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Mayroz, Eyal. "From the genocide convention to the crisis of Darfur". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10465.
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This thesis is concerned with recurring instances of inaction or insufficient action by the United States and the rest of the international community in response to threatened or ongoing situations of ‘genocide’. Its focus is on the factors which have shaped, enabled, or constrained these responses, with specific attention to the domestic policymaking process within the US and to the significance of the ‘genocide’ label. Part I of the thesis investigates imperatives and constraints to international action. Examined first are moral and legal characteristics of the term ‘genocide’ and the normative structures developed to justify and regulate responses to genocidal events, or other types of mass atrocity crimes. Explored next are other recurring factors, mostly constraints to action, which have manifested over the years – internationally or at the state level. Particular attention is given to the relationship between the perceived risks and/or costs of military interventions and the existence or absence of political will for action. In the next two parts of the thesis, the enquiry focuses on the United States as the foremost superpower of the post-Cold War era, and the first and only UNSC Permanent Member (P-5) to have made a political genocide determination on a still ongoing event – the Darfur crisis. Part II examines mutual effects of normative factors and political decision-making in the context of the ‘genocide’ label. This is done by studying primarily the relationship between Presidential discourses and US conduct during past genocides (or alleged genocides), and between professed citizenry support for strong action and alleged cases of ‘society wide silence’ in respond to weak official policies. Moving to the case study of Darfur, Part III considers the supposed alignment between official rhetoric and US policy during 2004, amid the Bush administration’s failure to lead a meaningful international response to the crisis. Examining discursive interactions in the months before and after the September 2004 US ‘genocide’ determination, the thesis looks at how the Administration discussed (framed) issues such as the nature of the crisis; US interests; America’s moral, legal and political obligations to help stop an ongoing ‘genocide’; alternative policy options, and the benefits, costs or risks they portended. After studying the difficulties and the opportunities in the dynamics between moral imperatives, legal norms, and policy responses to genocide and other mass atrocity crimes, the thesis describes in its conclusions how better understanding of these relationships could assist in developing more effective national and international actions to fulfil the promise of ‘never again’.
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Montgomery, Betsy. "Explaining the ineffectiveness of the Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide the leadership of the hegemon /". unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11042007-191946/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. John Duffield, committee chair; Kim Reimann, Charles Hankla, committee members. Electronic text (45 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 6, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45).
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Montgomery, Betsy Lynn. "Explaining the Ineffectiveness of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: The Leadership of the Hegemon". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/17.
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This thesis examines the role of the hegemon in the international response to genocide. The study looks specifically at the role of the United States and the post Cold War cases of genocide to determine how the United States encouraged or discouraged a response to genocide. By using the plausibility probe method, this study finds that the role of the hegemon is an important one that should be studied further to understand the impact of the hegemon on the international response to genocide.
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Bantekas, Ilias. "Principles of individual responsibilty for violations of international humanitarian law after the ICTY". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489897.
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Mattsson, Per-Göran. "Den politiska maktens bruk, missbruk och icke-bruk av historien : En analys av debatten om Sveriges och EU:s erkännande, samt Turkiets förnekande, av folkmordet på armenier, assyrier/syrianer/kaldéer,och pontiska greker 1915-1917". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-3529.
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This essay is about use, misuse and non-use of history in politics. To recognize genocide is a use of history that has been established in politics, but also sparked debate. The position of non-use of history in international policy towards Turkey's denial policy has increasingly been replaced by recognition of genocide as a matter of making up with the story, moral consider, and where fundamental issues of culture, identity, history and morality has become guiding element in the discourse behind European expansion and integration policies. A breakthrough for this change is due to the Cold War's end; since the 1980s it has become possible to realize the humanitarianism which has its roots in the Enlightenment humanism underlying the United Nations, and later the EU conventions on human rights and genocide conventions. A genocide concept has become an important discourse in world politics that puts moral pressure on states to act. Parliamentary recognition of the genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians / Syrians / Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks, is partly redress for the victims and their descendants, but also an opportunity for reconciliation.
