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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Genetisk genealogi"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 3 de julio de 2021

Última modificación: 29 de julio de 2025

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1

Uyenoyama, Marcy K. "Genealogical Structure Among Alleles Regulating Self-Incompatibility in Natural Populations of Flowering Plants." Genetics 147, no. 3 (1997): 1389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.3.1389.

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A method is proposed for characterizing the structure of genealogies among alleles that regulate self-incompatibility in flowering plants. Expected distributions of ratios of divergence times among alleles, scaled by functions of allele number, were generated by numerical simulation. These distributions appeared relatively insensitive to the particular parameter values assigned in the simulations over a fourfold range in effective population size and a 100-fold range in mutation rate. Generalized least-squares estimates of the scaled indices were obtained from genealogies reconstructed from nu

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2

Schierup, Mikkel H., Anders M. Mikkelsen, and Jotun Hein. "Recombination, Balancing Selection and Phylogenies in MHC and Self-Incompatibility Genes." Genetics 159, no. 4 (2001): 1833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.4.1833.

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AbstractUsing a coalescent model of multiallelic balancing selection with recombination, the genealogical process as a function of recombinational distance from a site under selection is investigated. We find that the shape of the phylogenetic tree is independent of the distance to the site under selection. Only the timescale changes from the value predicted by Takahata's allelic genealogy at the site under selection, converging with increasing recombination to the timescale of the neutral coalescent. However, if nucleotide sequences are simulated over a recombining region containing a site un

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3

Schierup, Mikkel H., Xavier Vekemans, and Freddy B. Christiansen. "Allelic Genealogies in Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility Systems in Plants." Genetics 150, no. 3 (1998): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.3.1187.

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Abstract Expectations for the time scale and structure of allelic genealogies in finite populations are formed under three models of sporophytic self-incompatibility. The models differ in the dominance interactions among the alleles that determine the self-incompatibility phenotype: In the SSIcod model, alleles act codominantly in both pollen and style, in the SSIdom model, alleles form a dominance hierarchy, and in SSIdomcod, alleles are codominant in the style and show a dominance hierarchy in the pollen. Coalescence times of alleles rarely differ more than threefold from those under gametop

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4

EVANS, DONALD. "WHAKAPAPA, GENEALOGY AND GENETICS." Bioethics 26, no. 4 (2010): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01850.x.

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5

Solinas, Pier Giorgio. "Genealogy, kinship, genetics: Maintaining distances?" Anuac 2, no. 2 (2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-99.

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Drawing on examples from Indian ethnography and not only, this paper seeks to identify, ranging from research and representations of geneticists and local images, to systematize the idea of descent on three different levels: the first about the field of relationships between people and groups, families, genealogies; the second about the terms and kinship relations, ie the raw material of visible genealogies; the third about the genetic text and the classes that it generates.

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6

Kuzniatsou, A. E. "Genealogical diagnostics of neoplasms based on artificial intelligence systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series 20, no. 3 (2023): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1814-6023-2023-20-3-236-242.

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The compilation and analysis of the patient’s genealogies is one of the methods of population genetics, which makes it possible to identify a predisposition to a particular oncological pathology. At present, it is relevant to prove the feasibility of developing and introducing into clinical practice a comprehensive method for diagnosing and preventing tumors based on data from genetic counseling, molecular biological research and modern artificial intelligence technologies. An information-analytical system is proposed that allows analyzing the patient’s data obtained during the consultation, w

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7

Martellozzo, Nicola. "Dare forma al sangue. Sistema di parentele tra cavalli nel Palio di Ronciglione." Anuac 12, no. 1 (2023): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-5362.

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I cavalli da corsa sono il risultato di un millenario addomesticamento umano per mezzo del breeding. Queste pratiche di riproduzione selettiva sono basate sulla creazione e la manipolazione di parentele non-umane, inscritte nella storia genetica dei cavalli purosangue e mezzosangue. Risultato di un intenso periodo di campo, sul piano metodologico questa ricerca impiega l'etnografia multispecie e i modelli genealogici per identificare ed esaminare uno di questi sistemi di parentele, legato ai cavalli del Palio di Ronciglione (Italia). Il confronto tra i pattern di parentela di questi cavalli di

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8

Slatkin, Montgomery. "Gene Genealogies Within Mutant Allelic Classes." Genetics 143, no. 1 (1996): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.1.579.

