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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "General Steel Castings Corporation"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 15 de febrero de 2022

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1

Li, Nai Yi. "Magnesium Advances and Applications in North America Automotive Industry". Materials Science Forum 488-489 (julio de 2005): 931–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.931.

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Magnesium is increasingly becoming an attractive alternative to steel, aluminum, and polymer composites for vehicle weight reduction due to its ability to meet vehicle performance requirements. To meet the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standard and to maximize the weight reduction of vehicles in the coming years, the magnesium applications are expected to increase significantly in both structural and powertrain components where material creep resistance is required. This first half of the paper will give an overview of recent automotive magnesium R&D programs including Light Metal Cast, Magnesium Powertrain Cast Components, and Structural Cast Magnesium Development supported by the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the US Department of Energy. The USCAR is the umbrella organization of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, which was formed in 1992 to further strengthen the technology base of the US automotive industry through cooperative, pre-competitive research. During the last decade, the magnesium foundry industry has grown, yet the material and manufacturing process costs of magnesium die-casting has impeded large-scale implementation into the automotive industry. As a result, Ford Motor Company initiated a Cost Reduced Magnesium Die Castings Using Heated Runners (CORMAG) program in partnership of the Advanced Technology Program of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The second half of this paper will briefly present the program goal, progress and its impact. In addition, this paper will present some magnesium applications, including a 2004 Ford F-150 light truck Front End Support Assembly and a 2005 Ford GT instrument panel structure.

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2

Ten, E. B., O. A. Kol’, I. B. Badmazhapova y M. P. Klyuev. "Surface carburization of steel castings". Steel in Translation 41, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091211010153.

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3

Stulov, V. V., Z. A. Tskhadaia y O. M. Shafiev. "Production of Steel Castings in Cylindrical Molds". Steel in Translation 48, n.º 5 (mayo de 2018): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709121805011x.

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4

Jebaraj, P. M., M. N. Srinivasan y M. R. Seshadri. "General and Intergranular Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Castings". CORROSION 45, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1989): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3585004.

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5

Yu, Hai-Liang, Jin-Wu Kang y Tian-You Huang. "Efficient and economical manufacture of heavy steel castings". Frontiers of Materials Science in China 4, n.º 4 (24 de julio de 2010): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11706-010-0095-z.

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6

Zhang, Xiu Mei, Hui Jun Jia, Di Cui y He Liang. "Numerical Optimization Design on Coating of EPC Steel Casting". Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (octubre de 2010): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.707.

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Expandable Pattern Casting (EPC) technology has been more and more extensively applied to the production of steel castings in many countries, which brings outstanding economic and social benefits. Applying the best quality coating is one of the key measures to guarantee casting surface quality. Based upon experiments made for many times, the orthogonal experiments of five factors and four levels are adopted to optimize coating working properties and processing properties. Tested by practice, the coating performance indicators of intensity, permeability, coating property, dropping amount and flowing flat property reach a perfect state, which provided a reliability assurance to product sound castings.

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7

KAMADA, Masanobu, Ryuichiro EBARA y Tamotsu YAMADA. "Fractography on fatigue fracture surface of steel castings." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 34, n.º 381 (1985): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.34.653.

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8

Ramadan, Mohamed, Mitsuharu Takita, Hiroyuki Nomura y Nader El-Bagoury. "Semi-solid processing of ultrahigh-carbon steel castings". Materials Science and Engineering: A 430, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 2006): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.05.132.

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9

Norouzi, Saeid y Hassan Farhangi. "Residual Stress; the Effect of Pouring Temperature and Chemical Composition". Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (junio de 2011): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.349.

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In this research, the effects of two variables, pouring temperature and chemical composition, on residual stress/strain have been studied. The residual strain was experimentally measured using the cutting technique and compared for several alloys; carbon steel, stainless steel, Ni-base superalloy, and cast iron. The thermo-elasto-plastic model was used to model the thermal stress distribution during casting and to predict the residual stress from point to point in rectangularshaped steel castings. Simulation results show that stress distribution is related to the thermal gradients throughout the castings, and maximum residual stress is developed at location which solidifies at the later freezing stages. In addition, the results of experimental measurements are applied to evaluate the effect of pouring temperature and chemical composition on residual stress and distortions in shaped castings.

