Tesis sobre el tema "Geologia histórica"
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Leite, Fátima Praxedes Rabelo. "Palinogia da formação Solimões, neógeno da Bacia do Solimões, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil : implicações paleoambientais e bioestratigráficas". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2475.
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O arco de Iquitos influenciou a paisagem da região noroeste da América do Sul desde o Mioceno tardio. Reflexos da sua dinâmica de soerguimento, antes vistos apenas em afloramentos, podem também ser observados em sub-superfície. O estudo de palinologia, mineralogia e geoquímica de isótopos de uma seção da Formação Solimões possibilitou a sua correlação com as formações Pebas e Nauta da região de Iquitos. Essa correlação possibilita a aplicação direta de um arcabouço palinostratigráfico nos sedimentos. O intervalo 401 – 300 m do poço 1 AS 33 AM (Mioceno inferior / médio), depositado em ambiente principalmente de água doce com alguma influência marinha, corresponde à Formação Pebas. O intervalo seguinte 300 – 185 m (Mioceno superior / Plioceno) corresponde à camada superior da Formação Pebas, designada na literatura como ‘Uppermost Pebas’. Na seção estudada esta camada recobre discordantemente a Formação Pebas, assim como em algumas localidades no Peru. É sugerido aqui um diacronismo para essa unidade uma vez que a idade atribuída a ela é mais jovem que a descrita na literatura. A porção inferior desse intervalo (299,05 – 238,33 m) está na zona de intervalo Asteraceae e a porção superior (238,33 – 185,00m) está na subzona de intervalo Psilatricolporites caribbiensis. Não foi observada nenhuma discordância entre as duas biozonas. O último intervalo de ca. 185 m até a superfície é formado por depósitos típicos de sistema fluvial e é correlacionado aqui com a Formação Nauta. É considerado Plioceno por corresponder à parte superior da subzona de intervalo Psilatricolporites caribbiensis, idade mais jovem que a proposta anteriormente. Os resultados sistemáticos de palinologia consistem em 95 tipos identificados sempre que possível em nível específico. A maioria deles são grãos de pólen de angiospermas com 85 espécies. Apenas uma espécie de gimnosperma foi encontrada e sempre em quantidades reduzidas. De esporos, apesar muito abundantes, somente oito espécies foram identificadas. Oito novas espécies são propostas e formalmente descritas: Fenestrites garciae, Inaperturopollenites microechinatus, Inaperturopollenites elizabetei, Inaperturopollenites solimoensis, Polyadopollenites marileae, Psilaperiporites elizabetei, Psilatricolporites hoornii, Retitricolporites toigoi. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Iquitos arch influenced significantly the landscape since its uplift in the late Miocene and it is possible to verify the forebulge dynamics, originally observed in outcrops, in the sub-surface sediments. The palynology, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of a Miocene / Pliocene cored section in Brazil made possible the correlation of the Solimões Formation with the Pebas and Nauta formations near the Iquitos arch in Peru, now with the advantage of a biostratigraphic framework that enable a direct dating for the sediments. The interval between 401 m and 300 m (middle / upper Miocene), deposited under a mainly fresh water environment with some marine influence, corresponds to the Pebas Formation. The following interval between 300 m and 185 m (upper Miocene / Pliocene) corresponds to the ‘Uppermost Pebas’ Formation. The Uppermost Pebas Formation unconformably overlies the Pebas Formation in this section as well as in some areas in Peru. It is suggested here that the top of the Pebas Formation in Brazil is younger than in Peruvian Amazonia, and thus diachronic. The lower part of the interval (299,05 – 238,33 m) is in the Asteraceae Interval Zone and the upper part (238,33 – 185,00) is in the Psilatricolporites caribbiensis Interval Subzone. It was not observed any evidence of discontinuity between both biozones. The last interval from ca. 185,00 m to the surface is a typical fluvial system deposit and is correlated here to the Nauta Formation. It is considered Pliocene, corresponding to the upper part of the Psilatricolporites caribbiensis Interval Subzone, a younger age than the originally proposed to it. The palynological systematic results consist of 95 palynomorphs identified whenever possible up to species level. Most of them were pollen grains of angiosperms with 85 types classified. Only one species of gymnosperm was present and always in small quantity. The spores were very abundant although only eight types were identified. Eight new species are proposed and formally described: Fenestrites garciae, Inaperturopollenites microechinatus, Inaperturopollenites elizabetei, Inaperturopollenites solimoensis, Polyadopollenites marileae, Psilaperiporites elizabetei, Psilatricolporites hoornii, Retitricolporites toigoi.
Sales, Alexandre Magno Feitosa. "Estudo Morfotectônico do Setor Setentrional do Alinhamento do Rio Moji-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-03072015-093441/.
Texto completoThe Northern portion of the Moji-Guaçu Alignment (São Paulo State) is an important morphologic feature whose geological origin remains uncertain. Morphotectonic studies along this section of the alignment have revealed several continuous and other less-consistent features showing different orientations. These structures are expressed mainly by the current organization of the drainage net. In order to carry these morphotectonic studies out several tools were employed (base surfaces maps, drainage alignments maps, and photolineaments maps), wich have led to the division of the area in domains defined by the main directions of the structures and confirmed by the analysis of ruptile structures (joints). The first and main morphotectonic domain is characterised by structures oriented roughly NW-NNW which reflect the direction of the lineament along the Moji-Guaçu and Pardo rivers. The second domain is related to the E-W- and close-oriented structure along the Rio Grande valley and other regions. The third morphotectonic domain includes widespread small-scale NE-oriented structures wich probably represent closely-spaced fractures and joints. The analysis of the whole set of structures has indicated a left-lateral transcurrent regime associated to a NNW binary. According to this model the NNW-NW, NNW-NNE, NW-SE, WNW to E-W and NE structures would correspond to the R, P, T, R\' and X fractures, respectively. Transtractive displacements along the lineament would have promoted stepped-faulting and thickening of the alluvial deposits in the Moji-Guaçu and Pardo rivers. The features known as Cabo Frio Magmatic Alignment and Rio Moji Guaçu Alignment are the main regional features. In the site where they intercept each other occurs alkaline rocks (Bauru Basin, region of Jaboticabal, Taiúva, Piranji, Aparecida do Monte Alto and Guariba (SP). These Cretaceous and Neocretaceous alkaline magmatic manifestations argue for the existence of a significant tectonic activity along both Cabo Frio Magmatic Alignment and Rio Moji-Guaçu Alignment. On the basis of this research one can conclude that the Northern portion of the Rio Moji-Guaçu Lineament ( term proposed in this work) marks out the Eastern boundary of the Bauru Basin and controls the alkaline magmatism foci, being responsible for the occurrence of rocks associated to seismic activities of the the Adamantina Formation. It also acts as a left-lateral strike-slip shear zone whose related structures are compatible with the Riedel model.
Rohn, Rosemarie. "Evolução ambiental da Bacia do Paraná durante o Neopermiano no leste de Santa Catarina e do Paraná". Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-22062015-145002/.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with litho-, crono- and bioestratigraphiy of the Passa Dois Group, particularly of the Teresina and Rio do Rasto Formations (Serrinha and Morro Pelado Members) in order to interpret the environmental/sedimentary history of the Paraná Basin during the Neopermian. The results are supported by paleontological and lithofaciological data, including the description of 32 lithofacies, collected along 16 roads in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, as well as by analyses of drill-cores and geophysical logs of boreholes situated in the eastern part of the basin. The spacial distribution of 13 species of bivalves of the Teresina Formation (46 assemblages; 8 taphofacies) and 17 species of the Rio do Rasto Formation (125 assemblages; 7 taphofacies) supports the redefinition of the Pinzonella neotropica, Leinzia simillis and Palaeomutela? zones, and of the Nothoterraia acarinata-Relogiicola delicata Subzone. ln the studied area, there are also representatives of the Barbosaia angulata-Anhembia froesi and Pinzonella illusa zones, originally established for deposits of the Serra Alta and Corumbataí Formations in the State of São Paulo, yet its sparse occurrence does not allow formal amplification of the geographic area of these zones. Plant megafossils are registered in 14 outcrops of the Teresina Formation and in 133 outcrops of the Rio do Rasto Formation (for a total of 8 taphofacies). The Lycopodiopsis derbyi, Sphenophyllum paranaense and Schizoneura gondwanensis zones are here revised. Between the first two zones there exists a poorly represented, informal floristic \"interval\", which must reflect environmental changes that occurred in the transition between the Teresina and Rio do Rasto formations. Sphenophyllum is certainly a Permian genus. The S. paranaense zone is the most diversified (abundant glossopterids, ferns, sphenopsids, among others). The S. gondwanensis zone already shows a relative decline in díversity, probably because of drier climatic conditions, with survival of practically only the sphenopsids and other plants that occupied the margins of aqueous environments. ln general, the studied taphofloras are poorer than other coeval Gondwana examples, suggesting drier conditions for the Paraná Basin region. Thirteen species of conchostracans are known in the Rio do Rasto Formation, and through new investigations, the number of occurrences has increased to 136 (192 assemblages; 9 taphofacies). The conchostracans comprise evidence of low salinity of water and support the interpretation of relatively dry climatic conditions. The Cyzicus sp., Monoleaia unicostata, Paranaleaia supine zones (including the Palaeolimnadiopsis subalata Subzone) and a \"final interval\" are redefined. Representatives of the Leaiidae Family, found until almost the top of the formation, constitute strong evidence for a Permian age. The deposits of the Serra Alta, Teresina and Rio do Rasto Formations were correlated and subdivided into 11 chronostratigraphic intervals. After deposition of the lrati Formation (basal unit of the Passa Dois Group), great transgressionsregressions started again in the Paraná Basin, possibly controlled by global tectonics and by variations in rainfall. The deposits document predominantly the regressive phases. Close to the paleo-margin of the basin (Santo Antônio da Platina region), the sedimentary record is more incomplete and there is a greater abundance of calcite bearing rocks. Even so, the epicontinental, very shallow character of the basin resulted in the preservation of very similar facies from the margin to the center, masking the great unconformities which probably exist throughout the succession. The Serra Alta Formation represents the first great transgressive-regressive cycle. The lower part of the Teresina Formation, equivalent to the P.illusa Zone of the Corumbataí Formation in the State of São Paulo, corresponds to the end of this regression. During this time, there may have been some aquatic communication with the Karoo Basin, but not with a true marine environment. The rare fossils of \"marine\" affinities must be descendants of much older eurytopic marine organisms, such as some invertebrates today in the Casplan Sea. There probably were phases of great aridity during the deposition of the Teresina Formation leading to the deposition of carbonates at the margins of the \"sea-lake\"; these carbonates commonly were reworked and transported to more central areas of the basin by storm-induced currents. The broad geographical distribution of Pinzonella neotropica indicates that new rises in water level caused inundation of great areas of the margin of the basin (for example, as far as the extreme northeast of the São Paulo State and Paraguay). The last transgressive-regressive cycle recognized for the Teresina Formation must have been controlled by a marked increase in rainfall. The extinction of bivalves of the P.neotropica zone, was probably caused by decreasing salinities. The Serrinha Member records a shallow lake environment, with a great input of river-mouth sand and frequent reworking of the deposits by storm waves. The new expansion of the sedimentary limits of the basin, the decreasing salinity of the water, the lack of carbonates, the modifications of the fauna and the greater diversity of the flora attest to more humid climatic conditions during deposition of this formation. ln spite of the greater rainfall, drops in great lake level must have occurred, as indicated mainly by new changes in the bivalve faunas and by the first occurrences of eolian and fluvial facies. The Morro Pelado Member is characterized by evidences of progressive desertification. Cyclic upward-thickening and -coarsening successions are common (10-3O m thick) which must represent progradation of mouth bars after small rises in water level (related to short intervals of slightly more humid climate); at the top of the cyclic successions, are observed fluvial and/or eolian deposits and erosion surfaces. Some intraformational unconformities in the upper portions of the formation, especially in the Cândido de Abreu region, indicate major lowering of the relative base level, possibly caused by tectonic instability. The Piramboia Formation must represent the climax of aridization, and its deposition may have begun in the northern part of the basin while the Rio do Rasto Formation was still accumulating in the more central portions. Much of the paleontological data collected, together with other information concerning Gondwana, suggest that the Teresina Formation is probably of Kazanian age, and the Rio do Rasto Formation, where exposed, is of Tatarian age.
Almeida, Cláudio Magalhães de. "Taxonomia, distribuição estratigráfica e paleoecologia de ostracodes do Cretáceo Superior, Coniaciano, ao Mioceno da Bacia de Santos, Margem Continental Sul do Brasil". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2011. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/9160.
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A bacia de Santos está localizada na margem continental sul do Brasil. Cento e vinte duas amostras foram recuperadas em três perfurações da bacia de Santos, duas na plataforma, 1-SPS-5A e 1-SPS-9, e uma no talude, 1-SCS-9A. Baseando-se nas datações relativas de microfósseis, as porções inferiores das perfurações 1-SPS-5A, 1-SCS-9A e 1-SPS-9 são atribuídas ao Coniaciano, Cretáceo Superior. A porção superior da perfuração 1-SPS-9 extende-se do Eoceno inferior ao Recente, enquanto que para as outras duas perfurações as ocorrências de ostracodes alcançam apenas o Cretáceo Superior. Neste trabalho 27 espécies de ostracodes marinhas e límnicas são identificadas. Vinte e uma são marinhas: Protocosta struevae Bertels, 1969, Argilloecia tenuis Ciampo, 1981, Cythereis rionegrensis Bertels, 1975, Soudanella sp. 1, Soudanella sp. 2, Soudanella sp. 3, Soudanella sp. 4, Majungaella sp. 1, Majungaella sp. 2, Protocosta sp., Buntonia sp., Parakrithe sp. 1, Brachycythere sp. ?Parakrithe sp. 2, Neonesidea sp. 1, Neonesidea sp. 2, Neonesidea sp. 3, Neonesidea sp. 4, Cytherella sp., Rostrocytheridae sp. 1, ?Rostrocytheridea sp. 2. Seis são límnicas: Dolerocypris kinkoensis Grekoff, 1960, Allenocytheridea lobulata Ballent, 1980, Candona sp., ?Cetacella sp., ?Fabanella sp.,?Vernoniella sp. Oito estão em aberto: Gen. 1 sp., Gen. 2 sp., Gen. 3. sp., Gen. 4 sp., Gen. 5 sp., Gen. 6 sp., Gen. 7 sp., Gen 8 sp. As ocorrências de Dolerocypris kinkoensis são restritas ao Maastrichtiano inferior corroborando datações previamente estabelecidas. Com base na amplitude superior de Allenocytheridea lobulata, fóssil-guia do Maastrichtiano inferior, foi possível alterar a datação previamente atribuída ao Campaniano inferior. A ocorrência autóctone de Cythereis rionegrensis data como Neomaastrichtiano, alterando as datações prévias atribuídas ao Maastrichtiano inferior. As ocorrências de Protocosta struveae aqui reportadas para a bacia de Santos são restritas ao Maastrichtiano superior, indicando, portanto uma origem mais antiga esta espécie, até então era considerada fóssil-guia do Daniano. Similarmente, a ocorrência autóctone de Argilloecia tenuis no Mioceno inferior indica uma origem mais antiga para esta espécie usualmente considerada como restrita ao Mioceno médio. As ocorrências de espécies de ostracodes marinhas e límnicas, bem como de oogônios de algas carófitas, permitem uma interpretação da evolução paleoambiental da bacia de Santos no intervalo cronoestratigráfico estudado. As ocorrências das espécies de ostracodes aqui apresentadas ampliam o potencial de correlações entre estratos do Atlântico Sul para o intervalo Ks-Pg. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Santos basin is located the continental southern margin of Brazil. One hundred twenty two cutting samples recovered from three wells in Santos basin, two located in the shelf, 1- SPS-5A and 1-SPS-9, and one in slope, 1-SCS-9A. Relative dating based on microfossils, the lower portions of the wells 1-SPS-5A, 1-SCS-9A and 1-SPS-9 are attributed to the Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous. The upper portion of the well 1-SPS-9 range from the Lower Eocene to the Recent while, for the other two wells, the occurrences of ostracods reach only Upper Cretaceous. In the present work 27 marine and limnic species of ostracods were identified. Twenty one species are marine: Protocosta struevae Bertels, 1969, Argilloecia tenuis Ciampo, 1981, Cythereis rionegrensis Bertels, 1975, Soudanella sp. 1, Soudanella sp. 2, Soudanella sp. 3, Soudanella sp. 4, Majungaella sp. 1, Majungaella sp. 2, Protocosta sp., Buntonia sp., Brachycythere sp. Parakrithe sp. 1, ?Parakrithe sp. 2, Neonesidea sp. 1, Neonesidea sp. 2, Neonesidea sp. 3, Neonesidea sp. 4, Cytherella sp., Rostrocytheridae sp. 1, ?Rostrocytheridea sp. 2. Six species are limnic: Dolerocypris kinkoensis Grekoff, 1960, Allenocytheridea lobulata Ballent, 1980, Candona sp., ?Cetacella sp., ?Fabanella sp.,?Vernoniella sp. Eight are in open nomenclature: Gen. 1 sp., Gen. 2 sp., Gen. 3. sp., Gen. 4 sp., Gen. 5 sp., Gen. 6 sp., Gen. 7 sp., Gen 8 sp. The occurrences of Dolerocypris kinkoensis are restrict to lower Maastrichtian and corroborate previous dating. Based in the uppermost occurrences of Allenocytheridea lobulata, fossil-index of lower Maastrichtian, it was possible to approach the dating previously attributed to lower Campanian. The authochtonous occurrence of Cythereis rionegrensis is dating as late Maastrichtian, changing previous dating attributed to lower Maastrichtian. Occurrences of Protocosta struveae herein reported for Santos basin are restricted to late Maastrichtian, therefore indicating an ealier origin for this species, before considered as fossil-index of Danian. Similarly, the authochtonous ocurrence of Argilloecia tenuis in the lower Miocene seems also to indicate an earlier origin for this species usually considered middle Miocene. The above listed occurrences of marine and limnic ostracodes species, as well as charophyte oogonia, allowed an interpretation of the paleoenviromental evolution of Santos basin of the studied stratigraphic interval. The ostracode occurrences presented herein increase the potencial for correlations between strata of South Atlantic for the interval Ks-Pg.
PITARELLO, Michele Zorzetti. "Petrografia e geoquímica das formações ferríferas bandadas do complexo arqueano granjeiro (2,54 Ga), NE do Brasil: implicações tectônicas e paleoambientais". reponame:Repositório Institucional da CPRM, 2015. http://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/xmlui/handle/doc/14852.
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Pelosi, Ana Paula de Meireles Reis. "Evolução paleogeográfica das Formações Maricá e Crespos (Neoproterozóico III) na Porção Norte da Sub-Bacia Camaquã Ocidental, Caçapava do Sul, RS". Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-12082015-144611/.
Texto completoThe main purpose of this work was the study of the paleogeographical evolution of the Maricá and Crespos formations (Neoproterozoic III) in the west portion of the Caçapava do Sul municipality, RS. For that, field works were all carried out with emphasis on mapping at 1:50.000 scale, stratigraphic sections, faciological, depositional systems and sequence analysis, and provenance and paleocurrent measurements. The studied units were the lower and intermediate portion of the Camaquã Group, characterized by thick infiling of sedimentary (Maricá Formation) and volcanogenic (Crepos Formation) rocks. The Camaquã Basin comprises tree sub-basins separated by the Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas basement highlands, and is located at south-central portion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is filled by thick sedimentary and volcanogenic successions of the Camaquã Group. This group originated during the end of Neoproterozoic III and the beginning of Cambrian and is composed of tree units: Maricá Formation, Crespos Formation and Santa Bárbara Formation. The Maricá Formation is composed by five lithostratigraphic units, which are divided by erosional and flooding surfaces, as follows, from bottom to the top: (1) Lower Sandstones and Conglomerates constituted by braided fluvial plain systems showing mean vector of paleocurrent to the north (2) Lower Sandstones and Rhythmites formed by a thick turbidite and tempestite succession originated in wave- and storm-dominated marine shelf, (3) Lapilli-Tufites represented by a single volcaniclastic layer registering the pyroclastic volcanism activity in the Maricá Formation, (4) Upper Sandstones and Conglomerates formed by braided fluvial plain systems showing mean vector of paleocurrent to the northeast, and subordinately, to the east, and (5) Upper Sandstones and Rhythmites composed of deltaic sandstones and laminites. In terms of sequence stratigraphy, the units described above represent the development of two sequences, Maricá Sequence 1 and Maricá Sequence 2, separated by an erosional surface that occurs at the base of Unit 4 (upper Sandstones and Conglomerates). Provenance analysis of the Maricá Formation have indicated that the source areas were multiple, composed mainly by rocks such as granites, rhyolites, and minor metamorphic rocks. The identification of a pyroclastic layer (Unit 3) - the unique volcaniclastic unit of the Maricá Formation in the studied area -, as well as the contribution of volcanic sources, suggest the early presence of an active volcanism in the Camaquã Basin during the sedimentation of the Maricá Formation. The Crespos Formation encompasses four lithostratigraphic units, as follows: Unit 6 - Epiclastic Conglomerates and Sandstones, formed by conglomerates, lithic sandstones and epiclastic rhythmites of alluvial and fan delta systems, representing the development of a third succession into the Camaquã Group (Crespos Succession 1), which is separated at the base by an erosional surface and at the top by acid flows, Unit 7 - Volcanic Rhyolites comprising acid viscose lava flows, associated to highly explosive subaerial volcanism, Unit 8 - Intrusive Rhyolites are composicionally similar to the Volcanic Rhyolites and occur over all the studied region, and its evolution is possibly related to the same magmatism event, Unit 8 - Volcanic and Intrusive Andesites, corresponding to the magmatism of the top of the Crespos Formation in the region, overlie all of the units described above and are composicionally basic to intermediate. All of this volcanogenic units are overlain by erosional unconformity by the post-volcanic sedimentary deposits of the Santa Bárbara Formation. The great thickness of the sequences of the Maricá and Crespos formations, the facies associations, provenance and paleocurrent data, and the occurrence of a syn-sedimentary volcanism, all of these observations suggest high subsidence rates and that all of units were deposited within an unstable tectonically basin. This basin probably was an elongated rift structured in the N-NE direction with an open sea to the north. The obtained data indicate that the Camaquã Basin had its evolution related to an extensional stress regime, possibly anorogenic, associated to alkaline magmatism, but these events only develop after the end of the Brasiliano Orogeny.
