duell. Under matchen så får den förlorande spelaren valet av att fuska, därefter intervjuas alla testare i par och de får reflektera och motivera. De flesta var emot fuskande, men många valde ändå att fuska i artefakten. Konceptet med prestationsmål och skicklighetsmål kan vidareutvecklas och testas på fler sätt än i detta arbete, vilket uppmuntras.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This study had as objective to verify the potential use of seed treatment on soybean crop with insecticide in reducing the harm caused by white grub species present in Goiás state and Distrito Federal. For this three tests have been installed, two in areas with predominantly Phyllophaga capillata Blanchard, 1850 and one in area with Liogenys fusca Blanchard, 1851. The trials were installed in commercial soybean fields with the presence of damage, and the presence of larvae in second and third instar. After selecting the area, the soybean was removed and treatments sowed manually. Besides the check were evaluated in trial thiamethoxam (350 FS) at rates of 70 and 87.5 g active ingredient (a.i.)/100 kg of seeds, thiamethoxam + abamectin (350+500 FS) at rates of 70 +50 g a.i./100 kg of seeds, imidacloprid + thiodicarb (450 +150) FS at rates of 225 +75 g a.i. / 100 kg seeds, and fipronil (250 SC) at rates of 50 g a.i/100 kg seeds. In all trials was evaluated weekly plant mortality, and at 14 and 28 days after emergence (DAE) height and dry weight of shoot, length and dry weight of roots. The use of seed treatment showed lower plants mortality by P. capillata larvae, except fipronil at rates 50 g a.i./100 kg of seed. Among the insecticides evaluated the use of imidacloprid + thiodicarb highlighted in the protection of stand, a fact that was observed to final assessment at 56 DAE. In addition, there was also best effect of this insecticide in variables related to plant development and grain yield. However, in the area with a predominance of L. fusca, beyond the thiodicarb + imidacloprid, highlighted in reducing the damage the insecticide thiamethoxam at rates of 70 and 87.5 g a.i./100 kg of seed. Therefore, the use of seed treatment on the mentioned species is viable, but we observe that for satisfactory results with the use of seed treatment is important to correctly identify the predominant species.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o potencial de uso do tratamento de sementes de soja (Glycine max) com inseticidas na redução dos danos provocados pelas espécies de corós presentes no Estado de Goiás e no Distrito Federal. Para tanto foram instalados três ensaios, dois em áreas com predominância de Phyllophaga capillata Blanchard, 1850 e um em área com Liogenys fusca Blanchard, 1851. Os ensaios foram instalados em lavouras comerciais de soja, com presença de danos e de larvas em segundo e terceiro instar. Após a escolha das áreas, as plantas de soja foram removidas e os tratamentos semeados manualmente. Além da testemunha, foram avaliados nos ensaios os inseticidas thiamethoxam 350 FS, nas doses de 70 e 87,5 g de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) /100 kg de sementes, thiamethoxam 350 FS + abamectin 500 FS, na dose de 70+50 g de i.a./100 kg de sementes, imidacloprid + thiodicarb 450+150 FS, na dose de 225+75 g de i.a./100 kg de sementes, e fipronil 250 SC, na dose de 50 g i.a./100 kg de sementes. Em todos os ensaios foi avaliada, semanalmente, a mortalidade das plantas e aos 14 e 28 dias após a emergência (DAE) a altura e massa seca da parte aérea, e comprimento e massa seca do sistema radicular. A adoção do tratamento de sementes propiciou menor mortalidade de plantas pelas larvas de P. capillata, exceto pelo tratamento fipronil, na dose de 50 g de i.a./100 kg de semente. Dentre os inseticidas avaliados, o inseticida imidacloprid + thiodicarb destacou-se significativamente na proteção do estande, fato este que foi observado até à avaliação final, aos 56 DAE. Além disso, houve também efeito superior deste inseticida nas variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da planta e na produtividade de grãos. No entanto, na área com predomínio de L. fusca, além do inseticida imidacloprid + thiodicarb, destacou-se na redução dos danos o inseticida thiamethoxam nas doses de 70 e 87,5 g de ingrediente ativo/100 kg de sementes. Portanto, a utilização do tratamento de semente sobre as espécies citadas é viável, porém observa-se que para obtenção de resultados satisfatórios com a utilização do tratamento de sementes é importante à correta identificação das espécies predominante.

The domestic architecture of Fustat, Egypt’s first capital under Muslim rule, has been revealed through various large-scale archaeological excavations over the preceding century. The archaeological remains represent an exceptional resource for understanding urbanism and daily life in one of the foremost cities of the early Islamic world. This thesis explores the potential use and meaning of domestic space in the excavated houses of Fustat. An assessment of previous scholarship on the houses reveals that their form has principally been understood as a style of architecture imported to Egypt by foreign élites. While certain assumptions about life in the houses have been made based on generalised notions of the traditional ‘Arab house’, there has been little critical consideration of the activities and agency of inhabitants by archaeologists. This study therefore aims to re-interpret the architecture in terms of how inhabitants conceptualised and used the space. Fustat represents a highly problematic dataset due the circumstances of its excavation and recording, its vast size and longevity, and the extensive modern depredation of the archaeological remains. Thus, the potential of a range of archaeological approaches to the social interpretation of architectural space is assessed, considering the limitations of the available data. The analytical approach taken consists of exploratory spatial analysis of archaeological features across two of the excavated areas. These spatial patterns are considered in light of the evidence for daily life and domestic architecture from the Cairo Geniza, the collection of documents from the city’s medieval Jewish community.

