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Woods, May, Penelope Hobhouse, Patrick Taylor y Charles Quest-Ritson. "Gardens of Italy". Garden History 26, n.º 2 (1998): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1587211.
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Fattorini, Simone, Cristina Mantoni, Leonardo Dapporto, Giorgio Davini y Letizia Di Biase. "Using Botanical Gardens as Butterfly Gardens: Insights from a Pilot Project in the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Italy)". Conservation 3, n.º 1 (8 de febrero de 2023): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation3010010.
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Butterfly gardens are green spaces designed as places where butterflies can feed, mate, and rest. Here, we present some perspectives on the possible use of botanical gardens in natural areas as butterfly gardens to promote insect conservation through science dissemination and citizen science activities. We explored this possibility with a project developed in the Botanical Garden of the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park (Italy). We found an extremely high butterfly richness as a result of favorable conditions which can be common in botanical gardens. To promote awareness of insect conservation in the general public and citizen science activities, we have installed within the garden several posters illustrating the butterfly fauna of the park, the species that visitors can easily observe, and the importance of butterfly conservation. Using this case study, we provided reflections and guidelines for the realization and management of butterfly gardens in already existing botanical gardens, especially in natural areas. The realization of butterfly gardens in protected areas to promote awareness of insect conservation, as well as to perform scientific research (namely insect monitoring), may help to ensure that insects will exert a pivotal role in expanding the global network of protected areas under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
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Jones, F. M. A. "Roman Gardens, Imagination, and Cognitive Structure". Mnemosyne 67, n.º 5 (19 de agosto de 2014): 781–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341369.
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The article deals with the Roman garden and sets it in the context of identity, imagination, and cognitive development. Although the implications of the argument are empire-wide, the focus here is primarily on the urban gardens of the city of Rome ca. 60 b.c.-a.d. 60. The person experiencing one garden sees through it other gardens, real, historical, or poetic. ‘The garden’ and representations of the garden become places for thinking about literature, history, and identity. Our evidence for this ‘thinking’ is a lateral or synchronic layer in the sense that the thinking for which we have textual evidence is all done by fully developed adults. However, there is another, vertical or diachronic, aspect to the process which involves the cognitive development from childhood of the garden-user and the role of the garden in structuring the prospective citizen’s understanding of the world. The garden is a central feature of the urban residence, where the Roman citizen lives and moves through the course of his cognitive development. It is inside the house, and the house is inside the city, which is inside Italy. The concluding part of the article investigates how the core notion of the garden as enclosed space maps on to larger sets of inside-outside dyads in the Roman world: the garden is a secluded interior, but on a larger scale Rome is a safe interior surrounded by more perilous environment; again, Italy is a civilised interior surrounded by a more dangerous outer world. The garden is experienced by the child largely through play, and this also feeds into the garden-related imaginative acts described in the first part of the paper.1
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Athanasiadou. "Historic Gardens and Parks Worldwide and in Greece: Principles of Acknowledgement, Conservation, Restoration and Management". Heritage 2, n.º 4 (20 de septiembre de 2019): 2678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2040165.
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The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Florence Charter 1981 on Historic Gardens sets the first guidelines for the definition of a historic garden, in which sites such as large parks, whether formal or landscape, are included. Since then, there is a continuous effort worldwide on issues of historic garden acknowledgement, conservation, restoration and management. Countries with garden and park tradition, such as the U.K., USA, France and others, have several sites registered and protected. Furthermore, historic garden and park associations exist in Italy, Spain and Portugal, among other nations. In Greece, there is no specific official policy or association regarding historic parks, gardens or landscapes. Greek law includes historic gardens and parks within the spectrum of works of art, places of outstanding natural beauty and historic places/lands for partial or absolute protection, and, thus, attempts in identifying historic landscapes fall generally in other categories, but law specified for historic gardens. However, in both the Greek ratification of the European Landscape Convention and the European Biodiversity directives, there are aspects one could interpret as very useful for the acknowledgement and policy-making on historic gardens and parks. In this paper, an overview on historic gardens and parks abroad and in Greece is attempted, along with aspects of acknowledgement, protection, conservation, restoration and management. Finally, a first attempt on methodological outlines for the acknowledgement and conservation of historic gardens and parks in Greece is presented.
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Rusciano, Vincenzo, Gennaro Civero y Debora Scarpato. "Social and Ecological High Influential Factors in Community Gardens Innovation: An Empirical Survey in Italy". Sustainability 12, n.º 11 (6 de junio de 2020): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114651.
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In 2015, The United Nations adopted an agenda for sustainable development in order to obtain “a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and for the world now and in the future (United Nations). The United Nations has defined 17 main goals, such as ending poverty, improving health, preserving the ocean, and tackling the climate change, in order to achieve worldwide sustainable development. Sustainable development is a crucial worldwide topic that encompasses three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Nowadays, social ecological innovation has envisaged a new prominent business model focusing on social and environmental goals to achieve sustainable development. The intent of this paper is to propose the community garden framework as a social and ecological innovation tool in order to boost sustainable development in urban areas as well as rural areas. For this purpose, an empirical analysis based on a structured interview was conducted in the area of Naples on a sample of 150 gardeners. The results of the interviews have been aggregated by using a variance and correlation analysis in order to explore to what extent the social and environmental dimensions are linked to the community gardens and to identify a pattern between community gardens and social ecological innovation. Two attributes of community gardens, that is, urbanization effects mitigation and wellness and community, were identified as having the ability to influence other community garden attributes. Thus, the paper suggests using these highly influential factors to define a social and ecological innovation strategy based on a community gardens framework.
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Cerlini, P. B., M. Saraceni, F. Orlandi, L. Silvestri y M. Fornaciari. "Phenological response to temperature variability and orography in Central Italy". International Journal of Biometeorology 66, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02190-1.