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Abstract A coalescent theory of the gene genealogy within an allelic class that arises by a unique mutational event is developed and analyzed. To interpret this theory it was necessary to expand on existing theory for populations of varying size. Two features of the gene genealogy—the average pairwise distance and the total tree length—within the mutant class and within the nonmutant class are found. An index, I, is proposed that describes the extent to which a genealogy is similar to one from a population of constant size (for which I = 0) or to a star genealogy (for which I = 1). The value o

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9

Neuhauser, Claudia, and Stephen M. Krone. "The Genealogy of Samples in Models With Selection." Genetics 145, no. 2 (1997): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.519.

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We introduce the genealogy of a random sample of genes taken from a large haploid population that evolves according to random reproduction with selection and mutation. Without selection, the genealogy is described by Kingman's well-known coalescent process. In the selective case, the genealogy of the sample is embedded in a graph with a coalescing and branching structure. We describe this graph, called the ancestral selection graph, and point out differences and similarities with Kingman's coalescent. We present simulations for a two-allele model with symmetric mutation in which one of the all

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10

Velasco Martín, Marta. "Women and Partnership Genealogies in Drosophila Population Genetics." Perspectives on Science 28, no. 2 (2020): 277–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00341.

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Drosophila flies began to be used in the study of species evolution during the late 1930s. The geneticists Natasha Sivertzeva-Dobzhansky and Elizabeth Reed pioneered this work in the United States, and María Monclús conducted similar studies in Spain. The research they carried out with their husbands enabled Drosophila population genetics to take off and reveals a genealogy of women geneticists grounded in mutual inspiration. Their work also shows that women were present in population genetics from the beginning, although their contributions have previously remained unacknowledged. The similar

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11

Gomes, Cláudia, Sara Palomo-Díez, Ana María López-Parra, and Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo. "Genealogy: The Tree Where History Meets Genetics." Genealogy 5, no. 4 (2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5040098.

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Although biological relationships are a universal reality for all human beings, the concepts of “family” and “family bond” depend on both the geographic region and the historical moment to which they refer. However, the concept of “family” can be determinant in a large variety of societies, since it can influence the lines of succession, inheritances and social relationships, as well as where and with whom an individual is buried. The relation between a deceased person and other members of a community, other individuals of the same necropolis, or even with those who are buried in the same tomb

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12

Tyler, Katharine. "Ethnographic Approaches to Race, Genetics and Genealogy." Sociology Compass 2, no. 6 (2008): 1860–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00168.x.

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13

Johnston, Josephine, and Mark Thomas. "Summary: The Science of Genealogy by Genetics." Developing World Bioethics 3, no. 2 (2003): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8731.2003.00064.x.

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14

Zhang, Kangyu, and Noah A. Rosenberg. "On the Genealogy of a Duplicated Microsatellite." Genetics 177, no. 4 (2007): 2109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.063131.

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15

Nielsen, Rasmus. "Mutations as Missing Data: Inferences on the Ages and Distributions of Nonsynonymous and Synonymous Mutations." Genetics 159, no. 1 (2001): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.1.401.

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AbstractThis article describes a new Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method applicable to DNA sequence data, which treats mutations in the genealogy as missing data. The method facilitates inferences regarding the age and identity of specific mutations while taking the full complexities of the mutational process in DNA sequences into account. We demonstrate the utility of the method in three applications. First, we demonstrate how the method can be used to make inferences regarding population genetical parameters such as θ (the effective population size times the mutation rate). Second, we sho

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16

Takahata, Naoyuki, and Masatoshi Nei. "GENE GENEALOGY AND VARIANCE OF INTERPOPULATIONAL NUCLEOTIDE DIFFERENCES." Genetics 110, no. 2 (1985): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.2.325.

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ABSTRACT A mathematical theory is developed for computing the probability that m genes sampled from one population (species) and n genes sampled from another are derived from l genes that existed at the time of population splitting. The expected time of divergence between the two most closely related genes sampled from two different populations and the time of divergence (coalescence) of all genes sampled are studied by using this theory. It is shown that the time of divergence between the two most closely related genes can be used as an approximate estimate of the time of population splitting

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17

Achtman, Mark. "Insights from genomic comparisons of genetically monomorphic bacterial pathogens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1590 (2012): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0303.