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Paul, Angela. "Kritische Analyse und Reformvorschlag zu Art. II Genozidkonvention = Critical Analysis and Proposal for the Revision of Art. II of the Genocide Convention (English Summary) /". Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3070109&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Rothschild, Amanda J. "Out of the Nuremberg Nightmare: the Genocide Convention's Failure and the Efficacy of the Responsibility to Protect". Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2230.
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Thesis advisor: Donald HafnerThesis advisor: Timothy Crawford
This Scholar of the College senior honors thesis moves beyond moral pronouncements and the vague excuse of international "lack of will" for genocide intervention to introduce an inductive typology identifying practical, specific factors responsible for the world's repeated unwillingness to intervene during genocide under the obligations of the 1948 Genocide Convention. Drawing on original, classified documents contained in the UN Office at Geneva, the thesis proposes methods of mitigating the influence of these factors and evaluates the degree to which the Responsibility to Protect, a new humanitarian intervention norm, attenuates or exacerbates the causes of non-intervention. The project was awarded the John McCarthy S.J. Award for the most distinguished Scholar of the College senior thesis in the Social Sciences at Boston College
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science
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Mundorff, Kurt. "Taking 2(E) seriously : forcible child transfers and the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31682.
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The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2(e) declares that the forcible transfer of children from a protected group to another group is an act that amounts to genocide when it is conducted "with intent to destroy" the group, "as such," at least "in part." Although listed co-equally with mass killing and forced sterilizations, and despite what appear to be repeated violations of this provision, forcible child transfers have received little attention. Utilizing various sources of international law, this thesis establishes the prima facie elements that must be satisfied in alleging an Article 2(e) violation. These sources include the emerging international case law on genocide, general legal principles, scholarly opinions, and the Genocide Convention's preparatory materials. The preparatory materials indicate that the Genocide Convention was intended to provide robust protections to specific types of human groups, and that protecting the group's right to retain custody and control over its children was considered central to those protections. Recent opinions from the International Court of Justice, as well as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda also recognize the Genocide Convention's robust group protections. Accordingly, they recognize a group right of existence and protect groups not as mere collections of individuals who happen to share similar traits, but as functional "separate and distinct entities." This implies broad and deep protections for the groups that have been targeted for forcible child transfers as it protects each functional subgroup, even where there is no larger intent to destroy the entire group, and protects against the targeting of a specific segment within a group, such as its leadership or its children. This thesis also considers the mens rea of genocide, finding that mixed intents or beneficent motivations will not excuse an otherwise genocidal act. Both the general principles of law and the existing case law on genocide generally prohibit consideration of the perpetrator's motivation in assessing the criminality of proscribed actions. Finally, the forcible child transfer programs in question have been defended on grounds that they could not amount to genocide because they were actually "cultural genocide," which is said to be excused from the Genocide Convention's prohibitions, or because they were conducted to assimilate the children, and therefore cannot constitute genocide. International courts have ratified the International Law Commission stance that the Genocide Convention does not encompass acts of cultural genocide. However, applying existing law, it appears that these programs were not instances of cultural genocide, but instead amounted to physical or biological genocide, categories of genoicidal destruction that the Genocide Convention certainly prohibits. Similarly, far from excusing these actions, the fact that they were committed in the context of a broader assimilation scheme may actually help prove genocide. This broader assimilative context is similar to the discriminatory treatment and acts of cultural destruction from which courts have inferred the specific intent to commit genocide.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Sinik, Irena. "FN:s förhållningssätt till brott mot mänskligheten : En kvalitativ studie om hur FN handlat i Srebrenica och varför folkmordet inte kunnat förhindras". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79565.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how the UN has acted in preventive measures regarding the genocide in Srebrenica. However, the UN contributions in conflict has not always been successful nor effective regarding the prevention of crimes against humanity. Nonetheless, the conflict in former Yugoslavia and the genocide in Srebrenica constitutes a prime example of when UN failed in its role as upholder of human rights, peace and stability. The intriguing part in the case of Srebrenica was the international presence of UN peacekeepers that were situated in the village when the crimes took place. The substantial core of this study is therefor to determine why the UN failed so massively in protecting civilians in Srebrenica by preventing a genocide. Further, to examine the whys and hows, it is of considerable importance to clarify the structure of relevant UN-organs and conventions that holds authority in interventions. Therefor, the study mainly issues the UN Security Council, the UN Charter and the Genocide Convention regarding the structure and capacity in preventive measures. As for the empirical material covered, it is mainly retrieved from official documents and academic literature. The material presented is thereby analyzed in accordance with the theoretical framework to understand why the UN failed to prevent genocide from occurring in Srebrenica. The study draws the conclusion that the UN lacked extensive assessments regarding needed actions and misjudged the nature of the conflict.