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AbstractEven if the sensitivity of vegetation phenology to climate change has been accepted on global and continental scales, the correlation between global warming and phenotypic variability shows a modulated answer depending on altitude, latitude, and the local seasonal thermal trend. To connect global patterns of change with local effects, we investigated the impact of the observed signal of warming found in Central Italy on two different willow species, Salix acutifolia and Salix smithiana, growing in three phenological gardens of the International Phenological Gardens’ network (IPG) located in different orographic positions. The time series of temperatures and phenological data for the period 2005–2018 were analysed first to find trends over time in the three gardens and then to correlate the recent local warming and the change in the two species phenology. The results confirmed the correlation between phenological trends and local trend of temperatures. In particular: budburst showed a trend of advancement of 1.4 days/year on average in all three gardens; flowering showed a divergent pattern between the gardens of either advancement of 1.0 days/year on average or delay of 1.1 days/year on average; while senescence showed a delay reaching even 3.3 days/year, although significant in only two gardens for both species. These trends were found to be correlated mainly with the temperatures of the months preceding the occurrence of the phase, with a shift in terms of days of the year (DOY) of the two species. Our conclusion is that the observed warming in Central Italy played a key role in controlling the phenophases occurrences of the two willow species, and that the orographic forcing leads to the different shift in DOY of phenophases (from 5 to 20 days) due to the local thermal forcing of the three phenological gardens.
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Gattiglia, Gabriele, Eleonora Rattighieri, Eleonora Clò, Francesca Anichini, Antonio Campus, Marta Rossi, Mauro Buonincontri y Anna Maria Mercuri. "Palynology of Gardens and Archaeobotany for the Environmental Reconstruction of the Charterhouse of Calci-Pisa in Tuscany (Central Italy)". Quaternary 6, n.º 3 (8 de agosto de 2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6030045.
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In central Italy, the Charterhouse of Calci hosts the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa. This monumental monastery was founded in 1366 by Carthusian monks. The Charterhouse has experienced various transformations over the centuries, until its abandonment in the 1970s. Since 2018, interdisciplinary archaeological research focused on the monks’ gardens (and particularly: the Prior’s, the Apothecary’s, and the Master’s garden) and the green spaces outside the cloister walls, consisting of courtyards and orchards, to determine the individual (gardens) and collective (green spaces and surrounding woods) practices adopted by Carthusians. Palynology and archaeobotany have allowed to reconstruct the plant biodiversity, with flowers and ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal herbs that grew in the gardens, as well as the management of local hilly woods and agricultural practices, including the cultivation of fruit trees, such as chestnut, olive tree, almond tree, and grapevine. Our research has been based on a solid theoretical approach, interpreting archaeological and archaeobotanical data in relation to the intricate network of human and non-human connections. Gardens are seen as a co-creation made together by human and non-human agencies, and their diachronic transformation is read as an expression of personalities of the monks, feelings, and connections with nature and divinity.
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Condello, Annette. "‘Sybaris is the land where it wishes to take us’: luxurious insertions in Picturesque gardens". Architectural Research Quarterly 15, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2011): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135511000807.
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Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the discovery of Pompeii attracted European aristocrats to include the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) on their Grand Tour itinerary. Similarly, Sybaris, an ancient Greek colonial polis also directed aristocratic attention to the region. French painter and engraver Jean-Claude Richard de Saint-Non and his entourage of architects most famously documented the ruinous Sybaris and exported its imagery back to France. In parallel with these developments, interest in recreating sybaritic images within luxurious Picturesque gardens arose. Drawing upon a pair of garden case studies, Monsieur de Monville's Broken Column House (1780–81) at Désert de Retz, Chambourcy, and Queen Marie-Antoinette's hameau (1783) within the Petit Trianon Gardens at Versailles, this paper examines the sybaritic images, their influences and the ethical values of the creators of these gardens. Monville and Marie-Antoinette were, for instance, charged of excess. This paper is concerned with the way in which these sybaritic places were configured and how they encapsulated a mythic Sybaris, and argues that the charges of excess levelled against their creators partly stemmed from the unusual and sybaritic effects to be found at their private entertainment gardens.
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Langgut, Dafna, Kathryn Gleason y Barbara Burrell. "Pollen analysis as evidence for Herods Royal Garden at the Promontory Palace, Caesarea". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, n.º 1-2 (18 de mayo de 2015): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.975560.
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This study is the first to successfully address the identification of the botanical components of a garden in the 2000-year-old palatial courtyard of Herod the Great's Promontory Palace in Caesarea Maritima. Based on the extraction and identification of fossil pollen grains, we were able to reconstruct at least part of the garden's flora, which, we argue, could only have grown within the confines of a garden of this splendid seaside palace which was protected architecturally from salty sea spray. The palynological spectrum included, among other taxa, high percentages of Cupressaceae pollen (cypress) as well as pollen of the non-local tree Corylus sp. (hazelnut), which was most probably introduced as an ornamental from the northeast Mediterranean or from Italy. These trees appear to have been accompanied by other ornamental plants (e.g. Salvia and various Rosaceae plants). The choice of flora to be planted in the garden is consistent with our knowledge of prestige Roman gardens dated to Herod's time. This exceptional and magnificent palace, with its luxurious architectural features and its impressive, well-maintained garden, symbolized the power and the abilities of King Herod, the greatest builder in ancient Jewish history.
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Bensussen, Henri/etta. "When “Things Go Wrong”: The Gardens of Italy". Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 15, n.º 1 (abril de 2010): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/bri.2010.15.1.64.
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Visentini, Margherite Azzi y Lionella Scazzosi. "The conservation of parks and gardens in Italy". Landscape Research 12, n.º 2 (junio de 1987): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426398708706224.
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Weaver, Karol K., Mirka Benes y Dianne Harris. "Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France". Sixteenth Century Journal 34, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2003): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061435.
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Goodson, Caroline. "Admirable and delectable gardens: uiridaria in early medieval Italy". Early Medieval Europe 27, n.º 3 (agosto de 2019): 416–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emed.12355.
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Bartoli, Flavia, Luca D’Amato, Arianna Nucera, Giulia Albani Rocchetti y Giulia Caneva. "Understanding the Lost: Reconstruction of the Garden Design of Villa Peretti Montalto (Rome, Italy) for Urban Valorization". Plants 13, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010077.