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Some of the most deadly bacterial diseases, including leprosy, anthrax and plague, are caused by bacterial lineages with extremely low levels of genetic diversity, the so-called ‘genetically monomorphic bacteria’. It has only become possible to analyse the population genetics of such bacteria since the recent advent of high-throughput comparative genomics. The genomes of genetically monomorphic lineages contain very few polymorphic sites, which often reflect unambiguous clonal genealogies. Some genetically monomorphic lineages have evolved in the last decades, e.g. antibiotic-resistant Staphyl

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18

Wakeley, John, and Nicolas Aliacar. "Gene Genealogies in a Metapopulation." Genetics 159, no. 2 (2001): 893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.2.893.

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Abstract A simple genealogical process is found for samples from a metapopulation, which is a population that is subdivided into a large number of demes, each of which is subject to extinction and recolonization and receives migrants from other demes. As in the migration-only models studied previously, the genealogy of any sample includes two phases: a brief sample-size adjustment followed by a coalescent process that dominates the history. This result will hold for metapopulations that are composed of a large number of demes. It is robust to the details of population structure, as long as the

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19

Pfaffelhuber, P., B. Haubold, and A. Wakolbinger. "Approximate Genealogies Under Genetic Hitchhiking." Genetics 174, no. 4 (2006): 1995–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.061887.

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20

Brown, K. "SCIENCE AND COMMERCE: Tangled Roots? Genetics Meets Genealogy." Science 295, no. 5560 (2002): 1634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5560.1634.

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21

Tiffin, Peter, and Brandon S. Gaut. "Sequence Diversity in the Tetraploid Zea perennis and the Closely Related Diploid Z. diploperennis: Insights From Four Nuclear Loci." Genetics 158, no. 1 (2001): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.401.

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Abstract Polyploidy has been an extremely common phenomenon in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Despite this there are few data available to evaluate the effects of polyploidy on genetic diversity and to compare the relative effects of drift and selection in polyploids and related diploids. We investigated DNA sequence diversity at four nuclear loci (adh1, glb1, c1, and waxy) from the tetraploid Zea perennis and the closely related diploid Z. diploperennis. Contrary to expectations, we detected no strong evidence for greater genetic diversity in the tetraploid, or for consistent differ

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22

Nordborg, Magnus, and Hideki Innan. "The Genealogy of Sequences Containing Multiple Sites Subject to Strong Selection in a Subdivided Population." Genetics 163, no. 3 (2003): 1201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1201.

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Abstract A stochastic model for the genealogy of a sample of recombining sequences containing one or more sites subject to selection in a subdivided population is described. Selection is incorporated by dividing the population into allelic classes and then conditioning on the past sizes of these classes. The past allele frequencies at the selected sites are thus treated as parameters rather than as random variables. The purpose of the model is not to investigate the dynamics of selection, but to investigate effects of linkage to the selected sites on the genealogy of the surrounding chromosoma

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23

Barton, N. H., and A. M. Etheridge. "The Effect of Selection on Genealogies." Genetics 166, no. 2 (2004): 1115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/166.2.1115.

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Abstract The coalescent process can describe the effects of selection at linked loci only if selection is so strong that genotype frequencies evolve deterministically. Here, we develop methods proposed by Kaplan, Darden, and Hudson to find the effects of weak selection. We show that the overall effect is given by an extension to Price’s equation: the change in properties such as moments of coalescence times is equal to the covariance between those properties and the fitness of the sample of genes. The distribution of coalescence times differs substantially between allelic classes, even in the

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24

Epperson, Bryan K. "Gene Genealogies in Geographically Structured Populations." Genetics 152, no. 2 (1999): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.2.797.

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Abstract Population genetics theory has dealt only with the spatial or geographic pattern of degrees of relatedness or genetic similarity separately for each point in time. However, a frequent goal of experimental studies is to infer migration patterns that occurred in the past or over extended periods of time. To fully understand how a present geographic pattern of genetic variation reflects one in the past, it is necessary to build genealogy models that directly relate the two. For the first time, space-time probabilities of identity by descent and coalescence probabilities are formulated an

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25

Barton, N. H., and A. M. Etheridge. "The Effect of Selection on Genealogies." Genetics 166, no. 2 (2004): 1115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.166.2.1115.

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26

Speidel, Leo, Lara Cassidy, Robert W. Davies, Garrett Hellenthal, Pontus Skoglund, and Simon R. Myers. "Inferring Population Histories for Ancient Genomes Using Genome-Wide Genealogies." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 9 (2021): 3497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab174.