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倫子, 後藤 y Rinko Goto. "1951年「ジェノサイド条約に対する留保勧告的意見」にみるジェノサイド条約の解釈 : 条約当事国意思を軸に". Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13158462/?lang=0, 2021. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13158462/?lang=0.
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本稿は、条約解釈規則を分析軸として、国際司法裁判所によるジェノサイド条約の判断が、条約当事国の意思に従っているのかについて検討する。本稿では、国際司法裁判所の判例の中でも、1951年「ジェノサイド条約の留保」勧告的意見に限定した結果、分析軸となる条約解釈規則も、当該勧告的意見当時の条約解釈規則に限定している。This article examines by means of the rules of treaty interpretation whether the decisions of Genocide Convention by the International Court of Justice follows the intentions of the parties to the Convention. It focuses on Advisory Opinion of Resevations to the Convention on Genocide in Cases of the Court, so the rules are limited to them of those times.
博士(法学)
Doctor of Laws
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Balke, Laura. ""Kultureller Genozid" als potenzieller Straftatbestand". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-236081.
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„We need to defend culture – source of resilience and resistance, of belonging and identity – as a wellspring to rebuild and restore normality in societies in crisis” – mit diesem Aufruf forderte die ehemalige UNESCO-Generaldirektorin Irina Bokova eine Reaktion der internationalen Gemeinschaft auf die Schändungen materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter durch die Terrormiliz IS im Irak und Syrien. So besteht Palmyra – Symbol kultureller Vielfalt und interkulturellen Dialogs – zwar in seinen Grundfesten fort, die Zerstörung von Statuen, Vandalismus an prähistorischen Tempeln und Sprengungen des Triumphbogens lassen Experten jedoch schlussfolgern: „Palmyra remains, but its legacy is forever transformed“. Die Zerstörung materiellen Kulturerbes bildet längst nicht alle Schandtaten der Terrormiliz ab; gleichzeitig trachtet sie nach der Zerstörung der distinkten Kultur ganzer Volksgruppen. In ihren Angriffen auf die Jesiden blieb es nicht bei der Zerstörung heiliger Schreine. Auch immaterielle Ausdrucksformen von Kultur sind Gegenstand systematischer Angriffe. Durch Zerstörung materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter zeichnete der IS verantwortlich für „unprecedented cultural eradication“. Irina Bokova folgerte, „we are witnessing what can be described as ‚cultural cleansing‘ on an unprecedented scale.“
Eine wichtige Rolle in der Bestrebung, die Kulturen der Welt vor solchen Gräueltaten zu schützen, kommt der strafrechtlichen Ahndung letzterer zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund hält der Terminus kultureller Genozid Einzug in die Debatten. Die vorliegende Abhandlung führt zunächst in das Konzept kulturellen Genozids ein und analysiert seinen Status nach geltendem Recht. Daraufhin erfolgt eine Analyse der neueren Völkerrechtspraxis, um festzustellen, inwiefern im Hinblick auf die rechtliche Behandlung des kulturellen Genozids Reformbedarf besteht. Sodann werden Reformmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und bewertet. Am Ende dieses Beitrages soll ein Überblick über den Mehrwert eines potenziellen Straftatbestands kulturellen Genozids und zukünftige Schritte in Reaktion auf die derzeit von Extremisten begangenen Verbrechen an Kultur stehen.
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Paul, Angela [Verfasser]. "Kritische Analyse und Reformvorschlag zu Art. II Genozidkonvention = Critical analysis and proposal for the revision of art. II of the Genocide Convention / Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. Angela Paul". Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988875071/34.
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Casiez-Piolot, Lenaïg. "La responsabilité de prévenir". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0329/document.