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10

Baggerly, R. G. "Failure of steel castings welded to heavy truck axles". Engineering Failure Analysis 11, n.º 1 (febrero de 2004): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(03)00042-6.

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11

Sung, P. K., D. R. Poirier y S. D. Felicelli. "Continuum model for predicting microporosity in steel castings". Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 10, n.º 5 (9 de agosto de 2002): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/10/5/306.

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12

Vdovin, K. N., N. A. Feoktistov, D. A. Gorlenko, O. A. Nikitenko y D. D. Khamidulina. "Modification of High-Manganese Steel Castings with Titanium Carbonitride". Steel in Translation 49, n.º 3 (marzo de 2019): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091219030136.

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13

Kannan, K. y J. J. Valencia. "Evaluation of High-Strength Steel Castings Possessing Improved Weldability". Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 10, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994901770344494.

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14

Heuler, P., C. Berger y J. Motz. "FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL CASTINGS CONTAINING NEAR-SURFACE DEFECTS". Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 16, n.º 1 (enero de 1993): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1993.tb00074.x.

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15

Zhang, Tie Jun. "Technology to Reducing the Oxygen Content in Coupler Castings". Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (septiembre de 2013): 3180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.3180.

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t is very important to produce coupler steel castings with low oxygen content and the exact aluminum residuals. Low and inconsistent aluminum elemental recovery problems are often encountered when adding aluminum strips or lumps into the baths of 25MnCrNiMo steel. This is the case because aluminum presents some of the following characteristics: low melting point, lower density much more than the molten steel, low solubility in the liquid steel, high affinity due to oxygen. These circumstances lead to difficulties or risks, such as: poor or erratic recovery of alloying aluminum element, oxygen content in casting out of range, violent and dangerous splashing. To counter these problems existed in conventional method, aluminum wire injection process was introduced in this work, and the effects of aluminum wire feeding are investigated. The results show when using the aluminum wire injection, stable cleaner steel melt is obtained, i.e. oxygen content and the aluminum residuals are under control accurately, and what's more, the recovery of the aluminum is 95%. The treatment time was about 1 minute, and the melting period was shortened. Favorable metallurgical achievements and economical benefits were gained.

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16

Monroe, Charles y Christoph Beckermann. "Development of a hot tear indicator for steel castings". Materials Science and Engineering: A 413-414 (diciembre de 2005): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.09.047.

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17

Tang, Zheng Lian y Xin Ping Zhang. "Effect of Rare Earth on 30CrMnSi Steel Investment Castings Cracking". Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (noviembre de 2010): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.692.

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Through adding different amounts of rare earth into the crack sensitive 30CrMnSi steel samples used in investment casting, the cracking tendency of the steel was evaluated and the optimum amount of rare earth addition was obtained. The results show that the cracking susceptibility decreases with the increase of the amount of rare earth added. The cracking susceptibility was lowest at the addition amount of rare earth ferrosilicon alloy being 450g per 50kg of 30CrMnSi steel, while increasing again thereafter with the addition amount up to 600g. It was revealed that the addition of rare earth with an appropriate amount can refine grains, reduce sulfur content, change the volume fraction and size of inclusions as well as improve their distribution, reduce or eliminate ferrite network in castings, and improve the hardness of the matrix, thus finally reduce the cracking susceptibility of the steel.

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18

Tiusanen, J., K. Rissa, T. Ritvonen, J. Lagerbom, K. Keskiaho y T. Lepistö. "Characterization of functional gradient structures in duplex stainless steel castings". Estonian Journal of Engineering 15, n.º 4 (2009): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/eng.2009.4.06.