Comme dans toute societe islamique, les roles des reseaux familiaux, de veritables groupes politiques de pression, sont si eleves qu'ils occultent la question de l'etat. Or, puisque la societe dite islamique est avant tout sociologique, identifiable a travers des indices economiques (particulierement) precis d'un projet com mun , la question de l'etat se pose avec acuite. Au terme de ce travail, trois reponses apparaissent: 1)-celle du fuuta du "dyon wouro" (le proprietaire de troupeau), du pulli refractaire an islam, specialiste de la gestion du betail, est essentiellement economique. Le projet social global gravite autour du betail. Alors du xviie au xviiie siecle, le systeme, connu du fuuta, par la possibilite de developpement des echanges, de l'epargne ( le dyike en betail) et surtout de l'ouverture des groupes du fuuta les uns aux autres par la langue, le pular, ne condamne pas la naissance de l'etat. 2)-la reponse musulmane (debut xviiie fin xixe siecle) s'oppose de facto a l'etat. Le karamoko (type musulman le plus representatif) a plutot edifie des hierarchies qui deviendront difficile a gerer politiquement. D'ou une lutte entre le pouvoir religieux des marabouts et du pouvoir politique, entre l'islam et l'etat, au detriment de cette institution. 3)-l'administration coloniale, de la fin du xixe siecle au debut du xxe siecle en reconduisant des morcellements politiques, n'a pas reussi a mettre en place un etat. Et le fuuta restera dans le "temps rond" de gallais jean
As it often in islamic socities, the part played by influential networks -the latter being mostly netwoks which become real political lobbies (as was the case for fuuta dyaloo) - is extremely important and even cuts off the state from view. Now, since the so called religious comunity is first of all a social community which can be identified by economic indexes relative to a particular camon scheme, the issue of state is most acute. Three answers to this issue are be found in this work. 1)-the answer given by the fuuta "dyon wuro" (the ower of the and, 17the-18th centuries) is essentially an economic one. The main idea of the social project as a whole was closely linked to both cattle and the puli, the important character, indeed. His language, the pular, which had enabled the various groups living in fuuta dyaloo to communicate. Later, the assessment of exchanges and the increasing of the dyike (cattle) was not condemned the state in the fuuta dyaloo. 2)-from the beginning of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century, the islamic answer was de facto opposed to the state. This was the rational divorcement from the state. 3)-this answer influenced the colonial position, from the end of the 19th century the beginning of the 20th

Genetically modified (GM) crops attracted interest globally when use of these crops resulted in significant increases in yield and production. These increases were due to protection of crops from pests, weeds and diseases. However, evolution of resistance by pests threatens the continued efficacy of GM crops. One such example is the resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Resistance in this pest was due to a mutation in the aminopeptidase N1 (APN) Cry receptor gene, encoding the receptor for Cry1Ac. Laboratory studies have indicated that species in families Noctuidae, Pyralidae and Plutellidae can develop resistance to Bttoxins. To date, field-evolved resistance has only been reported in Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Africa, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the south-eastern United States, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern China and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in The Philippines and Hawaii. Resistance development in lepidopteran species is thus a common phenomenon. The stem borer B. fusca is a major insect pest to Bt-maize in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme (South Africa). The first official report of B. fusca resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was recorded in 2007, although farmers observed increased damage to Bt-maize from stem borers as early as 2004. A second report of resistance in an area nearby followed in 2009. No study has yet been done to determine the molecular mechanism of B. fusca resistance to Cry1Ab. As mentioned, a mutation in the APN receptor gene is responsible for H. armigera resistance to Cry1Ac. Although B. fusca has developed resistance to the B. thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin, the binding-patterns and -sites of Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab are similar. Thus a similar mutation may be responsible for B. fusca resistance to Cry1Ab. Aminopeptidase, cadherin and alkaline phosphatase are the major Cry toxin receptors that have been identified in lepidopteran species. The present study was concerned with the investigation of mutations in these receptor genes. However, in order to study mutations, sequence data of receptor genes are essential. Degenerate primers were designed based on conserved regions observed in multiple protein sequence alignments of aminopeptidase N (isogenes 1 to 6), cadherin and alkaline phosphatase of several lepidopteran species. Primers were degenerate to take into consideration the variant regions in receptor gene sequences among lepidopteran species. These primers were used to amplify genomic DNA (gDNA) from susceptible and resistant larvae by using PCR. Sequences of PCR amplicons were determined through Sanger sequencing reactions and subjected to BLAST searches. Results of the BLAST searches showed some similarities to the respective receptor genes. These sequences were also used in phylogenetic analysis. This analysis intended to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the respective receptor genes between B. fusca and other lepidopteran species. Mutations could not be identified in the present study, due to a lack in receptor gene sequence data for B. fusca. Thus a goal of the present study was to generate sequence data for B. fusca. In addition to the proposed objectives, cytochrome b gene sequences of B. fusca were used to determine the phylogenetic relationship between B. fusca and other lepidopteran species. Genome sequencing of B. fusca is recommended, as this will provide a platform for genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies on this species. These studies will