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La responsabilité de protéger est une notion que l’on associe souvent à l’ingérence, entendue comme le recours à la force contre la souveraineté d’un État. En réalité, la responsabilité de protéger se divise en trois volets distincts : la responsabilité de prévenir, de réagir et de reconstruire. Si la plupart des études portent sur le volet réactif de la responsabilité de protéger, il s’agit ici d’examiner la notion sous son angle préventif. Construite à partir du rapport de la Commission internationale de l'intervention et de la souveraineté des États et du document final du sommet mondial de 2005, la responsabilité de prévenir propose un modèle de prévention des crimes de masse. Celui-ci repose sur un dispositif spécifique au sein duquel des acteurs sont en charge de la prévention, et agissent selon un mécanisme identifié. Ce modèle formel qu’offre la responsabilité de prévenir permet de l’envisager comme un véritable outil d’un droit international de la prévention. L’examen du bilan de la responsabilité de prévenir met en lumière des réussites patentes ainsi que des succès plus discrets. Plus encore qu’un résultat visible dans les faits, la responsabilité de prévenir est un réel adjuvant au droit existant. Elle offre une voie supplémentaire pour prévenir et vient renforcer l’obligation de prévenir le génocide, telle qu’elle apparaît dans la Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide de 1948The responsibility to protect is a concept that is often associated with intervention, understood as the use of force against the State sovereignty. In reality, the responsibility to protect is divided into three distinct components: the responsibility to prevent, react and rebuild. While most studies focus on the reactive element of the responsibility to protect, this study will focus on the preventing aspect of this concept. Built on the report of the International commission on intervention and state sovereignty and the 2005 World summit outcome, the responsibility to prevent proposes a model for the prevention of mass crimes. This is based on a specific process within which operators are in charge of prevention, and act according to an identified mechanism. This formal model of the responsibility to prevent makes it possible to foresee it as a true tool of an international law of prevention. A review of the assessment of the responsibility to prevent highlights both the apparent successes and also the more discreet achievements. Even more than a visible factual result, the responsibility to prevent is a real addition to the existing law. It provides a complementary approach to prevent and reinforce the obligation to prevent genocide, as it appears in the 1948 Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
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Oliveira, Santos Claudia Susann de [Verfasser]. "Der Bedeutungsgehalt der Wendung ›intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such‹ in Art. 2 der Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. / Claudia Susann de Oliveira Santos". Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1238444415/34.
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Ashour, Iyas. "Does the blockade of Gaza constitute genocide?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4810_1380707000.
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Sitkin, Rachel. "To Destroy a People: Sexual Violence as Genocide during Conflict". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/96.
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Sexuality is one of the most central elements of human existence. Throughout history, attacks on women have been common during armed conflict. Frequently military forces have viewed sexual violence as a spoil of war, a punishment to defeated populations, or as the deviance of rogue soldiers. However, there are conflicts in which sexual violence is used as a weapon. In these conflicts, sexual violence evolves from a facet of conflict to genocide. When a military force’s command utilizes systematic and widespread sexual violence as a weapon of war, in both intent and effect, it fulfills every condition of the Geneva Convention standards of genocide.
Three cases are analyzed within this thesis: Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship, Rwanda during its genocide, and Bosnia during the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. Motivations for each of the conflicts varied. However, the constant in all three conflicts was the intended elimination of a specific group and the implementation of a policy of sexual violence in order to do so.
In order for crimes to be considered genocide they must fulfill one of the following conditions, as stated in Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions, any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: A. Killing members of the group; B. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; C. Deliberately inflicting on the group the conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; D. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; E. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Egregious acts of sexual violence and torture were utilized by all three respective commands in order to murder, incur grievous mental and physical harms, destroy the group’s ability to procreate in the future and impose measures upon the group intended to bring about its end. This work demonstrates that irrespective of the cause of a conflict, when systematic and widespread sexual violence is used as a weapon of war, it is genocide.
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Dakessian, Rodney. "Les effets juridiques des massacres commis contre les Armeniens en 1915 et leurs modes de resolutions judiciaires et extrajudiciaires possibles". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30096/document.