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19

Papkovskiy, P. I., A. I. Valko y S. G. Sandomirskii. "Influence of non-ferrous metals on the structural quality of the high-alloy mild steel 20X2H4A billets received by centrifugal electroslag remelting". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-1-65-73.

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The problem of the formation of cracks and the conditions of their origin in the cast of metal products have been widely studied in world practice, but the real mechanism of this process is not yet clear enough that it could be applied in production. Hot cracks – one of the most common and the most detrimental defects of steel castings, leading to a significant increase in the cost of products. The formation of hot cracks in steel castings depends on many factors, including the chemical composition of steel, the presence of non-metallic inclusions and gases, conditions of deoxidation and solidification of steel, etc. Therefore, special attention in the real conditions of production should be given to the metallurgical side of the issue. There is no quantitative measure of steel purity in the books of steel, which is divided into chemical, defined by the chemical analysis, and metallographic, defined by the content of non-metallic inclusions. The effect of the general purity of steel on the characteristics of destruction is studied sufficiently, but the data on the individual impact of impurities is very incomplete.In many respects, pure steel has a clear advantage over steel with harmful impurities. This applies to all mechanical properties associated with destruction or processes occurring on the edge of grains. The cardinal way of obtaining cleaner steel, including the reduction of impurities of non-ferrous metals, is the use of pure original charge mixture.The article discusses the topical problem of cracking formation after chemical-thermal treatment in the material of sun gears of the second row of quarry dump trucks BELAZ, obtained by the method of CESR rolled steel 20X2H4А, the possible impact of small concentrations of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, As, Se) on the development of external and internal cracks in castings and on structural heterogeneity of steel after CESR.The obtained results allowed to draw conclusions about the impact of non-ferrous metals on the formation of cracks in castings and to establish their limited quantitative characteristics. Based on the results, measures have been proposed to minimize the impact of small amounts of non-ferrous metals on the formation of cracks in castings.

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20

Yan, Huadong, Hui Jin y Ruigen Yao. "Prediction of the damage and fracture of cast steel containing pores". International Journal of Damage Mechanics 29, n.º 1 (2 de septiembre de 2019): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789519872000.

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For spatial design freedom, steel castings are widely used in bridges, airport terminals, and offshore platforms. However, different from hot-rolling technology, casting process variables, such as the casting temperature and those related to graphite spheroidization and post-heat treatment, may cause casting defects. To improve the safety and effectiveness of steel castings, a study consisting of experiments and numerical calculations is performed to investigate the effect of pores on the damage and fracture of cast steel. The chemical composition, metallography, and tomographic imaging of cast and hot-rolled steels were compared, providing a clear understanding of cast steel at the microstructure level. In addition, a complete Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model is used to predict the ductile fracture of cast steel containing pores. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and predicted tensile curves as well as between the measured and predicted void volume fraction evolution.

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21

Zhan, Zhonghua, Weifeng Zhang, Yanling Zhang, Ruxing Shi y Guoguang Cheng. "Formation and Evolution of DS-Type Inclusions in 15-5PH Stainless Steel". Metals 11, n.º 7 (16 de julio de 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071129.

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15-5PH stainless steel castings are key components in fracturing trucks. However, DS-type inclusions can lead to fatigue failure of the material. To elucidate the formation mechanism of large-size DS-type inclusions, the evolution, growth, and aggregation of inclusions during vacuum oxygen decarburization, ladle refining, and vacuum casting were studied. The results show that the DS-type inclusions with sizes larger than 20 μm were CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–CaS composite inclusions. After Si–Al additions in vacuum degassing, typical inclusions were spinel or Al2O3. After Ca–Si additions during ladle treatment, typical inclusions were liquid or dual-phase Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO. During the solidification process, due to the segregation of S and the decrease in solubility, the typical inclusions in the final casting became Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO–CaS. For optimal fatigue performance of stainless steel castings, slag and refractory composition control were also necessary because the [Mg] contents mainly come from the slag and lining.