provide much needed information, which can be used to formulate strategies to prevent resistance development in and spread of resistance to other B. fusca populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar procedimentos para determinar o volume individual de ?rvores, consistindo em m?todos alternativos ao processo de cubagem. No cap?tulo 1, foi testado o m?todo da similaridade de perfis combinado com diferentes medidas de similaridade, modelos de taper, m?todos de estima??o de par?metros representativos de estratos sem equa??o e diferentes m?todos de gera??o de equa??o volum?trica. Os dados utilizados foram de 3.620 ?rvores abatidas e cubadas, divididas 62 estratos. Foram medidas as vari?veis DAP, altura total, e os di?metros ao longo do fuste nas posi??es de 0,00; 0,50; 1,00; 1,50 e 2,00 m, e a partir deste, as se??es foram medidas de 2,0 em 2,0 m, at? a altura total. O modelo volum?trico de Schumacher e Hall foi ajustado por estrato. Os modelos de taper utilizados foram o de Kozak, de Garcia, de Ormerod e o Polin?mio de Quinto Grau. As dist?ncias testadas foram a Dist?ncia Euclidiana, Dist?ncia Euclidiana M?dia, Dist?ncia Euclidiana Ponderada e Dist?ncia Euclidiana Quadr?tica. Foram testados 2 m?todos de estima??o dos par?metros dos modelos de afilamento (3 ?rvores; e os par?metros da ?rvore mais pr?xima ao di?metro m?dio) e 3 m?todos de determina??o da equa??o volum?trica (equa??o do estrato mais similar, equa??o das 30 ?rvores mais similares e equa??o gerada com o n?mero de ?rvores referentes a 5 ?rvores por classe de di?metro do estrato sem equa??o definida), que combinados configuraram os 5 procedimentos testados. As estat?sticas utilizadas para verificar a qualidade das estimativas foram bias, raiz quadrada do erro m?dio, correla??o e an?lise gr?fica de res?duos. A valida??o foi realizada com dados independentes para 4 estratos. Os resultados indicaram que n?o houve diferen?a entre as medidas de similaridade utilizadas. Os melhores modelos foram o Polin?mio de Quinto Grau e o de Kozak, sendo o segundo mais indicado devido a sua facilidade de ajuste. O m?todo de gera??o da equa??o baseada nas 30 ?rvores mais similares proporcionou as melhores estimativas volum?tricas. No cap?tulo 2, foi utilizado redes neurais artificiais (RNA) para estimar o volume individual de ?rvores. Os dados foram os mesmos utilizados no cap?tulo 1. As vari?veis de entrada utilizadas foram: entrada 1 (DAP, altura total, di?metros a 0,00; 0,50; 1,00; 1,50 e 2,00 metros de altura); entrada 2 (adi??o do volume at? 2 metros); entrada 3 (adi??o do grau de esbeltez) e entrada 4 (adi??o da vari?vel categ?rica representando a forma do fuste at? 2 metros de altura). Foram retidas as 5 melhores redes por conjunto de vari?veis de entrada. Os dados foram divididos em 60% para treinamento, 20% para teste e 20% para generaliza??o. Para avaliar as estimativas foram utilizadas as estat?sticas bias, raiz quadrada do erro m?dio, correla??o e an?lise gr?fica dos res?duos. A melhor metodologia para gerar as redes foi aplicada a dados independentes para se avaliar a qualidade das estimativas de volume. As redes que proporcionaram as melhores estimativas foram as geradas pelo conjunto de vari?veis de entrada 2 (DAP, altura total, di?metros a 0,00; 0,50; 1,00; 1,50; 2,00 metros de altura e volume at? 2 metros).
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to test procedures to determine the volume of individual trees, consisting of alternative methods to process of scaling. In the Chapter 1, was tested the profiles similarity method combined with different measures of similarity, taper models, parameter estimation methods representative of groups without equation and different generation methods of volumetric equations. The data used were 3.620 felled and cubed trees, divided in 62 groups. The variables measured were DBH, total height, and diameters along the stem in positions 0.00; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50 e 2.00 meters, and to this, the sections were measured from 2.0 to 2.0 meters, up to the total height. The volumetric model of Schumacher and Hall was adjusted by group. Taper models used were Kozak model, Garcia model, Ormerod model and The Fiftieth Degree Polynomial. The distances tested were Euclidean Distance, Mean Euclidean Distance, Weighted Euclidean Distance, and Quadratic Euclidean Distance. Two parameter estimation methods from to taper models were tested (3 trees; and the parameters of the tree nearest to the mean diameter) and three generation methods of volumetric equations (equation similar group, equation of 30 most similar trees and equation generated from the number of trees respect to 5 trees per diameter class for group without defined equation), the combination of them, results in five procedures tested. The statistics used to check the quality of the estimates were bias, root mean square error, correlation coefficient and graphic residual analysis. The validation was performed using independent data for 4 groups. The results indicated that there was no difference between the similarity measures used. The best models were the Fifth Degree Polynomial and Kozak, being the second most indicated due to its ease of adjust. The generation method of the equation based on the 30 most similar trees provided the best volumetric estimates. In the Chapter 2, was used artificial neural networks to estimate the volume of individual trees. The data were the same as used in Chapter 1. The input variables were used: input 1 (DBH, total height, diameters at 0.00; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50 e 2.00 meters); input 2 (addition volume of up to 2 meters); input 3 (addition of slenderness degree) and input 4 (addition of categorical variable representing the form of the stem up to 2 meters). The 5 best networks by set of input variables were retained. The data were divided into 60% for training, 20% for testing and 20% for generalization of the network. To evaluate the estimates were used the statistical bias, root mean square error, correlation coefficient and graphic residual analysis. The best method for generating neural network was applied to independent data to evaluate the quality of the volume estimates. The neural networks provided the best estimates were generated by the set of input variables 2 (DBH, total height, diameter at 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 meters in height and volume to 2 meters).

