Tesis sobre el tema "Galician language"

Recent language policy and planning research reveals how policy-makers endorse the interests of dominant social groups, marginalise minority languages and perpetuate systems of sociolinguistic inequality. In the Castilian-dominated Galician linguistic landscape, this study examines the rise of grassroots level actors or agents (i.e. parents, family members, and other speakers of minority Galician) who play a significant role in interpreting and implementing language policy on the ground. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the impact of top-down language policies inside home domain, it looks at how the individual linguistic practices and ideologies of Galician parents act as visible and/or invisible language planning measures influencing their children’s language learning. However, these individual linguistic ideologies and language management decisions are difficult to detect because they are implicit, subtle, informal, and often hidden from the public eye, and therefore, frequently overlooked by language policy researchers and policy makers. Drawing from multiple ethnographic research methods including observations, in-depth fieldwork interviews, focus group discussions and family language audits with thirty-two Galician parents, this study attempts to ascertain whether these parents can restore intergenerational transmission of Galician and if their grassroots level interrogation of the dominant discourse could lead to bottom-up language policies.

My thesis, Literary Citizenship and the Politics of Language: The Galician Literary Field between 1939 and 1965, is the first attempt to examine the building process of Galician national literature by focusing on one of its constitutive elements, the linguistic criterion. Drawing on Mario Santana's concept of literary citizenship, which can be defined as membership of a literary community, it pays attention to the development of the idea that Galician literary citizenship is language specific, in other words, that to be a member of the national literature, writers have to write in Galician. It does so by focusing on one of the most neglected periods in Galician and Spanish Studies (1939–1965). Chapter one, 'Going Public: The Adventure of Galician Publishing, 1939–1965', presents the first ever account of the publishing world in the studied period. Chapter two, 'From Region to Nation: Galician Literary Studies', argues that the main battleground in the definition of Galician literary citizenship was the field of Galician literary studies, where the concept of literary citizenship was naturalised and then institutionalised. Chapter three, 'Negotiating Identities', explores writers' language choices, paying special attention to those who wished to earn a language-specific Galician literary citizenship. Apart from native and exophonic writers, the chapter addresses writers who did so through translation. Chapter four, 'No Man's Land: Female Writing and Language', argues that female writers had a double-edged experience in the literary field. The patriarchal literary institutions were interested in their symbolic capital but they exercised firm control over them. The conclusion, 'A New raison d'être for Galician Literary Studies', summarises the main argument put forward by this thesis, that to understand fully the development of Galician literary citizenship, literature must be studied outside the national framework.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the situation of minoritised languages in France and Spain, by developing a comparative framework for the analysis, and taking into account the theoretical and empirical sociolinguistic research context with regard to language planning and language ideologies. To date, theoretical and empirical studies have tended to focus on one region, have adopted a comparative approach that focuses on individual languages without an explorative comparison of the regimes behind those languages, or have preferred to adopt a generalised theoretical approach that does not discuss in great detail the specifics of any one region. In my comparison of languages spoken in France and Spain that are not the state language, I explore the impact of contrasting political regimes on language planning to discover if state regime is an important factor behind the long-term survival of minoritised languages. The subject matter for this investigation concentrates on two languages from each country: Breton and Occitan for France, and Catalan and Galician for Spain. The empirical data for my investigation consists of questionnaire responses by native, non-native and non-speakers of the languages in question that covers an age-range from eighteen to eighty-five, rural and urban dwellers and lifelong residents and incomers. In addition, I have obtained data from language planners and I have analysed language plans and surveys via means of the Internet. The Internet has formed a key part of the research for this PhD, so that the methodology has taken advantage of new technology that could provide a change of direction for future research programmes.

Clerical sexual incontinence was a prevalent satirical theme during the Middle Ages manifested by anticlerical sentiment towards reprobate clergymen and the laws that they disobeyed. This satirical genre of literature targeted not only the cleric of a small town, but bishops and cardinals who were also abusers of canon law. The anticlerical theme originated in Western Europe in the time of Constantine when early Christianity was competing with many religions for dominance. In the fourth century, Constantine, through the Edict of Milan, granted religious tolerance to all, thus allowing Christianity to become a major religion. Clerical celibacy originated from the writings of early church fathers such as Augustine of Hippo, Origen, and Tertullian, who determined that celibacy provided greater spiritual access to God. Early patristic church fathers supported the ideal of sexual celibacy for Christians in order to spiritually overcome the other religions. In the fourth century A.D., the church demanded that the clerics remain celibate even though they were married. By the twelfth century, canonical laws demanded that clerics not marry and remain celibate. These laws initiated an extreme sexual repression of clerics who began to sexually seek women, refusing them absolution for their sins if they refused the clerics' sexual advances. The purpose of this thesis is to establish that the corrupt clerics victimized the laity, who, although fearing for their salvation, produced satirical poetry expressing their anticlerical sentiment. This thesis also will present literature that discusses the pros and cons of clerical concubinage. There are three different forms of articulation in this thesis. The first is didactic and teaches the reader by demonstrating literature that encouraged clerical celibacy. The second illustration is satirical poems with the seven deadly sins as a recurrent theme. These poems are divided into two groups: the first is the poems written by the nobility, and the second is the popular anonymous poems, sung to music for peasant entertainment. The third articulation is the proponents of clerical concubinage. This poetry reflects the human side of companionship and need during a tumultuous time when people banded together in order to survive.