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22

He, Bin Feng. "Simulation and Optimization of Steel Casting by Sand Casting". Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (junio de 2013): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.258.

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Casting defects will always occurred in the cast-steel castings. In order to eliminate the shrinkages more and more risers had been used which increased the final cost sharply. The traditional method was used to the designing process; besides that, the foundry simulation software was introduced to prove the rationality of the technique. The software helps to predict the proper position of the shrinkages. The cooling system was optimized after the analyzed and the final simulation results show the rationality of foundry technique.

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23

IWABUCHI, Yoshitaka, Nobuo CHIBA y Takashi HATANO. "Estimation of long-term degradation of Cr-Mo-V steel castings." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 35, n.º 390 (1986): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.35.280.

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24

Purtscher, P. T., Y. W. Cheng y P. N. Li. "Fatigue Crack Growth of Duplex Stainless Steel Castings at 4 K". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 107, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1985): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225793.

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Constant-load-amplitude stage II fatigue crack growth rates at 4 K were measured for duplex stainless steel castings. The results show that at a ΔK of 60 MPa•m1/2, da/dN = 7.6 × 10−4 mm/cycle for an alloy with 1 percent ferrite. For an alloy with 8 percent ferrite, da/dN is 35 percent, and for an alloy with 29 percent ferrite, da/dN is 260 percent greater than for the 1 percent ferrite alloy. However, the exponent in the Paris equation does not change appreciably (less than 18 percent) as the ferrite content changes from 1 to 29 percent.

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25

Alifer, P. P., A. P. Mukhin, D. B. Alikulova, A. D. Shapkin y R. A. Skornyakova. "Improving the quality of 20GML steel for important castings for fittings". Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23, n.º 7 (julio de 1987): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01149946.

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26

Suzuki, Toshihide, Keiji Sugiura, Setsu Takeo y Akira Kohsaka. "Hydrotreatment of reconstituted coal from Kawasaki Steel Corporation". Fuel Processing Technology 14 (noviembre de 1986): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(86)90003-2.

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27

HAYASHI, Kaname y Tomoko KITANI. "Interview Report on NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION Hirohata Works". Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 68, n.º 11 (15 de noviembre de 2019): 873–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.68.873.

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28

Liang, Tian, Xiao Qiang Hu, Xiu Hong Kang y Dian Zhong Li. "Effect of The Sigma Phase on the Mechanical Properties of a Cast Duplex Stainless Steel during the Ageing Treatment at 850°C". Advanced Materials Research 684 (abril de 2013): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.325.

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With about equal amount of austenite and ferrite in volume fraction, duplex stainless steel (DSS) is in advantage of mechanical properties and corrosive behaviors. Hence it is widely applied to the heavy castings for nuclear power plants inshore, such as impellers, pumps and valves. However, lots of cracks usually occur in these castings during manufacturing processes, because it is susceptible to precipitate the brittle intermetallic compound of sigma phase when the castings are exposed from 600 to 1000oC. In this work, the precipitation of sigma phase was observed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in a cast DSS named as MAS/6001, which aged at 850oC from 5 to 300 minutes. The effect of sigma phase on the mechanical properties was analyzed by the tensile at room temperature and impact tests at -10°C. The results show that sigma phase in the MAS/6001 steel precipitated simultaneously with the secondary austenite, which obeyed the eutectoid reaction. The interfaces between austenite or secondary austenite and sigma phase were the locations where cracks generated from the void aggregation. Cracks are susceptible to propagate along or cross these interfaces, and to promote the sigma phase breaking-off, which severely deteriorated the mechanical properties.

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29

Berezovskiy, Alexander V., Michael P. Shalimov y Ekaterina B. Votinova. "The Repair of Defects in High-Manganese Steel Castings by Welding Technology". Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (17 de agosto de 2021): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.209.