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar o efeito do arranjo espacial de plantio na forma do fuste de ?rvores de eucalipto; avaliar se as redes neurais artificiais estimam com precis?o o afilamento, os di?metros ao a qualquer altura especificada e as alturas a qualquer di?metro especificado em fustes de eucalipto; estudar a forma dos fustes em arvores de eucalipto em diferentes arranjos espaciais e idades, e de maneira espec?fica, determinar as formas geom?tricas aproximadas, que ocorrem ao longo destes fustes e as suas propor??es em rela??o ? altura total. Foram utilizados dados de um experimento implantado em dezembro de 2002, no delineamento em blocos (tr?s blocos), sendo testados os arranjos espaciais de 3,0 x 0,5; 3,0 x 1,0; 3,0 x 1,5; 3,0 x 2,0 e 3,0 x 3,0 m. Foram utilizados tamb?m, dados de ?rvores provenientes de um sistema agroflorestal-SAF, plantio com 6,03 hectares, implantado em dezembro de 1993, no arranjo espacial de 10,0 x 4,0 m. Para analisar a forma m?dia dos fustes foram utilizados modelos de Kozak, Sch?epfer, Garay, Demaerschalk e Ormerod. Os modelos selecionados foram de Garay e de Sh?epfer. A escolha foi feita com base nas estat?sticas, coeficiente de correla??o, erro-padr?o residual, Bias e da an?lise gr?fica dos res?duos. Testes de identidade de modelos foram aplicados nos modelos selecionados com a finalidade de verificar a igualdade entre a forma dos fustes. Foram utilizadas redes neurais artificiais feed-forward, do tipo Multilayer Perceptrons, treinadas por meio do algoritmo error-backpropagation. Para os ajustes das redes foi utilizada uma aplica??o computacional em linguagem Java, e para as fun??es destinadas ao treinamento e aplica??o foi utilizada a biblioteca Weka. As estat?sticas de acur?cia utilizadas para avaliar as melhores redes foram a raiz quadrada do erro m?dio e as correla??es entre os valores observados e os valores estimados. Utilizando a equa??o geral das curvas, buscou-se determinar a forma aproximada do s?lido geom?trico m?dio dos fustes e descrever as formas geom?tricas aproximadas que os fustes assumem ao longo de seu comprimento, determinar os seus pontos aproximados de inflex?o e a propor??o de cada forma em rela??o ? altura total. O modelo de Garay ? o mais indicado para descrever o taper de eucaliptos nos arranjos espaciais avaliados. Foi aceita a hip?tese de nulidade no teste de identidade de modelos n?o linear, indicando a igualdade entre as equa??es nos arranjos de 3,0 x 0,5 e 3,0 x 1,0 m. Para uma dist?ncia de 3,0 metros entre fileiras, quanto maior a dist?ncia entre plantas, mais c?nica ? a forma do fuste. A rede neural artificial estimou com precis?o o afilamento dos fustes, distinguindo as varia??es na forma dos fustes em virtude dos diferentes arranjos espaciais. A rede neural artificial estimou com precis?o os di?metros a qualquer altura especificada. As estimativas das alturas a qualquer di?metro especificado, obtidas pela RNA e pelo modelo de taper de Garay, apresentaram valores de erros percentuais acentuados na base dos fustes, em todos os arranjos espaciais. Os fustes nos arranjos de 3,0 x 0,5 e 3,0 x 3,0 m, apresentaram a forma m?dia de um parabol?ide, j? os fustes no arranjo de 10,0 x 4,0 m, a forma m?dia de um tronco de cone. Os fustes nos arranjos espaciais 3,0 x 0,5 e 3,0 x 3,0 m, assumem as formas de um tronco de neil?ide, um tronco de cone e um parabol?ide, nas propor??es de 10,96; 43,81 e 45,14 %, e de 14,58; 37,76 e 47,66 %, respectivamente. Os fustes referentes ao arranjo espacial 10,0 x 4,0 m, assumem as formas de um tronco de neil?ide e de um tronco de cone, nas propor??es de 20,78 e 79,30 %, respectivamente, em rela??o ? altura total.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were: assess the effect of the planting?s spatial arrangement in the bole form of eucalypt trees; evaluate whether artificial neural networks estimate the tapering with accuracy, the diameters at any specified height and the heights at any specified diameter in eucalypt boles; study the boles? form in eucalypt trees in different spatial arrangements and ages, and in a specific manner, determine the approximate geometric shapes that occur along these boles and their proportions in relation to the total height. There were utilized data from an experiment established in December 2002, in blocks design (three blocks), being tested the spatial arrangements of 3,0 x 0,5; 3,0 x 1,0; 3,0 x 1,5; 3,0 x 2,0 and 3,0 x 3,0 m. There were also used, tree data from an agroforestry system-AFS, with 6,03 hectares of planting, established in December 1993, with spatial arrangement of 10,0 x 4,0 m. To analyze the average forms of the boles, there were used Kozak, Sch?epfer, Garay, Demaerschalk and Ormerod models. The selected models were Garay and Sh?epfer. The selection was made based on the statistics, correlation coefficient, residual standard error, Bias and graphical analysis of the residuals. Models identity tests were applied on the selected models in order to verify the equivalence