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Urbanization and urban regeneration can significantly impact cultural heritage, but a greater knowledge of the past natural and historical features is needed to value the past and understand the present. The lost Villa Peretti Montalto in Rome, once located in the area that corresponds to the current front side of Termini station, deserves great attention due to its cultural value. This work aimed to provide a floristic and functional reconstruction of the gardens of the villa during the XVI and XVII Centuries. From several bibliographic and iconographic sources, a critical analysis and interpretation of plant names was conducted. A list of 87 species and their location in the different garden sectors, during different periods with their specific uses, is provided. The arboreal design was made by classical species in the Roman context, like Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinea, Quercus ilex, and Ulmus glabra. In addition, ancient lost varieties of fruit trees (mainly Pyrus communis and Ficus carica) and several species of conservation interest were found. The knowledge of the ancient flora in historical gardens could be a key tool in urban greenery planning and touristic and cultural valorization.
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Magni, Anna. "Principles of the French Garden in the Czech Garden Design". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, n.º 5 (2018): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866051171.
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The French garden of the 17th and 18th century as the ultimate artistic expression of ideas about the world order and the representation of power and knowledge was not limited to its country of origin – its influence spread and appeared all over Europe. The following text focuses on its reflection in the territory of the Czech Republic and follows the ways the main principles of this form of garden design took. Besides the traditionally dominant artistic influence of Italy, the French art was reflected only gradually, and above all, indirectly. Activities of Le Nôtre’s disciples have been proven, but without any more detailed documentation. Moravia was most influenced by Vienna, where the imperial and other aristocratic gardens adopted more ornate, smaller and flatter concept of French forms, rather approaching Rococo. The paper shows, using specific examples and the comparative method, what forms typical of the French garden appear in the gardens of the Czech lands the most frequently. The characteristic organization of the garden and wider spaces by axes, avenues, radial divisions, water mirrors and canals as well as magnificent water elements with sculptures and also widely applied flat parterres with ornamental flower beds is explored. On the other hand, the complexity of the French prototype, which lies in the spatial monumentality and sophisticated use of optical rules and rules of perspective, is missing.
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Erbino, Chantal, Alessandro Toccolini, Ilda Vagge y Paolo Stefano Ferrario. "Guidelines for the design of a healing garden for the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 46, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2015.426.
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Healing gardens are green spaces designed to promote and improve health and well-being for people suffering from illness. This paper proposes a methodology for defining a master plan for healing gardens. The methodology is based on site analysis (identification, limitations and potentials of the area) and the evaluation of user needs (patients, staff, relatives). The aim of the master plan is to provide guidelines for the definition of the executive plan, and to set up a sufficiently flexible project suitable for future new categories of patients, according to the different needs of the regional health authorities. The methodology has been applied to a case study: this paper considers the design of the healing garden of a building named <em>Villa Bianca</em>, part of the wider complex of the clinic for mental disorders <em>Villa di Salute</em> located in Trofarello (in the province of Turin, Piedmont, Italy). The main kinds of disturbances treated at <em>Villa di Salute</em> are schizophrenia and personality disorders; there are also some patients with severe depression. At the present time the building and the garden of Villa Bianca are not being used and are undergoing renovation.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) on Akebia quinata in Italy". Plant Disease 88, n.º 6 (junio de 2004): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.682d.
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Akebia quinata Decne., an ornamental species belonging to the family Lardizabalaceae, is used as a climbing species in gardens to cover walls as well as supports and is very much appreciated because of its dark red flowers. During the summer of 2003, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on established plantings in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). The upper surfaces of leaves were covered with white mycelium, and the corresponding abaxial surface of infected leaves were chlorotic. Young, green stems also affected showed extended chlorosis. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Foot cell was cylindric and appressorium lobed. Conidia formed singly were hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured 26.4 to 45.6 × 10.6 to 15.6 μm (average 35.1 × 12.7 μm). Fibrosin bodies were not present. The pathogen was identified as Oidium sp. subgenus Pseudoidium (1) partially because cleistothecia were not observed. Conidial measurements are close to those reported for Microsphaera akebiae Sawada. Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy A. quinata plants. Three plants of A. quinata were used as replicates. Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained between 20 and 30°C in a garden located 5 km from where the disease was originally found. After 10 days, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on A. quinata in Italy. The disease is currently restricted to the area of Biella. The presence of M. akebiae was recently reported in the Netherlands (2). Specimens of this disease are available at the DIVAPRA Collection at the University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia, 4:1, 2000. (2) M. Scholler and W. Gams. Nova Hedwigia, 67:101, 1998.
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Sanyé-Mengual, Esther, Francesco Orsini, Jordi Oliver-Solà, Joan Rieradevall, Juan Ignacio Montero y Giorgio Gianquinto. "Techniques and crops for efficient rooftop gardens in Bologna, Italy". Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35, n.º 4 (7 de septiembre de 2015): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0331-0.
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Klein, Ilona y Vivian B. Mann. "Gardens and Ghettos: The Art of Jewish Life in Italy". Italica 68, n.º 3 (1991): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/479655.
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Pudelska, Krystyna y Anna Mirosław. "The richness of plants in Art Nouveau gardens". Acta Agrobotanica 32, n.º 2 (2015): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.055.
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<p>The turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries signified the appearance of a new trend in art called Art Nouveau in England, <em>Stile floreale</em> in Italy, and in Poland – <em>secesja</em>. It was an attempt to escape from the style that copied historical forms and set a new direction of development. The main inspiration for the creators of this period became nature, its asymmetry, variety of textures, subtle colors or smooth, and wavy lines. Artistic motifs were drawn from the richness of native flora and fauna. Flowering shrubs, perennials and creepers were especially inseparable decorative and compositional elements of a garden. </p><p>Secession had a significant impact on painting, sculpture, architecture, and garden design. The space surrounding people was treated comprehensively by blurring the boundaries between different arts. A multitude of shrubs – especially roses and lots of perennials such as <em>Lilium</em>, <em>Iris</em>, and <em>Phlox</em>, gave the impression of architecture immersing in the surrounding garden.</p><p>The aim of the paper was to briefly analyze the Art Nouveau style and present the diversity of species used in the gardens of that period.</p>
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GUIGGI, ALESSANDRO y MAURO MARIOTTI. "Notes about the Berger’s new Opuntia s.l. species (Cactaceae) described from the Hanbury Botanical Gardens collection". Phytotaxa 420, n.º 1 (8 de octubre de 2019): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.420.1.2.