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Welding technologies are used to repair defects in cast parts of high - manganese austenitic steel (Hadfield steel). These include repair welding for newly manufactured castings, welding the formed defects in the old operating cast parts and, finally, for cladding layer of wear-resistant metal on the surface of the cast parts. Manual metal arc welding (MMAW) are used as often as gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and of flux-core wire welding (FCAW-S). These welding processes make possible to obtain a weld metal with the expected quality of the restored surface and a slight distortion of the base metal structure. The article presents methods of the casting repair by welding and surfacing. The parameters of welding and surfacing procedures are given, welding materials are recommended, and the methods for nondestructive testing of welds are prescribed.

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30

Wang, Libin, Hui Jin, Haiwei Dong y Jing Li. "Balance Fatigue Design of Cast Steel Nodes in Tubular Steel Structures". Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/421410.

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Cast steel nodes are being increasingly popular in steel structure joint application as their advanced mechanical performances and flexible forms. This kind of joints improves the structural antifatigue capability observably and is expected to be widely used in the structures with fatigue loadings. Cast steel node joint consists of two parts: casting itself and the welds between the node and the steel member. The fatigue resistances of these two parts are very different; the experiment results showed very clearly that the fatigue behavior was governed by the welds in all tested configurations. This paper focuses on the balance fatigue design of these two parts in a cast steel node joint using fracture mechanics and FEM. The defects in castings are simulated by cracks conservatively. The final crack size is decided by the minimum of 90% of the wall thickness and the value deduced by fracture toughness. The allowable initial crack size could be obtained through the integral of Paris equation when the crack propagation life is considered equal to the weld fatigue life; therefore, the two parts in a cast steel node joint will have a balance fatigue life.

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31

Schuscha, M., R. Aigner, S. Pomberger, M. Oberreiter, M. Leitner y M. Stoschka. "On the behaviour of non-propagating cracks in steel and aluminium castings". Engineering Fracture Mechanics 220 (octubre de 2019): 106670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106670.

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32

Smirnov, A. N., Yu V. Pettik, L. S. Mirzoyan y K. P. Polikhronov. "Vibratory treatment of steel castings of end seal components during their hardening". Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 28, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1992): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150585.

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33

Zhong, Chiyun, Justin Binder, Oh-Sung Kwon y Constantin Christopoulos. "Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Ultralow-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Steel Castings". Journal of Structural Engineering 146, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 04019195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002497.

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34

Vamsi, M. Madhu, V. Pradeep Kumar y S. H. Shariff. "A Feasibility Report on the Comparsion of the Characteristics of Manufacturing a Bearing Cover by the Processes of Sand Casting and Shell Moulding". Advanced Materials Research 1148 (junio de 2018): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.204.

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The use of aluminum castings in the automotive industry has increased dramatically over the past two decades. The Al-Si system forms the basis of many important casting alloys, LM 0, LM 2, LM 4, LM 5, LM 6, LM 12, LM 13, LM 24 and LM 26 are the major cast alloys used in aerospace casting (e.g., fuel pump connectors) and premium automotive castings (e.g., suspension arms). The driving force for this increased use is vehicle weight reduction for improved performance, particularly fuel efficiency. In many cases the mechanical properties of the cast aluminum parts are superior to those of the cast iron or wrought steel parts being replaced; however, in some applications, defects in the cast microstructure undermine performance characteristics.

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35

Xie, Jing Pei, Ai Qin Wang, Wen Yan Wang, Ji Wen Li, Di Xin Yang, Ke Feng Zhang y Dou Qin Ma. "Stress Field Numerical Simulation of the Inclusions in Large Rudder Arm Steel Casting". Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (agosto de 2011): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.906.

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The influences of non-metallic inclusions on the quality and properties of the steel not only depended on the quantity of inclusions, but also on the type、shape、size、deformation behavior and distribution condition. By means of ANSYS finite element analysis software, the stress field distribution in the inclusions and the matrix around the inclusions are analyzed under the condition of different kinds of types、shapes、distributions with changeable load in heavy rudder arm steel castings, then micromechanics behavior of inclusions is investigated from angle of macro mechanics.