between the shape of the boles. There were used feed-forward artificial neural networks, Multilayer Perceptron type, trained by the error-backpropagation algorithm. To adjust the networks it was utilized a computational application in Java language, and for the functions intended for training and application it was used the Weka library. The accuracy statistics used to evaluate the best networks were the root mean square error and the correlations between the observed and estimated values?. Using the general equation of the curves, it aimed to determine the approximate shape of the mean geometric solid for the boles and describe the approximate geometric shapes that the boles assume along their length, determine their approximate inflection points and the proportion of each form in relation to the total height. The Garay model is the most suitable to describe the taper of eucalypts in the evaluated spatial arrangements. It was accepted the null hypothesis in the identity test of nonlinear models, indicating equality between the equations in the arrangements of 3,0 x 0,5 and 3,0 x 1,0 m. For a distance of 3,0 m between the rows, the greater the distance between plants is, more conical shaped is the bole. The artificial neural network estimated with accuracy the tapering of the boles, distinguishing variations in the form of the boles due to the different spatial arrangements. The artificial neural network estimated with accuracy the diameters at any specified height. The estimates heights at any specified diameter, obtained by the ANN and taper model of Garay, presented values of percentage errors accented at the base of the boles, in all spatial arrangements. The boles in the arrangements of 3,0 x 0,5 and 3,0 x 3,0 m, presented the mean form of a paraboloid, while the boles in the arrangement of 10,0 x 4,0 m, the mean form of a conic trunk. The boles in the spatial arrangements 3,0 x 0,5 and 3,0 x 3,0 m, assume the forms of a neiloid trunk, a conic trunk and a paraboloid, in the proportions of 10,96; 43.81 and 45,14 %, and of 14,58; 37,76 and 47,66 %, respectively. The boles for the spatial arrangement of 10,0 x 4,0 m, assume the forms of a neiloid trunk and a conic trunk, in the proportions of 20,78 and 79,30 %, respectively, in relation to the total height.

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O inventário florestal é o principal método para a obtenção de informações quantitativas e qualitativas sobre as florestas. Entretanto, ao se trabalhar com grandes áreas, há o inconveniente das variáveis analisadas apresentarem grande heterogeneidade, sendo necessário adotar uma maior intensidade amostral. Nestes casos, uma alternativa para a realização dos inventários florestais é a estratificação da área em subpopulações mais homogêneas quanto a variável de interesse, garantindo estimativas mais precisas com uma menor intensidade amostral. Com isso, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a estratificação de florestas de eucalipto considerando variáveis que descrevem a forma do fuste. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma base de dados contendo informações de 47.770ha de povoamentos de clones do gênero Eucalyptus.Osplantios são compostos porquatorze clones plantados sobtrês diferentes regimes de manejo (alto fuste, dividido em áreas de implantação e reforma, e talhadia) e quatro espaçamentos de plantios (6, 9, 10 e 16m2 de área útil por planta), com idades variando de quatroa seis anos. Inicialmente, foi realizada a estratificação da área, gerando um total de quarenta estratos, nos quais foram realizados a cubagem rigorosa e os inventários florestais. Em seguida, foram aplicados os métodos de agrupamento por similaridade de perfil, análise de componentes principais, classes de quociente de forma, classes de fator de forma artificial e redes neurais artificiais, gerando novos estratos de amostragem.A título de comparação, também foram consideradas amostragem sem estratificação, a estratificação completa (40 estratos iniciais), estratificação considerando a idade e o espaçamento, e estratificação apenas pela idade.Em seguida, foi realizado o cálculo dos estimadores populacionais para o inventário florestal, considerando cada método de estratificação apresentado, bem como o custo de realização do inventário florestal e cubagem rigorosa. Dentre os métodos propostos para estratificação dos povoamentos, os que apresentaram melhores resultados, quanto a precisão, foi o agrupamento porredes neurais artificiais e o agrupamento porclasses de quociente de forma (K0,5H). Em relação aos custos, o método de agrupamento por redes neurais artificiais também obteve melhores resultados, seguido pelo agrupamento pelo método da similaridade de perfis. Analisando conjuntamente precisão e custo, dentre todos os métodos avaliados, a utilização de redes neurais artificiais se mostrou a alternativa mais eficiente para a estratificação de florestas. Palavras-chave:Amostragem estratificada, inventário florestal, redes neurais artificiais.