Previous accounts of preverbal subjects in Spanish and European Portuguese (EP) in the literature have debated the syntactic position of these elements. According to some analyses, preverbal subjects are canonical arguments appearing in an A-position (e.g. Goodall 2001, 2002; Suñer 2003 for Spanish; Duarte 1997; Costa 2004 for EP). Other analyses propose that preverbal subjects are non-arguments appearing in a left-peripheral - perhaps CLLD - A'-position (e.g. Uribe-Etxebarria 1990, 1995; Ordóñez & Treviño 1999 for Spanish; Barbosa 1996, 2000 for EP). Although Galician is an ideal language for insight on this debate due to linguistic ties with EP and political ties with Spain, Gupton (2006) obtained inconclusive results regarding the status of preverbal subjects in Galician. As the literature on Galician lacks descriptions of preferred word orders according to discourse context, I collected quantitative and qualitative experimental data to describe the syntax-information structure interface in Galician. The vast majority of speakers of this minority language are Spanish-Galician bilinguals with (self-reported) high levels of competency in both languages. This is of relevance because a variety of bilinguals, including heritage speakers, attrited L1 speakers, and those who have been claimed to have incompletely acquired the heritage language have been shown to exhibit instability and optionality at the linguistic interfaces, in particular at the syntax-discourse pragmatics interface (e.g. Hulk & Müller 2000; Sorace 2005 among numerous others), which is the subject of investigation in this dissertation. The data collected indicate a marked preference for SVO in a wide variety of discourse contexts, a preference that differs from those claimed to apply in similar contexts in Spanish (e.g. Ordóñez 1997, Zubizarreta 1998, Casielles 2004). Assuming that the presence of clitics implies the projection of f (Raposo & Uriagereka 2005) and the extension of the preverbal field into the left periphery, the cliticization data gathered for Galician in main clauses, subordinate clauses and recomplementation contexts suggest a number of preverbal positions in which preverbal subjects, affective phrases, and Topic elements may appear, one of which I suggest is Spec, DoubledFceP, following Martín-González (2002), but with proposed modifications. The data also suggest necessary modifications for López's (2009) syntax-information structure interface proposal in Romance, which suggests a reduced, syncretic left-peripheral position (Spec, FinP) in which CLLD Topics, wh- elements, and Fronted Focus elements appear and are assigned [+c] (contrastive) by the Pragmatics module. Within the preverbal architecture I propose, preverbal subjects and other left-peripheral elements coincide, but in a variety of syntactic positions. Therefore, for pragmatic feature assignment to successfully assign [+c], Pragmatics must distinguish between preverbal subjects and other left-peripheral phrases.

The present thesis is about the current linguistic situation in the Spanish province of Galicia and about the prospects of the Galician language in modern times. The situation is analyzed through applying Joshua Fishman's model of reversing language shift (RLS).

Over the last few decades, minority language issues have been attracting increasing attention in the media, among academics, and in the affairs of national governments and international organizations. Nowhere has this been truer than in the European Union, where concern over the ‘endangered languages crisis’ has led to an increasing awareness of Europe’s small languages and of the challenges they face in a globalised, English-dominated linguistic marketplace. A more tangible outcome of this concern has been a growth in rhetoric within EU institutions advocating a general respect for multilingualism and linguistic diversity, and a series of support measures and resolutions designed to guarantee this. Despite the widespread rhetoric of concern and support, however, in terms of concrete legislation there is still a wide gap between debate and policy in Europe, and until now it has been left unclear to what extent this gap is actually affecting the vitality and prospects of individual minority languages. This dissertation addresses this question by analysing how the European Union, both in the by-products of the integration process and in its deliberate rhetoric of support, is impacting the vitality of three specific minority language communities: Galician in Spain, Corsican in France and Sorbian in Germany. Drawing upon research collected via sociolinguistic surveys in these communities, it attempts to gauge whether Europe as an integrated entity is positively or negatively affecting the prospects of minority languages within its borders; if member state policies toward their minorities have been positively swayed by European rhetoric; if minority language speakers themselves see a positive effect on language use from European policy and promotion; and whether the role of English as a necessary lingua franca inside and outside Europe is eroding the position of the minority languages as the second language of choice. Quantitative and qualitative analysis on the survey results indicate that unfortunately, despite the amount of attention these minority languages receive from both government and media, language decline seems to show no sign of abating in any of these communities, and indeed the actions of the EU are apparently having very little impact on individual language situations. In addition, the survey indicates that hostile or indifferent member state policy is continuing to be one of the biggest stumbling blocks to minority language maintenance in Europe. From this perspective it seems reasonable to assess that the EU has in effect failed at what it claims to be trying to achieve, namely to provide a social and political climate that is favourable to minority language maintenance, and to assume that if this is the case in these three communities it is likely to be the case across Europe. With this in mind, the study concludes with the recommendation that the EU reconsider its involvement in language matters across the board, particularly in its current working-language structure and the reluctance to put some force of law behind its minority language support, and cautions that without this, the EU will likely face the imminent erosion of much of the very diversity upon which it has been built.