Ponçano, Waldir Lopes. "Sedimentação atual aplicada a portos no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 1985. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44131/tde-08092015-110055/.
Texto completoThis work presentes sedimentological investigations necessary to port assessment and planning, as referred to a framework of quaternary geological events. Among these the most important are believed to be the valley-cutting which took place during the wurm epoch and subsequent sea-level changes. Investigations were carried out on the vicinities of Guarás Island (PA), on Tainheiros (BA), Aratu (BA) and Sepetiba (RJ) Bays and on Potengi (RN), Santos (SP) and Itajaí-Açu (SC) estuaries. Studies undertaken in the Guarás Island region were essentially cartographic, based on analyses of bathymetric charts and aerial photographs. Results have shown migration of channels, al though their depths have been maintained throughout the investigated span of time. The inferred displacements of the channels agree with features of accretion observed in emergent surfaces. In Tainheiros, Aratu and Sepetiba Bays, cartographic and remote-sensing observations were a first step, to be complemented by systematic sampling and analysis of bottom sediments. In these cases the regional pattern of sediment and water circulation, mostly governed by paleo-valleys distribution, proved to be an important factor in determining erosion/accretion sites. In the studied estuaries stress has been put in the characterization of both and suspended sediments, as well as in water salinity, as guidelines to establish the types of estuarine circulation. This approach was developed in more detail for Santos and Itajaí-Açu estuaries. Fluvial influence grows increasingly from Potengi to Santos to Itajaí-Açu estuaires; there are no definite data to classify the first one of them, although its situation suggests a vertically mixed type. For the Porto Channel of the Santos estuary a two-layer flow with vertical mixing type was determined, whilst the São Vicente channel is vertically homogeneous, both under summer conditions of maximum fluvial discharge. Under conditions of minimum fluvial discharge the Itajaí-Açu estuary displays a salt-wedge pattern during high water, and a two-layer flow with vertical mixing pattern during the low water, both for spring tide. Time-dependent changes in granulometric characteristics of bottom sediment were investigated for Santos Bay and Itajaí-Açu estuary, this latter case including a catastrophic flooding. Some methodological review has been made, including remarks on the possibilities of dynamic interpretation of graim-size statistitcal parameters. Data from 588 samples are higly suggestive that square-deviation, skewness and kurtosis depend on the considered mean size of the sediment.
Donatti, Leandro Menezes. "Faciologia, proveniência e Paleogeografia das Formações Pirambóia e Botucatu no estado do Paraná". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-30092015-110432/.
Texto completoThe sandstones of the succession Pirambóia - Botucatu - Serra Geral (Paleozoic-Mesozoic Paraná Basin, Southeastern Brazil), in the Paraná State, was subdivided into four facies associations. From the base for the top, these associations correspond to: A) Sand sheets on tidal plain, B) Coastal dunefields with flooded interdunes, C) Alluvial plain with braided rivers and small eolian dunes, and D) Dry dunefields. The first three associations record a wet eolian depositional system (that is, a system whose freatic level was close to the surface), the Pirambóia system. The high freatic level in this system can be attributed to the proximity of the paleocost. The fourth facies association, of dry dunefields, is put abruptly upon to the Pirambóia fluvio-eolian deposits. It corresponds to the Botucatu dry eolian depositional system. The contrast between the Pirambóia (wet) and Botucatu (dry) eolian systems is an important criterion to define the regional unconformity that separates the sandstones of these two systems. The dry system would have been interrupted by a surface of bacinal extensional, associated with the manifestation of the Serra Geral volcanism. The grain-size results confirm the coarse to conglomeratic sandstone facies (ACg) as the main feature of the superior half of the Pirambóia system. The petrographic, SEM/EDS and heavy minerals results characterize the tendence for greater chemical maturity and cementation degree of the Botucatu sandstones. The abundance of smectite cement in the sandstones of the two systems is an indication of eodiagenesis with scarcy circulating water. Iron oxides, present mainly in the Botucatu sandstones, can be related to cementation in the vadose zone, therefore in conditions of low freatic level. The poligorskite presence in subaqueous facies of the top of the Pirambóia sandstones indicates that evaporitic conditions were already present in the end of wet eolian system. The tectonic conditions would not have stayed constant, losing, in the installation of the system Botucatu, the activity degree demonstrated in the ending of the Pirambóia system. The geographical distribution of the facies and of the modal dip directions of eolian cross-beddings allow to interpret the existence of two eolian influxes in the Pirambóia system, a continental influx, from North, and a coastal one, from South. The convergence of these paleowind directions could be associated with the existence of a high area along the Guapiara alignment. The Botucatu system would have been dominated by influ7x towards SW and SE, with increasing dispersion to the top.
Artur, Antonio Carlos. "Evolução policíclica da infra-estrutura da porção sul do Estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes do Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 1988. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44135/tde-19062015-145055/.
Texto completoThis research is a result of the geological study of an area that comprises about 40.000km², and lies at southern region of Minas Gerais state and adjoining regions of São Paulo state. This study had as the main goal, to draft an global crustal geological evolution to the infra-structure terrains of the region. Thus geological mapping were fulfilled and geological, lithological and structural data compilation were considered, and complementaryly petrographic, geochronologic and zircon typology studies were added. The infra-structure Precambrian terrains of the focused area may be grouped into Archean Barbacena and Guaxupé Complexes: transamazonic Amparo Complex; and the brazilian Pinhal and Campos Gerais Complexes. The supracrustal sequences may be ascribed to the brasilian Eleuterio and Pouso Alegre Formations and Bambui Group, and transamazonic Canastra of São João del Rei Groups and finally the Andrelandia/Itapira/Carrancas Complexes. The infra-structure terrains present policiclic and poliphasic geological evolution, that embrace the tectonic metamorphic events occurred in the Archean, in the Lower Proterozoic and Upper Proterozoic, characterized by vertical accretion and crustal reworking. In the Archean the crust was generated dominantly by vertical accretion, which was transformed, by crustal reworking into granulites, orthogneisses and migmatites. The Guaxupé Complex is composed by granulites and the Barbacena Complex has as the main constituents the orthogneisses and migmatites. The geochronological data relative to orthogneisses and migmatites range between 3,4 and 2,4 b.y. and are particularyly grouped at the intervals from 3,0-2,9; 2,8-2,7; and 2,5-2,4 b.y.. In the Lower Proterozoic the Archean lithologies were, in great amount, modified by vertical accretion and anatectics and deformational processes, making up the Amparo Complex. In the first group of transformation one may include the ubiquitous granitic emplacements specially the São Gonçalo do Sapucai, Cristalia and Porto dos Mendes granitic bodies. The crustal reworkings embrace at least two phases of migmatization of the Archean lithologies, together with new phases of deformations and transpositions. The geochronological data display two main periods of migmatization and magmatic intrusions, situated in the intervals between 2,2 and 2,1 b.y. and between 1,9 and 1,8 b.y. In the Upper Proterozoic occurred new transformations of ancient lithologies (Archean and Lower Proterozoic lithologies) by vertical accretion and crustal reworkings characterized by migmatization, responsible to the growing of Pinhal Complex and give rise ductiles and ruptiles shearing zones that leads to generation of Campos Gerais Complex and the Shear Belts of Pouso Alegre/Varginha and Ouro Fino/Jacui. The vertical accretion too intense in great part of focused area, is essentially of calcalkaline character and locally sub-alkaline and alkaline, exemplified with conspicuousness by the Jaguariuna, Morungaba, Socorro, Pinhal, Caldas, Pedra Branca, Mococa batholithes, and so on. The crustal reworking is poliphasic and may be characterized by two main phases of migmatization, followed by deformations and transpositions. Superimposed to these two phases, there is a strong transposition characterized by ruptiles and ductiles shearing events, that imprints in the rocks blastomylonitic, mylonitic and ultramylonitic structures. The radiometric data carried out in migmatites, granites and blastomylonitic gneisses provided age values of approximately 880 and 500 m.y., with concentrations of values in the intervals of 585 and 560 m.y. The ductile phase would have occurred before 560 m.y. and the ruptile phase would be situated at 490 m.y. The integration of geological observations, of the infra-structure terrains in geotectonic models becames difficult to Archean and transamazonic areas situated outside of São Francisco craton. This is because of obliteration of original features of rocks by brasilian fenomena. Thus, it was only to make the primeval characterizations of some lithologies which indicates the continental crust moulding by accretion processes as well as by crustal reworking through deformation, metamorphism and anatexis. The frequence and features of this lithologies indicate a crustal growth essentially by vertical accretions and by reworkings that affect rocks predominantly of little crustal time of residence. On the hand, concerning to brasilian areas, the integration of lithologies in ample associations and characterization of its special distribution as well as of determination of deformation types occured and of regional tectonic compartmentalization, allow us to insert crustal evolution in updated geotectonic models. In the case of investigated area the mentioned features have several characteristics in common with continental collisions areas.
Della, Giustina Maria Emilia Schutesky. "Geologia e geocronologia da sequência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte e do Complexo Uruaçu, província Tocantins". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/6573.
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A Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte e o Complexo Uruaçu inserem-se na porção mediana do Maciço de Goiás, entre o Arco Magmático Mara Rosa e os Complexos máfico-ultramáficos de Niquelândia e Barro Alto, em contexto geológico incerto que já recebeu diversas denominações e interpretações geotectônicas, porém que permanece indefinido geocronologicamente. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é a caracterização geológica e geocronológica da Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte e do Complexo Uruaçu. Para tal, utilizam-se informações de campo e petrografia, aliadas às análises geocronológicas e isotópicas. A Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte consiste de uma unidade supracrustal, composta por metapsamitos e metapelitos, depósitos químicos e rochas metavulcânicas ácidas, e de uma suíte intrusiva associada, de composição tonalítica, granodiorítica e granítica. Análise U-Pb em zircão realizada em quartzito micáceo da Seqüência Campinorte fixa a idade máxima deposicional da seqüência supracrustal em c.a. 2191 Ma, e revela a proveniência de uma fonte única, resultante da erosão do próprio arco paleoproterozóico. As rochas graníticas apresentam idades que variam de 2179 a 2158 Ma, e não há contribuição arqueana. Idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM) dos litotipos supracrustais e intrusivos variam de 2686 a 2216 Ma, com valores de εNd dominantemente positivos, o que indica o caráter juvenil dessas rochas. Os dados apresentados demostram que a Sequência Campinorte assemelha-se à demais províncias paleoproterozóicas descritas na Faixa Brasília e no mundo e, dessa forma, este estudo constribui para a reconstrução do supercontinente Columbia. O Complexo Uruaçu compreende gnaisses para- e ortoderivados metamorfisados em fácies anfibolito a granulito. Análises U-Pb LA-ICPMS realizadas em zircão de ortognaisses revelam idades de cristalização magmática entre 690 e 650 Ma. Sobrecrescimentos em zircão e grãos de titanita resultam em idades entre 650 e 630 Ma, que datam o metamorfismo de alto grau. Idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM) obtidas em ortognaisses variam de 1,5 a 1,1 Ga, com valores de εNd negativos, o que indica retrabalhamento ou refusão de crosta mais antiga. Assim, o Complexo Uruaçu caracteriza um evento magmático neoproterozóico contemporâneo ao metamorfismo de alto grau, ocorrido no interior do Maciço de Goiás em função da colisão dos Crátons Amazônico e São Francisco na orogênese Brasiliana. Adicionalmente, o contexto geológico e assinatura isotópica apresentadas são comparáveis às descritas para o Complexo Anápolis-Itauçu, na porção meridional da Faixa Brasília. Tal fato sugere que ambos os complexos possam representar um extenso cinturão granulítico desenvolvido atrás do Arco Magmático de Goiás. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Campinorte volcano-sedimentary sequence and the Uruaçu Complex are exposed in the center of the Goiás Massif, in between the Mara Rosa Magmatic Arc and the Niquelândia and Barro Alto mafic-ultramafic complexes. This uncertain geological framework has received several geotectonic elucidations, although it still remains undefined. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize the geological and geochronological context of the Campinorte Volcano-sedimentary Sequence and the Uruaçu Complex, by means of field notes, petrography and U-Pb and Sm-Nd analysis. The Campinorte Volcano-sedimentary Sequence is composed by a supracrustal unit, which consists of metapsamites and metapelites, chemical deposits and acid metavolcanics, and by a related intrusive suit with tonalitic, granodioritic and granitic plutons. U-Pb analysis realized in zircon grains from a micaceous quartzite from the Campinorte Sequence sets the maximum depositional age of 2191 Ma, and reveals the provenance from a single sedimentary source, with Paleoproterozoic age. The granitic rocks present ages ranging from 2179 to 2158 Ma, and there is no Archean contribution. TDM Sm-Nd model ages from supracrustal and intrusive lithotypes vary from 2682 to 2216 Ma, with mostly positive εNd values, which disclose the juvenile character of these rocks. The data presented here is similar to other Paleoproterozoic Provinces described in the Brasília Belt and in the world and, hence, this study contributes to the reconstruction of the Columbia supercontinent. The Uruaçu Complex comprises ortho- and paragneisses metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite conditions. U-Pb LA-ICPMS performed on zircon from orthogneisses reveals magmatic ages between 690 to 650 Ma. Zircon overgrowths and titanite grains yield ages varying from 650 to 630 Ma, which dates the high-grade metamorphism. TDM Sm-Nd model ages obtained in orthogneisses range from 1.5 to 1.1 Ga, with εNd values between +2.9 a -4.6, indicating the crustal contaminated signature of these rocks. Therefore, the Uruaçu Complex characterizes a Neoproterozoic magmatic event and coeval high-grade metamorphism, which occurred within the Goiás Massif as a function of the collision of Amazon and São Francisco cratons in the Brasiliano orogenesis. Besides, the geological context and isotopic/geochronologic signature is analogous to that from the Anápolis-Itauçu Complex, exposed in the southern Brasília Belt. This may suggests a connection between both complexes, resulting in a wide granulitic belt developed behind the Goiás Magmatic Arc.
Souza, Paulo Alves de. "Palinobioestratigrafia do Subgrupo Itararé, Carbonífero/Permiano, na Porção Nordeste da Bacia do Paraná (SP/PR, Brasil)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-08012016-155913/.
Texto completoThe Palynological knowledge of the Northeastern Paraná Basin has been meaningfully improved during the past two decades, specially from the record of unpublished palynomorphs and the introduction of spores as biostraligraphic guides. In this context, Carboniferous ages have been proposed to some localities concerning the ltararé Subgroup. This approach modifies the traditional concepts and demonslrates the need of deeper palynological revision and palynobiostratigraphical analysis to this unit in this portion. The sedimentary sequence studied is related to the ltararé Subgroup in the Northeastern Paraná Basin, based on samples from outcrops and cores from twenty-eight boreholes, in the States of São Paulo and Paraná. From the one hundred and thirty-nine species of palynomorphs recorded, ninety-five selected ones are described and illustrated. The palynological content is made up of fifty-one species of spores, forty-one of pollen grains, two of Algae and one of Acritarcha. Eight species are recorded for the first lime in the Paraná Basin. Besides, thirteen species from Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Strata are also recorded Based on the vertical and lateral distribution of the sporomorphs, two interval biozones are formally proposed: the Ahrensisporites cristatus lnterval Zone and the Potonieisporites neglectus lnterval Zone, concerning the lower and medium portions of ltararé Subgroup, respectively. Both zones show similar quantitative characteristics, with spores and monosaccate pollen grains dominance. When present, disaccate and taeniate pollen grains occur in low percentual rates. Eleven species are restricted to the first brozone, while only one is restricted to the second biozone. ln the Paraná Basin, the biozones correspond partially to some informal palynological intervals (Pre-G, G, H1, and H2). ln the Gondwanic context, the best correlations are between palynozones of South America, specially to the Late Carboniferous ones of the Tarija and Chacoparaná basins and the Paganzo Group, which exhibit similar characteristics and common species. The biostratigraphical important species, the correlation, and the analysis of the general characteristics of the associations suggest their positioning in the Late Carboniferous, probably related to the Westphalian (Ahrensisporites cristatus Interval Zone) and to the Westphalian/Stephanian (Potonieisporites neglectus lnterval Zone) in age. The Subzone Protohaploxypinus goraiensis, defined in the basal portion of the Tubarão Group in the Southern Paraná Basin, is identified in the upper portion of the ltararé Subgroup in the Northeastern Paraná Basin. The palynological associations of this subzone are characterised by an expressive abundance and diversity of taeniate and poliplicate pollen grains, being correlated to the lower Cristatisporites Zone (Chacoparaná Basin, in South America), and to the Pseudoreticulatispora confluens Zone (Australia). This subzone is related to the Early Permian (Asselian/Sakmarian). Besides, the renaming of the Cannanoropollis korbaensis lnterval Zone to Vittatina and, the Caheniasaccites ovatus Subzone to Caheniasaccites flavatus is proposed, keeping their original concepts. The palynological results and their implications with some aspects related to the environmental reconstrutions, the geological evolution of the ltararé Subgroup and its relations with the other lithostratigraphic units are also discussed.
Castro, Marilia Rodrigues de. "Estratigrafia de seqüências na Formação Tombador, Grupo Chapada Diamantina, Bahia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-16112015-145611/.
Texto completoThe region of Chapada Diamantina in central Bahia is composed of well exposed and preserved sedimentar rocks from Middle to Late Proterozoic. There occurs the Espinhaço Supergroup formed by the Rio dos Remédios, Paraguaçu and Chapada Diamantina groups. This research has focused on the study of Tombador Formation, which constitutes the basal interval of Chapada Diamantina Group. That unit has more than 500m in thickness, with deltaic substrate of Guiné Formation, and gradational contact with the overlying Caboclo Formation. The main objective of this thesis was to study and understand the evolutive history of Tombador Formation in the Lençóis region, through sequential facies analysis of surface sections, and chronocorrelation of these sections using the Sequence Stratigraphy. Twenty lithofacies were described and grouped into sixteen facies associations, related to the following depositional systems: alluvial fan, subaqueous fa, fan delta estuarine, torrential fluvial, fluvial, coastal fluvial, Aeolian, foreshore, Gilbert-type delta, delta front, delta plain/marine, marine/delta front, estuarine/marine, distal estuarine/marine, marine (tidal bars) and marine shoreface. The lower interval can be divided into five depositional sequences. Each sequence is formed by fluvial systems related to the low base-level, and by estuarine (channels) to marine systems, transgressive system tract. In other sequences the low base-level is composed of fluvio-estuarine or fluvial and marine systems subordinated. The transgressive system tract is formed by distal estuarine and marine, or Aeolian and coastal systems. Part of these sequences is present in the Pai Inácio section, where sequences of high frequency (fouth order), and thick marine deposits (tidal bars) were recognized. The upper interval is composed of four tectono sequences. Each one is formed basically of a low base-level system tract to transgressive system tract, with a succession of alluvial fa, fluvial and aeolian. The fluvial systems flowed to the west, while the wind direction was to north/northeast. The last cycle of upper interval represents the last tectono sequence of Tombador Formation. It begins with a transgressive succession of alluvial fan, fluvial and delta front to the south (Capivara river section), the latter systems change to subaqueous fan and marine shoreface (tempestite). It follows a regressive succession of deltaic and fluvial, or locally foreshore and Aeolian systems overlain by fluvial (Mucugezinho river, to the North). The cycle ends up with a new transgressive succession of fluvial-estuarine and coastal systems which gradually merges into the marine Caboclo Formation.
COSTA, Lúcia Travassos da Rosa. "Sedimentação holocênica no estuário do rio Araguari, AP". reponame:Repositório Institucional da CPRM, 1996. http://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/14679.
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Moro, Renata de Paula Xavier. "Propostas de origem, evolução e contexto da Bacia da Formação Camarinha - transição Neoproterozóico - Eocambriano do estado do Paraná". Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-09122015-112445/.
Texto completoCamarinha Formation (central-eastern part of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil) is a transitional unit between Neoproterozoic and Cambrian in that region. It lies unconformably on proterozoic sediments of the Ribeira Belt (Água Clara, Votuverava and Capiru formations), near the Atuba, Betara and Três Córregos complexes. On its western part, it is also unconformably covered by the devonian basal sediments of the Paraná Basin. Camarinha Formation consits of medium-to-poorly sorted, immature rocks, such as conglomerates, breccias, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and rythmites, grouped into four altenating units with transitional contacts. Two of these units have a conglomeratic nature, and two have a sandy and muddy nature. These units were deposited by processes such as subaerial to subaqueous gravity-flows, turbidity currents, sheet-floods and other processes that occur in delta fronts. These processes are common in prograding and retrograding fans at coastal environments (fandeltas). The sediments source areas are represented by the Água Clara, Votuverava and Capiru formations, and Atuba and Três Córregos complexes. The basin was later deformed by the Lancinha shear Zone, whose right-lateral movement generated several ruptile to ruptile-ductile structures of the Riedel Model. Later reactivations of the shear zone caused intense hydrothermal alteration, whose age was measured with Rb-Sr data. Camarinha Formation is now preserved as remains of the original basin, in two folded zones forming synclinals related to the Lancinha Shear Zone. The basin original borders are not preserved. The basin was formed in a late-to-post orogenic environment related to the Brasiliano Cycle, just like other similar basins in southern and southeastern Brazil.