The forest inventory is the main method to obtain quantitative and qualitative information on forests. However, when working with large areas, there is the inconvenience of the variables present great heterogeneity, being necessary to adopt a higher sampling intensity. In these cases, an alternative for the realization of forest inventories is the stratification of the area in more homogeneous subpopulations as the variable of interest, ensuring more accurate estimates with a lower sampling intensity. This study aimed to stratify eucalyptus forests considering variables that describe bole form. For this purpose, we used a database containing information of 47.770 ha with clonal Eucalyptus stands. The stands consisted of fourteen clones with three different management regimes (high forest, divided into areas of first and second rotations, and coppice) and four spacings (6, 9, 10 and 16 m2 per plant), aged four to six years. Initially the area stratification was performed, yielding forty strata, in which were performed the scaling and forest inventories. Then, were applied the clustering methods of profile similarity, principal component analysis, class of form quotient, class of form factor and artificial neural networks, generating new sampling strata. For comparison, were also considered sampling without stratification, the complete stratification (40 initial strata), stratification considering the age and spacing and stratification by age only. Then was conducted the calculation of population estimators for forest inventory considering each stratification method presented, as well as the cost of conducting a forest inventory and scaling. Among the methods proposed to stratify the stands, the ones that showed the best results in accuracy, was the clustering by artificial neural networks and clustering by class of form quotient (K0,5H). Regarding costs, the clustering method by artificial neural networks has also achieved best results, followed by clustering by profile similarity method. 8 By analyzing precision and cost, among all methods, the use of artificial neural networks proved to be the most efficient alternative to the stratification of forests

The Old English place-name element *funta derives from Late Latin fontāna, “spring”, and is found today in 21 place-names in England. It is one of a small group of such Latin-derived elements, which testify to a strand of linguistic continuity between Roman Britain and early Anglo-Saxon England. *funta has never previously been the subject of this type of detailed study. The continued use of the element indicates that it had a special significance in the interaction, during the fifth and sixth centuries, between speakers of British Latin and speakers of Old English, and this study sets out to assess this significance by examining the composition of each name and the area around each *funta site. Any combined element is always Old English. The distribution of the element is in the central part of the south-east lowland region of England. It does not occur in East Anglia, East Kent, west of Warwickshire or mid-Wiltshire or north of Peterborough. Seven of the places whose names contain the element occur singly, the remaining fourteen appearing to lie in groups. The areas where *funta names occur may also have other pre-English names close by. All have evidence of rural agricultural or industrial activity in late Roman times, and were accessible overland. Some have cemetery or settlement evidence of early Anglo-Saxon presence. Twelve *funta names are mentioned in Domesday. Evidence from place-names, charters and archaeological excavation shows that *funta sites usually lay between or within areas of continued British, and early Anglo-Saxon, presence. This accumulated evidence suggests that a place whose name contains the element *funta may have been a meeting-place at a spring of indigenous and incoming people in this period, probably to agree separate or, more rarely joint, territory. Thus the significance of the element may relate to a local early boundary agreement.

Research was conducted 2014-2016 to determine how tobacco thrips ( Frankliniella fusca) (Hinds) resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides impact thrips resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.).Studies included bioassays to determine severity and mechanism of resistance and evaluation of host plant characteristics in multiple cotton varieties. Another aspect of research focused on the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin and its leaching ability as a seed treatment on corn by evaluating soil type, water regime, and amount found in tissue.

This study investigated the pragmatics of codeswitching from FuSHa Arabic, the high variety of Arabic (FA), to Aammiyyah Arabic, the low variety or vernacular (AmA), in the most formal type of discourse, namely religious-oriented discourse.The study posited the following five hypotheses:1) CS occurs with considerable frequency in religious discourse; 2) these switches are communicatively purposeful; 3) frequency of CS is related to the linguistic make-up of the audience addressed, 4) to the AmA of the speaker, and 5) to the section of the discourse delivered.To carry out the investigation, the researcher analyzed 18 audio and videotapes of religious discourse, delivered by 13 Arabic religious scholars from different Arab countries. Ten of these tapes were used exclusively to show that CS occurs in religious discourse. The other eight tapes were used to investigate the other hypotheses. The eight tapes involved presentations by three of the most famous religious scholars (from Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen) delivered 1) within their home countries and 2) outside their home countries.Three of the five hypotheses were supported. It was found that: CS from FA to AmA occurred in religious discourse with considerable frequency; these switches served pragmatic purposes; and the frequency of the switches higher in the question/answer sections than in the lecture sections.Analysis showed that codeswitches fell into three categories: iconic/rhetorical, structural, and other. The switches served numerous communicative functions, some of which resemble the functions found in CS in conversational discourse.One finding was the relationship between the content of the message and the attitude of the speaker toward or its source. Generally, what the speakers perceived as [+positive] was expressed by the H code, and whatever they perceived as [-positive] was expressed by the L code. Scrutiny of this exploitation of the two codes indicated that FA tended to be utilized as a means of upgrading, whereas AmA was used as a means of downgrading.