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36

Mahmutovic, Aida. "Quantitative characterization of mns inclusions in S355 steel regarding to solidification rate". Chemical Industry 67, n.º 2 (2013): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120411075m.

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A practice of special interest for metallurgical steelmaking is the relationship between redistribution of solute elements and dendrite microsegregation that occurs during solidification. These phenomena have a significant impact on the final properties of cast and forged products. In this paper, a calculation of the characteristic chemical phases in S355 steel using a software program Thermo-Calc is presented. Also, the paper presents experimental measurements of the dendrites size and non-metallic inclusions using optical and electron probe microanalyzer, as well as the calculation of the local solidification rate on the particular example. These phenomena are of special interest when it comes to thin castings and higher cooling rates. Thin castings require higher quality of casting surface, corresponding distribution, and character than those of non-metallic inclusions. Thermo-calc software was used for calculation of equilibrium phases, temperature ranges of solidification of tested material, and temperature range for developing characteristic equilibrium phase. It was found that during solidification and cooling processes manganese sulphide inclusions were formed. Additionally, accurate values for solidus and liquidus temperatures, which coincide with the values of solidus and liquidus temperatures obtained by the Thermo Calc, were calculated. Using optical and electron probe microanalyzer, the type of inclusions were confirmed, whereas chemical composition and size measurement of dendrites, and formed non-metallic inclusions were determined. Mapping and Linescan methods were used to examine the size and exact chemical composition of sulphides in atomic percents. Using secondary dendrites local solidification rate was calculated (for casting surface area solidification rate was 5 K/s). This paper gives contribution to better understanding the influence of cooling rate on casting microstructure formation and dendrites, which essentially determine the size of non-metallic inclusions and their redistribution.

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37

Yang, Da Chun. "Foundry Technology of the Pressure Board Steel Casting Based on Proportional Solidification Theory". Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (agosto de 2011): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.691.

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For plate steel castings, the foundry technology was designed according to the dynamic directional solidification of proportional solidification theory. Adopting chilling process for the thick and large plane, it may cause the casting basically even cooling. Using self-feeding shrinkage in solidification achieved the dynamic directional feeding of molten steel, and the casting was poured and congealing at the same time. The shrinkage of finally congealing part was fed by small riser. Adopting this foundry technology, the large plane downwards avoided appearing the defects such as sand buckle, slag, pinhole porosity, and pore, etc.; the process yield was greatly increased with this foundry technology, too.

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38

Griffiths, W. D., Y. Beshay, D. J. Parker y X. Fan. "The determination of inclusion movement in steel castings by positron emission particle tracking (PEPT)". Journal of Materials Science 43, n.º 21 (noviembre de 2008): 6853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2999-x.

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39

IWABUCHI, Yoshitaka. "Effects of Manganese Content and Soaking on Temper Embrittlement of 21/4Cr-1Mo Steel Castings". Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 25, n.º 10 (1985): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.25.1053.

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40

Gabelchenko, Natalya, Artem Belov y Alena Savchenko. "The Role of the Primary Structure in the Formation of the Mechanical Properties of Steel Castings". Solid State Phenomena 299 (enero de 2020): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.641.

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The paper considers the total effect of primary structure parameters on steel mechanical properties depending on the wall thickness of castings. It is shown that during the formation of mechanical properties with an increase in the thickness of the work-piece, the role of the sizes of primary grains decreases and the role of reducing the dispersion of dendritic crystals increases, due to the process of dendritic branches coarsening.

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41

Chernyshov, E. A., I. V. Baev y A. D. Romanov. "Mechanical Properties and Structure of Castings upon Various Ladle Processes of Liquid and Crystallizing Steel". Steel in Translation 50, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2020): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709122009003x.

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42

Selivyorstov, Vadim, Tatjana Selivyorstova y Anton Guda. "SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF POROSITY FORMATION PROCESSES IN STEEL CASTINGS AND THEIR MATHEMATICAL MODELS". System technologies 6, n.º 125 (27 de diciembre de 2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-6-125-2019-09.