Tupinambá, Miguel Antonio. "Evolução tectônica e magmática da faixa Ribeira na região serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-18112015-100759/.
Texto completoThe highlands of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, known as Serra dos Orgãos, is constituted by granites and gneisses generated or reworked during the Brasiliano Cycle, at the transition between Neoproterozoic and Cambrian. It is located at the Central segment of the Ribeira Belt, which runs along the South Atlantic Coast and was formed at Brasiliano event. The Ribeira Belt is divided by the Central Tectonic Boundary into two terranes: the Occidental and the Oriental. The studied area is located in the latter terrane, near the cities of Nova Friburgo, Sumidouro e Cordeiro. Field and petrographic studies as well as geochemical and isotopic analyses from selected samples allowed to propose a whole historical evolution of a Brasiliano Orogen. A pre-collisional magmatism represented by tonalitic and dioritic gneisses from the Rio Negro Cmplex and by hornblende gabbro small stocks is the earliest recognizable geological process. The calcic magma series tonalite-trondhjemite with (\'épsilon\'Nd) 600 Ma of -0,9 suggest that its tectonic environment was as an oceanic island arc, since 630 Ma (U/Pb zircon age). At 600 Ma ago (Pb/Pb zircon age) the Rio Negro collided with a passive margin (the Occidental Terrane) resulting in crustal thickening, partial melting of metassediments and muscovite leucogranite generation. After the arc/continent collisions a new magmatic arc, at this time with continental setting, is represented by the Serra dos Órgãos batholith. The calcic series tonalite-granodiorite-granite has crystallized at 560 Ma and a slightly older leucocratic peraluminous BSO facies suggest crustal contamination. The cessation of the BSO magmatism was accompanied by a thermal relaxation and tectonic extrusion of the Oriental Terrane to the upper crust. The uplift was so geologically fast that crystalline rocks from this Terrane had experienced distensional collapse, and broke into twelve NW trnding ductile-ruptile shear zones. These large structures had controlled the magma transport of the post-collisional granite laccoliths and sill from the Nova Friburgo massif. The Rb/Sr isochronic analyses from the granites yielded ages between 500 and 480 Ma, which are the last orogenic ages ever found in Ribeira Belt.
Saes, Gerson Souza. "Evolução Tectônica e Paleogeográfica do Aulacógeno Agupaeí (1.2-1.0Ga) e dos Terrenos do seu Embasamento na Porção Sul do Cráton Amazônico". Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-25112014-160016/.
Texto completoThe Aguapeí Aulacogen is a megastructure originated by intracontinental rifting of the southern portion of Amazon Craton during the late Mesoproterozoic (1.2-1.0Ga ). Its subtransversal position in relation to the Sunsas Colisional Orogen and its sedimentary, metamorphic and tectonic evolution makes it very similar to basins of same nature, both in formation ( east african rifts ) as well as with paleorifts as evidenced in the geological record of all continents, especially after the consolidation of the first cratonic blocks of great extension in the end of Archean (2.5Ga ) . The basement of Aguapeí Aulacogen is formed by amalgamation of different tectonostratigraphic terranes, composed of metamorphic complexes of Paleoproterozoic age (> 1.6Ga ) and intrusives with different ages and nature. On the basis of petrological, geochemical, radiometric and geophysical data, the evolution of this basement is related to the acretion of three terranes to the southern portion of Amazonian Paleoplate: (i) Jauru; (ii) Santa Helena; (iii) Paragua; (iii) Rio Alegre and; ( v) San Pablo terranes The Jauru Terrane was generated by the assembly of intraoceanic island arc of Peleoproterozoic age ( ~1.9Ga ), affected by intense calc-alcaline granitogenesis between 1.5- 1.4Ga and by toleitic intraplate magmatism of Rio Branco ( 1.4Ga ). The Santa Helena Terrane constitutes a piece of a cordilheran arc, composed by granites to tonalites formed at 1.45Ga. The Rio Alegre Terrane constitutes a basic-ultrabasic, efusive and plutonic igneous suite associated with chemical metasediments showing evidence of allocthonous positioning across the milonitic lineament that mark the collision suture between the Santa Helena and Paragua terranes. It\'s interpreted as an oceanic litosphere remain emplaced by obduction along this limit. The Paragua Terrane has a basement composed by gnaiss-granulitic complexes ( Chiquitania and Lomas Maneches ) and essentialy metasedimentary supracrustals ( San Ignacio ) invaded at l.3Ga by the intense calc-alkaline ganitogenesis of Pensamiento Batolite. The San Pablo Terrane records probably a cordilheran magmatic arc evolution, acreted to the southern portion of Amazon during the Colisional Sunsas Orogeny (1.0Ga). The Aguapeí Basin start its development by distentional reactivation of the southern portion of Amazonian Craton, with two arms of a triple junction evolving to a divergent plate limit ( Sunsas Passive Margin ). The third arm of the triple junction ( failed arm ), records the evolution of a Intracontinental Rift ( the Aguapeí Aulacogen ) The sinsedimentary compartimentation of the aulacogen was controlled by the fundamental traces of its basement with a linear depocenter ( Central Zone ) coinciding with the Rio Alegre Terrane and marginal zones ,covering both the Paragua as the Santa Helena and Jauru terranes . This behaviour of Aguapeí cover, configurates a typical overlap sequence, transgressing the limits of previously acreted terranes by tectonic colage that had follow the Rio Alegre Sea closing. It constitutes in this manner, the first lithoestratigraphic horizon passible of correlation across the different terranes. The depositional sequence is maked of three distinct episodes ( Rift, Sineclesis and Inversion ), which are well recognized in the marginal zones. The lithofacies, isopach and paleocurrents analyses permited the elaboration of a paleogeographic syntesis of the basin starting with a regressive sequence of alluvial, deltaic and estuarine deposits (Graben Facies) passing up to a highstanding system tract with marine muds and sands deposited on offshore bars and submarine fans (turbidites). The definitive consume of the Grenville Ocean endding with the Amazonia-Laurentia collision at 1.0Ga was reflected on the aulacogen by dextral transpression of the suture zone underliyng its depocenter with deformation, metamorphism and resedimentation of the deposits of the Rift and Syneclesis stages. The continentalization of the basin in this stage is marked principaly in the marginal zones, by deposition of coarse clastics in an alluvial fans, braided rivers and eolian dunes system (Molassic Facies), exibiting a inversion of the paleocurrents directions from SE to NW (Inversion Stage). The Aguapeí Basin deformation records the end of Grenvillian collisional regime in the southern portion of Amazon Craton and the final assembly of Rodinia at 1.0Ga. This tectonic event is recorded principally along the Central Zone of the aulacogen, where was concentrated the principal auriferous ocurrences of the region emplaced in diverse stratigraphic-structural traps generated during the Sunsas deformation and which was mineralized both the Aguapeí metasediments and its basement.
Rodriguez, Sérgio Kleinfelder. "Neotectônica e sedimentação quaternária na região de Volta Grande do rio Xingu, Altamira, PA". Universidade de São Paulo, 1993. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-11062015-105206/.
Texto completoOn the basis of geological and geotechnical studies carried out as a part of the \"Altamira Hydroelectric Complex\" Project along the Xingu river (southeastern Amazon region, Brazil), geological data gathered by the author from 1986 to 1989 and morphostructural analysis of remote sensing products and topographic maps, it was possible to identify evidence of neotectonic movements in the area known as the \"Volta Grande\" of the Xingu river. Because few papers have been published on Brazilian Quaternary continental deposits, especially on those of the Amazon region, it was necessary to develop a suitable method to characterize neotectonic evidence within the regional context of the study area. The principal results were derived from the integrated analysis of data on the hydraulic gradients of second order drainage together with data from lineament analysis. The main lineament systems are the Paratizinho, Santo Antônio, Paxamba and Cachoeira Grande Systems, which are interpreted as tectonic boundaries between blocks with neotectonic activity, especially well marked along the course of the Xingu River. A model is proposed for the evolution of the Xingu River which shows the importance of neotectonic movements on the change in the direction of the river flow, resulting in the large arc in the river, the \"Volta Grande\", between the cities of Altamira and Belo Monte. The available data suggest that the study area has been in gradual uplift during the Late Cenozoic. The lineaments with directions N80W and N30-40W, typical of the area restricted to the Xingu river course, suggest a NW direction of compression and Ne direction of extension. The NW-trending structures observed in areas with abrupt lateral variations of thickness of the Quaternary sediments are indicative of reactivation of these discontinuities as normal faults. The neotectonic stress field of the study area can be explained by the interplay between migration of the Nazca, Cocos, Caribe and South American plates and sea-floor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and/or, alternatively, to the isostatic response to the Amazon River and in the Acre and Solimões basins, with consequent erosion in the area located between the Purus and Gurupá arches.
Stein, Dirceu Pagotto. "Esboço da evolução geológica pré-cambriana da folha de Pilar do Sul, SP-SF.23-Y-C-IV-4". Universidade de São Paulo, 1985. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44131/tde-12022016-092453/.
Texto completoThe studied area corresponds to the Pilar do Sul Quadrangle (SF.23-Y-C-IV-4) at 1:50,000 scale. It is located 140 km to the west of São Paulo City, between the coordinates 24°45\', 24°00\' South, and 47°45\', 47°45\' West, and comprises about 675 square kilometers. The main target of this work was to outline the Precambrian geologic evolution of the area by means of the general data on lithogenetic, deformational, metamorphic and magmatic processes. Stratigraphy was established through the ordering of different rock associations. Therefore, older rocks are metamorphic rocks of the Pré-Açungui Complex, followed by metamorphic rocks of granitoid and cataclastic rocks, dolerite dikes and a Phanerozoic sedimentary cover. The Pré-Açungui Complex is believed to be older than the Upper Proterozoic. It is correlated to lower parts of supracrustals which are present in southern São Paulo State and eastern Paraná State. The Pré-Açungui Complex was divided in the following three broad lithologic units: phyllites, schists and feldspathic schists locally migmatized. These units show wide transitional boundaries and may be grouped into two sequences. The lower eastern sequence comprises schists, feldspathized schists and locally migmatites, with nuclei of paragneiss and mainly ortogneiss, and also frequent and thin bodies and boudins of amphibolites. The upper western sequence is mainly constituted by phyllites, with intercalated quartzites and thick stratigraphically well defined bodies of metabasites. Many subsequences may be individualized; the most outstanding of them is the metavolcano-sedimentary sequence which is characterized by metabasites associated with rocks that are probably metatuffs. Three main deformational phases affected the metamorphic rocks. The first one is characterized by intense transposition which affects the rock units. The other two younger phases are related to intense crenulation processes. These main phases are followed by a lineagenic process which was responsible for large transcurrent displacements, and by small normal faults believed to be related to the so-called Wealden Reactivation. Two main metamorphic stages were defined. The early one is regional and progressive from medium to high degree. The second one is indicated by the presence of porphiroblasts and is characterized by a low to medium degree; it has probably a regional character. Thermal and cataclastic metamorphism associated respectively to granitoid intrusions and faulting, followed by diaphthoresis are the final processes. Besides the pre-tectonic magmatism characterized by metabasites, mataultrabasites and ortogneiss, two magmatic phases of acid nature were recognized which correspond to Upper Proterozoic granitoid rocks of the Piedade and Tapiraí Suites, and the younger Eopaleozoic Pilar do Sul Suite. The last magmatic event is represented by Mesozoic dolerite dikes. A better characterization of the São Roque Group in the area was not possible due to the restrict area of its outcroping. Previous data indicate its age to be Upper Proterozoic. Up to this moment there is not definitive data that allow to correlate it to Pré-Açungui Complex. Phanerozoic covers are representated by tills of the Tubarão Group (Itararé Formation) and alluvial Cenozoic sediments in terraces and floodplains.
Castro, Marco Paulo de. "Caracterização geológica da Formação Capelinha como uma Unidade Basal do Grupo Macaúbas em sua Área Tipo, Minas Gerais". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/4324.
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A Formação Capelinha é composta na região homônima por uma unidade basal predominantemente metapsamítica, formada por mica xistos, xistos quartzosos e quartzitos, puros ou micáceos, com magmatismo básico associado, e por uma unidade majoritariamente metapelítica, superior, composta por xistos peraluminosos granatíferos, às vezes com estaurolita e/ou cianita. No sentido de determinar o papel das rochas metabásicas e metassedimentares da Formação Capelinha na evolução do Orógeno Araçuaí, foram realizados estudos estratigráficos, estruturais, geoquímicos e geocronológicos (U-Pb em zircões ígneos através de LA-ICP-MS e Sm-Nd em rocha total). Os dados obtidos demonstram que a Formação Capelinha apresenta uma extensão territorial muito mais abrangente do que postulada na sua definição original. No atual estágio de conhecimento, verifica-se que a estruturação geral da Faixa de Dobramentos Capelinha (FDC) se assemelha a um cinturão de dobramentos assimétricos e invertidos, com a unidade inferior da Formação Capelinha se inserindo nos núcleos de anticlinais quilométricos. O acervo estrutural indica vergência para sul, contra o Bloco de Guanhães, onde a superfície de descolamento se revela na forma de uma falha de cinemática normal destral que separa as rochas arqueanas do Complexo Guanhães das rochas metassedimentares metamáficas Neoproterozóicas do Grupo Macaúbas. Três determinações geocronológicas pelo método U-Pb LA-ICP-MS nos quartzitos da unidade inferior indicam idade máxima de sedimentação em torno de 970 Ma. As análises litoquímicas realizadas a partir de amostras de rocha metabásica confirmam uma composição basáltica e afinidade toleítica da rocha gerada em ambiente continental intra-placa. Dados Sm-Nd indicam idade-modelo (TDM) no intervalo entre 1700 e 1500 Ma e εNd (956 Ma) variável entre -0,04 e -3,66. Os estudos geocronológicos U-Pb, feitos em cristais de zircão de duas amostras de anfibolito, revelam idade de cristalização magmática em ca. 956 Ma e idade de recristalização metamórfica em torno de 569 Ma. Todas as estruturas e a zoneografia metamórfica Barroviana clássica refletem o estágio colisional do orógeno Araçuaí. Uma determinação geocronológica pelo método U-Pb LA-ICP-MS realizada em xisto da unidade superior indica uma idade máxima de sedimentação em torno de 1123 Ma. Considerando as relações de contato, as características gerais dos anfibolitos da região de Capelinha e os dados geocronológicos obtidos para as unidades metassedimentares, a idade de cristalização magmática obtida (957±14 Ma) sugere um magmatismo sinsedimentar, contemporâneo ao estágio de rifteamento que levou a abertura da bacia Macaúbas no período Toniano, com a Formação Capelinha posicionando-se estratigraficamente na base do Grupo Macaúbas, como possível equivalente lateral das unidades pré-glaciais. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: The Capelinha Formation, in the homonymous region, consists of a dominant metapsamitic basal unit formed by mica schists, quartz schists and quartzites, pure or micaceous, with lenses of metamafic rocks, and an upper metapelitic unit, mainly composed of peraluminous schists with garnet, staurolite and/or kyanite. In order to determine the role of the metabasic and metasedimentary rocks of the Capelinha Formation in the evolution of the Araçuaí orogen, stratigraphical, structural, geochemical, isotopical and geochronological studies were performed. The obtained data show that the Capelinha Formation presents a more comprehensive territorial extension than postulated in its original setting. At the current stage of knowledge, the Capelinha Fold Belt (CFB) resembles an inverted and asymmetric fold belt, with the lower unit inserted in the core of kilometric anticlines. The structural assets indicate tectonic vergence to the south, against the Guanhães Block, where detachment surface reveals itself as a normal fault with dextral kinematic component that separates the Archean rocks of the Guanhães Complex from metasedimentary and metamafic rocks that belong to the Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group. Three geochronological determinations by U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method in the lower quartzite unit indicate a maximum age of sedimentation around 970 Ma. The metamafic rocks, metamorphosed to amphibolite facies, have tholeiitic basalt protoliths with a dominant within-plate signature, Sm-Nd TDM model ages ranging from 1700 to 1500 Ma and negative epsilon Nd (ƐNd (957 Ma) ranging from -0,04 to -3,66). U-Pb zircon ages for the amphibolites constraint magmatic crystallization at 957 Ma and metamorphic recrystallization at around 569 Ma. All the structures and the classic Barrowian metamorphic zoneography reflect the collisional stage of the Araçuaí orogen. A geochronological determination using U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method, performed on a peraluminous schist of the upper unit, indicates a maximum age of sedimentation around 1123 Ma. Based on the contact relationships, petrographic features and new geochronological studies, the Capelinha Formation can be related to the continental rift stage of the Macaúbas basin (precursor in the Araçuaí orogen), with synsedimentary magmatism, and may represent the lateral equivalent to the pre-glacial units developed during the Tonian time.
Aguiar, Marília Pulito de. "A Bacia de Água Bonita, uma passagem marinha eopaleozoica no Brasil Central". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44141/tde-03062015-100836/.
Texto completoThe Água Bonita Basin is located in central Brazil, halfway between the large Paraná and Parnaíba intracratonic basins. With about 10 Km wide and 90 Km long, the basin follows the general NE-oriented trend of the Transbrasiliano Lineament (TBL). It was previously considered as a post-sedimentary graben or as a left-lateral strike-slip basin associated with the TBL. A recent investigation of the basin has revealed facies distribution consistent with a marine incursion from northeast to southwest, an idea corroborated by paleocurrent data, which preferred orientation parallels the orientation of the basin suggesting that sediment transport followed a trough controlled by the TBL. Although no faults were identified limiting the basin, the presence of clastic dykes and other soft-sediment deformation structures - interpreted as seismites - and of NE-SW-oriented syn-sedimentary faults within the basin indicate that tectonics was active during sedimentation. The sedimentary fill of the basin was divided into two units: the Água Bonita Formation, a basal, essentially rudaceous-psamitic unit with aeolian, transitional and marine deposits, partly under glacial influence; and the overlying , pelitic, Vereda Verde Formation, with deltaic and marine deposits. In the region of the basin occurs the Araguaçu Formation, with glacial diamictites, which are also related to the new description of the occurrence of a subglacial pavement. The two units of the Água Bonita Basin were considered as correlated to the sequences of the Ordovician-Silurian cycle of the Paraná (Rio Ivaí Group) and Parnaíba (Serra Grande Group) basins, while the Araguaçu Formation as a record of the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, as suggested by the sense of movement of the glacier. The data presented in this study allows the proposition of a model to the origin of the basin as an area of subsidence controlled by basement faults of the TBL. The presence of marine sediments corroborates the idea that this tectonic depression in central Brazil has been a transcontinental seaway which connected the north and south coasts of Gondwana during the Llandoverian marine transgression, in congruence with previous models supported by paleofaunistic data.
Pelosi, Ana Paula de Meireles Reis. "Evolução paleogeográfica do Grupo Maricá, Neoproterozóico pré-600 Ma do Rio Grande do Sul". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-12022016-090724/.
Texto completoThe Maricá group contains the first unmetamorphosed sedimentary successions of Rio Grande do Sul state. These deposits are exposed in western margins of Camaquã basin, where a basal contact with Rio Vacacaí terrane is characterized by faults, in some areas by a lithological unconformity. According to geochronological data of basements units and intrusive plutonic and sub-volcanic bodies, the Maricá group was developed between 620 and 600Ma. The aim of this work is to propose a paleogeographical evolution of Maricá group. Five methods of paleogeographical reconstruction were done: (i) geological mapping (1:100.000 scale), (ii) description of lithofacies assemblies, (iii) interpretation of deposicional systems and sequences, (iv) provenance and paleocurrents analyses and (v) geochronological analyses of cobble and pebble to discover the ages of source areas. The Maricá group was divided in three lithostratigraphic units: (i) Passo da Promessa formation, (ii) São Rafael formation and (iii) Arroio América formation. These units were mapped in all exposed areas of Maricá group and were grouped into two sequences (Lower Maricá Sequence and Upper Maricá Sequence). The basal unit (Passo da Promessa formation) comprises sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones with trough cross-stratifications; massive conglomerates and conglomerates with cross-stratifications are in minor proportion. These deposits were interpreted as a large braided fluvial plain, characterized by high textural maturity. Paleocurrents show that the transport was towards the North during the evolution of this unit. Lithofacies of intermediate unit (São Rafael formation) were grouped into three facies associations that were developed in a marine epicontinental platform. Passo do Salsinho Facies Association consists of monotonous tabular sandstones and rhythmites formed by turbidite currents in a offshore environment. Lavras do Sul Facies Association is composed of rhythmites and sandstones with lenticular bedding, wavy bedding, hummocky cross-stratification and others structures that indicate deposition in shoreface environments. Três Estradas Facies Association is restrict, cropping out only in Passo do Salsinho and Três Estradas regions. This association comprises sandstones, siltstones and mudstones, which yours deposits are characterized by several structures (lenticular bedding, wavy bedding, herring-bone cross-stratifications etc.) showing deposition in foreshore environments. Arroio America formation includes sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones with trough cross-stratifications, in minor proportion conglomerates and rhythmites, which are grouped into Arroio América Facies Association. This facies association indicates deposition in a braided fluvial plain system. Paleocurrents show that the transport was towards the Northwest and Northeast during the evolution of this unit. These deposits are characterized by high textural maturity, which yours fragments are rounded, well rounded and well sorted. Paleocurrents and provenance analyses show that source areas of Maricá group were composed of granites rocks (alkalis feldspar granite and granite with garnet) and tonalities; quartzite, quartz vein and volcanic rocks are in minor proportion. According to geochronological analyses of cobble samples, these source areas were developed in Archean and Paleoproterozoic ages. The provenance and paleocurrents analyses suggest that Rio de La Plata Craton and some Archean and Paleoproterozoic basement units of Dom Feliciano Belt in Uruguay were the most important source area and the Rio Vacacaí terrane was the basement unit of the Camaquã basin during the Maricá group evolution. The facies associations, the depositional systems successions, the high textural maturity and the cratonic source areas shows that Maricá group was developed in a wide steady basin, probably in an intracratonic environment. There are no evidences of tectonics events during the Maricá group deposition. These elements prove that the Camaquã basin was not related to the Brasiliano Orogeny.