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Alwin Berger, a German Botanist, was curator of the Hanbury Botanical Gardens (also known as “La Mortola” from the name of its locality near Ventimiglia, North-Western Italy) during the period 1897–1915. During his curatorship, the cactus collection was enlarged thanks to the numerous specialist, American collectors and the exchanges with prestigious Botanical Gardens such as New York Botanical Gardens and Botanic Garden of Palermo. The study of this unique collection allowed Berger to publish a revolutionary systematics work on the genus Cereus s.l., including the description of many new species under Opuntia s.l.. The taxa described as new by Berger are currently considered as unresolved cases with a incertae status, and few names are typified with dry specimens at present, and without still living known or studied plants in cultivation or with modern illustrations. The discovery of many Berger’s Opuntia in cultivation in some Italian historical gardens and as well as the finding of exsiccata in K, HMGBH (Herbarium Mortolensis), NY and US which were never before studied, led us to start a revision of the Berger’s new names in Opuntia s.l.. Our investigation allowed to confirm the identities of Opuntia bergeriana, O. gilva, O. haematocarpa, O. ledienii and O. winteriana, and the recognition as valid species for O. exaltata, O. schumannii and O. zacuapanensis. 5 lectotypes, 1 neotype, and 4 epitypes are designated in the present paper. In addition, a new Opuntia species, O. mantaroensis is here described for a Peruvian plant misidentified by F. Ritter as O. inaequilateralis. To completion, the neotype of O. tomentosa, the valid species to which the Berger’s name is referred (i.e. O. tomentella) was also designated here.
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Plummer Catena, Emily, Bethany Monea, Megan Skeuse, Ananya Kulkarni y Amy Stornaiuolo. "Online Writing Spaces as “Walled Gardens” in English Language Arts Classrooms". English Journal 112, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2022): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej202232070.
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LONI, AUGUSTO, MARCO FORNACIARI y ELISABETTA ROSSI. "FIRST REPORT OF STREBLOCERA MACROSCAPUS(RUTHE) (HYMENOPTERA BRACONIDAE EUPHORINAE) IN ITALY". Redia 103 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/redia-103.20.02.
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A female ofStrebloceramacroscapus(Ruthe)(Hymenoptera Braconidae Euphorinae) was captured on a yellow sticky trap during a monitoring survey aimed atstudyinginsectbiodiversityinViareggio district (Lucca, Italy). This is the first report ofthis species inItaly.Biological information onS. macroscapusand itsparticular ecological niche are reviewed,and images of the specimenare presented. The importance of urban gardens and their proximity to the surrounding wild areas is also considered.
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Mašán, Peter. "A morphological re-evaluation of Pachyseius humeralis Berlese, 1910 (Acari, Mesostigmata, Pachylaelapidae)". ZooKeys 790 (15 de octubre de 2018): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.790.26894.
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Based on features of the lectotype and newly collected specimens from Italy (Boboli Gardens, Florence), a morphological concept of Pachyseiushumeralis Berlese, 1910 is revised and re-evaluated. New diagnostic character states important for recognition of the species are provided. A misidentified species, formerly widely published in Europe under the name P.humeralis, is established as a new species, Pachyseiussubhumeralissp. n.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Oidium Subgenus Pseudoidium on Lonicera caprifolium in Italy". Plant Disease 88, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2004): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.1045b.
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Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium L., family Caprifoliaceae) is a climbing shrub used in gardens to cover walls and supports. During the summer of 2003, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on this species in some gardens near Biella (northern Italy). The first symptoms included extensive chlorosis on leaves, followed by the appearance of white mycelium on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, and measured 27.6 to 43.2 × 12.2 to 21.6 μm (average 35.7 × 17.6 μm). Foot cells were cylindric and appressoria lobed. Fibrosin bodies were not present. Cleistothecia were not observed during the growing season. The pathogen was identified as Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium (2). The inoculation procedure involved gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy L. caprifolium plants. Three plants of L. caprifolium were used as replicates. Noninoculated plants served as control. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a garden at temperatures ranging from 15 to 25°C. After 10 days, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on L. caprifolium in Italy. The presence of powdery mildew on different species of Lonicera has been reported in several countries, particularly, Microsphaera miurae U. Braun on L. morowii A. Gray in Germany (1), M. lonicerae (DC.) Winter on L. peryclimenum L. in England (3), and M. lonicerae-ramosissimae on L. ramosissima Fr. & Sav. in Japan (4). The conidia of M. lonicerae are smaller than those of the Oidium sp. reported on L. caprifolium. Voucher specimens are available at DIVAPRA Collection at the University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun. Mycotaxon 16:417, 1983. (2) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (3) J. Robbins. Cecidology 15:15, 2000. (4) S. Tanda. Mycoscience 41:155, 2000.
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Fumagalli, N., G. Senes, C. Ferrara, A. Giornelli, S. Rodiek y E. Bardenhagen. "Gardens for seniors – a case study in nursing homes in Milan (Italy)". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 1189 (diciembre de 2017): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1189.67.
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Scariot, V., W. Gaino, S. Demasi, M. Caser y B. Ruffoni. "Flowers for edible gardens: combinations of species and colours for northwestern Italy". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 1215 (octubre de 2018): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1215.67.
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Dümpelmann, Sonja. "La battaglia del fiore. Gardens, Parks and the City in Fascist Italy". Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 25, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 40–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2005.10435333.
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Tei, F., P. Benincasa, M. Farneselli y M. Caprai. "ALLOTMENT GARDENS FOR SENIOR CITIZENS IN ITALY: CURRENT STATUS AND TECHNICAL PROPOSALS". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 881 (noviembre de 2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.881.8.
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Šimala, Mladen, Maja Pintar y Vjekoslav Markotić. "Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya & Kasai, 2011 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a newly intercepted whitefly species in Croatia". Natura Croatica 32, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2023): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2023.32.28.
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The Camellia spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya & Kasai, 2011 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was intercepted for the first time during 2022 in consignments with ornamental Camellia spp. seedlings originating from Italy, in seven plant nurseries and garden centres in Croatia. This Eastern Palearctic whitefly species is an important pest, especially in tea cultivation of East Asia. However, in Croatia the species has been detected at very low population densities without any significant damage to the infested ornamental plants of the genus Camellia L. From the infested leaves collected on each location, whitefly puparia and pupal cases were slide-mounted and morphologically identified in laboratory as the species A. camelliae. It is assumed that in the case of spreading and domestication in Croatia, A. camelliae could potentially present a phytosanitary risk for the camellias planted in gardens and parks in the Kvarner area.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, D. Minerdi y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Phytophthora citrophthora on Penstemon barbatus in Italy". Plant Disease 90, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2006): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1260a.