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The analysis of scientific and technical information about the hardening features of steel castings, which lead to the formation of shrinkage defects is presented. The mechanisms of the relationship of the casting properties of alloys are shown. The analysis of factors that determine fluidity is carried out. The technological parameters of casting are determined, which lead to the formation of pores in steel castings. The mechanisms of porosity formation of endogenous and exogenous nature are considered. Siverts law is given, that describes the dependence of gas concentration on pressure. Graphs of changes in the concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen in the pressure range 1 - 4 atm are given for medium alloyed steel, open-hearth steel, cast iron. The mechanism of the influence of temperature and gas pressure on the process of gas evolution in the melt is analyzed. Technological methods for influencing the solubility of gases during the solidification of the casting are described. The microporosity model of Advanced Porosity Module, the Niyama criterion are analyzed. The need for further studies to develop a general model for the formation of shrinkage defects, which will take into account, inter alia, the dependence of the concentration of gases dissolved in the metal on pressure temperature, is noted.

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43

Han, Zhan Guang y Jia Quan Zhang. "An Advanced Dynamic Secondary Cooling Control Model for Bloom Castings". Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (octubre de 2010): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.171.

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For bloom casting, typical quality defects such as midway crack usually occur upon improper cooling control during non-steady casting conditions specially for the production specialty steels,. A key measure to eliminate the defects formation has been presented by the adoption of more sophisticated secondary cooling strategies to balance the surface reheating due to casting speed fluctuation. With the consideration of the complex casting conditions and the characteristics of bloom casters, a dynamic control model for the secondary cooling has been developed in the paper to obtain a reasonable temperature profile and solidification progress for the bloom casting process, which is based on a slice residence time method combined with a multi-level control strategy. The feedback system, based on the difference between the calculated surface temperatures and the predetermined or measured surface temperatures, has been integrated into two-dimensional thermal model. The interlocking protection system between level-1 and level-2 is included in the model together with the data diagnosis and processing. Furthermore, the control model also offers technological interface for the introduction of new steel grades in production and the related modification to the secondary cooling parameters. It is shown from online application that the dynamic control system of secondary cooling for bloom casting is robust during operation and adaptable to any change of real casting conditions. Sound quality bloom castings according to acid etched tests have been obtained from the caster accordingly.

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44

The Ha, Vu, Jaromír Drápala, Silvie Brožová, Michal Madaj, Pavel Machovčák y Petr Jonšta. "Effects of Ce Addition on Solidification Structure of a Low-Carbon 42CrMo4 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 1165 (23 de julio de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.1.

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Effects of Cerium (Ce) addition on solidification structure of a low-carbon 42CrMo4 steel was investigated. The addition of up to 0.067 wt.% of Ce in the steel produced greatly improved solidification structure with a suppressed columnar grain zone, finer grain size in an equiaxed grain zone and zero area fraction of casting shrinkage cavity. The added Ce occurred in the steel both in the form of Ce oxy-sulfide inclusions and as dissolved atomic Ce segregated together with other elements at prior austenite grain boundaries and at interdendritic spacing. The Ce oxy-sulfide inclusions were found to play a major role in the observed improved grain structure meanwhile dissolved Ce had pronounced effects on morphology of dendritic networks. The fraction of Ce dissolved in the melt appeared to bring about increase in fluidity of the molten steel, leading to total elimination of interdendritic shrinkage porosity in solidification structure of the steel with added Ce. Ce addition can be considered as a potential solution for grain structure refinement in heavy-weight castings of 42CrMo4 steel grade.