Department of English

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the species P. rigida for the selection silvicultural system based on natural regeneration in a secondary Seasonal Deciduous Forest, and furthermore, to analyze its autoecological and synecological aspects. Studies were carried out on: vegetation structure, spatial point patterns, and furthermore, the association between mother-plant and regeneration, mother-plant and dispersed seed patches. Vegetation structure was evaluated through: importance value index - IVI% (horizontal structure) and natural regeneration by height class (vertical structure). Spatial pattern was evaluated through Ripley's K function (univariate and bivariate). The bivariate function is divided in two associations: 1) mother-plant and regeneration; 2) mother-plant and dispersion patches. In the floristic composition 766 trees were measured, in 18 botanical families, 31 genera and 34 species. The dominating species according to the vegetation analysis were, in decreasing order of the IVI% value: O. puberula, N. megapotamica, P. rigida, M. umbellata and C. vernalis. The univariate spatial point pattern for the species P. rigida was clustered. The spatial clusters showed attraction starting from 7.5 m of distance to the mother-plant for both regenerating and for the seedlings. The main factors influencing the development of the P. rigida species, limiting it to the clustered pattern are: 1) interspecific control; 2) wind action on terrain slopes; 3) light availability. The main interspecific controllers are: O. puberula, C. vernalis, M. umbellata and N. megapotamica. Even though, the seeds of P. rigida are wind-dispersed based on the wind strength to push, the wind action generates low pressure zones created by evergreen dense crowns from the higher and middle strata of the canopy which are obstacles to the seed dispersion of the species under study. When seeds reach the ground the other crowns do not let enough light through the canopy for the development of seedlings, thus the mortality rate was over 60% from the lower height class to the next. Therefore, the species P. rigida has all the essential conditions to be managed under the selection silvicultural system based on its natural regeneration and the stand to become a regular spatial pattern, once that interventions are carried out when under adequate silvicultural treatments, mainly, control thinning of the controller species and seedlings density of the population of P. rigida.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a potencialidade de Parapiptadenia rigida ser submetida ao sistema silvicultural de alto fuste jardinado por regeneração natural em uma área de 0,81 ha de Floresta Estacional Decidual em estágio secundário, além de inferir sobre seus aspectos autoecológicos e sinecológicos. Foram realizados estudos sobre: a estrutura da vegetação, o padrão espacial, além das associações entre porta-sementes com regenerantes; e porta-sementes com unidades de dispersão. Na estrutura da vegetação foram determinadas: índice de valor de importância - IVI% (estrutura horizontal) e regeneração natural por classe de altura (estrutura vertical). O padrão espacial foi avaliado por meio da função K de Ripley (univariada e bivariada). A função bivariada está dividida em duas associações: 1) porta-sementes e regenerantes; 2) porta-sementes e unidades de dispersão. No estudo da estrutura florística foram inventariados 766 indivíduos, 18 famílias, 31 gêneros e 34 espécies. As espécies que se destacaram na análise da vegetação, em ordem decrescente a partir do IVI% foram: Ocotea puberula, Nectandra megapotamica, Parapiptadenia rigida, Myrsine umbellata e Cupania vernalis. O padrão de distribuição espacial pela análise univariada para P. rigida foi agregado. Na análise bivariada as associações espaciais foram positivas a partir de 7,5 m de distância da árvore porta-sementes tanto para regenerantes quanto para os propágulos. Os principais fatores que interferem no desenvolvimento de P. rigida, limitando-o ao padrão agregado são: 1) controladoras interespecíficas; 2) ações do vento nas encostas do terreno; e 3) luminosidade. As principais controladoras interespecíficas são: Ocotea puberula, Cupania vernalis, Myrsine umbellata e Nectandra megapotamica. Apesar da dispersão de sementes de P. rigida ser anemocórica (tipo cliclocórica), as ações do vento quando entram em contato com as copas provocam zonas de baixa pressão e dificultam a dispersão de sementes da espécie de interesse. Quando as sementes conseguem chegar até o solo as outras copas impedem a entrada de luminosidade suficiente para o desenvolvimento dos regenerantes, fazendo com que o índice de mortalidade seja maior que 60% na classe de altura inicial (50 cm > 200 cm) para a subsequente. Portanto, P. rigida apresenta todas as condições essenciais para ser submetida ao manejo em sistema de alto fuste jardinado por regeneração natural e o povoamento ser conduzido para uma distribuição espacial uniforme desde que sejam realizadas intervenções silviculturais adequadas, principalmente, desbaste das controladoras interespecíficas e controle da densidade dos regenerantes da população de P. rigida.

Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Ana Paula Dalla Corte
Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Roberto Sanquetta
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 11/03/2016
Inclui referências : f. 59-71
Área de concentração : Tecnologia e utilização de produtos florestais
Resumo: A acurácia e precisão na avaliação quantitativa de povoamentos para fins comerciais são fundamentais, especialmente a estimativa do volume individual. Nesse contexto, as equações de volume e funções de afilamento são importantes ferramentas para a estimativa do volume individual, ambos com métodos tradicionalmente aplicados e sólida teoria. Por outro lado, a inovação matemática é muito dinâmica, com diversos outros recursos disponíveis para o estudo de aproximação de função (regressão), métodos esses que ainda carecem de estudos de base, podendo potencialmente melhorar as estimativas no campo de modelagem florestal. Assim, o trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a acurácia de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina em relação a um modelo volumétrico e a uma função de afilamento, para a espécie Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Foram utilizados dados de cubagem Acacia mearnsii, variando de 1 a 10 anos. A base de dados foi dividida em 60% para ajuste e o restante para validação. Foram ajustadas equações com o modelo volumétrico de Schumacher e Hall e com a função de afilamento de Hradetzky, comparados com três algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina: k-vizinho mais próximo (k-NN), Random Forest (RF) e Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) para a estimativa do volume total e diâmetro referente à altura relativa. Os modelos foram ranqueados conforme estatísticas de erros, bem como observadas as distribuições destes. Para a estimativa do volume em função do dap e altura, a RNA e o modelo de Schumacher e Hall apresentaram melhores resultados no ranqueamento do que o k-NN e RF. Os métodos de aprendizado de máquina aplicados se mostraram mais acurados que o polinômio de Hradetzky para estimativas da forma da árvore, tais como o diâmetro ao longo do fuste e volume total. Os modelos de AM se mostraram adequados como alternativa na modelagem tradicionalmente aplicada na mensuração florestal, contudo a sua utilização deve ser cuidadosa devida a maior possibilidade de supertreinamento a base de ajuste. Palavras-chave: Modelagem. Inteligência Artificial. Mineração de dados.