O presente trabalho trata da língua galega. É principalmente um estudo sobre a história da língua galega, desde o nascimento do galego até o tempo contemporâneo. O estudo explica o surgimento do problema da falta de um consenso lingüístico quanto ao galego. Dependendo de quem é a pessoa a quem se pergunta, as respostas sobre o que é a língua galega, são sempre diferentes. Consultando diferentes dicionários e opiniões de lingüistas a língua que se fala na Galiza, pode classificar-se como: uma língua independente ibero-românica, um dialeto do português, uma língua ibero-românica fortemente “castelhanizada” etc. Isto deve-se às complexas relações políticas, que a Galiza teve com Portugal e com a Espanha. Relatando sobre os principais problemas em relação à questão da evolução lingüística da língua galega, apresento dois movimentos lingüísticos, o movimento reintegracionista e o isolacionismo. Eles mostram de maneira clara, que há diferentes alternativas possíveis de um desenvolvimento para a língua galega. A dificuldade de chegar a um consenso lingüístico quanto à língua galega, mostra o fato de existirem paralelamente diferentes normas ortográficas.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari
Banca: Valéria Neto de Oliveira Monaretto
Banca: Ana Carolina Freitas Gentil Almeida Cangemi
Resumo: A finalidade principal desta dissertação consiste em analisar os fenômenos fonológicos do português empregado na época arcaica, investigando especificamente as consoantes róticas (representadas pelos segmentos e ) localizadas em contexto de início e de travamento silábicos, presentes em 250 cantigas medievais galego-portuguesas. As vibrantes são um tema interessante à composição de um mosaico dos aspectos segmentais do PA, visto que há muitas controvérsias na literatura sobre seu status fonológico, tanto na atualidade quanto em períodos passados da língua. Ademais, existem poucos trabalhos desenvolvidos na área a respeito deste assunto. Nosso objetivo era o de verificar se, no estágio trovadoresco do português, havia dois fonemas róticos em oposição, ou se, no nível fonológico, o som representado por poderia ser interpretado como uma variante geminada do grafado como . Os segmentos geminados compreendem uma sucessão de dois elementos, sendo que um deles completa a coda da sílaba antecedente, travando-a, e o outro se situa no início da sílaba seguinte. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir dos modelos fonológicos não-lineares, em especial as teorias autossegmental e métrica. A metodologia escolhida se embasou na observação da possibilidade de variação na escrita das vibrantes, visando estabelecer as relações existentes entre letras e sons, e no estudo do comportamento de dobrado em posição de ataque, de coda e entre vogais. O exame da amostragem colet... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the phonological phenomena of Portuguese used in the Archaic period, investigating specifically the rhotic consonants (represented by the segments and ) in the beginning and end of syllable contexts, in 250 medieval Galician-Portuguese songs. The trill consonants are an interesting theme in a mosaic of phonological segments in Ancient Portuguese, since there are many controversies in literature about their phonological status, not only nowadays, but also in past periods of the language. Furthermore, there are few works developed in this area regarding this topic. Our aim was to verify if in the Portuguese troubadour stage there were two rhotic phonemes in opposition, or if in the phonological level the sound represented by could be interpreted as a geminate variant of the spelling. The geminate segments comprise a succession of two elements, given that one of them completes the coda position of the previous syllable and the other lays in the beginning of the following syllable. The data analysis was made as of non-linear phonological models, especially the auto segmental and metric theories. The chosen methodology was based on the observation of the possibility of variety in the trill consonants spelling, aiming at establishing existing relations between letters and sounds, and on the study of the behavior of double in position of onset, coda and between vowels. The examination of the collected sample s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