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Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth (synonym Chelone barbata), used in parks and gardens and sometimes grown in pots, is a plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, symptoms of a root rot were observed in some private gardens located in Biella Province (northern Italy). The first symptoms resulted in stunting, leaf discoloration followed by wilt, root and crown rot, and eventually, plant death. The diseased tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on a semiselective medium for Oomycetes (4). The microorganism consistently isolated from infected tissues, grown on V8 agar at 22°C, produced hyphae with a diameter ranging from 4.7 to 5.2 μm. Sporangia were papillate, hyaline, measuring 43.3 to 54.4 × 26.7 to 27.7 μm (average 47.8 × 27.4 μm). The papilla measured from 8.8 to 10.9 μm. These characteristics were indicative of a Phytophthora species. The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 800 bp obtained showed a 100% homology with Phytophthora citrophthora (R. & E. Sm.) Leonian. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. DQ384611. For pathogenicity tests, the inoculum of P. citrophthora was prepared by growing the pathogen on autoclaved wheat and hemp kernels (2:1) at 25°C for 20 days. Healthy plants of P. barbatus cv. Nano Rondo, 6 months old, were grown in 3-liter pots (one plant per pot) using a steam disinfested substrate (peat/pomix/pine bark/clay 5:2:2:1) in which 200 g of kernels per liter of substrate were mixed. Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Three replicates were used. Plants were maintained at 15 to 20°C in a glasshouse. The first symptoms, similar to those observed in the gardens, developed 21 days after inoculation, and P. citrophthora was consistently reisolated from infected plants. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. A nonspecified root and crown rot of Penstemon spp. has been reported in the United States. (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. citrophthora on P. barbatus in Italy as well as in Europe. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997 (2) F. E. Brooks and D. M. Ferrin. Plant Dis. 79:212, 1995. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology 67:425, 1977.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Septoria Leaf Spot on Cornus sericea in Italy". Plant Disease 87, n.º 2 (febrero de 2003): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.204b.
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Cornus sericea (synonym C. stolonifera), family Cornaceae, is becoming widely used in Italy as ground cover in parks and gardens. In spring 2001, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown disease were observed in several gardens located in northern Italy (Biella Province). Infected leaves displayed small, circular, angular, or irregular necrotic lesions measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Lesions were olivaceous to dark brown with a distinct reddish-to-black margin and surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Lesions eventually coalesced. Under favorable conditions, infected leaves become heavily spotted, dulling their appearance; severe infections resulted in premature defoliation. Pycnidia occurred on diseased leaves, and a fungus identified as Septoria cornicola (1) was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Dark mycelium grew slowly on PDA and produced abundant pycnidia and conidia. Conidia were holoblastic, hyaline, 2 to 6 septate, 22 to 48 µm (average 35) × 2.2 to 3.6 µm (average 2.5). Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating leaves of healthy plants of C. sericea (cv. Flaviramea) with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 CFU/ml). Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were covered for 72 h with plastic bags and maintained in a growth chamber at 20°C. The first lesions developed on leaves of inoculated plants after 15 days. From such lesions, S. cornicola was consistently reisolated. No symptoms occurred on control plants. The presence of S. cornicola on C. sericea cv. Flaviramea has been reported in the United States (2) and was observed in 1905 in northeastern Italy on Cornus sanguinea (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of septoria leaf spot on C. sericea in Italy. References: (1) D. F. Farr. Mycologia, 83:611, 1991. (2) D. Neely and D. S. Nolte. J. Arboric. 15:263, 1989.
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Gullino, Paola, Enrico Pomatto, Walter Gaino, Marco Devecchi y Federica Larcher. "New Challenges for Historic Gardens’ Restoration: A Holistic Approach for the Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin Metropolitan Area, Italy)". Sustainability 12, n.º 23 (2 de diciembre de 2020): 10067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310067.
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The paper illustrates a holistic approach for restoring historic gardens in urbanized contexts, from the historic analysis, to the knowledge of the present values, to the proposal of guidelines for restoration and future sustainable management. The Royal Park of Moncalieri Castle (Turin metropolitan area, north-west Italy) was used as a case study. The evaluation of the current structure, analysis of the botanical component and the recognition of historical permanences were performed. Following the criteria of specific interest (forestry, botanical and compositional) and historical importance, invasive species and specific critical issue, selected trees were described and mapped. Identifying the historical compositional elements, including a system of preferential paths and botanical species to be safeguarded should be considered the first step for future management planning process. Our results could be of interest both for methodological purposes and for the restoration of historical gardens’ planning and management. During the restoration process, different critical issues exist. In this context, combining historical and compositional values with today’s needs and problems is a scientific challenge that involve all the community. Historic parks and gardens must be considered as patches of the urban green infrastructure, able to provide a wide set of ecosystem services. Promoting the return of historic parks to the public fruition is of primary importance for the citizen well-being.
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Campodonico, P. G. y E. Zappa. "INTRODUCTION OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES OF LABIATAE AT HANBURY BOTANIC GARDENS - LA MORTOLA (ITALY)". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 723 (noviembre de 2006): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.723.10.
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Smith, Gideon F. y Estrela Figueiredo. "The Hanbury Gardens at la Mortola in Italy: A Perfect Setting for Succulents". Cactus and Succulent Journal 86, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/015.086.0104.
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Gullino, P., F. Larcher y V. Scariot. "INTRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION OF AUTUMN CAMELLIAS IN HISTORICAL GARDENS OF NORTH-WESTERN ITALY". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 881 (noviembre de 2010): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.881.155.
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Collesano, Giuseppe, Antonina Fiorello y Salvatore Pasta. "Strelitzia nicolaii Regel & Körn. (Strelitziaceae), a casual alien plant new to Northern Hemisphere". Webbia 76, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2021): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-10183.