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Ma thèse vise en premier ressort à étudier toutes les questions juridiques concernant la ‘question arménienne’.D’abord, le sujet de l’existence des éléments du crime de génocide en 1915 au niveau du droit international conventionnel a été notre première question à étudier. Ensuite, il était indispensable d’étudier la nature du crime commis envers les Arméniens ottomans en 1915.En plus, est-ce que l’Etat Turc actuel peut-il être responsable d’un crime commis par l’Empire ottoman, selon le principe de la succession d’Etats en droit international, surtout que l’Etat Turc n’était créé qu’en 1923 ? Et en cas de l’existence de cette responsabilité, est-ce que l’Arménie a droit à l’action en responsabilité, surtout qu’au moment de la perpétration du crime, il n’y avait pas un Etat Arménien ? Les victimes étaient des ressortissants de l’Empire ottoman mais d’origine arménienne. Donc il faudra étudier la qualité de l’Arménie pour agir en justice, par des moyens judiciaires ou extrajudiciaires, vis-à-vis surtout du principe de la non-rétroactivité des traités, surtout que dans notre cas, le crime a été perpétré en 1915, alors que la Convention sur le génocide n’a été promulguée qu’en 1948.En fait, notre thèse vise en dernier ressort à rapprocher les deux pays et mettre fin réellement au conflit entre eux, à percevoir ce qui les rassemblent et non ce qui les divisent, et trouver une solution équitable et objective pour les deux pays afin de contribuer à mettre fin à leur litige historique, et cela à travers une étude réaliste, impartiale et basée sur la logique et la nature des choses et des circonstances du fait existantesThe main purpose of my thesis is to study all the legal issues concerning the 'Armenian question'.First, the existence of the elements of the crime of genocide in 1915 at the conventional international law, made our first question to consider. Then, it was necessary to study the nature of the crime committed against the Ottoman Armenians in 1915.In addition, can Turkey be responsible for a crime committed by the Ottoman Empire, according to the principle of succession of States in international law, especially that the Turkish state was created in 1923?And in case of such responsibility, has Armenia the right to maintain a lawsuit against Turkey, especially at the time of the crime, there was no Armenian state?The victims were citizens of the Ottoman Empire but of Armenian descent.Also, the quality of Armenia to take legal action, by judicial or extrajudicial processes, must be studied, regarding especially to the principle of non-retroactivity of treaties, especially that in our case, the crime was committed in 1915, while the Genocide Convention was enacted in 1948.In fact, our thesis aims ultimately to bring the two countries closer and actually try to help reach the end of the conflict between them, perceive what gather them and not what divides them, and find a fair and objective solution for both countries, in order to help put an end to their historic dispute, and that through a realistic and impartial study, based on logic and the nature of things and the circumstances of the existing
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Bounda, Sosthène. "Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge en Afrique centrale à la fin du XXe siècle : cas du Cameroun, du Congo Brazzaville, du Congo Kinshasa et du Gabon de 1960 à 1999". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30053/document.