Giannini, Paulo Cesar Fonseca. "Sedimentação Quaternária na Planície Costeira de Peruíbe-Itanhaém (SP)". Universidade de São Paulo, 1987. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-08042013-101021/.
Texto completoThis work contains a sedimentological characterization of marine deposits, with emphasis to sandy sediments, outcroping along the Peruíbe-Itanhaém coastal plain, envolving basically granulometrical distribution, mineralogy and morfometry. Peruíbe-Itanhaém coastal plain consists in a continue strip of Quaternary regressive sediments situated in the southeast littoral of São Paulo State, with 25 km of extension, width variable from 4 to 14 km and altitudes oscillating between 0 and 14 m. This plain is bordered by the \"Serra de Peruíbe\" (subsidiary of \"Serra do Itatins\"), to SW, the Morro do Poço de Anchieta and Botoruçu, Arararú and Novo Mundo mounts, to NE, and the \"Serra das Laranjeiras\" (subsidiary of \"Serra do Mar\"), in the internal side. Between the north boundary of \"Serra do Peruíbe\" and the southern portion of \"Serra das Laranjeiras\", the fluvial - paleolagoonal system of Preto and Branco rivers of Peruíbe occurs, partially controlled by lineaments associated to Itariri Fault. On the opposite extremity of the plain (NE), another similar system takes place, comprising the homonimous rivers of Itanhaém. These two fluvial-paleolagoonal systems are the unique zones of sand-muddy superficial sedimentation in the plain since as in other places an extense sandy sheet is present (% sand > 94%). The continuity of this sandy sheet is interrupted only by small crystalline rocks outcrops at Bairro dos Prados and Abarebebê region. A paleolagoonal character to this region is suggested by the presence, in sondage holes, of metric banks of dark pelitical material. Towards NE, the crystalline basement turns to cutcrop at Pedra dos Jesuítas, that is still nowadays an island, and it is observed locally a light arching in the alignment of holocenic paleostrings. The sandy portion of sedimentary covering of Peruíbe-Itanhaém Plain can be subdivided into three strips that are parallel to the coastline: the strip of modern shore holocenic sediments (last 3000 years), 50 to 100 m wide; the strip of internal holocenic sediments (5500 to 3000 years B.P.), till 1,5 km wide, and the area of pleistocenic sediments, with variable width, but always bigger than the widths of externer strips. The distinction, at sedimentological context, among these three regressive sedimentary unities was one of the purposes of this work, having been collected for this 26 samples along the shore strip, 17 samples along the internal holocenic strip and 54 samples in the pleistocenic area. Additionally 16 samples of regolite were collected in the neighbouring crystalline zones and fluvial deposits, designed to the inference of source areas through heavy minerals studies. Sand muddy sediments from fluvial paleolagoonal systems did not constitute subject of central interest in this work, having been shown only 5 points at the specific region of Peruíbe related to deposition of \"lama negra\" (black mud) extracted for cosmetic and medicinal uses. These 5 samples, besides morfometrical, granulometrical and mineralogical studies, were submitted to separation of clayey and colloidal fractions, with organic matter determination and semiquantitative difratometry of clay minerals by fraction. The mathematical and statistical treatment of granulometrical results comprised the obtention of the four moments, according to the classical graphic method of Folk and Ward, having been used these moments to the construction of dispersion binary diagrams, Sahu diagram by sedimentar unity, linear parametric correlation of Pearson with geographic coordenates and trend surface maps of multiple regression. Mineralogical parameters of different sedimentar unities were compared by X² method and were subjected to tests of linear correlation with geographic coordenates, these tests being applied to morfometrical variables, too. The variation along the plain of granulometrical statistical parameters, evaluated by linear correlation tests and trend surface analysis, suggests that the sandy sediments of the three regressive strips were transported and deposited by longshore currents, orientated according to the same direction observed nowadays i.e., from SW do NE. The influence of these currents over the sedimentation have not had the same intensity at the different strips, indicating that other agents must have acted with variable importance along of the depositional history. Provenance studies of certain heavy minerals (andalusite, kyanite, staurolite), revealing submerse sediments of continental shelf as probable source area, indicate the transversal migration of offshore material, induced by lowering of relative sea level, as a second factor of sedimentation. According to the variation in time of relative importance of SW-NE currents, diagnosticated by the bigger or smaller sharpness in the decrease of standard deviation parameter along this bearing, and according to the variation in abundance of heavy minerals derived from the continental shelf, the action of longshore drift on the sedimentation attained its largest effectiveness during the formation of internal holocenic strip. The sands of this strip were deposited presumably during the period of almost constant relative sea level occurred between 5500 and 3000 years B.P., just after the peak of Santos transgretion. Between 3000 and 1800 years B.P., period to which was admited a weak and continuous lowering of relative sea level, would have occurred the sedimentation of the modern beach strip, with a reworking by swash and backwash intensified along the last 1800 years. These factors would have hidden the influence of longshore currents, justifying the scarce evidence of longitudinal sorting in modern beach sands. According to the illustration by the Sahu Diagram, the energetic conditions in deposition of these sands differ sensibly to depositional conditions of pleistocenic and internal holocenic sands, suggesting that the beach contemporaneous sedimentation is commanded by beach spreading, in contrast to more ancient Quaternary sedimentation, that was essentialy along surfing bars, today partially preserved in alignments of strings. Geographic variations in granulometrical parameters, evidenced by trend surface maps, indicate that the evolution of coastal geomorphology by sedimentary accretion reflected on the characteristics of the sedimentation. In the beginning of the pleistocenic regression, the hillside of Botoruçu, Araraú and Novo Mundo mounts, placed in the northeast extreme of the paleocoast, would have created local conditions to high slope (reflexive type) beach, propitiating the increase of mean grain size in the bearing of the longshore drift. With the gradative progradation of the coast, the beach slope to NE would have lowered till equalizing to the Peruíbe region, making the beach tipicalIy dissipative (decrease of mean grain size in the bearing of drift) along its whole extention, yet during the pleistocenic regression. In the Holocene, when the coastline continues its progressive advance into the sea and attains, to NE, the Crystalline outcrop of Morro do Poço, appears at this local, an effect of obstruction and annulment of longshore currents that has granulometrical and geomorphological consequences. The granulometrical and morphometrical sorting in the sand fraction of the fluvial-paleogoonal sediments of Peruíbe is inferior to the sorting of the sands of the sheet that covers the biggest part of the plain, suggesting the existence of distinct source area to upstream and downstream of tide currents. Semiquantification of clay minerals and organic matter determination, made on clayey and colloidal fractions of these sediments, evidence a predominantly continental (detritical) origin for the clay-organic material of clay fraction and a secondary origin by maturing in situ (neoformation and transformation) for the colloidal clay-organic material.
PINA, Aline Carla Miranda de. "Termocronologia por traços de fissão em apatita da borda sul da bacia do Amazonas, na região de Itaituba, PA". reponame:Repositório Institucional da CPRM, 2014. http://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/1155.
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A região de Itaituba (PA) situa-se na zona de fronteira entre a borda sul da bacia sedimentar do Amazonas e o Cráton Amazônico. Nesta região afloram rochas sedimentares de idade paleozóica, pertencentes às formações Pitinga, Maecuru, Ererê, Barreirinha, Curiri, Monte Alegre e Itaituba, representantes da fase sinéclise da bacia sedimentar do Amazonas; rochas sedimentares da fase rifte desta bacia reunidas na Formação Prosperança; além de rochas ígneas do Grupo Iriri, Suíte Intrusiva Parauari, Suíte Intrusiva Igarana e Suíte Intrusiva Maloquinha, unidades do Cráton Amazônico que compõem o embasamento desta bacia sedimentar. A termocronologia por traços de fissão em apatitas foi empregada na investigação da evolução termotectônica da bacia sedimentar do Amazonas, na região de Itaituba (PA), principalmente, a partir da datação de rochas do embasamento desta bacia. O método de traços de fissão em apatita é um marcador termocronológico de baixa temperatura, registrando temperaturas de no máximo 120ºC. Quando submetidas a condições de temperaturas superiores a esta os traços de fissão das apatitas são apagados, zerando o relógio geocronológico para este método, e registra, assim, um novo evento. Dessa forma, esta ferramenta foi utilizada para fornecer as idades de eventos de resfriamento correlacionáveis ou não a processos tectônicos que afetaram a Bacia do Amazonas, e que ficaram igualmente registrados nas rochas do seu embasamento. Devido à escassez de apatita nas rochas sedimentares amostradas das unidades da Bacia do Amazonas, apenas uma amostra de arenito da Formação Monte Alegre foi datada pelo método de traços de fissão. Todavia, das rochas do embasamento foram coletadas 20 amostras sendo obtidos 12 resultados de datação, representando diversos litotipos, incluindo riolitos, granitos e gabro de idade paleoproterozóica, pertencentes às quatro unidades citadas anteriormente. O arenito da Formação Monte Alegre, cuja idade litoestratigrafica é do Mesocarbonífero, forneceu idade aparente traços de fissão em apatita (TFA) de 91 Ma. Estatisticamente essa amostra revelou a existência de duas populações de grãos de apatita: uma população com idade média de 105 Ma e outra população com idade média de 64 Ma, indicando que esta amostra foi submetida a dois eventos termotectônicos. Este fato pode ser confirmado através do modelamento térmico que também mostrou a presença de 2 eventos cujas idades são de 106 Ma e 58 Ma. As amostras do embasamento foram divididas em dois grupos, de acordo com as idades TFA obtidas e os resultados dos modelamentos matemáticos. No grupo 1 as idades TFA variaram entre 163,0 Ma e 258,7 Ma, para o grupo 2 as idades estabelecidas foram entre 142,1 Ma e 180,9 Ma. Vale ressaltar que as idades de cristalização dos corpos ígneos amostrados situam-se entre 1,8 e 1.9 Ga. Em geral o modelamento matemático das amostras dos grupos 1 e 2 registram os mesmos episódios, primeiro um de resfriamento, seguido de aquecimento e por ultimo um novo episódio de resfriamento. Este último evento de resfriamento ocorreu aproximadamente há 100 Ma para todas as amostras destes grupos, com exceção da amostra IT-16 que passa pelo evento final de resfriamento há 62 Ma. Já as histórias térmicas das amostras IT-22 e 23 mostram um período de resfriamento acelerado em relação às amostras anteriores, finalizando suas histórias térmicas em 39 Ma e 35 Ma, respectivamente, sugerindo a existência de eventos neotectônicos na região. Os eventos de aproximadamente 100 Ma registrados no arenito da Formação Monte Alegre e nos modelamentos das amostras do embasamento podem estar correlacionadas a uma tectônica compressional que ocorreu em função da abertura do Atlântico Equatorial a leste e do movimento convergente da zona de subducção andina, a oeste da placa Sul Americana. Por sua vez os eventos de idade Terciária (64 - 58 Ma) marcados nestas rochas podem mostrar reflexos de um processo transformante dextral onde interagiram as placas Sul Americana, Caribeana e Nazca, reativando antigas zonas de fratura. As diversas idades obtidas para as amostras do embasamento (variando entre 142,1 Ma e 258,60 Ma) não são marcadoras de grandes eventos tectônicos, mas podem estar registrando as diferentes idades em que essas amostras passaram pela isoterma de 120°C, indicando assim a ocorrência de uma tectônica com comportamento diferenciado nos diversos setores desta região
Tomassi, Henrique Zimmermann. "Taxonomia, tafonomia e paleoecologia de ostracodes (Crustacea) da formação Corumbataí, Permiano da bacia do Paraná, Estado de Goiás, Brasil". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2189.
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Este trabalho apresenta a taxonomia, tafonomia, paleoecologia e bioestratigrafía de ostracodes da Formação Corumbataí, Permiano da porção setentrional da bacia do Paraná. O material de estudo é proveniente de afloramentos no sudoeste do Estado de Goiás, próximo à divisa com o Estado do Mato Grosso. Os afloramentos estudados situam-se a nordeste do Município de Santa Rita do Araguaia. Onze espécies de ostracodes marinhos foram identificadas nas seções estudadas. São elas: Silenites sp. 1, Silenites? sp. 2, Basslerella sp. 1 Basslerella sp. 2, Saumella sp. 1, Bairdiacypris sp. 1, Bairdiacypris sp. 2, Langdaiá? sp. 1, Gen. 1 sp. 1, Gen. 2 sp. 2 e Gen. 3 sp. 3. Nas amostras estudadas, apenas a ocorrência de Bairdiacypris sp. 2, em uma amostra, pode ser considerada autóctone. A assemblagem de ostracodes indica a idade da Formação Corumbataí, na localidade estudada, como Kunguriano (Neocisuraliano). Com base na ocorrência de espécies exclusivamente marinhas, o paleoambiente pode ser interpretado como nerítico, com salinidade normal e substrato terrígeno pelítico a arenoso, provavelmente em paleoclima quente. A baixa diversidade da fauna sugere ambiente deposicional marinho restrito, hipóstese a ser confirmada em trabalhos futuros. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work presents the ostracod taxonomy, paleoecology and biostratigraphy from the Corumbataí Formation, Permian of the the Paraná basiiTs northern área. The studied material carne from outcrops of the the southwest Goiás State, near the limit with Mato Grosso State. The studied outcrops are in the northeast área of the Santa Rita do Araguaia Municipality. Eleven marine ostracod species were identified. They are: Silenites sp. 1, Silenite? sp. 2, Basslerella sp. 1 Basslerella sp. 2, Sammella? sp. 1, Bairdiacypris sp. 1, Bairdiacypris sp. 2, Langdaia? sp. 1, Gen. 1 sp. 1, Gen. 2 sp. 2 and Gen. 3 sp. In the studied samples, only the occurrence of Bairdiacypris sp. 2, in just one sample, can be considered autochtonous. The ostracod assemblage confirms the Corumbataí Formation clating as Kungurian (Late Cisuralian) in the studied área and, besides the alochtonous occurrences in most samples, it allows the marine shallow environment interpretation, with normal salinity and terrigenous muddy to sandy substrate, probably in a warm paleoclimate. The fauna's low diversity suggests a restricted marine environment, hippothesis to be confirmed in future research.
Gil, Guirado Salvador. "Reconstrucción climática histórica y análisis evolutivo de la vulnerabilidad y adaptación a las sequías e inundaciones en la cuenca del Segura (España) y en la cuenca del río Mendoza (Argentina)". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128574.
Texto completoIn a changing climate and environmental scenario (Jones, Osborn & Briffa, 2001; Bradley & Jones, 1992; Bradley, Briffa, Cole, Hughes & Osborn, 2003 ), where the impact of extreme weather conditions seem to be increasing because of a greater exposure to as well as because of a greater recurrence of extreme weather conditions (Easterling et al, 2000; Charney, 2006; Barredo, 2009; Schiermeier, 2011; Grinsted, Moore & Jevrejeva, 2012 ), it is of great importance to determine at regional and local levels to what extent the current context is part of the “average” or if, on the contrary, we are witnessing a new scenario where societies and ecosystems have not been able to adapt because of the speed and magnitude of it. However, the limited extent of instrumental climate records prevents us from assessing this issue adequately. To avoid this situation, it is necessary to turn to the reconstructions through paleoclimatic techniques, employed in inferring the bias and magnitude of climate elements by means of climatic data or proxy data. In this thesis, are used for this purpose historical techniques, based on the potential that has documentary information to reconstruct the climate. In this thesis, historical techniques are used for that purpose, based on the potential that documentary information has to reconstruct the climate. On the other hand, these techniques allow us to recognize how the weather was perceived and how it affected the people. So, in that way, we can analyse the vulnerability of the people, which depends on both, an environmental trigger and, especially, on the poor preparation of societies, who, for various reasons, cannot adapt successfully to the environment in which they develop (Berkes and Folke, 1998; Adger, 2006). In this sense, the different territories, united by cultural ties, show analogies in their response to environmental conditions, especially in areas of similar climate. For all these reasons, we have chosen Segura Basin, in Spain, and Mendoza River Basin, in Argentina so as to carry out a climate reconstruction and analysis of vulnerability from the year 1600 to 2010. Those two places have a common history under the rule of the Spanish Crown and they have arid and semi-arid climate. In this thesis we establish a common methodology, which can be employed in a significant portion of the more than 20 million km2 which that historic region occupies, passing through the Iberian Peninsula and most of the American macro-continent. The climate reconstruction has meant a historic multiproxy study by the fact of using various methods, among which we highlight the use of pro-pluvia and pro-serenitate prayers, prices of grains (wheat, barley and maize), flood series, a new method (POCM, Percentage Oportunity Cost Method) based on the amount of paper that certain issues related to climate occupy and, essentially, content analysis, which stands as the most appropriate method to reconstruct the climate under a common method in the former Spanish empire territories. At the same time, we have created two indices of climatic adversity, one at Segura Basin and another in Mendoza River, which give an account of especially critical periods for society because of an environmental trigger. At the same time, a new technique (Global Vulnerability and Ecosocial Contextualization Experimental Glogal Index, GVecEGI) has been carried out to make it possible to analyze and assess the vulnerability, adaptation and socio-political context of floods and droughts in the areas under study and which is likely to be applied regardless of its location, especially if the sources in which it is based are journalistic. All this has made possible to corroborate that, both at the Segura basin and at Mendoza River, the climatic anomaly that began in the second half of last century is unprecedented, at least since 1600. This is so because the recurrence of warm and very warm years is much higher today. However, rainfall show a different pattern because as they increase significantly in Mendoza (fostering greater recurrence of intense storm events), they are limited at Segura Basin. This leaves a difficult scenario for optimal water supply and for flood defense in places which already undergo heavy stress in this regard. The situation is much more disturbing if we take into account that in the last four centuries the overall vulnerability has not gone down as the available means should have allowed and both places show recurring problems that have not been solved. In the case of Mendoza, more than four hundred of years later, the poor quality of irrigation and defense infrastructure are still a risk factor, and at the same time urban settlement is taking place in highly exposed areas. However, in Murcia the unbridled growth of the built area without proper planning give rise to new places at risk. In addition, there is a progressive politicization of the problems caused by the lack of water, which through the political control of the media causes an increase of political vulnerability, social conflicts and territorial tensions.
Salvetti, Rodrigo Artur Perino. "Sistemas deposicionais e paleogeografia do Subgrupo Itararé (Neopaleozóico da Bacia do Paraná), na região entre Itu e Indaiatuba, SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-22102015-095327/.
Texto completoThe Itararé Subgroup contains the more expressive record of the glaciation that reached the Parana Basin during the Neopaleozoic. Near to the east margin of the basin, in special in the area between Itu and Indaiatuba (SP), the sedimentary sucession is characterized essentially by glaciomarine deposits representative of alternated periods of low and high sea-level. Eight facies has been indentified: compact diamictite; immature coarse sandstone; strutureless conglomerate; homogeneous shale; shale with silte-sandstones intercalations; rhythmic shale; fine to medium sandstones; and sand-argillaceous diamictites. From the characteristics of the as well as this lateral and vertical relations, four main deposicionais systems had been interpreted: subglacial/proglacial system; distal glaciomarine system; proximal glaciomarine system; and submarine fans system. These deposicional systems are articulated in in three systems tracts: glacial deposicional system tract (subglacial/proglacial system); deep marine deposicional system tract (distal glaciomarine and of submarine fans systems); proximal marine system tract (proximal glaciomarine system). It does not have evidences, in the area of studies, of the formation of typically terrestrial deposicionais systems. The interpreted paleogeografy of the area takes in consideration a topografically irregular area, intensely excavated by the successive advances of the glacier, when the subglacial deposits were formed. With the retreat of the ice, the sea advances quickly on the depressed regions, forming a great sea water body. Higher areas would serve as source for coarse sediments and gravitational sedimentary flows in a submarine fan system. In the protected areas of littoral the deposition of rhythmic shales occurred. The phase of sea regression as a result of the glacio-isostatic compensation as well as the intensification of the glacial conditions, allows the subaquous progradation of deltaic sand bodies in the south portion of the area, and sand debris flows in the north portion of the studied area.
Zwirtes, Inês Rosane. "Uso da geocronologia e da distribuição de lipídios e fósforo na reconstituição histórica dos sedimentos da Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, SC". Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/86429.
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A partir de amostras de sedimento de superfície (interface sedimento/água) e testemunhos da Lagoa da Conceição, analisou-se as frações de fósforo total, inorgânico e orgânico, utilizou-se a técnica de geocronologia para determinar a idade do perfil e a granulometria para determinar as frações de areia, silte e argila, o fracionamento dos lipídios e C, N presentes nessas amostras. Para se interpretar os resultados obtidos, foram utilizadas razões tais como:C:N:P, razões entre as concentrações dos hidrocarbonetos e álcoois de origem terrestre e aquática (RTA) e índices de preferência de carbono (IPC). Os resultados para as amostras de superfície indicaram que a origem da matéria orgânica é predominantemente terrestre (C/N ³10 , IPC ³2 e RTA³1).