O presente trabalho, resultado das pesquisas do Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português, procura estudar os aspectos semânticos do sufixo -ista no português e no galego, baseando-se na afirmação de VIARO (2005), segundo a qual a semântica da base é diferente da semântica do sufixo e da semântica da palavra formada pela derivação com este, e ressaltando, que não necessariamente a semântica da palavra formada é a soma das semânticas do sufixo e base. Desde esta ótica, traça-se, inicialmente, um panorama histórico e um mapeamento geral da semântica das palavras derivadas com o sufixo proveniente da terminação grega -#953;στης em várias línguas, e, posteriormente, faz-se um estudo em corpora das línguas portuguesa e galega, propondo-se uma classificação semântica das palavras formadas com o sufixo -ista, a qual, detalhada por perspectivas históricas e etimológicas, conduz a uma classificação semântica do sufixo -ista, no português e no galego.
The present work, which is the result of the researches carried out by the Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português [\"Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language\"], studies the semantic aspects of the suffix -ista, in Portuguese and Galician, based on VIARO\'s (2005) assertion, according to which the base semantics is different from the suffix semantics and also different from the semantics of the word formed by the derivation with this suffix, and the semantics of the word formed isn\'t necessarily the sum of the base semantics with the suffix semantics. From this standpoint, we initially draw a historical overview and a general map of the semantics of the words derived with the suffix originating from the Greek ending -ιστης, in several languages. Based on an analysis of the Portuguese corpora and the Galician corpora, we subsequently propose a semantic classification of the words formed by the suffix -ista, which, after providing a detailed historical and etymological perspective, leads to a semantic classification of the suffix -ista, in the Portuguese and Galician languages.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O Brasil, um dos três maiores países das Américas, foi colonizado pelos portugueses, que aportaram em suas terras no século XVI, status conservado até o recente século XIX. A colônia tornou-se reino independente de Portugal, e tem-se desde sempre que o seu idioma é o português, legado dos descobridores. A educação brasileira perpetua a versão, através do conteúdo formal para a educação básica, sem que haja nos PCN`s informações sobre sua gênese. Não há menção do galego, ou mesmo do galego-português. O presente trabalho aborda à história sociopolítica da língua portuguesa, “que circunstâncias favoreceram essa sucessiva expansão e que consequências sociopolíticas advieram delas” (FARACO, 2016, p.10), e propõe a exposição das obras dos trovadores dos séculos XII e XIII aos discentes. Embora um estudo histórico-linguístico não seja o propósito, procura-se dar rápido panorama da evolução interna da língua portuguesa sob Teyssier (TEYSSIER, 1987), através de Saraiva (SARAIVA, 1995); aborda-se a linguística românica (ILARI, 2004), o português arcaico (MATTOS E SILVA, 2006), e, ainda, a gramática histórica (COUTINHO, 1976). Mas debruça-se mais detidamente sobre história da sociedade que serviu de berço para o nosso idioma (WINCK, 2017), e no fato de o Português ser língua oficial de Portugal só em fins do século XV, fenômeno tardio; vê-se a Gramática da Linguagem Portuguesa de Fernão de Oliveira (1536), a primeira. Pesquisa-se o século XVIII, quando muito se fala em ‘língua do príncipe’ ou ‘língua do soberano (BURKE, 2010); busca-se caminho por linguagens e comunidades nos primórdios da Europa Moderna, citado por Faraco (FARACO, 2016). Faz-se distinção, portanto, entre os autores que perpetram a história interna da Língua, por estudos histórico-linguísticos – Teyssier, Saraiva, Ilari, Mattos e Silva e Coutinho – e autores que produzem uma história externa, pelos estudos sociopolíticos – Winck, Faraco e Burke. Autores galegos que abordam a questão sociopolítica da língua, de dentro para fora, conhecedores que são de sua própria história, são consultados. Estende-se a breve análise à construção do currículo e às políticas linguísticas vigentes através do MEC – Ministério da Educação. Tendo-se em mente a distinção entre aspectos histórico-linguísticos e sociopolíticos da língua portuguesa em sua origem na Galícia, pretende-se que o alunado tenha acesso introdutório a esses aspectos, pelos textos pertencentes aos compêndios: Cancioneiro de Santa Maria, Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa – Colocci Brancutti, Cancioneiro da Vaticana. Há de se confirmarem (ou não) entendimento de tema, assunto, título e texto com as respectivas transcrições para a língua corrente. Busca-se o reconhecimento (ou não) da identidade linguística do aluno brasileiro do século XXI a partir de textos matriciais que transitem da Provença às percepções literário-culturais brasileiras atuais, e a despeito de suas variações.
Brazil, one of the three largest countries in the Americas, was colonized by the Portuguese, who arrived in its lands in the sixteenth century, a preserved status up to the recent nineteenth century. The colony became an independent kingdom from Portugal, and Portuguese has been its language since then, a legacy of the discoverers. The Brazilian education perpetuates the version through its formal content for basic education, without any information whatsoever in the NCPs about its genesis. There is not any mention of the Galician, not even of the Galician-Portuguese. This present paper deals with the socio-political history of the Portuguese language, when it comes to “what were the circumstances that favored this consecutive expansion and what were the socio-political consequences that resulted from them” (FARACO, 2016, p.10), and suggests the exposition of the troubadors’ works from both the 12th and 13th centuries. Even though a historical-linguistic study is not the purpose, it aims at giving a quick overview of the internal revolution of the Portuguese language (TEYSSIER, 1987) or by Saraiva (SARAIVA, 1995); the romance language here is in focus (ILARI, 2004), the archaic Portuguese (MATTOS E SILVA, 2006), and in addition, the historical grammar (COUTINHO, 1976). However, it looks more closely into the history of the society that served as the cradle for our language (WINCK,2017), and because Portuguese was the official language of Portugal only in the late 15th century, thus a late phenomenon; one can look into the Grammar of the Portuguese Language by Fernão de Oliveira (1536), the first one. The eighteenth century is researched, when a great deal is said about “the language of the prince”, or “the language of the sovereign” (BURKE, 2010); a path is sought after languages and communities in the early beginnings of Modern Europe, quoted by Faraco (FARACO, 2016). Distinction is made, therefore, among the authors who perpetuate the internal history of the Language through historical-linguistic studies – Teyssier, Saraiva, Ilari, Mattos e Silva and Countinho – as well as authors that produce an external history through socio-political studies – Winck, Faraco and Burke. Galician authors who deal with the socio-political aspect of the language, from inside to outside and who are experts of their own history are also consulted. Both the brief analysis of the elaboration of the curriculum and the language policies in force are extended through the MEC (Ministry of Education and Culture). Bearing in mind the distinction between the historical –linguistic and the socio-political aspects of the Portuguese language in its origin in Galicia, it is intended that the students have an introductory access in regard to these aspects, by using the texts that belong to the compendia: Cancioneiro de Santa Maria, Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da National Library of Lisbon – Colocci Brancutti, Cancioneiro da Vaticana. It is to be confirmed (or not) the understanding of the theme, subject matter, title and text with its respective transcripts for the current language. One seeks the recognition (or not) of the linguistic identity of the 21st. century brazilian student, stemming from matrix texts that transits from Provence to the current Brazilian literary-cultural perceptions, in spite of their variations.
CAPES: 5649518