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45

Balakrishnan, Dhanasekar, Vinu T. George, Tanuka Dutta y Aparna Ichalangod Narayan. "An in vitro Comparative Study to evaluate the Marginal Fit of Castings using Ring and Ringless Casting Techniques with varying Sprue Diameter". World Journal of Dentistry 8, n.º 2 (2017): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1422.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The ultimate success of fixed prosthesis is to pay meticulous attention to the detailed production of the missing tooth structure. Such an accurate replication is technically demanding. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of marginal fit of castings with varying sprue diameter and using ring and ringless techniques. Materials and methods Forty standardized wax copings were fabricated on a stainless steel die and divided into two groups. The first group was cast using the metal ring investment technique; the second group was cast using the ringless investment technique. Both the groups were further divided into two groups, each based on the diameter of the sprue (groups I and III: 4.5 mm and groups II and IV: 2.5 mm). The vertical marginal gap was measured at three sites per specimen, using a digital optical microscope at ×100 magnification. The results were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and independent t-test to determine statistical significance. Results The vertical marginal gaps of castings fabricated using the ringless technique (0.145 ± 0.072 mm) were significantly less (p < 0.001) than those castings fabricated using the conventional metal ring technique (0.264 ± 0.100 mm); however, the vertical marginal gaps of the 2.5 mm sprue diameter (0.199 ± 0.092 mm) and 4.5 mm sprue diameter (0.211 ± 0.118 mm) castings were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was also statistically significant interaction (p < 0.001) between group IIA (0.120 ± 0.038 mm) and group IA (0.302 ± 0.098 mm), which was analyzed using the independent t-test. Conclusion It can be concluded that the ringless casting technique in comparison to metal ring technique produces metal castings of better marginal adaptation. Furthermore, the sprue diameter had significant difference wherein the 4.5 mm diameter produced the least vertical discrepancies in the ringless casting technique and 2.5 mm produced lesser vertical discrepancies in the metal ring. Clinical significance One of the key factors that decides the success of a metal-ceramic restoration is the marginal fit. The accurate fit of the restoration greatly minimizes the plaque accumulation, offers good mechanical properties, and reduces micro-leakage and development of secondary caries. The techniques of casting procedure and sprue diameter can have an influence on the outcome. Hence, the current research was undertaken to study the influence of these factors on marginal fit. How to cite this article Dutta T, George VT, Balakrishnan D, Narayan AI. An in vitro Comparative Study to evaluate the Marginal Fit of Castings using Ring and Ringless Casting Techniques with Varying Sprue Diameter. World J Dent 2017;8(2):109-113.

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46

Pilyushenko, V. L., V. A. Belevitin, Yu V. Pettik, E. S. Klimenko y I. P. Degtyarenko. "The influence of vibration treatment on the structure and properties of iron and steel castings". Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 28, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01148990.

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47

Clark, J. N. "Weld repair of low alloy creep resistant steel castings without preheat and post-weld heat treatment". International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 22, n.º 3 (enero de 1986): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(86)90115-8.

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48

Wróbel, Tomasz. "Characterization of Bimetallic Castings with an Austenitic Working Surface Layer and an Unalloyed Cast Steel Base". Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, n.º 5 (25 de marzo de 2014): 1711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0953-4.

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49

Martyr, Rossini y Constantin Christopoulos. "Applying the Cyclic Void Growth Model to Assess the Ultralow Cycle Fatigue Life of Steel Castings". Journal of Structural Engineering 144, n.º 8 (agosto de 2018): 04018129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002059.

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50

Łucarz, Mariusz, Dariusz Drożyński, Jan Jezierski y Andrzej Kaczmarczyk. "Comparison of the Properties of Alkali-Phenolic Binder in Terms of Selection of Molding Sand for Steel Castings". Materials 12, n.º 22 (10 de noviembre de 2019): 3705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223705.

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This article presents the results of experiments related to the process of replacement of the currently used furfuryl resin molding sand technology with a new alkali-phenolic technology. The new binder is characterized by a set of technological advantages and is considered more ecological compared to the furfuryl resin. However, the molding sand produced on the basis of the alkali-phenolic resin features lower strength compared to the sands containing furfuryl resin. This article presents a comparative study of sands made using various alkali-phenolic binders, aimed at the selection of a resin with strength parameters and other features that are both desirable and useful for new technology applied in a foundry.

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