Raupp, Ismael da Silva. "Geoarqueologia na planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul: contribuições sobre a ocupação humana pré-histórica no litoral norte do RS". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4912.
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Este trabalho propôs uma pesquisa interdisciplinar entre a Geologia e a Arqueologia, buscando compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva geoarqueológica, a relação entre a evolução da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul (PCRS) e a ocupação humana pretérita na área. Nossa área de estudo foi o Litoral Norte do estado, nos limites do município de Arroio do Sal, onde utilizamos o Radar de Penetração de Solo (GPR) para adquirir perfis onde foi possível identificar feições pretéritas que indicaram configurações da planície favoráveis à ocupação humana na região. A partir dos dados coletados na PCRS foi realizada uma interpretação do possível cenário no qual antigos grupos humanos viveram, mostrando a presença de antigas lagoas e lagunas hoje colmatadas. A mesma ferramenta geofísica foi utilizada em aquisições no sambaqui Marambaia I (RS-LN-312). Com as informações obtidas, criamos um mapa indicativo de locais propensos à presença de materiais arqueológicos, esperando diminuir assim erros e custos em futuras escavações e manter a integridade do sítio.
This work is an interdisciplinary research between Geology and Archeology. It aims to understand from a geoarchaelogycal perspective the relationship between the evolution of the northern portion of the coastal plain of the Rio Grande do Sul State (PCRS) and the preterit human occupation in the area. Our study area is located within the limits of the Arroio do Sal municipality. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) devices were used to acquire profiles in which were identified past coastal plain features favorable to human occupation of the region. From the data collected an interpretation of the possible scenario in which ancient human groups lived was elaborated, including the presence of currently filled back barrier lakes and lagoons. The same geophysical tool was used for subsurface acquisition in the shell mound named Marambaia I (RS-LN-312). The results have allowed the elaboration of a map of places prone to the presence of archaeological materials, hence hoping to reduce errors and costs in future excavation and therefore to preserve as much as possible the site integrity.
SACHETT, Cleris Regina. "Geologia, geoquímica isotópica e aspectos metalogenéticos das rochas ígneas e mineralizações auríferas associadas - Região de Monte do Carmo - TO". Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/10266.
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A região de Monte do Carmo localiza-se na porção centro-leste do estado do Tocantins e comporta em seu quadro geológico rochas da Suíte Lajeado, rochas vulcânicas ácidas, metassedimentos do Grupo Natividade e sedimentos de idades Fanerozóicas. Ocorrem ainda veios de quartzo portadores de mineralizações auríferas com diversos sulfetos associados cortando o Granito Lajeado, as vulcânicas e os metassedimentos do Grupo Natividade. A norte da cidade de Monte do Carmo ocorrem rochas vulcânicas ácidas representadas por riolitos, dacitos, riodacitos e piroclásticas ácidas. Esta unidade foi analisada através método Pb-Pb por evaporação em zircões da qual se obteve urna idade de 2138 ± 11 Ma (2a), também interpretada como a época de cristalização. A Suíte Lajeado, que aflora na região imediatamente a sul de Monte do Carmo, é constituída por granitos, granófiros bem como anfibólio granitos e leucogranitos subordinados. Zircões deste corpo foram analisados através do método Pb-Pb e forneceram uma idade de 2025 ± 26 Ma (2a). Este resultado foi interpretado como a época de cristalização do Granito Lajeado visto que as amostras analisadas eram provenientes de porções não deformadas do granito. Estas duas unidades são seccionadas por zonas de cisalhamento de dimensões métricas orientadas normalmente segundo a direção N-S, as quais comportam veios de quartzo acompanhados de mineralizações auríferas e fases sulfetadas. Nas rochas encaixantes são observadas marcantes modificações mineralógicas e texturais como recristalização, hidratação e neoformação de minerais. Amostras destes filonitos encaixantes foram analisadas através do método Rb-Sr e forneceram uma idade de 565 ± 43 Ma (2a). Com base em dados geológicos regionais que mostram a existência de magmatismo e tectonismo durante este período, bem como a intensa transformação a que foram submetidas as rochas analisadas interpretou-se este resultado como sendo a época da transformação das rochas. Conseqüentemente, obteve-se a época de implantação das zonas de cisalhamento e mineralizações associadas. Dentre os sulfetos que acompanham as mineralizações tem-se principalmente a galena e a pirita. Estes sulfetos foram analisados através do método Pb-Pb em minerais e forneceram composições isotópicas compatíveis com urna evolução durante o Proterozóico Superior a partir de fontes do Paleoproterozóico. A análise microtermométrica das inclusões dos veios de quartzo revelou a presença de dois fluidos distintos. Um fluido de composição carbônica a aquo-carbônica de baixa salinidade aprisionado nos estágios iniciais de formação dos veios a temperatura entre 250°C e 350°C a uma pressão de 2 a 3 Kbars. Com a evolução das zonas de cisalhamento os fluidos passaram a ser aquosos e mais salinos (equivalente em peso de NaCl superior a 22%) com a presença dos cátions Na, Ca que foram aprisionados a temperaturas entre 150°C e 200°C. Na área do Morro do Lajeado, localizado a cerca de 10Km de Porto Nacional ocorrem pequenos corpos de granitóides de composição tonalítica, que são intrusivos em seqüências vulcano-sedimentares. Zircões deste corpo foram também submetidos a análises Pb-Pb da qual se obteve uma idade de 2069 ± 76 Ma (2a). No entanto, nesta análise não obteve-se um platô de idade bem definido, com algumas idades bastante superiores a média (2538 ± 207 Ma), o que faz com que este resultado seja considerado apenas como a idade mínima de cristalização do Granitóide Torre.
The region of Monte do Carmo is located in the middle east portion of the Tocantins state and comprises in its geologic view, rocks from the Lajeado Granite, acid volcanics, metasediments of the Natividade Group and sediments of Phanerozoic age. It consists yet of quartz veins gold bearing mineralizations with several associated sulfides cross-cutting the Lajeado Granite, the volcanics and the metasediments of the Natividade Group. Acid volcanic rocks represented by rhyolite, dacites, rhyodacites and acid pyroclastics occur in the northern part of the Monte do Carmo town. This unity was analised by the Pb-Pb method with zircons vaporization, from which was obtained an age of 2138±11 Ma (2a), also interpreted as the crystallization epoch. The Lajeado Granite, which readly outcrops in the south region of Monte do Carmo, consists of granites, granophyres, as well as amphibole bearing gravite and subordinated leucogranite. Zircons from this body were analysed through the Pb-Pb method and provided an age of 2025±26 Ma (2a). This result was interpreted as the crystallization epoch of the Lajeado Granite inasmuch as the analised samples carne from non-deformed portions of the grafite. These two unities are seccionated by metric shear zones, commonly orientated in the N-S direction, with auriferous quartz veins and sulfide mineralizations. Markable mineralogical and textural transformations of the minerais occur in the wall rock. Samples from these phylonites were analysed through the Rb-Sr method and provided an age of 565±43 Ma (2a). On the basis of regional geologic data, which show the existence of magmatism and tectonism during this period, as well as an intense transformation on the analised rocks, this result was interpretated as the epoch of rocks transformation. Thus, the epochs of the shear zones development and related mineralizations were determined. Within the associated sulfide mineralizations are galena and pyrite. These sulfides were analised through the Pb-Pb method in minerais and yielded the isotopic compositions compatible with an Upper Proterozoic evolution from sources of the Lower Proterozoic. The microthermometric analyses of the quartz veins related inclusions revealed the existence of two kinds of fluids. An aqueous-carbonic fluid with low salinity was trapped in the earliest stages of formation of the veins in a temperature between 250 and 350°C and pressure of 2-3 Kb. With the evolvement of the shear zones, the fluids became more aqueous and more saline (22% weight NaC1), with the existence of the Na and Ca cations that were trapped in the temperatures between 150 and 200°C. In the Morro Lajeado arca localized 10 Km from the Porto Nacional town, small tonalitic bodies occur intrusives in the volcano-sedimentary sequence. Zircon from these granitoids also underwent Pb-Pb analyses, from which was obtained an age of 2069 ± 76 Ma (2a). These analyses however did not yield a well defined plateau, and some ages were much superiors than the average age 2538 ± 207 Ma (2a), what leads to consider this result as a minimum crystallization age to the Granitoid Torres.
Silva, Márcia Gomes da. "Determinação de trama deposicional em diamictitos glaciais da Formação Rio do Sul (Bacia do Paraná, SC) por meio do método do tensor de inércia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-19112015-094458/.
Texto completoDiamictites from Rio do Sul, upper portion of Itararé Group (Late Carboniferous), Paraná Basin, located in center-south parto f Santa Catarina State, form layers with clasts of variable granulation, immersed in a silt-sandy matrix, and deposited among shales, fine ritmites and turbidites. Although they are associated with deposits finely laminated, they are solid and compact, suggesting the existence of deformation processes that practically homogenized the sediments. The rock is composed mainly by quartz and feldspar, with biotite, muscovite, hornblende, tourmaline, estaurolite and zircon as accessories minerals. Fragments of politic rocks, quartzites, granites, and metamorphic rocks were also found in diamictites. The objective of the study was to determinate the fabric of the clastic grains of the diamictites and to establish relationships with paleocurrent during the deposition of the glacial rocks with its depositional environment, and with its paleogeography, using the Method of Inertia Tensor to characterize diamictite fabric Orientation Preferential of Form (OPF). The application of OPF for matrix supported clastics technique in rudites of Rio do Sul Formation, combined with structural and stratigraphical studies, allowed to reconstitute the distribution of grains in solid sediments, apparently isotropic, based on Method of Inertia Tensor. In the studied area eleven (11) sedimentary facies types were identified (Dm - solid diamictite, Dcg - conglomeratic diamictite, De - stratified diamictite, Vv - varve, Reverse Rd - thick ritmite the thin, Fr - shale rhythmic, F - shale, Ac - sandstone with crossed bedding, ASd - sandstone, and siltite with bedding convolute, as well Il - Interlamination sand-shale), forming 3 depositional cycles with an upward increase of clay contend. Samples collected along the stratigraphic units of the area belong to the 1st and 2nd Depositional Cycles. The study of the texture of the diamictites Rio do Sul Formation through OPF presented, an outstanding consistence of the clast main directions. In the diamictites located in the base of the stratigraphic colums, and interpreted on the literature as allogement tilites, the grains flow indicates the NW-SE direction. This same direction is found in diamictites related to episodes of deglaciation (Dona Emma), as in diamictites associated with turbidites between Rio do Sul and Ituporanga. The direction sediment transport of these diamictites is systematically taward SE. Local variations of fabric to N were found in diamictites between Rio do Sul and Ituporanga, and in deposits located at the top of the 2° Depositional Cycle, whose transport is to SW. In diamictites of this last case, OPF seems to reflect the interference of currents SW-NW directions, also observed in field investigations.
PAZ, Jackson Douglas Silva da. "Fácies, petrografia e geoquímica da Formação Codó neo-aptiano, bacia de São Luís - Grajaú". Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/8277.
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A Formação Codó, objeto deste estudo, corresponde a uma unidade geológica neoaptiana bem conhecida por ser o único registro exposto de rochas desta idade na margem equatorial brasileira. Esta formação, constituída de folhelhos betuminosos, calcários e evaporitos, é particularmente bem exposta nas bordas sul e leste da Bacia de São Luís-Grajaú, MA, áreas aqui investigadas com o intuito: 1. de aprimorar o entendimento do sistema deposicional, discutindo-se a hipótese de formação em ambientes lacustres; e 2. reconstituir as condições paleohidrológicas com base na integração de dados faciológicos, estratigráficos, petrográficos e isotópicos (C, O, Sr e S). Os dados de campo confirmaram sistema lacustre para a área de Codó, onde se desenvolveram lagos salinos, estáveis, bem estratificados, e com períodos de fechamento, quando prevaleceram condições anóxicas acompanhadas pela precipitação de sais em subambientes de lago central. Na região de Grajaú, por outro lado, prevaleceram condições mais efêmeras, com desenvolvimento de complexo de sabkha/saline pan, e precipitação de evaporitos principalmente nas margens do sistema, sob condições de salinas marginais e de planícies lamosas. Os estudos faciológico e estratigráfico mostraram, também, que a Formação Codó em ambas as áreas estudadas está organizada em ciclos de arrasamento ascendente, que registram a progradação de depósitos de lago marginal sobre os de lago central. Três categorias de ciclos foram distinguidos, designados aqui de inferior, intermediário, e superior. Os ciclos de ordem inferior, de espessuras variando entre milímetros a poucos centímetros, são formados por depósitos com acamamentos constituídos de um dos seguintes arranjos litológicos: a) folhelho negro betuminoso e evaporito; b) folhelho negro betuminoso e calcimudstone; c) folhelho negro betuminoso e packstone-wackestone peloidal; d) folhelho cinza-esverdeado e calcimudstone; e) folhelho cinza-esverdeado e packstone-wackestone peloidal; f) folhelho cinza-esverdeado e packstone-wackestone ostracodal; ou g) grainstone-wackestone ostracodal e/ou calcimudstone com tapetes criptomicrobiais e packstone ooidal-pisoidal. Estes ciclos são atribuídos a depósitos sazonais, tendo em vista as suas espessuras regulares na escala milimétrica, típicas de depósitos climaticamente controlados. Os ciclos de ordem intermediária têm, em média, 1,7 m de espessura e são subdivididos por ciclos completos e incompletos. Ciclos completos são compostos de depósitos de lago central, que gradam para acima a depósitos de lago intermediário e marginal, sendo representados por dois tipos: ciclos com depósitos de lago central, constituídos por folhelhos e evaporitos (C1); e ciclos com depósitos de lago central, constituídos por folhelho cinza esverdeado (C2). Ciclos incompletos são formados por sucessões faciológicas onde pelo menos uma das associações de fácies está ausente. São também de dois tipos: ciclos com depósitos de lago central e intermediário (I1); e ciclos com depósitos de fácies de lago intermediário e central (I2). Os ciclos de ordem superior medem, em média, 5,2 m de espessura e consistem em quatro unidades deposicionais, limitadas por superfícies de descontinuidade, sendo internamente constituídas por ciclos intermediários, tanto completos quanto incompletos, e de distribuição variável em direção ao topo das seções. A unidade 1, mais inferior, está apenas parcialmente exposta, com 2,7 m de espessura em média, sendo formada por um intervalo constituído por ciclos I1 delgados. A unidade 2 tem, em média, 5,2 m de espessura e contem todos os tipos de ciclos, principalmente ciclos completos. A unidade 3, com 2,6 m de espessura em média, é constituída por quase 80% de ciclos I2. A unidade 4 apresenta 2,2 m de espessura média, inclui exclusivamente ciclos incompletos, embora a maior parte desta unidade tenha sido destruída pela formação do limite da seqüência aptiana. A caracterização sedimentar detalhada e o padrão de empilhamento dos ciclos de ordens intermediária e superior suportam gênese ligada à atividade tectônica sin-sedimentar. Isto é particularmente sugerido pela alta variabilidade de fácies, pela extensão lateral limitada, e por mudanças aleatórias na espessura e freqüência dos ciclos de ordem intermediária. Além disto, os quatro ciclos de ordem superior são correlacionáveis com zonas estratigráficas apresentando diferentes estilos de estruturas de deformação sin-sedimentar, atribuídos em trabalhos anteriores a atividades sísmicas sin-deposicionais. Portanto, os vários episódios de arrasamento do lago, registrados na Formação Codó pelos ciclos de ordem intermediária e superior, são atribuídos a flutuações no nível de água do lago promovidas por pulsos sísmicos contemporâneos à sedimentação. A análise petrográfica dos evaporitos da Formação Codó permitiu que se definissem melhor as histórias tanto deposicional do sistema lago-sabkha-saline pan, quanto pós-deposicional. Sete morfologias de evaporitos foram reconhecidas: 1. gipso en chevron; 2. gipso/anidrita nodular/lenticular; 3. gipso acicular; 4. gipso em mosaico; 5. Gipso brechóide/gipsarenito; 6. gipso/anidrita pseudo-nodular; e 7. gipso em roseta. A despeito desta ampla variedade de fases, a abundância de gipso en chevron, gipso/anidrita nodular/lenticular e gipso brechóide/gipsarenito, registra a boa preservação de formas primárias. Esta interpretação é suportada pela associação destas morfologias de gipso com depósitos mostrando acamamento horizontal de natureza cíclica, que são atribuídos a flutuações do nível de base do lago, eventualmente culminadas com períodos de exposição subaérea. Mesmo o gipso acicular e o gipso em mosaico, interpretados como produtos de substituição do gipso en chevron e do gipso brechóide/gipsarenito, mostram características de formação autigência ainda sob influência do ambiente deposicional. Fases de formação de gipso sob condições diagenéticas mais profundas são registradas somente no gipso/anidrita pseudo-nodular, atribuídos a mobilizações durante halocinese. Além disto, gipso em rosetas, que interceptam todas as outras fases evaporíticas, têm também origem diagenética ligada a processos tardios por interação com água subterrânea e/ou intemperismo superficial. A constatação de forte influência deposicional registrada em, pelo menos, grande parte das morfologias dos evaporitos da Formação Codó (i.e., gipso primário ou eodiagenético), além da constatação de microfácies carbonáticas com poucas modificações diagenéticas, motivaram a aplicação de métodos isotópicos com propósitos de reconstituição paleoambiental. Os resultados obtidos mostram que ciclos de expansão/contração do sistema deposicional em ambas as áreas estudadas são acompanhadas por variações significativas nos valores isotópicos. A ampla dispersão de valores dos isótopos de Sr e S dentro de cada ciclo deposicional reforça a interpretação petrográfica de que a diagênese não modificou a assinatura geoquímica deposicional dos evaporitos, confirmando seu valor como ferramenta paleoambiental. Além disto, origem não marinha para os evaporitos é sugerida pelas razões 87Sr/86Sr, que variaram de 0,70782 a 0,70928, consideradas mais altas do que aquelas esperadas para evaporitos oriundos da água do mar no Neo-Aptiano (entre 0,70720 e 0,70735). O δ34S variou nas amostras estudadas de 16.12‰ to 17.89 ‰ (V-CDT) na região de Codó, mostrando-se também em total desarmonia com valores marinhos do Neo-Aptiano (i.e., entre 13‰ e 16‰ (V-CDT)). Tanto Sr quanto S foram influenciados pelas características das fácies deposicionais, de tal forma que, durante a expansão do sistema deposicional, os valores de 87Sr/86Sr decresceram devido à inibição do 87Sr liberado a partir de argilominerais pela drenagem interna de planícies lamosas. Nos picos de expansão, os valores de 87Sr/86Sr eram os mais baixos, o que é relacionado à submergência de planícies lamosas e introdução de águas depletadas em 87Sr oriundo do intemperismo de calcários e evaporitos marinhos permianos a neocomianos, tanto quanto basaltos triássicos a neocomianos. Enquanto o estudo dos isótopos de Sr e S observou o comportamento destes nos evaporitos da Formação Codó, análises de isótopos de C e O foram realizadas nos carbonatos e também revelaram uma ampla distribuição isotópica, com valores exclusivamente baixos de δ13C e δ18O, ou seja , entre –5.69‰ e –13.02‰ (PDB) e –2.71‰ e –10.80‰ (PDB), respectivamente. Adicionalmente, estas razões variam de acordo com ciclos de arrasamento considerados neste trabalho como de origem tectônica e que, em geral, mostram razões de δ13C e δ18O mais leves na base, onde predominam depósitos de lago central, e progressivamente mais pesados em direção ao topo, onde depósitos de lago marginal são mais expressivos. Também confirmando a assinatura deposicional, este comportamento leva a propor um modelo isotópico controlado por eventos de sismicidade sin-sedimentar. Assim, razões isotópicas com valores mais leves parecem estar relacionados com eventos de inundação promovidos por subsidência, que resultou no desenvolvimento de um sistema de lago perene. Razões isotópicas com valores mais pesados estariam relacionados a fases de lago efêmero e seriam favorecidas pelo soerguimento e/ou aumento da estabilidade tectônica. Além disso, os resultados mostram que sistemas de lagos fechados predominaram em pelo menos parte do tempo de evolução desses depósitos, o que é indicado pela boa covariância positiva (i.e., +0,42 e +0,43) entre o carbono e o oxigênio, embora fases de lago aberto também sejam registradas pelos valores de covariância negativa (i.e., –0,36).