Abstract: Accuracy and precision are essential topics when it comes to the quantitative evaluation of a forest stand with commercial purposes, especially in regards to the estimation of individual volume. In one hand, due to its solid theory, volume equations and taper functions are important tools for estimating individual volume. On the other hand, the mathematical breakthrough is dynamic, having several resources for the study of approximation functions (regression). However, these new methods still lack baseline studies and may potentially improve estimates in the forest modeling field. Under this circumstances, this study aims to analyze the accuracy of machine learning techniques in regards to a volumetric model and a taper function for the species Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Acacia mearnsii scaling data, from 1 to10 years, were used in order to achieve the objective of this work. The database was divided into 60% for adjustment and the remainder for validation. Equations were adjusted with the volume model of Schumacher and Hall and the taper function Hradetzky and were compared to three machine learning algorithms: nearest neighbor models (k-NN), Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to estimate of the total volume and diameter concerning relative height. The models were ranked according to its statistics errors and distributions. ANN and Schumacher and Hall model showed better results in regards to the estimation of volume as a function of dbh and height. The applied machine learning methods were more accurate than Hradetzky polynomial to estimates of tree shape, such as the diameter along the stem and total volume. The machine learning models were satisfactory as an alternative to the traditional methods in forest measurement. However, due to its higher possibility of overtraining the adjustment basis, it should be carefully used. Keywords: Modelling. Artificial Intelligence. Data mining.t

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo como: resistência mecânica do solo a penetração, densidade do solo, porosidade total e porosidade de aeração do solo, em um tipo de solo representativo da região de Otacílio Costa / SC, submetido a colheita de Pinus taeda, pelo sistema fuste "tree length" As determinações foram feitas em duas etapas: uma condição simulada de tráfego e umidade, com variação entre tratamentos de 1 a 16 passadas de máquinas de forma cumulativa e os tratamentos de umidade foram constituídos de condição natural (cerca de 3 dias sem chuva), 30 mm (correspondente a uma chuva de aproximadamente 30 mm) e 60 mm (chuva de aproximadamente 30 mm com adição de 30 mm água através de carro pipa sob o solo úmido). A outra etapa que corresponde a área de trabalho efetivo ou de grade desgalhadora, a qual representa o ponto critico para as propriedades físicas do solo no sistema de colheita adotado. A umidade do solo apresentou forte correlação com o processo de compactação e a predisposição do solo foi maior em condições de menor umidade, em todas as propriedades físicas avaliadas, no entanto os tratamentos de umidade não chegaram a atingir a capacidade de campo. A área de trabalho efetivo não apresentou valores críticos para as propriedades físicas avaliadas, provavelmente devido a concentração de galhos e acículas, reduzindo o efeito do tráfego nesta área. Os parâmetros mais sensíveis a compactação do solo devido a colheita de madeira foram em ordem decrescente: porosidade de aeração do solo, resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, densidade do solo e porosidade total do solo.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta dissertação de tese teve como objetivo principal o estudo da transferência de cargas laterais, desenvolvida num tubulão instrumentado para a sua base. O ensaio foi realizado em um solo residual de gnaisse, localizado no Campo Experimental de Fundações do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Viçosa-UFV. Foi realizada uma prova de carga em um tubulão a céu aberto, instrumentado em três segmentos independentes, determinando-se a contribuição de cada trecho, individualmente, e a sua transferência para a base. Em outros dois tubulões, que serviam de reação para o primeiro, foram obtidos dados relativos a esforços de arrancamento. São apresentados também os perfis geológico-geotécnicos resultantes da campanha de investigação realizada na circunvizinhança do tubulão, constante de ensaios SPT, SPT- T e DMT.
The main objective of this thesis was to study the transfer of lateral loads, developed in a pier instrumented for its own base. The assay was accomplished in a gneiss residual soil located at the Experimental Field of Foundations of the Civil Engineering Department in Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV. A load test was performed in a pier under the open sky instrumented into three independent segments, by individually determining the contribution of each section and the load transfer to the pier base. The data relative to pull-out efforts were obtained in other two piers serving as reaction for the first one. The geotechnical-geologic profiles resulting from the investigation campaign accomplished on the pier surrounding and constant of the assays SPT, SPT-T and DMT are also presented.