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Abstract Ancient genomes anchor genealogies in directly observed historical genetic variation and contextualize ancestral lineages with archaeological insights into their geography and cultural associations. However, the majority of ancient genomes are of lower coverage and cannot be directly built into genealogies. Here, we present a fast and scalable method, Colate, the first approach for inferring ancestral relationships through time between low-coverage genomes without requiring phasing or imputation. Our approach leverages sharing patterns of mutations dated using a genealogy to infer coa

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27

Fu, Y. X., and W. H. Li. "Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations." Genetics 133, no. 3 (1993): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.3.693.

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Abstract Mutations in the genealogy of the sequences in a random sample from a population can be classified as external and internal. External mutations are mutations that occurred in the external branches and internal mutations are mutations that occurred in the internal branches of the genealogy. Under the assumption of selective neutrality, the expected number of external mutations is equal to theta = 4Ne mu, where Ne is the effective population size and mu is the rate of mutation per gene per generation. Interestingly, this expectation is independent of the sample size. The number of exter

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28

Drummond, Alexei J., Geoff K. Nicholls, Allen G. Rodrigo, and Wiremu Solomon. "Estimating Mutation Parameters, Population History and Genealogy Simultaneously From Temporally Spaced Sequence Data." Genetics 161, no. 3 (2002): 1307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.3.1307.

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Abstract Molecular sequences obtained at different sampling times from populations of rapidly evolving pathogens and from ancient subfossil and fossil sources are increasingly available with modern sequencing technology. Here, we present a Bayesian statistical inference approach to the joint estimation of mutation rate and population size that incorporates the uncertainty in the genealogy of such temporally spaced sequences by using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) integration. The Kingman coalescent model is used to describe the time structure of the ancestral tree. We recover information abou

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29

Mortimer, Robert K., and John R. Johnston. "GENEALOGY OF PRINCIPAL STRAINS OF THE YEAST GENETIC STOCK CENTER." Genetics 113, no. 1 (1986): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.1.35.

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ABSTRACT We have constructed a genealogy of strain S288C, from which many of the mutant and segregant strains currently used in studies on the genetics and molecular biology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been derived. We have determined that its six progenitor strains were EM93, EM126, NRRL YB-210 and the three baking strains Yeast Foam, FLD and LK. We have estimated that approximately 88% of the gene pool of S288C is contributed by strain EM93. The principal ancestral genotypes were those of segregant strains EM93-1C and EM93-3B, initially distributed by C. C. Lindegren to several laborato

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30

Felsenstein, Joseph. "Estimating effective population size from samples of sequences: inefficiency of pairwise and segregating sites as compared to phylogenetic estimates." Genetical Research 59, no. 2 (1992): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300030354.

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SummaryIt is known that under neutral mutation at a known mutation rate a sample of nucleotide sequences, within which there is assumed to be no recombination, allows estimation of the effective size of an isolated population. This paper investigates the case of very long sequences, where each pair of sequences allows a precise estimate of the divergence time of those two gene copies. The average divergence time of all pairs of copies estimates twice the effective population number and an estimate can also be derived from the number of segregating sites. One can alternatively estimate the gene

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31

Shchur, Vladimir, Vadim Spirin, Dmitry Sirotkin, Evgeni Burovski, Nicola De Maio, and Russell Corbett-Detig. "VGsim: Scalable viral genealogy simulator for global pandemic." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 8 (2022): e1010409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010409.

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Accurate simulation of complex biological processes is an essential component of developing and validating new technologies and inference approaches. As an effort to help contain the COVID-19 pandemic, large numbers of SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been sequenced from most regions in the world. More than 5.5 million viral sequences are publicly available as of November 2021. Many studies estimate viral genealogies from these sequences, as these can provide valuable information about the spread of the pandemic across time and space. Additionally such data are a rich source of information about molecu

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32

Gan, Han L., Adrian Röllin, and Nathan Ross. "Dirichlet approximation of equilibrium distributions in Cannings models with mutation." Advances in Applied Probability 49, no. 3 (2017): 927–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2017.27.

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AbstractConsider a haploid population of fixed finite size with a finite number of allele types and having Cannings exchangeable genealogy with neutral mutation. The stationary distribution of the Markov chain of allele counts in each generation is an important quantity in population genetics but has no tractable description in general. We provide upper bounds on the distributional distance between the Dirichlet distribution and this finite-population stationary distribution for the Wright–Fisher genealogy with general mutation structure and the Cannings exchangeable genealogy with parent inde

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33

Cohen, Bernard L. "Genetics and Molecular Systematics of Brachiopods." Paleontological Society Papers 7 (November 2001): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000899.