The Codó Formation is an important geological unit in Brazil, representing the only record of Neoaptian rocks exposed along the Brazilian equatorial margin. This unit consists of bituminous black shales, limestones and evaporites, which are particularly well represented in the south and east margins of the São Luís-Grajaú Basin, around the towns of Codó and Grajaú, State of Maranhão. These areas were investigated in order to: 1. improve the depositional system, discussing the hypothesis that the Codó Formation was produced in a lacustrine setting; and 2. reconstruct the paleohydrological conditions with basis on the integration of facies, stratigraphy, petrography and isotope (C, O,Sr and S) data. Hence, the field data presented herein confirmed a lacustrine system for the Codó area, where prevailed stable, well-stratified, saline lakes characterized by periods of closure, anoxia and salt precipitation in the central saline lakes. On the other hand, ephemeral conditions with development of a sabkha/saline pan complex prevailed in the Grajaú area, where salts precipitated mostly in the marginal portions of the system (i.e., marginal saline pans and mudflats). Studies focusing facies and stratigraphy also revealed that in both areas the Codó Formation is arranged into several shallowing-upward cycles formed by progradation of marginal into central lake deposits. Three types of cycles were distinguished, referred to here as lower, intermediate and higher rank cycles. The lower rank cycles correspond to millimetric interbeddings of: a) bituminous black shale and evaporite; b) bituminous black shale and calcimudstone; c) bituminous black shale and peloidal wackestone-packstone; d) grey/green shale and calcimudstone; e) grey/green shale and peloidal wackestone-packstone; f) grey/green shale and ostracodal wackestone/grainstone; h) ostracodal wackestone/grainstone and/or calcimudstone with cryptomicrobial mats and ooidal/pisoidal packstone. These are attributed to seasonal deposition with basis on their regular nature forming very thin cycles resembling varves. The intermediate rank cycles average 1.7 m thick and are formed by complete and incomplete cycles. Complete cycles show an upward transition from central to intermediate and then marginal facies associations, and include two types: C1 cycles with central lake deposits consisting of evaporites and black shales; and C2 cycles with central lake deposits formed by gray/green shale. Incomplete cycles are those formed by successions lacking at least one of the facies associations, consisting of either central and intermediate lake deposits (cycles I1) or intermediate and marginal lake deposits (cycles I2). The higher rank cycles average 5.2 m thick and consist of four depositional units, which display shallowing-upward successions formed by both complete and incomplete, intermediate rank cycles that vary their distribution upward in the section, and are bounded by sharp surfaces. Unit 1, the lowermost one, averages 2.7 m in thickness, being entirely composed by thin I1 cycles. Unit 2 averages 5.2 m thick, and displays all of the aforementioned intermediate cycles, especially complete ones. Unit 3, averaging 2.6 m thick, consists of 80% of cycles I2. Finally, unit 4, which averages 2.2 m in thickness, displays only incomplete cycles, though its uppermost part was not preserved due to erosion during the development of the Aptian sequence boundary. The detailed sedimentological characterization and the stratal stacking patterns of the intermediate and higher rank cycles support a genesis linked to syn-sedimentary tectonic activity, particularly suggested by high facies variability, limited lateral extension, as well as frequent and random thickness changes of the intermediate-rank cycles. Additionally, the matching between the four higher rank cycles with four stratigraphic zones having different styles of soft-sediment deformation structures previously described in the literature as resulting from seismic activities, is a further argument to corroborate this interpretation. Therefore, the several episodes of lake shallowing recorded in the intermediate and higher rank cycles of the Codó Formation are attributed to fluctuations in the lake water level, triggered by seismic pulses alternating with sediment deposition. The petrographic analysis of the evaporites from the Codó Formation allowed to better defining both the lake-sabkha-saline pan depositional system and the post-depostional histories. Seven evaporite morphologies were recognized: 1. chevron (selenite) gypsum; 2. nodular/lensoidal gypsum/anhydrite; 3. acicular gypsum; 4. mosaic gypsum; 5. brecciated gypsum/gypsarenite; 6. pseudo-nodular anhydrite/gypsum; and 7. rosettes of gypsum. Despite of this large variety of evaporite phases, the chevron gypsum, the nodular/lensoidal gypsum/anhydrite and the brecciated gypsum/gypsarenite record the preservation of primary features. The association of these morphologies with deposits displaying cyclic horizontal bedding, attributed to lake level fluctuations eventually culminated with subaerial exposure, reinforces this interpretation. Even acicular gypsum and mosaic gypsum, which replaced the chevron and brecciated gypsum/gypsarenite, respectively, formed under the influence of the depositional surface. Burial phases of gypsum are only recorded in the pseudo-nodular anhydrite/gypsum, attributed to salt mobilization induced by halokinesis. In addition, rosettes of gypsum, which crosscut the other evaporite morphologies, diagenetic in origin, have probably formed as the latest evaporite phase of the study area, under the influence groundwater and/or surface weathering. In the present research, isotope studies aiming paleoenvironmental purposes were motivated by both confirmation of strong depositional influence for at least great part of the evaporites from the Codó Formation (i.e., primary and eodiagenetic gypsum), and the low diagenetic modification recorded for the limestones. Results of these approaches show that expansion/contraction cycles in both studied areas were accompanied by significant changes in isotope values. The wide dispersion of Sr and S isotope data within individual depositional cycles reinforces the lack of significant diagenetic modification as suggested by the petrographic analysis, and confirms the utility of these isotopes as environmental tools. Additionally, a non-marine brine source is suggested by 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.707824 to 0.709280, which are higher than those from late Aptian seawater (i.e., between 0.70720 and 0.70735). The δ34S varies from 16.12 to 17.89 %o(V-CDT) in the Codó area, which is also in disagreement with late Aptian marine values (ranging from 13 to 16 %o(V-CDT)). Both geochemical tracers were influenced by facies characteristics, and thus a model is provided where expansion of saline pan/lake systems led to decreasing 87Sr/86Sr values due to the inhibition of the 87Sr from clay minerals originated during the internal draining of mudflats. During expansion peaks, the 87Sr/86Sr values were lower due to submergence of mud flats and introduction of external 87Sr-depleted waters related to weathering of Permian to Neocomian marine limestones and evaporites, as well as Triassic to Neocomian basaltic rocks. Furthermore, the sulphur isotope values decrease in the southern margin of the basin from 14.79 to 15.60 %o(V-CDT) probably due to increased evaporation in shallower water settings. While the studies of Sr and S isotopes emphasized the evaporites of the Codó Formation, the analysis of C and O isotopes were carried out on the carbonates. The data revealed a wide distribution of dominantly low δ13C and δ18O values, ranging from –5.69‰ to –13.02‰ and from –2.71‰ to –10.80‰, respectively. It was also observed that these ratios vary according to seismically-induced shallowing-upward cycles, in general becoming lighter in their bases, where central lake deposits dominate, and progressively heavier upward, where marginal lake deposits are more widespread. In addition to confirm a depositional signature for the analysed samples, this behavior led to introduce a seismic-induced isotope model. Hence, lighter isotope ratios appear to be related with flooding events promoted by subsidence, which resulted in the development of a perennial lake system, while heavier isotope values are related to ephemeral lake phases favored through uplift and/or increased stability. Furthermore, the results show that a closed lake system dominated, as indicated by the overall good positive covariance (i.e., +0.42 to +0.43) between the carbon and oxygen isotopes, though open phases are also recorded by negative covariance values of –0.36.
Guerra, Maria de Fátima Ferreira. "O Cretácico na região de Queluz : património natural em torno da escola". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2715.
Texto completoCom este trabalho pretendeu-se planear e levar a cabo um conjunto de actividades no âmbito da Geologia, passíveis de serem desenvolvidas em vários ambientes de aprendizagem - campo, sala de aula, laboratório e computador - que permitam aos alunos conhecer a litologia e a história geológica da zona onde vivem. A investigação realizada, as actividades e materiais elaborados centraram-se numa zona de cerca de 3-4 Km em volta da Escola Secundária Stuart Carvalhais, em Massamá (Queluz), nos arredores de Lisboa. A escolha deste tema e desta área pretende proporcionar aos alunos a realização de trabalho de campo, em alternativa às visitas de estudo tradicionais, levando-os a terem novas visões da Geologia e do local em que vivem, de modo a compreenderem que o chão que pisam tem uma longa história para contar. O trabalho iniciou-se com o reconhecimento da Geologia local com base na cartografia existente, no trabalho de campo e na bibliografia disponível. Seleccionaram-se os afloramentos que pareceram mais adequados e foram recolhidos dados relativos à litologia, aos recursos, ao património natural e arqueológico, à ocupação antrópica da região e aos problemas de Ordenamento. Em simultâneo procedeu-se à revisão bibliográfica relativa às perspectivas actuais da Educação em Ciências, às Orientações Curriculares relativas aos 7º, 10º e 11º anos, das disciplinas de Ciências Naturais e Biologia e Geologia, e ao Projecto Educativo da Escola - “Stuart XXI” - com vista à contextualização didáctica das actividades a desenvolver. Da investigação resultou a planificação de um conjunto de actividades para cada um dos anos de escolaridade referidos. Por existirem nas imediações da escola excelentes afloramentos e uma grande variedade de aspectos geológicos com potencialidades didácticas, as actividades que se propõem não esgotam as possibilidades que a zona proporciona. Os percursos foram escolhidos em função da sua extensão e segurança e as actividades foram planificadas em função dos conteúdos a leccionar e do grau de dificuldade exigido para os diferentes anos de escolaridade. As actividades planeadas encontram-se em anexo. ABSTRACT: The main objective of this work was the conceptual development, planning and design of a geology outreach project to be performed both inside and outside the classroom (field, laboratory, computer room). The approach followed is expected to contribute to motivate the students to the study of the geology of the place where they live and to increase their interest in earth sciences. The region under investigation is located in the southern sector of the West Portuguese Mesozoic Basin (Lusitanian Basin) and involves an area of 3-4 km around the Stuart Carvalhais Secondary School in Massamá (Queluz), in the environments of Lisbon. The area and the topics selected will provide an opportunity to carry out field work, in alternative to traditional field trips and will help the students to develop a new perspective of Geology. In the first stage of the project, the students will look at topographic and geologic maps in order to identify the main geologic units cropping out in the region. Additional information will be obtained through bibliographic and internet research. Problems such as land management, natural resources and human occupation will also be focused. The field trip, consisting of five selected stops, provides an opportunity to observe good outcrops of sedimentary and igneous rocks of Cretaceous age and to collect a varied set of field data, based on which it will be possible to reconstruct the geological history of the region. On the walk, the rock-forming processes as well as the natural and historical patrimony will be discussed and some information on geotectonic setting will be given. Back to school, the students will compile all the field observations, will do some further research in the laboratory and will integrate and present the results obtained. The project is designed for students of Earth Sciences of the 7Th grade and of Biology and Geology of the 10th and 11th grade and follows the curricular recommendations of the Portuguese Ministry of Education for these levels of teaching. It also reflects the concerns of the Education Project of the School - “Stuart XXI”. The thesis is organized in six chapters. The main objectives of the work and the adopted methodology are presented in the first chapter. Chapter II describes the area around the school, whilst Chapter III includes the guide of the geologic tour with a detailed description of the different stops. Chapter IV provides a literature review of the main aspects of the Geology of the Cretaceous in Portugal. Chapter V presents a brief overview of the geodynamic evolution of the Lusitanian Basin and Chapter VI includes the main conclusions of the thesis.
LEITE, Wladson da Silva. "Estratigrafia de dunas costeiras de Salinópolis/PA em associação com variações pluviométricas". Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/2611.
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O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Salinópolis, nas praias de Atalaia e Maçarico (PA/Brasil), com o objetivo de se obter um panorama morfo-estratigráfico das dunas costeiras e sua evolução recente na área, avaliando também as correlações com variações climáticas no Holoceno tardio. Na área de estudo foram realizados trabalhos nas dunas transversais e nas dunas parabólicas utilizando-se principalmente perfilagem geofísica com Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR), sondagens, análises granulométricas e datações. Foi utilizado o sistema GPR digital SIR-2000 com uma antena de 200 MHz, para se obter a estratigrafia dos depósitos dunares, identificando suas fácies estratigráficas e possíveis reativações destas dunas em tempos pretéritos. Testemunhos de sedimentos foram coletados a partir de um sistema de trado manual para complementação, obtenção de material para análises e datações, especialmente nos locais onde os registros de GPR, e consequentemente a estratigrafia, se mostraram interessantes. Na Praia do Maçarico foram identificadas duas cristas de dunas frontais principais, com idades de 69 e 80 anos respectivamente com uma taxa média de progradação de 6 metros/ano. Na praia do Atalaia o cenário apresenta-se com caráter mais transgressivo, onde se observou uma feição provavelmente pleistocênica, embora a datação obtida indique uma idade de apenas 58 anos. A duna parabólica investigada nessa área revelou uma migração da ordem de 4 metros/ano, semelhante à taxa observada na praia do Maçarico e possivelmente correspondendo a fases anuais de migração, que ocorreriam durante o período seco e de ventos mais fortes. A estratigrafia das dunas na área de estudo mostra uma correspondência com as oscilações climáticas sazonais de pluviosidade e ventos, seu uso é de grande potencial para estudos climáticos.
The present study was carried out at Salinópolis covering the Atalaia and Maçarico beaches (PA/North Brazil) to obtain a morpho-stratigraphic overview of the local coastal dunes and their evolution in Late Holocene, considering also climatic oscillations. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), auger coring, granulometric analysis and dating were used. The GPR-system SIR-2000 with a 400MHz antenna was used to reveal dune stratigraphy, including sedimentary facies and reactivation surfaces. At key-points of profiles sediment cores were obtained to proper interpretation of radargrams and sediment samples collection for grain size analysis and optical dating. At the Maçarico beach two main foredune crests were identified and dated at 69 and 80 years B.P. revealing a progradation rate of around 6 meters/year. The Atalaia beach presented a transgressive scenario, including retrogradation of the Holocene beach over older sediment layers, which include a feature interpreted as of Pleistocene age, although optical dating indicates an age of only 58 years B.P. due to actual sun light exposition. There, a parabolic dune was investigated and had revealed a migration rate of around 4 meters/year, where the reflectors indicate annual episodes of migration, possibly corresponding to the seasonal cycles of dryer periods and stronger winds. The general stratigraphy of the area seems to be a good tool for further studies on climate for the region, due to its good correlation with seasonal climatic patterns and long term register.
Ody, Leandro Carlos. "Teoria e história na geologia". Florianópolis, SC, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/102454.
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Ao longo deste trabalho, buscamos responder à seguinte questão: "é a geologia uma ciência teórica ou uma ciência histórica?". Para chegarmos a um posicionamento razoável quanto a essa questão, buscamos resgatar a concepção de ciência teórica e de ciência histórica no pensamento de autores como Karl Popper, George Gaylord Simpson e David Hull. A aproximação que podemos fazer entre a idéia desses autores acerca da distinção entre os dois tipos de ciência nos leva a tomar algumas posições com relação à ciência da geologia e a classificá-la como teórica ou como histórica com base no tipo de questão de interesse do geólogo. Essas questões poderiam ser separadas entre questões acerca de leis gerais, estruturas teóricas explicativas e definições gerais de processos geológicos de um lado e explicações de fatos particulares, singulares, irrepetíveis e que caracterizam narrações históricas de outro lado.
Pontes, Naedja Vasconcelos. "Análise estratigráfica e geoquímica através de isótopos de enxofre em sequências pelíticas e mistas na formação Morro do Chaves da Bacia Sergipe-Alagoas". Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Análise de Bacias, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5391.
Texto completoO objetivo deste trabalho visa caracterizar a geoquimica de folhelhos do periodo Cretaceo da Formacao Morro do Chaves, Bacia Sergipe-Alagoas. Foram estudadas 16 amostras de folhelhos submetidas a analise de carbono organico total (COT), enxofre Total (S), pirolise Rock Eval e razao isotopica de enxofre Â34S com o objetivo de identificar a assinatura isotopica e possiveis areas fontes. Os resultados de COT e Rock Eval demonstrou alta quantidade de materia organica e determinou-se o querogenio caracteristico como do tipo I, essencialmente algalica. Os resultados da analise geoquimica de COT e S atingiram valores de 9,22% e 1,67%, respectivamente, possibilitando a identificacao de dois intervalos anoxicos. Os resultados isotopicos identificaram duas provaveis fontes, sendo os altos valores relacionados a reducao bacteriana de sulfato provenientes de agua marinha, os baixos valores provenientes de fonte meteorica e os valores intermediarios de ambas as fontes. As condicoes paleoambientais foram caracterizadas como um ambiente lagunar que possivelmente ocorreu invasoes marinhas no sistema.
Junior, Paulo Roberto Dal-Cere. "Reservatório de gás não convencional: história de caso na Bacia do Recôncavo - Brasil". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4540.
Texto completoUnconventional gas reservoir is a term commonly used to refer to a lowpermeability reservoir that produces mainly gas. Many of the lowpermeability reservoirs that have been developed in the past are sandstone, but significant quantities of gas are also produced from low-permeability carbonates, shales, and coalbed methane. In general, a vertical well that has been drilled and completed in an unconventional gas reservoir must be successfully stimulated to produce at commercial gas flow rates and recover commercial gas volumes. Normally, a hydraulic fracture treatment is used to achieve successful stimulation. In some naturally fractured unconventional gas reservoirs, horizontal wells can be drilled, but many of these wells also need to be stimulated with hydraulic fracturing methods. To optimize the development of an unconventional gas reservoir, a team of geoscientists and engineers must determine the optimum number and locations of wells to be drilled, as well as the drilling and completion procedures for each well. On an individual well basis, an unconventional gas reservoir will produce less gas over a longer period of time than will a well completed in a higherpermeability, conventional reservoir. Many of the major accumulations of mineral resources are found within or near the deeply penetrating fractures of the global fractures called cracks of the world (Keith et al, 2003). In the exploration industry the main targets to be drilled can be predicted by the analysis of the structural adjustment and fluid flow pathway in lateral or in vertical pipes, detectable through different geochemistry and geophysics patterns. The recognition and distribution of an unconventional gas reservoir in the Reconcavo Basin is the main focus of this study. In this basin, it is observed that fractures, usually occurring in the Gomo Member shales of the Candeias Formation, are generated by the sliding down of the hanging block of listric faults. The sliding block undergoes a compression in its terminal portion, caused by the interruption of movement along an obstacle, usually a structural high produced by the accumulation of shale (possibly diamictites and olistoliths from a previous sliding). These fractures are arranged at various scales of magnitude and can be stated that the most important fracture is the strike-slip fault, from which other low order fractures are developed.
Grijalba, Gómez Víctor Manuel. "Geología y análisis histórico-meteorológico del aluvión de marzo de 2015 en Chañaral, Atacama". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/140039.
Texto completoEn este trabajo se estudió la geología y los registros históricos, tanto del aluvión del 24 de marzo de 2015 de Chañaral, como de eventos previos, deduciendo los factores geológicos, geomorfológicos, meteorológicos, climáticos y antrópicos que influyeron en su impacto en la ciudad, a partir de la bibliografía disponible al respecto y de análisis propios realizados en terreno, laboratorio y gabinete. Se caracterizó el impacto del aluvión a partir de las características de sus sedimentos en Chañaral: su extensión (2,75 km2 en tierra y alturas de inundación hasta 3,7 m), su contexto fisiográfico (cauce principal, desborde norte y desborde sur proximal, intermedio, lateral y terminal), la granulometría de las facies, la composición de los sedimentos y la dinámica del flujo durante sus distintas etapas. A partir de esto, se concluyó que se trató de un flujo de barro (o mudflow), donde los sedimentos transportados provienen de toda la cuenca del río Salado, en particular desde las zonas de la Depresión Central hacia la Pre-Cordillera. Se registraron, en el siglo XX, 4 eventos de precipitación extrema que generaron aluviones o inundaciones en la hoya del río Salado: los aluviones de 1940 y 1972, y las inundaciones de 1983 y 1991. Los mecanismos de precipitación, determinados a través del re-análisis meteorológico, de estos eventos fueron de lluvias de verano ( Invierno Boliviano ) para el de 1972, Baja Segregada para 1983 y Anticiclón de Bloqueo para 1991, ambos en invierno. El evento del 2015 fue generado en el marco de una Baja Segregada con Anticiclón de Bloqueo. Comparativamente, el aluvión de Tocopilla de 2015 se dio bajo una Vaguada Profunda. Se determinaron los factores condicionantes, gatillantes e intensificadores del aluvión del 2015. Como factores condicionantes se tiene la geomorfología de la hoya del río Salado, que presenta un cambio abrupto de pendiente entre la Pre-Cordillera y la Depresión Central (1800 m de altura en 40 km, aproximadamente), y todos sus afluentes se unen en una sola desembocadura en Chañaral; la disponibilidad del material, que proviene tanto de los depósitos no consolidados (como los ubicados en los cauces de los afluentes y de unidades como las Gravas de Atacama) como del derrumbe y erosión de formaciones rocosas en la Pre-Cordillera; y el clima de la zona, que al ser árido con baja cantidad de lluvias, favorece la acumulación de material disponible para ser movilizado durante eventos extremos de precipitaciones. El factor gatillante fue un evento de precipitación torrencial en la región, donde la localización en la Pre-Cordillera de la mayor cantidad de agua caída, una isoterma cero alta (5000 m.s.n.m.) y una gran cantidad de humedad atmosférica proveniente del trópico, fueron capaces de generar aluviones, a diferencia de otros eventos donde no se cumplía algunas de estas condiciones. Este evento se da durante un episodio El Niño, al igual que los eventos previos, con excepción del evento asociado a lluvias estivales ( Invierno Boliviano ), que se dio durante un episodio La Niña. Existe la posibilidad de un aumento de episodios extremos El Niño debido al cambio climático antropogénico lo que podría aumentar la recurrencia de aluviones en esta y otras zonas. El evento de marzo de 2015 ocurrió durante un episodio El Niño en desarrollo, al igual que los eventos previos, con excepción del de 1972 que ocurrió durante la transición a un episodio La Niña. Existe la posibilidad de una intensificación de los episodios extremos asociados a El Niño y La Niña, debido al Cambio Global, lo que podría aumentar el impacto de aluviones en esta y otras zonas. El contexto geomorfológico y el diseño urbanístico de la ciudad de Chañaral, así como obras de mitigación subestimadas en el río Salado, contribuyeron al fuerte impacto de este proceso geológico en el casco histórico de la ciudad.
Monteiro, Graça Maria Viana. "Controvérsias geológicas : seu valor científico-histórico e didáctico". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4783.