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The semi-arid Bahia is a very diverse area, with differences not only in climate but also in culture, enabling studies in various areas of knowledge, as well as study of the lexicon that is the window through which a community can see the world (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). From the need to explore this lexical inventory, we will address the following question: does the lexicon found in hinterland communities of Bahia's semiarid interior show influences of Galician and / or Archaic Portuguese, ie check if there are in the lexicon used in semiarid Bahia Iberian influences, especially if there is maintenance of so-called archaisms. The existence of this kind of lexicon, especially in the speech of older people, is our initial hypothesis. In this sense, we seek to carry out the survey of backcountry lexicon, checking for influences of the Spanish, Galician, and Portuguese languages, based initially in the corpus of the collection "samples of spoken language in the Bahian semi-arid" UEFS / FAPESB. The research methodology is the quali-quantitavie method. The corpus of data used is part of the database of the research project "Portuguese Language in the Semiarid Bahia." In order to recognize and analyze, in full measure the relevance of the lexicon of the semi-arid Bahia, the decision was made to investigate the unknown and to known about the subject as recognized in the growing literature base for this topic. In this sense, the possibility of studying the Iberian influences within the Bahian semi-arid lexicon means understanding more effectively the great cultural wealth within the the area, culminating in new dialogues for future more watchful eyes of the semiarid cultural source, and hence of its lexical richness. The results indicate that there is maintenance of some archaic terms, especially in the most isolated communities.
O semi?rido baiano ? uma ?rea bastante diversificada, apresentando diferen?as n?o s? clim?ticas, mas tamb?m culturais, o que possibilita estudos em diversas ?reas do conhecimento, como a do l?xico que representa a janela atrav?s da qual uma comunidade pode ver o mundo (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). A partir da necessidade de explorar esse invent?rio lexical, iremos debru?ar o nosso olhar sobre o seguinte questionamento: o l?xico encontrado nas comunidades sertanejas do semi?rido baiano apresenta influ?ncias do Galego e/ou do Portugu?s Arcaico, ou seja, verificaremos se h? no l?xico usado no semi?rido baiano influ?ncias ib?ricas, principalmente se h? manuten??o dos chamados arca?smos. A exist?ncia desse tipo de l?xico, principalmente na fala dos mais velhos, ? a nossa hip?tese inicial. Neste sentido, busca-se realizar o levantamento do l?xico sertanejo, verificando se h? influ?ncias da L?ngua Espanhola, do Galego e do Portugu?s Arcaico, baseando-se no corpus da cole??o ?Amostras da l?ngua falada no semi-?rido baiano?, UEFS/FAPESB. A metodologia de pesquisa est? inserida no m?todo qualiquantitativo. O corpus utilizado faz parte do banco de dados do projeto de pesquisa ?A L?ngua Portuguesa no Semi?rido Baiano?. Com o intuito de reconhecer e analisar, na justa medida, a relev?ncia do l?xico do semi?rido baiano, impera a decis?o de buscar no desconhecido e de saber acerca de um tema t?o importante para os estudos lingu?sticos, mas em crescimento. Nesse sentido, a possibilidade de estudar as influ?ncias ib?ricas dentro do l?xico do semi?rido baiano significa conhecer efetivamente mais uma grande riqueza dentro dessa espacialidade, culminando em novos di?logos para futuros olhares mais atentos ao semi?rido, fonte de cultura e, consequentemente, de riqueza lexical. Os resultados indicam que h? manuten??o de alguns termos arcaicos, principalmente nas comunidades mais isoladas.