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Le comité international de la Croix-Rouge en abrégé CICR est une organisation humanitaire fondée en 1863 par le Comité de cinq citoyens suisses: Gustave Moynier, Henri Dunant, Guillaume Dufour, Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir. Crée à la base pour secourir et venir en aide aux victimes de guerre, sur une initiative d'Henri Dunant d'après un souvenir de la Guerre de Solferino, le CICR élargira son champ d'action après la Convention de Genève de 1949. En effet, le CICR est l'ONG la plus représentée dans le monde et c'est à juste titre qu'elle fut Prix-Nobel de la paix en 1901 remis à Henri Dunant, en 1917, 1944, 1963, pour son effort lors des différents conflits, mais aussi le prix Balzan pour l'humanité, la paix et la fraternité entre les peuples en 1996. Elle s'est établie progressivement dans tous les continents après la seconde Guerre Mondiale. Avant cela, elle n'était qu'une ONG essentiellement européenne. En Afrique Centrale, la délégation de la Croix-Rouge Internationale était basée à Yaoundé au Cameroun et comprenait les pays d'Afrique Centrale tels que le Congo, la RD Congo, le Gabon, la Guinée Equatoriale et le Sao-Tomé. Dans ces pays l'oeuvre du CICR varie selon les besoins Humanitaires des uns et des autres. En effet, plus un Etat est en guerre, plus l’intervention du CICR est importante. Cette intervention se fait dans le respect des règles établies lors des différentes Conventions de Genève, de la Haye et bien d’autres encore. De ces différentes conférences est né le Droit international humanitaire qui codifie l’action du CICR sur le terrain, surtout en temps de guerre, mais aussi celles des autres ONG, y compris les entités onusiennes. Le Droit international est le respect des Droits de l’homme et son environnement en période de conflit armé. Ainsi l’action du CICR en Afrique Centrale a été plus importante en République Démocratique du Congo qu’au Gabon qui est resté sans conflits guerriers depuis 1960, date de départ de notre borne chronologique. Les pays qui font l’objet de notre étude ont connu diverses péripéties : la guerre de Bakassi pour le Cameroun, la guerre civile du Congo Brazzaville et la guerre à multiples facettes interminable en République Démocratique du Congo. L’intervention du CICR en temps de paix est souvent confiée aux Sociétés nationales qui doivent former les secouristes, diffuser le Droit international humanitaire, entre autres de leurs activités quotidiennes de supplier les gouvernements dans leurs missions de santé, d’hygiène. Même cette mission du CICR en temps de paix vise la limitation des dégâts en temps de guerreThe International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC abstract is a humanitarian organization founded in 1863 by the Committee of five Swiss citizens: Moynier, Henry Dunant, Guillaume Dufour, Louis Appia, ThéodoreMaunoir. Creates the basis for the relief and assistance to victims of war, an initiative of Henry Dunant from a memory of the War of Solferino, the ICRC will extend its scope after the Geneva Convention of 1949. In Indeed, the ICRC is the NGO most represented in the world and it is appropriate that it was price-Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 awarded to Henri Dunant, in 1917, 1944, 1963 for his effort during the different conflicts, but also the Balzan Prize for humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples in 1996. It was established gradually in all continents after the Second World War. Before that, she was a mostly European NGOs. In Central Africa, the delegation of the International Red Cross is based in Yaounde, Cameroon and includes the Central African countries such as Congo, DR Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome. In these countries the work of the ICRC varies Humanitarian needs of each other. The more a country is at war, most of the ICRC's intervention is important. This procedure is done in accordance with the rules established in the various Geneva Conventions, the Hague and many others. Of these conferences was born on international humanitarian law that codifies the ICRC's work in the field, especially in time of war, but also those of other NGOs, including UN entities. International law is respect for human rights and the environment in times of armed conflict. Thus the ICRC's work in Central Africa was greater in Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, which remained without military conflicts since 1960, starting date of our chronological terminal. The countries that are the subject of our study experienced various vicissitudes: Bakassi war for Cameroon, the civil war in Congo Brazzaville and war multifaceted ending in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The intervention of the ICRC in time of peace is often left to National Societies must train rescuers dissemination of international humanitarian law, including their daily activities to beg governments in their health missions, hygiene. Even the ICRC mission in peacetime is damage limitation in time of war
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Haldorson, Harvey Marcel. "Genocide : a philosophic criticism of genocide as it is defined in the United Nations' Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Thesis, 1992. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/3361/1/MM80944.pdf.
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An attempt to add greater clarity and rigour to the concept of genocide. Criticisms focus on the role of intent in genocide, and also include other clarifications to both Articles II and III of the Genocide Convention.
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Overmier, Kimberly. "The Clinton Administration's Use of Hermeneutic Opportunities in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide During the Bosnia and Rwanda Genocides". 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_theses/108.
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This thesis explores the hermeneutic opportunities in the United Nations’ human rights documents which are used by states, like the United States, to rhetorically circumvent the responsibilities the documents place on U.N. member states. The way these opportunities are strategically used is examined through case studies of the Clinton administration attempts to evade involvement in the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides. News conferences, press briefings and speeches are used to do a rhetorical analysis of Clinton’s strategy in order to determine how that strategy was shaped by the constraints and opportunities of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
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倫子, 後藤 y Rinko Goto. "1951年「ジェノサイド条約に対する留保勧告的意見」にみるジェノサイド条約の解釈 : 条約当事国意思を軸に". Thesis, 2003. http://id.nii.ac.jp/1707/00028143/.