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When Charles Darwin wrote that “Our classifications will come to be, as far as they may be so made, genealogies…we have to discover and trace the many diverging lines of descent in our natural genealogies by characters…which have long been inherited” (Darwin, 1859), he presciently laid down aims and objectives of systematics that have become attainable only since the development of genetics and of molecular approaches to systematics. Genetics elucidates the heredity of characters; molecular systematics measures the degrees of relationship between diverging lineages (Griffiths et al., 1993; Pag

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34

McVean, Gilean A. T., and Niall J. Cardin. "Approximating the coalescent with recombination." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1459 (2005): 1387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1673.

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The coalescent with recombination describes the distribution of genealogical histories and resulting patterns of genetic variation in samples of DNA sequences from natural populations. However, using the model as the basis for inference is currently severely restricted by the computational challenge of estimating the likelihood. We discuss why the coalescent with recombination is so challenging to work with and explore whether simpler models, under which inference is more tractable, may prove useful for genealogy-based inference. We introduce a simplification of the coalescent process in which

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35

Glynn, Claire L. "Bridging Disciplines to Form a New One: The Emergence of Forensic Genetic Genealogy." Genes 13, no. 8 (2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081381.

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Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) has fast become a popular tool in criminal investigations since it first emerged in 2018. FGG is a novel investigatory tool that has been applied to hundreds of unresolved cold cases in the United States to generate investigative leads and identify unknown individuals. Consumer DNA testing and the public’s increased curiosity about their own DNA and genetic ancestry, have greatly contributed to the availability of human genetic data. Genetic genealogy has been a field of study/interest for many years as both amateur and professional genetic genealogists use con

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36

Kim, Jaehee, Noah A. Rosenberg, and Julia A. Palacios. "Distance metrics for ranked evolutionary trees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (2020): 28876–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922851117.

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Genealogical tree modeling is essential for estimating evolutionary parameters in population genetics and phylogenetics. Recent mathematical results concerning ranked genealogies without leaf labels unlock opportunities in the analysis of evolutionary trees. In particular, comparisons between ranked genealogies facilitate the study of evolutionary processes of different organisms sampled at multiple time periods. We propose metrics on ranked tree shapes and ranked genealogies for lineages isochronously and heterochronously sampled. Our proposed tree metrics make it possible to conduct statisti

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37

Sano, Akinori, and Hidenori Tachida. "Gene Genealogy and Properties of Test Statistics of Neutrality Under Population Growth." Genetics 169, no. 3 (2004): 1687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.032797.

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38

Kuhner, M. K., J. Yamato, and J. Felsenstein. "Estimating effective population size and mutation rate from sequence data using Metropolis-Hastings sampling." Genetics 140, no. 4 (1995): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/140.4.1421.

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Abstract We present a new way to make a maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter 4N mu (effective population size times mutation rate per site, or theta) based on a population sample of molecular sequences. We use a Metropolis-Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method to sample genealogies in proportion to the product of their likelihood with respect to the data and their prior probability with respect to a coalescent distribution. A specific value of theta must be chosen to generate the coalescent distribution, but the resulting trees can be used to evaluate the likelihood at other values

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39

Nicolaisen, Lauren E., and Michael M. Desai. "Distortions in Genealogies due to Purifying Selection and Recombination." Genetics 195, no. 1 (2013): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.152983.

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40

Slatkin, M. "Linkage disequilibrium in growing and stable populations." Genetics 137, no. 1 (1994): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.1.331.

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Abstract Nonrandom associations between alleles at different loci can be tested for using Fisher's exact test. Extensive simulations show that there is a substantial probability of obtaining significant nonrandom associations between closely or completely linked polymorphic neutral loci in a population of constant size at equilibrium under mutation and genetic drift. In a rapidly growing population, however, there will be little chance of finding significant nonrandom associations even between completely linked loci if the growth has been sufficiently rapid. This result is illustrated by the a

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41

Lynch, John. "Geography, Genealogy and Genetics: Dialectical Substance in Newspaper Coverage of Research on Race and Genetics." Western Journal of Communication 72, no. 3 (2008): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570310802210130.