The published work submitted herewith involves the application of Relevance theory (as a theory of verbal communication) to the description of Galician and Spanish, and to translation. The phenomena studied within these areas are examined from the point of view of language use. This allows us to see them together as instantiations of language and thus as being theoretically and fundamentally of a kind. As a result, they are also subject to the same principles of communication. The theoretical approach used and applied throughout is that of Relevance theory. This approach allows for an explanatory theory of verbal communication, which encompasses the two areas under study and thus provides a unitary theoretical framework to account for the phenomena examined. The various aspects of language description and translation explored here are therefore seen as instances of verbal communication to be studied precisely under a single general theory (and not as instances of different fields that should be examined by different theories). This submission is structured in three parts. The first part involves an introduction to the publications submitted, which includes a brief literature review. This review provides an overview of the most important approaches to communication, including the code mode, the Gricean approach and the approach adopted here, namely, Relevance theory. This introductory part also includes a discussion of the overall coherence of the publications submitted, together with their impact and contributions in the wider context of the field of study. The second part of this submission deals with applications of Relevance theory to the description of Galician and Spanish in a range of areas, including prepositional direct objects, presuppositional effects, interpretive use of language, and non-declarative sentences. In all these cases, current approaches are reviewed and critiqued, and alternative accounts are provided as applications of the theoretical framework provided by Relevance theory. The third and final part of this submission deals with applications of Relevance theory to translation in a number of areas, including interlingual interpretive use of language, interlingual enrichment, interlingual impoverishment, and degrees of acceptability in translation. One of the main themes in common between all these areas is the notion of discrepancy between original and target texts in translation. It is shown that many of these translation discrepancies arise from the gap found in verbal communication between what is encoded and what is communicated. Some of the most important types of gap that exist in verbal communication are examined in detail and their impact on translation explored throughout.

Globalisation and changing migration patterns have changed the linguistic climate in Galicia. What was once a bilingual society, with Galician and Spanish, has become a multilingual one. This thesis focuses on a community of Cape Verdean immigrants living in a small fishing town in northern Galicia. The Cape Verdean immigrants at the centre of this study are 'new speakers' of both Spanish and Galician, while at the same time native speakers of Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. These complex multilingual repertoires have interesting implications both for the process of integration into the host community and for the formation of identity. In this thesis I examine the language practices and ideologies of teachers and Cape Verdean students in two Galician secondary schools. Drawing on ethnographic data such as interviews, focus groups and non-participant classroom observation, I explore the challenges that are faced by immigrant 'new speakers' who are in the process of acquiring new linguistic resources and negotiating their identity. Specifically, I look at how contrasting ideologies of linguistic authority (Woolard, 2008, 2016) can impact their position as 'legitimate' speakers (Bourdieu, 1991), and how this in turn can impact their access to certain linguistic markets (Bourdieu, 1991; Pujolar, 2007).

Marginalisée depuis plusieurs siècles, la langue galicienne est parvenue à survivre, avant de se trouver à partir de la fin du XIXème siècle au centre des revendications identitaires qui commencent à se faire jour. La constitution dont l'Espagne se dote en 1977, en reconnaissant les langues régionales, fait de la question linguistique un enjeu démocratique en Galice, comme dans les autres communautés autonomes concernées. Le travail consiste à donner un contenu à la normalisation du galicien, comme langue propre et officielle (aux cotes de l'espagnol) de la communauté autonome de Galice. Dans ce but, la recherche a été faite en utilisant les documents officiels accessibles, les enquêtes chiffrées, les ouvrages écrits ainsi que les articles de la presse régionale (700 articles ont été effectivement exploités). Il s'agit, âpres avoir défini et classé les acteurs (institutions, système scolaire, médias, église, partis, syndicats et associations) d'examiner comment ces derniers se saisissent de la question et de quelles revendications ils sont porteurs. En effet, le consensus presque unanime en faveur du galicien ne recouvre pas les mêmes aspirations et la question linguistique se trouve être de ce fait au centre d'enjeux importants, que ce travail tente de cerner aussi clairement que possible
However marginalized for centuries, the galician vernacular had managed to survive until the late 19th century when it became one of the key issues in a people's early struggle for the preservation of its identity. The new spanish constitution which was voted in 1977 provides for the recognition of regional languages, resulting in linguistic issues becoming key points in the democratic process in Galicia and the other autonomous provinces concerned. This dissertation aims at showing what the development of the galician language as a vernacular of its own and as an official language (next to spanish) has actually meant in galicia. For this purpose we have studied available official documents, statistics, surveys as well as some 700 newspapers articles in the regional press. Our goal was to isolate the different parties involved (political institutions, the education system, the media, the church, political parties, unions and associations) and study how each addressed the issue and what aspirations they have expressed. Aspirations and claims differ, indeed, although there has been an almost general consensus on the need to defend the galician language. As a result the linguistic issue is at the centre of the identity debate, as this piece of research will try to show

Марковський В. Я. Законодавство та судова практика Другої Речі Посполитої щодо статусу української мови у Східній Галичині в міжвоєнний період (1919–1939 рр.): дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.01 – теорія та історія держави і права; історія політичних і правових учень / Марковський Володимир Ярославович. – Львів: Національний університет «Львівська політехніка», 2014. - 240 с.
На основі аналізу нормативно-правових актів, архівних джерел і спеціальної літератури досліджено законодавство Другої Речі Посполитої у сфері правового регулювання мовних відносин. Доведено звуження правового статусу української мови в Другій Речі Посполитій порівняно з правовим статусом української в Австро-Угорщині. Суттєвим недоліком мовного законодавства Другої Речі Посполитої була невідповідність актів офіційного тлумачення та правозастосовних актів мовним законам; правові норми мовних законів не відповідали конституційним актам держави. Доведено неправовий характер правозастовної діяльності органів виконавчої та судової влади Другої Речі Посполитої стосовно мовних прав українського населення. The dissertation deals with examination of the Second Rich Pospolyta legislation in the sphere of legal regulation of the linguistic relations which is done on the grounds of the analysis of normative and legal acts, archival sources and special literature. The narrowing of the legal status of the Ukrainian language in the Second Rich Pospolyta in comparison with the one in Austria-Hungary is proved. The essential imperfection of the linguistic legislation of the Second Rich Pospolyta was non-conformity of acts of the official interpretation and enforcement acts to the linguistic laws; legal norms of the linguistic laws didn’t comply with the Constitutional acts of the state. Non-legal character of the enforcement activities of executive and judicial branches in the Second Rich Pospolyta concerning the linguistic rights of the Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia is proved.