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本稿は、条約解釈規則を分析軸として、国際司法裁判所によるジェノサイド条約の判断が、条約当事国の意思に従っているのかについて検討する。本稿では、国際司法裁判所の判例の中でも、1951年「ジェノサイド条約の留保」勧告的意見に限定した結果、分析軸となる条約解釈規則も、当該勧告的意見当時の条約解釈規則に限定している。This article examines by means of the rules of treaty interpretation whether the decisions of Genocide Convention by the International Court of Justice follows the intentions of the parties to the Convention. It focuses on Advisory Opinion of Resevations to the Convention on Genocide in Cases of the Court, so the rules are limited to them of those times.
博士(法学)
Doctor of Laws
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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ČERMÁKOVÁ, Irena. "Dodržování ženevských úmluv a Dodatkových protokolů v ozbrojených konfliktech od roku 1990". Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-188859.
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The armed conflicts to humanity for centuries. Almost always the reason for armed conflict dominion over certain territories. If we focus on armed conflicts closest to us history, it is clear that these include first and second World War. These two wars have caused thousands of deaths on all sides and great hardship of the civilian population. After World War II it seemed that the end of armed conflicts. Nevertheless, followed by the war in Korea or Vietnam, where once again innocent civilians died. But this is more than fifty years of history. Unfortunately, the armed conflict is still repeated, and since 1990 there were more than a hundred and twenty. Although not a war of such magnitude, which is involved in the entire world, but they have also been responsible for hundreds of deaths. The trend of conflict after the Cold War is undoubtedly the killing of civilians. Unfortunately, the loss ratio for the armed forces and civilians dramatically changed. Particularly in Africa are relatively small losses on fighting units. But civilians are dying by the hundreds of thousands. Reasons for armed conflict after the Cold War are different. In most cases, however, it is the territory and related ethnic cleansing, or wealth, which are eg. in Africa diamonds. The purpose of my thesis was draw attention to the constant threats to fundamental human rights in armed conflicts are totally ignored. The theoretical part describes international humanitarian law, which should be the basis for armed conflict. And describes the basic principles of international humanitarian law and the types of armed conflict under international humanitarian law. The theoretical part also describes some of the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols to the armed conflict since 1990 are the most commonly used and are very serious. Due to the number of armed conflicts since 1990, which was more than 120, is shown in the work of ten selected armed conflicts. In selected conflicts are described various war crimes that were committed against the civilian population. These crimes are similar in countries that are a common culture or mentality. In African countries is the same crimes. The difference is mostly in scale committing these war crimes. The same is true even in the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. In this thesis were consumed interviews with some participants armed conflicts, which greatly helps us to better understand the war crimes that were committed during the armed conflict. Processing and evaluation of the results was done in MS Word and MS Excel.
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Machado, Mariana Seabra. "Formas de comparticipação no Direito Penal Internacional : cumplicidade no crime de genocídio". Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/9684.
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A cumplicidade no crime de Genocídio é um tema que provoca alguma controvérsia no seio da Comunidade Internacional. Saber se cumplicidade no Genocídio é um crime autónomo, ou uma forma de participação na atividade criminal, ou, por último, uma redundância ou sobreposição com a norma geral da ajuda e auxílio, continua a não criar consensos entre a doutrina e a jurisprudência internacionais. Neste sentido, tentar-se-á manifestar as diferentes opiniões e conclusões, a propósito. O tema trazido a discussão permitirá dissertar acerca de uma das questões mais importantes no direito penal internacional e que ainda continua sem resposta definitivaComplicity in Genocide is an issue which raises some controversy within the International Community. To know whether complicity in Genocide is a separate crime, or a way of participation in criminal activity, or at last redundancy or overlap with the broad (general) standard of aiding and abetting, still continues not to reach consensus between the commentators and the international jurisprudence. In this sense, I will try to express the different opinions and conclusions, related to this subject. The topic brought to discussion will allow to dissert about one of the most important questions concerning international criminal law and which still remains without a definitive answer