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42

Takahata, N. "Gene genealogy in three related populations: consistency probability between gene and population trees." Genetics 122, no. 4 (1989): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.4.957.

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Abstract A genealogical relationship among genes at a locus (gene tree) sampled from three related populations was examined with special reference to population relatedness (population tree). A phylogenetically informative event in a gene tree constructed from nucleotide differences consists of interspecific coalescences of genes in each of which two genes sampled from different populations are descended from a common ancestor. The consistency probability between gene and population trees in which they are topologically identical was formulated in terms of interspecific coalescences. It was fo

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43

Hey, J. "The structure of genealogies and the distribution of fixed differences between DNA sequence samples from natural populations." Genetics 128, no. 4 (1991): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/128.4.831.

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Abstract When two samples of DNA sequences are compared, one way in which they may differ is in the presence of fixed differences, which are defined as sites at which all of the sequences in one sample are different from all of the sequences in a second sample. The probability distribution of the number of fixed differences is developed. The theory employs Wright-Fisher genealogies and the infinite sites mutation model. For the case when both samples are drawn randomly from the same population it is found that genealogies permitting fixed differences are very unlikely. Thus the mere presence o

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44

Vekemans, X., and M. Slatkin. "Gene and allelic genealogies at a gametophytic self-incompatibility locus." Genetics 137, no. 4 (1994): 1157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.4.1157.

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Abstract The properties of gene and allelic genealogies at a gametophytic self-incompatibility locus in plants have been investigated analytically and checked against extensive numerical simulations. It is found that, as with overdominant loci, there are two genealogical processes with markedly different time scales. First, functionally distinct allelic lines diverge on an extremely long time scale which is inversely related to the mutation rate to new alleles. These alleles show a genealogical structure which is similar, after an appropriate rescaling of time, to that described by the coalesc

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45

Palacios, Julia A., John Wakeley, and Sohini Ramachandran. "Bayesian Nonparametric Inference of Population Size Changes from Sequential Genealogies." Genetics 201, no. 1 (2015): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.115.177980.

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46

Nicoglou, Antonine. "The evolution of phenotypic plasticity: Genealogy of a debate in genetics." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 50 (April 2015): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.003.

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47

López-Parra, Ana María, María Soledad Mesa, Fernando Castilla, and Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo. "The Origins of the Royal Spanish Surname Castilla: Genetics and Genealogy." Genealogy 7, no. 3 (2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7030052.

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In most Western European societies, surnames pass from generation to generation and in cases where surnames are shared by fathers to children, the Y chromosome passes down from fathers to male offspring in the same way as surnames do. The aim of this study was to ascertain the patrilineal relationship between individuals with the surname “Castilla” and their respective Y-chromosome haplotypes. The toponymic surname “Castilla” is part of the Spanish royal family. Genealogical studies of this surname have allowed the formulation of different hypotheses about its origin, most of which were center

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48

Takahata, N. "Genealogy of neutral genes and spreading of selected mutations in a geographically structured population." Genetics 129, no. 2 (1991): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/129.2.585.

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Abstract In a geographically structured population, the interplay among gene migration, genetic drift and natural selection raises intriguing evolutionary problems, but the rigorous mathematical treatment is often very difficult. Therefore several approximate formulas were developed concerning the coalescence process of neutral genes and the fixation process of selected mutations in an island model, and their accuracy was examined by computer simulation. When migration is limited, the coalescence (or divergence) time for sampled neutral genes can be described by the convolution of exponential

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49

Raquin, Anne-Laure, Frantz Depaulis, Amaury Lambert, Nathalie Galic, Philippe Brabant, and Isabelle Goldringer. "Experimental Estimation of Mutation Rates in a Wheat Population With a Gene Genealogy Approach." Genetics 179, no. 4 (2008): 2195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.071332.

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50

Faerge, I., A. Egeskov-Madsen, and P. Holm. "295 THE SHAPE OF PORCINE NEURAL PROGENITOR CELL CELLULAR GENEALOGIES REVEALED BY TIME-LAPSE IMAGING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab295.

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Porcine neural progenitor cells (pNPC) derived from embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neural and glia lineages, rendering them promising candidates for cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases in a large animal biomedical model. A prerequisite for the successful future therapeutic use of pNPC is a comprehensive characterisation and understanding of the neurogenic process. This is important for learning how to direct cell fates into required proportions of the cell type wanted for the specific brain disease to be treated, and it is crucial for avo

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