La présente thèse a pour objectif d’analyser la capacité du proverbe espagnol à se reproduire en plusieurs signifiants, i.e. des variantes, tout en maintenant un même signifié. Afin de mieux saisir le fonctionnement du système parémique, et de sa variation formelle, nous proposons une approche croisée entre une étude comparative interlinguale (proverbes castillans et proverbes dialectaux) et une étude contrastive entre trois langues : l’espagnol, le catalan et le galicien. Nous proposons d’envisager le proverbe comme une forme dépendant d’une matrice lexicale, qui inclut un invariant sémantique et un invariant syntaxique. La description de ces points fixes permet de reprendre et poser une alternative à la théorie du proverbe comme un signifiant entièrement figé, et de mesurer les altérations formelles qu’une matrice accepte. Nous avançons ainsi une approche variationnelle de cette catégorie linguistique, dans le but d’établir une typologie des altérations formelles et structurelles et d’avancer vers les différentes dimensions de la variation qui peuvent interagir sur les parémies : diachronique, diatopique, diastratique et diaphasique. La description syntaxique et sémantique des parémies relevées dans des ouvrages lexicographiques castillans, régionaux, catalan et galicien permet de mettre en avant l’existence d’une matrice commune à différentes langues et d’apprécier ainsi un système parémique relativement homogène dans les langues romanes péninsulaires. L’étude linguistique du proverbe, au prisme d’outils linguistiques comme la généricité implicative, la médiativité, les matrices lexicales, rimiques et rythmiques, permet d’établir les limites et les libertés des proverbes
This thesis aims to analyze the ability for a Spanish proverb to reproduce, by many signifiers, i.e. variants, while maintaining a same meaning. In order to establish better appreciation for the paremic system and its formal variation, we will present a crossover approach between an interlingual comparative study (Castilian and dialectal proverbs) and a contrastive analysis between three languages: Spanish, Catalan and Galician. We will consider the proverb as a form which depends on a lexical matrix, including a semantic and a syntactic invariant. By describing these fixed points, we can take up and propose an alternative to the proverb theory as a completely “frozen” signifier, and to evaluate formal alterations which a matrix allows. Thus, we propose a variational approach for this linguistical category, to establish a typology of formal and structural alterations and move towards the various dimensions in variation which can interact with paremia. There can be diachronic, diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic variations. The syntactic and semantic description for paremias, that have been identified in Castilian, regional, Catalan and Galician lexicographic books, highlights the existence of a common matrix to different languages. It thus allows to asses a relatively homogeneous paremic system in peninsular Latin languages. Through the prism of linguistical tools as implicative genericity, mediativity, or lexical and rhythmic matrices, the linguistic study of proverbs allows to establish their limits and freedoms

This thesis examines variation in clitic placement among neofalantes—a speech community of urban, L2 speakers of Galician, in a bilingual region in Northwestern Spain (Dubert 2005; Freixeiro Mato 2014; O’Rourke & Ramallo 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015). Galician has a complex system of pronominal clitics that can be either proclitic or enclitic depending on a range of grammatical factors (e.g. finiteness, sentence type, triggering particles). Among neofalantes, clitic placement is variable, sometimes following the rules of traditional Galician, and sometimes not. Non-traditional clitic placement has been criticized as one of the most salient “errors” in neofalante speech, both by speakers and by linguists (Dubert 2005; González-González 2008). Due to language contact, the bilingual nature of the region and the genetic proximity of Galician and Spanish, most research has argued that non-traditional clitic use results from Spanish influence (e.g. Kabatek 1997; Dubert 2005). However, to date, no empirical research has targeted neofalante clitic usage to test this assertion. To probe possible contact effects, this thesis is based on accountable variationist analysis of pronominal clitics (N = 3,736) in the vernacular of 15 neofalantes. Overall results reveal that the vast majority of tokens follow traditional Galician grammar, suggesting that neofalantes are relatively good at mastering Galician clitic placement. However, variation is not evenly distributed. Where proclitic placement follows traditional grammar at a rate that approaches categoricity (98.6%, N = 2,036), nearly 40% of enclitic tokens conflict with traditional grammar (39.2%, N = 1,700). Logistic regression suggests that variation is largely isolated to those contexts where Galician and Spanish differ (e.g. finiteness (+/-), where finite verbs favour non-traditional placement), lending support to previous claims. However, social predictors are also relevant, with speakers who have Galician parents and who were born after the implementation of bilingual education favouring non-traditional placement as well. These results suggest that other sociolinguistic factors, such as the need to assert one’s Galician identity, can also impact clitic placement.
Graduate
2018-07-31