Texto completoUma das vertentes da função docente é, seguramente, a da constanteinvestigação, não (apenas) por uma questão de enriquecimento pessoal eprofissional, mas pelo que aos estudantes diz respeito, sempre ávidos derespostas (não definitivas) sobre a vida e obra dos investigadores quedescobriram determinado conceito/teoria. A necessidade de conhecer osmeandros do meio científico e as controvérsias geradas ao longo daemergência de um novo paradigma científico na Geologia do séc.XX, levou-nos a uma criteriosa selecção das mesmas. Com efeito, temas como i) oTempo Geológico; ii) a Deriva Continental e a Tectónica de Placas e; iii) asExtinções em Massa, constituem o nosso objectivo de estudo. Definamo-los: a) Analisar as controvérsias na sua vertente histórico-epistemológica, numa perspectiva da construção do conhecimento científico; b) Articular a História daGeologia, nomeadamente as controvérsias geológicas, com a Educação emGeologia; c) Avaliar a importância das controvérsias na construção do conhecimento científico, através de materiais didácticos cuidadosamenteelaborados para este fim e desenvolvidos em práticas lectivas. Assumimos ocontributo da controvérsia científica como um importante marco na História daCiência que intentamos perseguir e compreender. O nascer da Geologia enquanto ciência autónoma, reveste-se de duras polémicas, conducentes a conquistas científicas, algumas das quais ainda seprolongam até aos dias de hoje. As controvérsias científicas foram encaradas,no nosso estudo, como processos cujos caminhos são alimentados porconteúdos científicos que se repensam. E se as controvérsias são fulcrais naCiência, não há razão para separarmos a perspectiva científica da perspectivahistórico-epistemológica rica em dificuldades, confrontos e obstáculos. Pensamos ainda que a inclusão de aspectos relativos à natureza humana, ricaem conflitos e situações dilemáticas, de valores e de âmbito ético, torna ascontrovérsias científicas enquadradas e justificadas num contexto Educação em Geologia. Aponta-se, então, a intenção de esclarecer a problemáticacentral deste estudo: Qual a importância das controvérsias geológicas para aEducação em Geologia? Em Didáctica da Geologia, numa perspectiva não instrumental, umarevalorização do papel das controvérsias científicas passa não só pela suautilização de forma criativa, mas também por lhes atribuirmos uma maiordiversidade de funções. Não se pode pois, afirmar que as controvérsias emGeologia sejam algo “naife” e neutras, uma vez que são portadoras de sentido dentro de um contexto social, político e mesmo religioso. Ao utilizarmos acontrovérsia, note-se, não apenas como recurso didáctico, permitir-nos-á o desenvolvimento de capacidades, entre outras, de comunicação intra einterpares,desenvolver a criatividade e o poder argumentativo dos alunos,bem como revelar valores inerentes à ciência contemporânea. O analisar dascontrovérsias científico-históricas a partir de uma vertente qualitativa foi, comoque o abrir de um processo de compreensão da realidade que queremos menos subjectiva, exigindo da Didáctica das Ciências um rigor disciplinar-metodológico que sempre procurámos ter em atenção. Neste sentido,referimos a pertinência da vertente de estudo historiográfica que se enquadroue entrelaçou com a Investigação-Acção, no sentido de uma pesquisa activa e com maior significado para a educação científica. Este pressuposto requerinteligibilidade como um ponto de partida para uma nova abordagem no Ensinoda Geologia. Assim, uma das suas possíveis linhas estruturantes passa pela História da Ciência e mais concretamente pela controvérsia científica, dotadade uma epistemologia própria. Acreditamos que ao utilizar a controvérsiacientífica enquanto exercício de aprendizagem, os alunos são convidados e ajudados a compreender melhor como se constrói a Ciência, acentuando ofacto de a actividade científica ser eminentemente cultural e humana.Acrescentaremos que no presente estudo foram emergentes as conclusões deque a controvérsia científico-histórica tem um papel decisivo para uma mais adequada compreensão das dificuldades na construção do conhecimentocientífico, visto perseguir o objectivo da melhoria das percepções dos alunosdo Ensino Secundário sobre a natureza da Ciência, bem como sobre aaprendizagem das controvérsias geológicas e alguns dos seus aspectos maiscentrais.
A teaching goal is, surely, permanent research, not only for personal and professional enrichment, but also for students, always looking for answers (notdefinite) about the life and the work of those scientists that discovered someconcept/theory. The need to be familiar with the scientific community and the controversy generated by the emergence of a new scientific paradigm in theXXIst century Geology led us to a careful selection. In fact: i) Geological Time;ii) Continental Drift and Tectonic Plates and; iii) Mass Extinction, build up ourstudy goal. We will define them: a) To analyse the scientific controversy in itsscientific-epistemological sides, in a scientific knowledge acquisitionperspective; b) To articulate Geological History, namely the geologicalcontroversy, with Geology Education; c) To evaluate the importance of controversy in scientific knowledge acquisition through didactic material,carefully planned and applied in teaching practice. We assume that thescientific controversy has contributed as an important landmark in the History of Science, which we intend to follow and understand. The Geology birth as an autonomous science is covered with hard controversy,leading to important scientific achievements, which still exist today. Scientificcontroversy has been faced, in our study, as different paths in a process, which are feed by the rethinking of scientific contends. And if controversy is essential,there is no reason to separate the scientific perspective from the historical-epistemological perspective, which is full of difficulties, confrontations andobstacles. We think that the inclusion of human nature aspects, rich in conflicts,dilemma values and ethic, makes scientific controversy fit and justified in aGeology Education context. We intent to clarify the main problem of this study: What is the importance of the geological controversy in Geology Education? Geology in Didactic in a non-instrumental perspective, revaluing scientific controversies means not only using it in a creative way, but also giving it widerand diverse functions. We cannot state that controversy in Geology is “naive”and neutral, as it is meaningful in a social, political and religious context. Usingcontroversy, not only as a didactic resource, will allow us to develop severalskills as pair communication, creativity and argumentative power of pupils, andalso to reveal contemporary scientific values. Analysing the scientific-historical controversy through qualitative way was, likeopening a process of understanding reality, which we want less subjective, demanding from Science Teaching the utmost attention to the methodological-discipline. So, we have pointed out the pertinence of the historical study whichcombined with Action-Research is of a great significance to Science Education.This presupposition implies intelligibility as a starting point to a new approach toGeology Teaching. So, a possible structural line goes through the History ofScience, mainly through scientific controversy, and its self-epistemology. We believe that by using scientific controversy as a learning exercise, pupils can understand better how Science evolves, emphasizing the fact that scientificactivity is eminently cultural and human. Finally we must add that in this studythe role of scientific-historical controversy was decisive in a proper understanding of the difficulties in scientific knowledge acquisition, as we hadthe goal to improve perceptions of the Secondary School students about thenature of science, and also about the learning of geological controversy and its central aspects.
Gonçalves, Leonardo Eustáquio da Silva. "Características gerais e história deformacional da suíte granítica G1, entre Governador Valadares e Ipanema, MG". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6241.
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O Orógeno Araçuaí, situado entre a margem continental brasileira e a borda leste do Cráton do São Francisco, é um dos vários orógenos brasiliano-panafricanos gerados durante a aglutinação do Gondwana Ocidental. Possui um núcleo constituído por rochas de alto grau metamórfico e um grande volume de rochas graníticas, que registram seus estágios evolutivos pré, sin, tardi e pós-colisionais. No presente estudo, investigaram-se os atributos petrológicos e estruturais da Suíte G1, relacionada ao estágio pré-colisional do Orógeno Araçuaí, na região compreendida entre Governador Valadares e Ipanema, MG. Nesta região, encontra-se exposta uma série de corpos plutônicos conhecidos na literatura como Derribadinha, São Vítor, Galiléia, Cuieté Velho e Alto Capim. O seu estudo visou, em última instância, o entendimento da natureza e paleogeografia do arco magmático do Orógeno Araçuaí. As rochas da Suíte G1 estudadas constituem três litofácies distintas, quais sejam, fácies charnoquito-tonalítica, granodiorítica-tonalítica e granítica. A fácies charnoquito-tonalítica, representada pelo Tonalito Derribadinha, ocorre na forma de um corpo alongado de direção N-S na extremidade oeste da área. É constituída por rochas de tonalidade cinza-esverdeada e apresenta como característica marcante a ocorrência de hiperstênio. A paragênese mineral encontrada sugere condições da fácies metamórfica anfibolito alto a granulito. A fácies granodiorítica-tonalítica, constituída pelos plútons São Vítor e Galiléia, está exposta nas porções norte, nordeste e leste da área. É constituída por rochas de tonalidade cinza claro a escuro e possui como característica marcante a grande quantidade de enclaves. As microestruturas observadas, como por exemplo, feldspatos recristalizados, sugerem condições da fácies metamórfica anfibolito alto. A fácies granítica, materializada na forma dos plútons Cuieté Velho e Alto Capim, ocorre nas regiões central e sudeste da área. É constituída por rochas de tonalidade clara com raros enclaves. As microestruturas observadas em quartzo e feldspatos e a ocorrência de hornblenda, provavelmente da variedade tschermaquita, sugere condições da fácies metamórfica anfibolito médio a alto. As características químicas reveladas por análises químicas de elementos maiores, traços e terras raras, indicam tratar-se de uma série cálcio-alcalina expandida, metaluminosa a levemente peraluminosa, do tipo-I, com marcada assinatura de arco vulcânico pré-colisional, consistentes com o já estabelecido para a Suíte G1. Apesar da certa homogeneidade geral, nota-se uma diferenciação química entre as litofácies discriminadas, a qual reflete diferentes estágios de cristalização. O conjunto das estruturas deformacionais registrado nas rochas da Suíte G1 e encaixantes pode ser atribuído a três fases de deformação. A fase D1 é a principal, possui caráter penetrativo, e foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento da foliação e lineação de estiramento regionais, por zonas de cisalhamento de empurrão a reversas, e por zonas miloníticas discretas. Esta fase resultou de um campo compressivo de orientação geral E-W. A fase D2 foi responsável pela reativação das estruturas pré-existentes e por nucleação de zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes dextrais, na porção leste da área. Resultou de um campo compressivo de orientação geral NE-SW. A fase D3, de caráter local, se desenvolveu de modo progressivo e foi responsável pela clivagem e lineação de crenulação, encontradas principalmente em xistos. Os atributos das rochas da Suíte G1 indicam que as fácies discriminadas correspondem a diferentes níveis crustais da parte plutônica do arco magmático caracterizado. Elas, associadas a dacitos e riolitos do Grupo Rio Doce, compõem o edifífio plutônico-vulcânico do arco magmático do Orógeno Araçuaí, formado entre 630 e 585 Ma. ______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: The Araçuaí orogen, located between Brazilian Atlantic coast and eastern border of the São Francisco craton, is one among many other Brasiliano/Pan-African orogens developed during the assembly of West Gondwana. The crystalline core of the orogen is made up of high grade metamorphic rocks and large volume of granitoids, which record the pre, syn, late and post-collisional evolutionary stages. Aiming the characterization of the nature and palaeogeography of the magmatic arc of Araçuaí orogen, this study focus the petrology and structure of the G1 pre-collisional Suite in the region between Governador Valadares and Ipanema, MG. This region exposes a series of plutons, currently referred to as Derribadinha, São Vítor, Galiléia, Cuieté Velho and Alto Capim. The studied G1 rocks comprise three distinct lithofacies, namely charnockite-tonalitic, granodioritic-tonalitic and granitic. The charnockite-tonalitic facies, represented by Derribadinha tonalite, occurs as a NS-elongated pluton in the western edge of the study area. Made up of hyperstene-bearing gray-greenish tonalitic rocks, this assemblage exhibits mineral paragenesis indicative of high amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies conditions. The granodioritic-tonalitic facies, which includes the São Vítor and Galiléia plutons, is exposed in the northern, northeastern and eastern portions of the study area. It contains light to dark gray tonalites and granodiorites, with abundant mafic enclaves. The observed microstructures, such as recrystallized feldspars, suggest conditions of high amphibolite metamorphic facies. The granitic facies, represented by the Cuieté Velho and Alto Capim plutons, occurs in the central and southeastern sectors of the study area. It is composed of light gray granites with rare mafic enclaves. The observed microstructures in quartz and feldspars and the occurrence of hornblende, possibly tschermackite, indicate metamorphic conditions of medium to high amphibolite facies. The chemical signature of the G1 Suite, revealed by the analysis of major, trace and RE elements points out towards an expanded calc-alkaline, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, I-type assemblage, with typical features of pre-collisional volcanic arc. In spite of certain degree homogeneity among the studied rocks, a chemical differentiation is observed between the discriminated lithofacies, which correspond to different crystallization stages. The set of deformational structures that affected the G1 Suite and older rocks in the study area can be attributed to three deformational phases. The main phase, D1, was responsible for the development of regional foliation and associated mineral lineation, as well as thrust ductile shear zones. This elements result from an overall compressive, E-W oriented stress field. During the second phase, D2, preexistent structures were reactivated and dextral strike-slip zones nucleated in the eastern portion of the area. This phase was induced by NE-SW orientation compressive stresses. The third phase, D3, less expressive and observed mainly in schists, led to the generation of a crenulation cleavage and associated lineation. The attributes of the G1 Suite indicate that the facies observed reflect distinct crustal levels of the plutonic part of the magmatic arc. Together with the volcanic rocks of Rio Doce Group, they form the plutonic-volcanic components of magmatic arc of Araçuaí orogen, developed between 630 and 585 Ma.
Menezes, Messias Gilmar de. "Claude-Henry Gorceix (1842-1919) e o ensino das ciencias geologicas na Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, no crepusculo do Imperio". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287093.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa procura analisar como Claude-Henry Gorceix (1842-1919) desenvolveu o ensino das ciências geológicas, nos quinze últimos anos do Império, na Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto. Com isso, busca-se aclarar aspectos importantes das ações educativas que marcaram a formação dos profissionais da época, reconstruindo métodos de ensino das ciências geológicas, seus vínculos com a mineração, a economia regional, o poder provincial e o central. Usando o diálogo de Gorceix, é dado destaque às fmalidades do ensino que empreendeu na Província de Minas Gerais e a opção de ensino, ciência e cultura geológica herdados da França. Chega-se à conclusão de que o ensino das ciências geológicas feito na Escola de Minas revela um método em que a experimentação e o trabalho de campo são essenciais. Também com base em trabalhos publicados nos "Annaes da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto", é possível mostrar uma concepção educacional e aspectos da visão de ciência oriundos de cultura acadêmica e práticas do ensino da História Natural, da Mineralogia e da Geologia, na França. Ponto importante desta p~squisa é mostrar um tipo de ensino aliado ao esforço de reconstruir o conhecimento e a indústria mineral, aspecto singular do ensino das ciências geológicas na Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto
Abstract: This research tries to analyse how Claude-Henry Gorceix (1842-1919) developed the teaching of the geological sciences during the fifteen last years of the Empire at the Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto. It tries to clarify important aspects of the educational actions that influenced the professionals' education of that time, rebuilding teaching methods of the geological sciences, their links with mining, the regional economy, the provincial and central powers as well. By using Gorceix's dialogues it is pointed out the purpose of the teaching he has carried out in the Province of Minas Gerais and the option of teaching, science and geological culture inherited from France. It is concluded that the teaching of the geological sciences accomplished at the Escola de Minas shows a method where experimentation and fieldwork are essential. Also, based on works published by "Annaes da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto" it is possible to showan educational concept and aspects of the vision of science that come from academic culture as well as teaching practices of Natural History, of Mineralogy and Geology in France. An important aspect of this research is to show a kind of teaching connected to the effort of rebuilding the knowledge and the mining industry that makes the teaching of the geological sciencesat the Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto unique
Doutorado
Doutor em Ensino e História de Ciências da Terra
Lourenço, Fernanda Silva. "O lineamento Piúma : características gerais e história evolutiva no cenário tectônico da Província Mantiqueira Setentrional e margem continental". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6478.
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O lineamento Piúma, situado na porção sul do estado do Espírito Santo, está entre as feições morfoestruturais mais proeminentes da província Mantiqueira Setentrional. Constitui uma feição linear regional, de direção N50°W, bem marcada em imagens de sensoriamento remoto e mapas topográficos. Face ao significado tectônico atribuído ao lineamento Piúma na margem sudeste brasileira em trabalhos desenvolvidos dentro da PETROBRAS, os quais o colocaram como novo limite entre as bacias de Campos e Espírito Santo, e sua expressão na área continental adjacente, o presente estudo foi concebido de modo a propiciar o entendimento de suas características gerais e função que desempenha tanto na Província Mantiqueira, como na bacia de Campos. Levado a efeito através trabalhos de detalhe em campo e interpretação de imagens de sensores remotos, dados magnetométricos, gravimétricos e linhas sísmicas, este trabalho pretende constituir também uma contribuição ao estudo de lineamentos de um modo geral. Os dados de sensores remotos associados aos dados obtidos em campo mostram que a família de direção NW-SE representa, de maneira geral, as estruturas rúpteis. O lineamento Piúma se traduz na junção de lineamentos menores orientados na direção N50°W, que se estendem por cerca de 70 km, indo da porção próxima à margem continental até próximo à zona de cisalhamento de Guaçuí, no interior do estado do Espírito Santo. Os resultados indicam que o lineamento Piúma se traduz, em superfície, num sistema de fraturas com orientação preferencial N40°W a N60°W, e que suas estruturas definidoras registram a ação de dois regimes tectônicos distintos: um distensivo com ligeira componente transtrativa e outro transcorrente com importante componente transtrativa. Uma hipótese é que as fraturas orientadas na direção do conjunto Piúma tenham se originado em um regime distensivo e posteriormente tenham sido reativadas em regime transcorrente. A idade absoluta da estrutura não pode ser determinada, mas uma vez que corta todas as estruturas dúcteis expostas na área investigada, e considerando que estas devem ter uma idade máxima ediacarana, pode-se estimar a sua idade máxima também como ediacarana. Prolongando-se o lineamento para o interior da bacia de Campos, ele não encontra expressão nos mapas obtidos com os métodos potenciais. Contudo, a interpretação sísmica mostra que seu prolongamento coincide com um alto do embasamento, ao qual estão associadas falhas normais com blocos abatidos para ENE e WSW. Não é possível afirmar que a estrutura observada na porção onshore tenha continuidade para dentro da bacia de Campos. Contudo, a existência de estruturas com a mesma direção do lineamento é reportada por diversos autores como zonas de transferência, que balizaram a abertura oblíqua da margem continental sudeste brasileira. Não foram encontradas evidências para que o limite atual entre as bacias de Campos e Espírito Santo fosse alterado. _______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT : The Piúma lineament, situated in Southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, is among the most prominent morphostructural features in northern Mantiqueira Province. The regional linear feature extends for about 70 km in a N50⁰W direction and it is recognized in satellite images and topographic maps. The lineament’s tectonic significance, not only in the continental area, but also in the Brazilian southeastern margin, is a matter of debate and the structure prolongation offshore was even pointed out as a new limit between the Espírito Santo and Campos basins. In this way, the present work is aimed to try to understand the role of this enigmatic structure, carried out through detailed field work, remote sensing imagery and geophysical data interpretation, contributing to lineaments study in general. The digital elevation model generated from SRTM data associated with field data has shown that the NW-SE lineaments in the study area set represents, in general, the brittle structures. When looked in detail, the Piúma lineament appears to be locally discontinuous and composed of several N50⁰W trending segments, extending for over 70 km in length, from the continental margin to the Guaçuí shear-zone, across the Espírito Santo State. The results obtained with this work indicate that the Piúma lineament can be described in surface as a brittle shear zone marked by the presence of small displacement faults and joints with a N40°W - N60°W preferred trend which register the action of two distinct tectonic regimes: one extensional with a minor strike-slip component, and the other strike-slip with a major trantensional component. One hypothesis is that the Piúma set fractures have their origin during an extensional regime, later reactivated in a strike-slip regime. The absolute age of the structure could not be obtained but, by cross-cutting relationships between brittle and ductile structures, we suppose that the Piúma fracture zone has an Ediacaran maximum age. The offshore geophysical investigation did not led to any expression for the Piúma lineament acting like a fault in the Campos basin. However, the seismic interpretation has shown that the lineament’s prolongation is coincident with basement highs, which are associated with normal faults dipping towards ENE and WSW. Although it was not possible to see a clear connection between the Piúma lineament onshore and a NW-SE structure offshore, several NW-SE trending structures in southeastern Brazilian margin have been often related to transfer zones that would have formed in response to the oblique aperture of the rift. No evidence was found, however, to support the change in the actual limit between Campos and Espírito Santo basins.
Figueira, Eunice Maria Rebelo. "Uma abordagem didáctica ao património gravado na história geológica de Aveiro". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21654.
Texto completoTendo em conta que as finalidades do ensino secundário devem proporcionar nos alunos o desenvolvimento de competências científicas, de valores que permitam a sua educação, e portanto, a literacia científica, foi efectuada uma investigação educacional, que visou contribuir para melhorar a literacia. O presente trabalho tem como problema de investigação características que devem ter os materiais curriculares e respectivas metodologias de abordagem para no contexto dos ambientes sedimentares da região de Aveiro, possibilitar aos alunos a compreensão da noção de tempo geológico. A proposta didáctica está enquadrada pela perspectiva de Ensino Por Pesquisa. Parte de uma questão do quotidiano que se relaciona com a actual subida do nível médio da água da mar. O Trabalho de Campo tem aqui um papel muito relevante e é desenvolvido segundo um modelo com três etapas: a preparação da saída, a saída e o pós viagem. Através do estudo das rochas sedimentares detríticas explorou-se a noção de tempo geológico, encarando as rochas como arquivos dos processos que registam as condições às quais estiveram sujeitas. Dada a inexistência de caracterização dos locais escolhidos para a Saída de Campo, localizados na região de Aveiro, foi, numa primeira fase, realizado um estudo geológico descritivo dos afloramentos utilizados, caracterização dos ambientes sedimentares que deram origem às Formações observadas e elaborado um resumo da história geológica local. Esta investigação seguiu uma metodologia descritiva e baseou-se, essencialmente, nas observações efectuadas no campo. Os materiais curriculares elaborados foram aplicados a uma turma de Técnicas Laboratoriais de Geologia, com dezasseis alunos. Este estudo do tipo qualitativo foi avaliado com dados provenientes do Diário de Pesquisa da professora-investigadora, de uma Folha de Diário da Professora Acompanhante da Saída de Campo e de um questionário administrado aos alunos no final da experiência didáctica, que durou um mês e meio. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os alunos intervenientes neste estudo mobilizaram saberes científicos para compreender a realidade e para abordar situações e problemas do quotidiano, adoptaram estratégias adequadas à resolução de problemas e à tomada de decisões cooperando com os seus colegas nas tarefas e no projecto comum. Assim, seria desejável que os professores utilizassem materiais e práticas tendencialmente enquadradas pela perspectiva de Ensino Por Pesquisa.