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The ongoing naturalization of the blue giant paradise bird tree, Strelitzia nicolaii, is here reported for the first time for NW Sicily (Italy). Native to SE Africa, this ornamental plant was locally introduced around mid XIX century. During last two decades the first cases of pollination and dispersal have been recorded, and within last 10 years several individuals were able to establish in abandoned Citrus orchards or in private gardens subject to moderate soil management.
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Orlandi, Fabio, Aldo Ranfa, Luigia Ruga, Chiara Proietti y Marco Fornaciari. "Meteorological and Salix species (S. acutifolia, S. smithiana, S. viminalis) phenological trends in central Italy". Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, n.º 1 (9 de agosto de 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijam-822.
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Plant phenology, through opportune observing and interpreting techniques can be useful to interpret the eventual plant vegetative and reproductive adaptation to climate changes. Some plants of Salix acutifolia Willd., S. smithiana Willd. and S. viminalis L. were considered in a phenological garden in central Italy for analysing their phenological growth stages according to the International gardens network indications during a 10-year period (2008-2017) which allowed us to realize some preliminary trend analyses. The 3 Salix species showed different behaviours in the same cultivation area. S. acutifolia manifested no trend for spring and autumnal phases, S. viminalis presented low significant trends while S. Smithiana was that with the more evident tendencies for all the considered vegetative phases during the study period. The reproductive phase (BBCH 65) showed no significant trend for any Salix species during the study period not being influenced by the different meteorological variables and suggesting that photoperiod in this case may play an important role. The more evident phenological trends were represented for 2 Salix species by the advance of the leaf development during spring and by the progressive delay of the senescence during the last part of the summer, with the fallen leaves phase that was recorded averagely 2 weeks later during the last years of the study period.
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Tasinazzo, Stefano. "Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields in Veneto: new insights into root crop communities in North East Italy". Hacquetia 22, n.º 1 (7 de febrero de 2023): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2022-0009.
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Abstract A research was conducted in the Veneto region (NE-Italy) inside kitchen gardens and potato fields of outer pre-Alps, and in asparagus fields on the low Po plain near the Adriatic coast, in late summer-autumn after harvesting. Original vegetation-plot records were compared with historic and recent materials from Italy, especially N-Italy, and with comparable associations from Central and South-Eastern Europe, to ensure a consistent syntaxonomical frame of this highly dynamic vegetation. At the same time it was possible to shed light on the actual occurrence of past coenoses, cited by Italian authors for the Po plain. The analysis not only confirmed the occurrence of Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae in north-eastern Italian territories, but also showed that it was more extensive than previously thought. It also confirmed the persistence of Panico-Polygonetum persicariae. The historical presence of Veronico-Lamietum hybridi occurring in pre-Alps and Dolomites needs confirmation. Further regional-scale investigations of summer crop weed vegetation appear necessary.
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Calace, N., L. Caliandro, B. M. Petronio, M. Pietrantonio, M. Pietroletti y V. Trancalini. "Distribution of Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in urban soils in Rome city (Italy): effect of vehicles". Environmental Chemistry 9, n.º 1 (2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11066.
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Environmental contextIn urban environments such as parks and gardens, polluted soils can have a direct influence on children’s health. This study investigates Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in soils of several public parks in Rome city (Italy) located near roads with high traffic loads. It is shown that vehicle traffic contributes significantly to soil metal pollution in the urban parks and gardens, and that barriers such as walls and trees reduce the metal accumulation. AbstractIn this work the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in soils of several public parks in Rome city (Italy) are studied in order to investigate if vehicle traffic could be one of the main sources of heavy metals in city soil. All the parks investigated are located near roads in which vehicle traffic is high. The results show that vehicle traffic contributes in a significant way to metal pollution in city soils. Consequently public parks can be considered areas at high risk, especially when they are located near important roads. Because soil pollution attributable to vehicle traffic is prevalently bound to a diffusion process, it is possible to reduce the heavy metal accumulation in soils of public parks with the presence of barriers such as walls and trees. It is also advisable to locate areas for children in the internal part of parks distant from roads.
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Gippoliti, Spartaco. "The role of zoological gardens in the multiple origins of Italian Primatology". Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 151 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aae-2373.
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The scientific role of zoological gardens has received scanty attention even in cases, such as Italian Primatology, where they seemed to have played a considerable role, especially in the field of behavioral studies. Notably, the relationship between zoos and primatology in Italy is much longer than the 40 years of life of official Primatology. The history of this relationship and connections between zoos and primatologists can reveal not only much about zoo philosophy but also about the origin of Italian Primatology. Among the various aspects that deserve attention is the history of increased interest toward issues such as primate conservation and welfare.
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HIRASAWA, Tsuyoshi, Yoko KANO y Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI. "A Comparative Study on the Feature of Archaeologically Excavated Gardens in Japan and Italy". Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 70, n.º 5 (2007): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.70.351.
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Sigrist, René y Sonia Zanier. "La botanique dans un contexte local: les jardins de Florence à l’époque des grands-ducs (1569–1859)". Gesnerus 74, n.º 1 (6 de noviembre de 2017): 5–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07401001.
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This article describes the social and institutional conditions of the practice of botany in early modern Florence. This practice started with the study of medical plants in hospital and university contexts, with the passion of the Medicis for gardens, and the interest of the Vallombrosian monks for cryptogams. During the XVIIIth century, science of plants focused on classification (morphology), pharmacology (materia medica) and vegetable physiology, but included also the inventory of Tuscan flora and agronomy. These diverging aims created tensions within the nascent community of botanists, crystallizing around the management of gardens and the choice of classification systems. After 1770, a more scientific approach of botany was made possible by the rise of experimental practices and the development of chemistry. Yet, a true professionalization of research did not occur before the political unification of Italy, when the management of institutions and the recruitment of botanists were assumed by a central Ministry of education, instead of being dependent on princely favors and patrician connections.
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Di Cecco, Valter, Marco Di Santo, Michele Di Musciano, Aurelio Manzi, Mirella Di Cecco, Giampiero Ciaschetti, Giuseppe Marcantonio y Luciano Di Martino. "The Majella National Park: a case study for the conservation of plant biodiversity in the Italian Apennines". Italian Botanist 10 (20 de agosto de 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.10.52952.