The aim of this dissertation is to study functions and motivations for codeswitching between Galician and Castilian as we intend to explain why the speakers use the code-switching and try to discover motivations hidden behind the usage. In order to analyse the language contact phenomena between Galician and Castilian, a linguistic corpus based on radio and television programs from Radio y Televisión Gallegas was made. These programmes include examples of free speech of language users which were required to find spontaneous samples of code-switching in order to confirm or refute the hypothesis presented in the introduction. The dissertation is divided in three chapters: first one presents general context, the second one focuses on code-switching and language contact phenomena and the third one presents the analysys of the corpus. In the final considerations chapter the conclusions about usage of code-switching bewteen Galician and Spanish are drawn. It can be seen that language contact phenomena between Galician and Spanish are not only limited to code-switching but also to wide range of other phenomena.
Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie funkcji i motywacji zmiany kodu pomiędzy językiem galicyjskim a hiszpańskim, a także próba wyjaśnienia dlaczego owa zmiana kodu następuje. By zanalizować fenomeny kontaktu międzyjęzykowego, został stworzony korpus oparty o programy pochodzące z Radia i Telewizji Galicyjskiej. Programy zawierają przykłady spontanicznej mowy, które mają potwierdzić lub zaprzeczyć tezom zaprezentowanym we wprowadzeniu. Rozprawa jest podzielona na trzy rozdziały: pierwszy prezentuje ogólny kontekst socjolingwistyczny, drugi skupia się na zjawiskach kontaktu między językami i zmianie kodu (code-switching) a trzeci przedstawia analizę przykładów z korpusu. W podsumowaniu zaprezentowano wnioski dotyczące form i użycia zmiany kodu pomiędzy językiem galicyjskim i hiszpańskim. Można zauważyć, że fenomeny kontaktu między językami pomiędzy galicyjskim a hiszpańskim nie ograniczają się tylko do zmiany kodu, ale także są związane z sytuacją komunikacyjną użytkowników oraz ich emocjami. Remove selected

(in English) The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the current state of passive bilingualism on the Iberian Peninsula, from the point of view of native monolingual Spanish speakers in contact with Galician, Catalan, Basque, and Portuguese langauges. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, it tries to describe bilingualism, its perception throughout history and other concepts that are directly related to it in a comprehensive way. The key topic which is analysed is, however, receptive/passive bilingualism. For better context, it also focuses on the sociolinguistic development of the (co)official languages of the Iberian Peninsula from a diachronic perspective and, concurrently, language policy involved. In the practical part, it establishes the hypothesis which is later being demonstrated on the results of the original internet survey. Later on, proceeds to comment and evaluate them.

Mgr. Lenka Picková Vitality of the current Galician language Abstract: Never in the field of human history has the dying out of languages been as intense as it is in the present day. The goal of this paper is to assess the vitality of the one of the co- official languages in Spain, the Galician language. After an indispensable definition of the social-historical context, a deep, qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine factors is performed: inter-generational language transmission, education, the absolute and relative number of speakers, trends in existing language domains and media, governmental and institutional language attitudes, and, above all, the attitudes of Galician citizens toward their languages. In the final chapter, a summary of the results of these individual factors, as well as an assessment of their influence on the vitality of the Galician language, is provided. Key words: endangered languages, assessment of language vitality, Galician, language attitudes, minority languages, diglossia, languages in contact, national identity, speaker's attitudes.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ensino de Português Língua Não Materna, Português Língua Estrangeira e Português Língua Segunda
Esta dissertação de mestrado inscreve-se no âmbito da formação dos docentes de Português Língua Não Materna (PLNM), Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) e Português Língua Segunda (PL2) e na formação de professores de língua portuguesa, em geral, e especificamente no contexto galego dentro da realidade linguística, cultural, social e política desta nacionalidade histórica dentro do Reino de Espanha. Esta dissertação de mestrado é o produto final da formação realizada no Mestrado em Português Língua Não Materna (PLNM) – Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) e Português Língua Segunda (PL2) da Universidade do Minho. A dissertação analisa algumas características essenciais no ensino e aprendizagem da língua portuguesa na Galiza. Ou seja, uma reflexão sobre as vantagens e os desafios com que os profissionais da docência se confrontam num teórico espaço fronteiriço, as necessidades no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Também analisar as relações que com Portugal se estabelecem na sala de aula através da situação política e linguística da Galiza, sejam estas relações reais, teóricas ou simbólicas.
This master’s dissertation can be classified as training of teachers of Portuguese as a Non- Native Language (Portuguese as a Foreign Language and Portuguese as a Second Language) although it has been especifically considered for the Galician context: the linguistic, cultural, social and political reality of this historical nationality inside the Spanish Kingdom. This master’s dissertation is the final product of the training carried out during the Master's in Portuguese as a Non-Native Language (Portuguese as a Foreign Language and Portuguese as a Second Language), of the University of Minho. This dissertation analyzes some of the main features of Portuguese teaching and learning in Galicia. It considers the advantages and the challenges the teaching professionals confront in their theoretical borderline, as well as their teaching and learning needs. It examines the relationships established with Portugal inside the classroom, due to the either real, theoretical or symbolic Galician political and liguistic situation.