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The Majella National Park (MNP) is a tangible example of the interaction between ex-situ and in-situ conservation of endemic, rare, or endangered species at a Regional level in the context of the Italian national parks. The MNP has the facilities and carries out activities for the conservation of plant biodiversity: it includes botanical gardens, a seed bank, a nursery, and a network of “guardian farmers”, an authentic “granary” in which to protect and conserve biodiversity in and around the Majella massif (central Italy).
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Banek, Tadeusz, Patryk Krupiński y Margot Dudkiewicz. "Optimization in landscape architecture". E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900002.
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Contemporary architectural proposals usually have to meet many different criteria. The most important are functionality and aesthetics, as well as rationality understood as a reference to costs. In this approach, the architectural proposal appears as a solution to the typical task considered in the Multi-criteria Decision Theory in the discipline generally referred to as Optimization. The paper presents examples of sixteenthcentury garden compositions, to try to answer the question of what the then residents (aristocrats) and the creators who fulfilled their wishes, were guided by. The homeland of the Renaissance is Italy, and the characteristics of this style were: geometry of space in the form of axial arrangement of rooms, symmetry, sheared forms of evergreen plants, and motifs referring to mythology. The basis of the Renaissance garden composition is a simple network of roads and squares, strongly connected to the main building and the remaining garden architecture. Mathematical principles, such as golden division of the segment and the Fibonacci sequence, were used as a way to bring beauty and balance to a design. This style is characterized by clipped garden ground floors with boxwood and molded vegetation. Roses, tulips, peonies and lavender were planted between shaped hedges. The terrace arrangement of some gardens has forced the creation of additional structures, such as retaining walls, ramps, balustrades and stairs. The paper discusses the subject of the golden division and its share in individual garden compositions. The authors showed many mathematical relationships that architects used when designing the described garden assumptions.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. T. Amatulli y M. L. Gullino. "Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria) in Italy". Plant Disease 95, n.º 2 (febrero de 2011): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0716.
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Moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. It has alternate, simple leaves on stiffly, erect, green stems. Flowers are yellow or white, borne in summer through fall, and is increasingly used in gardens in low-maintenance borders. During the fall of 2009, 4-month-old plants grown in a greenhouse near Torino (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of an unknown powdery mildew. The adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelia and conidia, while the abaxial surfaces were less infected. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Mycelia were also observed on stems, petioles, and flower calyxes of inflorescences. Powdery mildew was observed on moth mullein naturally diffused in Italian flora and on V. blattaria var albiflorum cv. White Blush. The same symptoms and signs were observed in summer 2010 on V. blattaria plants grown in a garden near Biella. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical, borne in short chains (as many as five conidia per chain), and measured 35 × 22 (29 to 42 × 19 to 24) μm. Conidiophores were erect with a cylindrical foot cell measuring 147 × 11 (93 to 177 × 10 to 12) μm, followed by one to two shorter cells measuring 23 × 11 (15 to 33 × 10 to 12) μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced (1) (GenBank Accession No. HQ316555). The 542-bp amplicon had 99% homology with the sequence of Golovinomyces cichoracearum (GenBank Accession No. EU819552. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy V. blattaria plants. Five plants were inoculated, while the same number of noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained at temperatures from 19 to 25°C. Fifteen days after inoculation, symptoms and signs of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The conidial morphology of the powdery mildew fungus that developed on inoculated plants was identical to the conidial morphology observed in the original fungus. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. G. cichoracearum, formerly Erysiphe verbasci (synonym E. cichoracearum), has been reported on V. blattaria in Hungary, Romania, and the former USSR (2,3). In conclusion, to our knowledge, it is the first report of G. cichoracearum affecting moth mullein in northern Italy. The economic importance of this disease is at present limited in Italy because of limited planting of this host. However, the ecological characteristics and flowering of V. blattaria make it interesting for low-maintenance gardens. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) K. Amano. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Japan Scientific Societies Press. Tokyo, 1986. (3) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995.
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Gates, Barbara. "NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATION". Victorian Literature and Culture 33, n.º 1 (marzo de 2005): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150305220867.
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INTEREST IN VICTORIAN natural history illustration has burgeoned in recent years. Along with handsome, informative shows at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York (“Picturing Natural History”), at the American Philosophical Society (“Natural History in North America, 1730–1860”), and at the Royal Botanical Gardens in Melbourne (“Nature's Art Revealed”), the year 2003 saw an entire conference devoted to the subject in Florence, Italy. In 2004, the eastern United States was treated to two more fauna- and flora-inspired shows, both dealing specifically with nineteenth-century British science and illustration.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, D. Bertetti y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Pycnostysanus azaleae on Rhododendron in Italy". Plant Disease 86, n.º 5 (mayo de 2002): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.560c.
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Rhododendron species cultivation has a long history in northern Italy, where a wide selection of cultivars and hybrids is grown. In spring 2001, a previously unknown bud blast was observed on several rhododendron cultivars growing in gardens and parks in the Province of Biella, Italy. Flower petioles and twigs, but not leaves, showed extensive necrosis, and flower production was reduced. The first symptoms on infected flower buds are brown necrotic areas near the base, which increase in size until the whole bud appears brown and water-soaked. Infected buds shrink, but do not rot or disintegrate, and remain on the bush. Coremia (2.0 mm high and 0.5 mm wide), which appeared as black specks on outer bud scales, produced large numbers of spherical spores apically that measured 3.6 to 5.5 μm in diameter. The fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae (1) was consistently isolated after disinfested infected buds (1 min in 5.15% commercial NaOCl solution) were cultured on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin sulfate at 100 mg/liter. Pathogenicity of three isolates of P. azaleae was confirmed by inoculating with a spore suspension 30 buds of 2 rhododendron plants (cv. Rosso scuro grande tardiva) grown in containers (14 cm diameter). Buds were punctured with a sterile needle before inoculation. Noninoculated plants served as controls. Wounded buds were covered with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity, and all plants were maintained in growth chambers at 20°C for 9 days, and then transferred outdoors where temperatures were 20 to 25°C. Inoculated plants developed typical bud symptoms 20 days after inoculation, with 80% of inoculated buds showing symptoms. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from artificially inoculated plants. In garden observations, different cultivars showed a wide range of susceptibility to the pathogen, mainly related to their flowering period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. azaleae in Italy. Outbreaks of P. azaleae were previously reported in the United States (1), United Kingdom (2), and Germany (3). References: (1) W. H. Davis. Phytopathology 29:517, 1939. (2) P. J. Howell and R. K. S. Wood. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50:723, 1962. (3) W. Schmalscheidt. Immergrune Blater 26:35, 1985.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. T. Amatulli y M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Fan Columbine (Aquilegia flabellata) Caused by Phoma aquilegiicola in Italy". Plant Disease 95, n.º 7 (julio de 2011): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-10-0391.
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Aquilegia flabellata (Ranunculaceae), fan columbine, is a perennial herbaceous plant with brilliant blue-purple flowers with white petal tips that is largely present in gardens. It can also be grown for cut flower production. In September of 2008 and 2009, in a private garden located near Biella (northern Italy), a leaf blight was observed. Leaves of infected plants showed extensive, irregular, brown, necrotic lesions, which were slightly sunken with a well-defined border and surrounded by a violet-brown halo. A hole frequently appeared in the center of dried tissues. Lesions, initially measuring 0.5 mm, later expanded up to 15 mm in diameter and eventually coalesced to cover the entire leaf, which curled without falling. At a later stage, stems were also affected, causing death of the apical part of the plant. The disease affected 90% of the plants in the garden. Dark brown, subglobose pycnidia, 116 to 145 μm, containing light gray, ellipsoid, nonseptate conidia measuring 9.0 to 16.2 × 2.6 to 4.2 (average 12.7 × 3.4) μm were observed on symptomatic tissue. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was related to the genus Phoma (2). Diseased tissue was excised from the margin of lesions, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 23 ± 1°C under alternating daylight and darkness (12-h light and 12-h dark). Fungal colonies produced a pale olive green, lightly floccose mycelium, generating clusters of dark olive green swollen cells. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 504-bp segment showed 100% homology with a sequence of Phoma aquilegiicola (GenBank Accession No. GU237735). The nucleotide sequence of our isolate was assigned GenBank Accession No. HM222537. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a mycelium suspension of a homogenate of mycelium (1 × 105 mycelial fragments per ml) obtained from 15-day-old PDA cultures of the fungus on leaves of six healthy 6-month-old potted A. flabellata plants. Six plants inoculated with a homogenate of PDA served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse in a high humidity chamber for 7 days after inoculation at 23 ± 1°C and under high relative humidity conditions (70 to 90%). The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 4 days after inoculation. After 15 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The organism reisolated on PDA from leaf lesions was identical in morphology to the isolate used for inoculation. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. aquilegiicola on A. flabellata in Italy. Ascochyta aquilegiae (synonym P. aquilegiicola) has been reported on A. vulgaris in Germany (4) and Aquilegia spp. in the United States (3). Currently, the economic importance of this disease is limited, but may become a more significant problem if the use of A. flabellata in gardens increases. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema et al. Phoma Identification Manual. Differentiation of Specific and Infra-Specific Taxa in Culture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2004. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (4) R. Laubert. Gartenwelt 34:621, 1930.
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Pirondi, A., I. M. Nanni, A. Brunelli y M. Collina. "First Report of Resistance to Cyflufenamid in Podosphaera xanthii, Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew, from Melon and Zucchini Fields in Italy". Plant Disease 98, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2014): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0210-pdn.
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The fungicide cyflufenamid (phenyl-acetamide, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee [FRAC] code U6) was approved for use in Italy in 2011 as Takumi (Certis Europe, Utrecht, The Netherlands) to control Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun. & N. Shishkoff, the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew. Considering that strains of this pathogen have developed resistance to strobilurin (5) and demethylation inhibitor (DMI) (4) fungicides, cyflufenamid represented a viable alternative to control this disease. However, this fungicide is also prone to resistance development as illustrated by resistance of P. xanthii in Japan (3). In the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons, significant declines in cyflufenamid efficacy were observed in two experimental fields in the Apulia (AP) and Emilia-Romagna (ER) regions of Italy on Cucumis melo and Cucurbita pepo, respectively. Takumi had been applied four times at the recommended field rate of 0.15 liter/ha (15 μg/ml of active ingredient [a.i.]) each growing season since 2010 in each field. Powdery mildew-infected leaf samples were collected in 2012 from both fields (25 isolates from AP and 19 from ER), and from five gardens (one isolate per garden); while in 2013, samples were collected only from the ER field (two polyconidial isolates). Isolates were maintained on detached zucchini cotyledons (1). Sensitivity of the isolates to cyflufenamid was determined by leaf disk bioassays (4) using Takumi at 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, and 50 μg a.i./ml. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated (2). Isolates collected in ER and the gardens in 2012 all had an EC50< 0.01 μg/ml, and the MIC ranged from <0.01 to <1 μg/ml. Isolates from AP in 2012 had elevated EC50 values, from 0.230 to >50 μg/ml, and MIC values from <10 to >50 μg/ml; by 2013, the EC50 values of ER isolates ranged from 3.35 to >50 μg/ml. Based on the mean EC50 value of 0.0019 μg/ml for sensitive isolates of P. xanthii in Japan (2), isolates from both the ER field and gardens in 2012 were considered sensitive to cyflufenamid. Additionally, EC50 values of AP isolates from 2012 and ER isolates from 2013 were greater than those of sensitive isolates, indicating a shift in sensitivity toward resistance to cyflufenamid (resistance factor >100 [2]). Consequently, poor control of powdery mildew with cyflufenamid applications in the AP and ER trials was most likely a result of fungicide resistance. Isolates from these fields were exposed to selection pressure for fungicide resistance because cyflufenamid was applied more times than permitted in the label instructions. However, control of powdery mildew in 2013 was not as effective as in previous years in commercial fields in AP (C. Dongiovanni, personal communication). This observation, combined with proof of reduced sensitivity of some P. xanthii strains in Italy to cyflufenamid, highlights the need for implementing resistance management strategies to minimize the risk of fungicide resistant strains developing in cucurbit fields. References: (1) B. Álvarez and J. A. Torés. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 23:283, 1997. (2) M. Haramoto et al. J. Pest. Sci. 31:397, 2006. (3) H. Hosokawa et al. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 72:260, 2006. (4) M. T. McGrath et al. Plant Dis. 80:697, 1996. (5) M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff. Plant. Dis. 87:1007, 2003.