Development of competences, attitudes and values are the main aims which should be achieved by the education system, at the secondary school level, in the context of the improvement of the scientific literacy. The research problem is related to the identification of both the main characteristics of curriculum materials and the correspondent approach methodologies that, in the context of the sedimentary environmental of Aveiro region, area able to give a contribution to the understanding of the concept of deep time. The study was carried out in accordance with a descriptive methodology within a qualitative paradigm. Several research tools have been used such as questionnaires or teacher diaries. Field work, carried out within a particular organizational model in strong articulation with the curriculum, plays in this study an important role Sedimentary rocks were seen as recording relevant information for the understanding of the complex concept of deep time. The study was developed in three stapes. During the first one, a broad geological analysis of outcrops in the area (not yet mapped) was carried out. Curriculum materials have been designed and, afterwards implemented and assessed at school, during six weeks, with students 15/16 years old. The final results reveal that with the materials planned and the methodologies carried the aims previously defined were achieved.
Costa, Lindaray Sousa da. "A proveniência dos sedimentos e cinzas vulcânicas dos sedimentos permianos da bacia do Paraná : implicações para a história geológica do sul-sudoeste de Gondwana". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21000.
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O período geológico Permiano marca grandes mudanças climáticas e tectônicas na superfície da Terra. Duas áreas na porção sudeste da Bacia do Paraná registram relação entre os eventos climáticos e tectônicos, bem como variação na proveniência de sedimentos durante a evolução da bacia. A primeira área refere-se ao pacote de rochas sedimentares que ocorre na Serra do Rio do Rastro, Santa Catarina, Brasil, também conhecido como Coluna White. Este conjunto de rochas está associado à Permo-Carbonífera Supersequencia Gondwana I. Os resultados U-Pb em zircão detrítico e dados isotópicos Sm-Nd em rocha total dos sedimentos da Coluna White demonstram que na base (Formação Rio Bonito-Grupo Guatá) existe a predominância de uma população Paleoprotorezóica (2.5 a 1.7 Ga), seguida por populações com idades Mesoproterozóica (1.5 a 1.0 Ga) e Neoproterozóica-Cambriana (992-490 Ma). Em contraste, as rochas da Formação Rio do Rasto (Grupo Passa Dois) apresentaram zircões detríticos com idade dominantemente Neoproterozoica (935 a 543 Ma) e subordinadamente Permo-Triássica (297-216 Ma). Os resultados Lu-Hf apontaram para fontes dominantemente crustal com valores negativos de ɛHf (-42 e -1) e idades modelo Hf (TDM) Paleoproterozoicas na base e Meosoproterozóicas e Neopreoterozóicas no topo. Os resultados Sm-Nd em rocha total mostraram valores negativos de εNd(T) variando entre -15 e -6, corroborando os resultados ɛHf em zircão. As idades modelo Nd (TDM) entre 1.9 e 1.0 Ga confirmaram a contribuição das fontes Paleo a Mesoproterozóica envolvidas na sedimentação da bacia. A variação de fontes mais antigas para fontes mais jovens sugere que no Permiano médio a Bacia do Paraná passou de um comportamento intracratônico para um contexto com influência tectônica, induzido pela orogenia na porção sul e sudoeste de Gondwana. A segunda área refere-se a camadas de cinzas vulcânicas que ocorrem ao longo da Formação Irati (Base do Grupo Passa Dois), localizada no Município de São Mateus do Sul, Estado do Paraná (PR). Os resultados U-Pb em zircão ígneo revelaram a predominância de uma população permiana, com idades que variam entre 287 e 267 Ma. Os dados Lu-Hf sugerem que essa população de idade permiana deriva de uma fonte com assinatura crustal, com valores negativos de εHf variando entre -7 e -3. As idades modelo Hf (TDM) sugerem que essa fonte teria se diferenciado no final do Mesoproterozóico (1.2 Ga) e inicio do Neoproterozóico (0.8 Ga). Os dados Sm-Nd em rocha total registraram valores negativos de εNd (-11.6 a -3.3) para uma fonte que teria se diferenciado a 1.6 Ga (Mesoproterozóico). Os resultados indicam um intervalo de mais de 15 Ma de anos durante o qual o vulcanismo esteve ativo, sendo que o pico principal deste evento ocorreu em 278 Ma. Demonstrou ainda a forte compatibilidade em idade e geoquímica com as rochas vulcânicas Choiyoi. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Permian geological period imprinted major climatic and tectonic changes on Earth’s surface. We have studied two areas in the southeastern portion of the Paraná basin that shed light on relationship between the climatic and tectonics events and the variation of sediment provenance during the basin evolution. The first area refers to a package of sedimentary rocks across the Serra do Rio do Rastro, Santa Catarina, Brazil, that is also known as Coluna White. It includes a succession of the Gondwana I Supersequence, in which outcrop a set of rocks permo-carboniferou from the base to the top.. We present U-Pb and Lu-Hf detrital zircon data and whole rock Sm-Nd isotope data for samples across the profile. Zircon U-Pb data of the lower to middle part of the Permian (Rio Bonito Formation - Grupo Guatá Group) indicate a dominance of Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 Ga) grains, followed by Mesoproterozoic (1.5 to 1.0 Ga) and Neoproterozoic-Cambrian (992-490 Ma) zircon grains. In contrast, sediments from the Rio Rasto Formation (Passa Dois Group) present a dominance of Neoproterozoic (935 to 543 Ma) followed by Paleozoic zircon grains, including Permo-Triassic ones (297-216 Ma). The Hf (TDM) model ages indicate a Paleoproterozoic age for zircons at the base of the succession and Meso- to Neoproterozoic ages for zircon at the upper part of the succession. The Sm-Nd data reinforces the results of the other isotope systems, indicating a major change in sedimentary provenance between the lower and upper portion of the profile. This change suggests that in the middle Permian the Paraná basin evolved from a cratonic to orogenic influenced basin related to an orogeny in the south- and southwestern portion of Gondwana. In the second area we have studies volcanic ash interlayered with sedimentary rocks of the Permian Irati Formation. Zircon U-Pb data from these ash layers indicate ages ranging between 287 and 267 Ma, with a main peak at 278 Ma. Lu-Hf data of these zircons indicate crustal signature (εHf ranging between -7 and -3) and Mesoproterozoic (1.2 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (0.8 Ga) Hf (TDM) model ages. The Nd isotope data reinforce the zircon data, indicating a main crustal component in the source area of these rocks (εNd = -11.6 to -3.3). The data further indicate the close relationship of the Irati ash layers and the Choiyoi volcanism, which was the main source of the ash beds.
Newerla, Vivian Branco 1956. "Rios vistos e revistos : as expedições de exploração do sertão da Comissão Geografica e Geologica na historia da ciencia e ensino de ciencias naturais". [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287636.
Texto completoOrientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueiroa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O problema de pesquisa que conduz este trabalho é como integrar a pesquisa original em História da Ciência e a concepção de materiais educativos voltados para o público em geral, objetivando o desenvolvimento pessoal e socialização e envolvendo os conteúdos de História da Ciência e de Ciências. O tema foram as expedições de exploração do sertão realizadas pela Comissão Geográfica e Geológica do Estado de São Paulo (CGG) em 1905-1906 que percorreram, no Oeste paulista, os vales do Rios Tietê, Paraná, Feio ou Aguapeí, do Peixe. Os objetivos da dissertação foram: a construção de uma história das expedições, predominando uma perspectiva de argumento para a realização de materiais educativos e a definição de diretrizes para a elaboração dos mesmos. O primeiro capítulo expõe as premissas adotadas no âmbito da Educação, História da Ciência e a relação entre elas, define as linhas gerais dos materiais denominados socioeducativos e as razões que motivaram a escolha do público-alvo. O segundo capítulo abarca a história das expedições construída a partir de fontes primárias. Envolve a análise das instruções para a realização das expedições publicadas, a viagem científica e a análise dos produtos do empreendimento: relatórios e fotografias. As expedições, precede uma análise da criação da CGG. O capítulo três detém-se sobre a busca de diretrizes orientadoras para a concepção e realização dos materiais socioeducativos. São elencados os potenciais temas de estudo científico e discute-se algumas questões pertinentes ao uso da imagem. Para orientar a construção do discurso conceitual, definiu-se uma tipologia dos discursos educacionais, denominados ilustrativo, indutivo, motivador e investigativo. Em função deste conjunto de idéias, no âmbito do material didático computadorizado, são indicados três cenários diferenciados relacionados aos discursos: micromundo, hipermídia e hiperespaço
Abstract: The research problem that guides this work is how original research in the history of science and the conception of educational materials can be integrated. This educational material, involving the contents of the history of science and science, is addressed to the general public in order to contribute to the acquisition of critical knowledge, as well as to a full performance of citizenship. The theme is the backlands exploration expeditions undertaken by the Geographical and Geological Commission of São Paulo State (GGC) between1905 and 1906. These expeditions traveled across the river valleys of Tietê, Paraná, Feio or Aguapel, and Peixe. The purposes of this dissertation were: (i) to elaborate a history of these expeditions aiming to have an outline of a structure for the educational materials; (ii) to provide guidelines for the elaboration of the educational materials. The first chapter presents the premises adopted in education and in the history of science, as well as the interrelations between them. It also discusses and presents a definition of the general features of educational materials, called 'social educational' (?) and the author' s reasons for the choice of the target-public. The second chapter comprises the history of the expeditions constructed from primary historical sources. The text analyzes the creation of the CGG, the expeditions' "instructions", the travels and the products generated by these activities: reports, photos and maps. The third chapter tries to define some guidelines that can be used in the elaboration and production of the so-called "social educational" materials. A list was made of the latent scientific study themes, extracted from the expeditions. It also discusses some questions related to the use of images. Three types of educational discourse were defined, called illustrative, investigating, motivating and inducing discourses. Considering all these previously presented ideas, the work indicates three distinct scenarios for the didactical computerized material, all related to the educational discourses: microworld, hypermedia, and hyperspace
Mestrado
Mestre em Geociências
Catelani, Celso de Souza [UNESP]. "Geotecnologias aplicadas à análise do assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132197.
Texto completoConhecer o potencial de produção de sedimentos é imprescindível na análise da viabilidade de implantação de uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH), para que não haja comprometimento da longevidade e da eficiência do empreendimento. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na bacia hidrográfica contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica (MS), de aproximadamente 1.200 km², que apresenta escassez de dados de séries históricas de dados hidrológicos e hidrossedimentológicos, o que consiste em desafio para a obtenção de resultados com grau de confiabilidade e passíveis de serem replicados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial de perda de solo e produção de sedimentos por meio de modelagem utilizando o software Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) e geotecnologias de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Os resultados demonstraram uma elevada produção de sedimentos na bacia contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica, com valores totais que alcançaram 1.049.522 Mg ano-1, o correspondente a 8,43 Mg ha-1ano-1 e equivalente a perda de uma camada contínua de solo de 0,0566 mm por ano. A modelagem pelo SWAT e o uso de geotecnologias foram eficientes na avaliação e quantificação do potencial de perdas de solo e de contribuição para o assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas, mesmo em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas. A utilização do SWAT para a modelagem da bacia apresentou nos valores dos dados simulados e observados uma correlação ou momento de Pearson forte e positiva (acima de 0,6) e moderada positiva (entre 0,3 e 0,6) para calibração e validação respectivamente, o que permite utilizar os dados quantitativos de sedimentos gerados na bacia e identificar quais sub-bacias apresentam maiores taxas de produção de sedimentos. A avaliação das mudanças no uso do solo entre os anos de 1984 e 2011 demonstrou que além ...( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Knowledge about potential sediment production is essential for the feasibility analysis to implement a Small Hydropower Plant (PCH, in Portuguese) for long term efficient operation. This study was developed in the PCH Costa Rica (MS) watershed, with approximately 1,200 km² that has limited historical series of hydrological and hydrosedimentological data what make reliable estimations and replication of results difficult. This study aimed to predict the potential soil loss and sediment yield using a model based on the software Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The results showed that the PCH Costa Rica watershed has a high potential to produce sediments, with total amount reaching 1,049,522 Mg year-1, corresponding to 8.43 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and a continuous loss of soil layer of 0.0566 mm yr-1. SWAT modeling and geo-technologies were efficient in the evaluation and quantification of potential soil loss and sediment production in this watershed, even in a scenario of limited data. Modeling watershed using SWAT resulted in strong positive range (above 0.6) of Pearson correlation between simulated and observed values and moderate positive values (0.3 to 0.6) for the calibration and validation, respectively. This allows quantitative estimations of sediments generated in the watershed and identification of sub-basins with higher rates of sediment production by modeling. The assessment of changes in land use between 1984 and 2011 showed that in addition to the natural vulnerability of physical environment, the conversion of Savannah vegetation to agricultural use, without conservation practices, increased the erosion rates in recent decades, compromising the performance of PCH Costa Rica for energy production
Catelani, Celso de Souza. "Geotecnologias aplicadas à análise do assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas /". Guaratinguetá, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132197.
Texto completoCoorientadora: Isabel Cristina de Barros Trannin
Banca: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento
Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Targa
Banca: Paulo Augusto Romera e Silva
Banca: Suely Yoshinaga Pereira
Resumo: Conhecer o potencial de produção de sedimentos é imprescindível na análise da viabilidade de implantação de uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH), para que não haja comprometimento da longevidade e da eficiência do empreendimento. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na bacia hidrográfica contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica (MS), de aproximadamente 1.200 km², que apresenta escassez de dados de séries históricas de dados hidrológicos e hidrossedimentológicos, o que consiste em desafio para a obtenção de resultados com grau de confiabilidade e passíveis de serem replicados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial de perda de solo e produção de sedimentos por meio de modelagem utilizando o software Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) e geotecnologias de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Os resultados demonstraram uma elevada produção de sedimentos na bacia contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica, com valores totais que alcançaram 1.049.522 Mg ano-1, o correspondente a 8,43 Mg ha-1ano-1 e equivalente a perda de uma camada contínua de solo de 0,0566 mm por ano. A modelagem pelo SWAT e o uso de geotecnologias foram eficientes na avaliação e quantificação do potencial de perdas de solo e de contribuição para o assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas, mesmo em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas. A utilização do SWAT para a modelagem da bacia apresentou nos valores dos dados simulados e observados uma correlação ou momento de Pearson forte e positiva (acima de 0,6) e moderada positiva (entre 0,3 e 0,6) para calibração e validação respectivamente, o que permite utilizar os dados quantitativos de sedimentos gerados na bacia e identificar quais sub-bacias apresentam maiores taxas de produção de sedimentos. A avaliação das mudanças no uso do solo entre os anos de 1984 e 2011 demonstrou que além ...( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Knowledge about potential sediment production is essential for the feasibility analysis to implement a Small Hydropower Plant (PCH, in Portuguese) for long term efficient operation. This study was developed in the PCH Costa Rica (MS) watershed, with approximately 1,200 km² that has limited historical series of hydrological and hydrosedimentological data what make reliable estimations and replication of results difficult. This study aimed to predict the potential soil loss and sediment yield using a model based on the software Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The results showed that the PCH Costa Rica watershed has a high potential to produce sediments, with total amount reaching 1,049,522 Mg year-1, corresponding to 8.43 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and a continuous loss of soil layer of 0.0566 mm yr-1. SWAT modeling and geo-technologies were efficient in the evaluation and quantification of potential soil loss and sediment production in this watershed, even in a scenario of limited data. Modeling watershed using SWAT resulted in strong positive range (above 0.6) of Pearson correlation between simulated and observed values and moderate positive values (0.3 to 0.6) for the calibration and validation, respectively. This allows quantitative estimations of sediments generated in the watershed and identification of sub-basins with higher rates of sediment production by modeling. The assessment of changes in land use between 1984 and 2011 showed that in addition to the natural vulnerability of physical environment, the conversion of Savannah vegetation to agricultural use, without conservation practices, increased the erosion rates in recent decades, compromising the performance of PCH Costa Rica for energy production
Doutor
Souza, Sergio Marques de. "Moléculas, morfologia e geologia: uma abordagem multidisciplinar para entender a história evolutiva de lagartos do gênero Loxopholis (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) no norte da América do Sul". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-29032017-133206/.
Texto completoThe Amazon rainforest houses a significant portion of the world biodiversity, however, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the processes involved in its generation and maintenance, with several hypotheses proposed so far. Loxopholis lizards (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) are small-sized; show low vagility, and high fidelity to the humid forest environment, making them ideal to test hypotheses on the history of landscape modifications in Northern South America, during the Neogene. In this thesis, we revise the morphological variation, the taxonomy, and the geographic distribution of Loxopholis species, as well as estimated a phylogenetic hypothesis and divergence times for these species based on sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. With this dataset, we build a model for the evolutionary history of Loxopholis and compared the results with geologic reconstructions of the Amazon available in the literature, which provided independent time estimates for geological events that potentially affected the evolutionary history of genus. In this study, we also showed that the actual diversity described for Loxopholis was severely underestimated. We found that L. osvaldoi represents a complex of cryptic species with 8-14 potential new species, and strong divergences in both the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes, virtually doubling the actual diversity in the genus. Finally, we describe the first bisexual population for the parthenogenetic species L. percarinatum, discussing its implications to the origin of parthenogenesis in the genus
Silva, Filho Rubens Antonio da. "A integração de recursos históricos aos geológicos no resgate da construção Paleogeomorfológica e Paleovisual litorânea - o caso de Salvador, Bahia". Instituto de Geociências, 2008. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/16315.
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O resgate paleovisual pré-interferência antrópica, via integração às Geociências de dados e informações recolhidos a partir de fontes históricas progrediu ao longo do século XX. A orla da Cidade do Salvador, na Bahia de Todos os Santos, é um sítio no qual estão presentes paisagens-símbolo que agregam geoformas e referências histórico-culturais. Dispõe de múltipla documentação histórica, fruto do seu assento como capital colonial, que revela muitas e amplas intervenções antrópicas, especialmente na sua orla. É uma localidade apropriada para a associação das técnicas de trabalho geocientíficas e históricas. O resgate do seu paleovisual, para a Cidade do Salvador, oferece as referências necessárias que permitem a elucubração sobre a evolução costeira submetida a uma intervenção antrópica grave, melhor dimensionando as suas conseqüências. Provoca nos observadores a consciência das ações antrópicas do passado e do impacto que essas provocaram, oferecendo um recurso adicional, atualmente inexistente, à população e às autoridades emanadoras de decisões.
Silva, Clarete Paranhos da. "O desvendar do grande livro da natureza : as praticas geocientificas no Brasil colonial por meio de um estudo da obra mineralogica e geologica do cientista brasileiro José Vieira Couto, 1798-1805". [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287659.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A década de 80 assistiu a um verdadeiro movimento de renovação na historiografia das ciências na América Latina. Impulsionados por um novo olhar teórico-metodológico que enxergava a ciência não como uma entidade abstrata e universal, mas como prática inseri da em um tempo e em um espaço concretos, historiadores começaram a inventariar as atividades científicas praticadas no continente desde os tempos coloniais, colocando-se em oposição a historiografia tradicional cuja visão eurocêntrica sempre olhara a América Latina como um imenso vazio científico. De acordo com esta postura renovada, este trabalho visa contribuir à História Geral e à História Científica do Brasil na medida em que é um resgate contextualizado de um cientista e de sua obra. Por ser contextualizado, este resgate permite compreender o momento histórico e científico onde o cientista e sua obra estavam inseridos. O cientista em questão é o mineralogista brasileiro José Vieira Couto (1752-1827), cujos trabalhos no campo da Mineralogia e da Geologia constituem fonte empírica que evidencia como a Terra era investigada em fins do século XVIII e início do século XIX. José Vieira Couto pesquisou na Capitania de Minas Gerais entre os anos de 1798 e 1805. Estas pesquisas deram origem a quatro Memórias, como eram denominados os textos científicos do período. Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise destes textos por meio de um intercruzamento com o contexto histórico e científico do momento de sua produção e tem como um dos principais objetivos mostrar como se deram as práticas geocientíficas no contexto colonial
Abstract: ln the 80's there was a movement of renovation in the Latin American science historiography. Since then the science has been seen not as an abstract and universal entity but as a practical activity which takes place in a concrete space and time. Through this new vision Latin American historians started making an inventory of the scientific activities in Latin American continent since its colonial ages. Under the light of this new concept, the present dissertation is a contribution to both the general history of Brazil and the history of science since it is a contextual study about a scientist and his scientific work that allows us to understand the historical moment where that scientist lived and practiced his scientific work. The scientist in question is José Vieira Couto (1752-1827), whose research in the field of mineralogy and geology is strong evidence which shows us how the earth was studied in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. José Vieira Couto's researches (1798-1805) resulted in 4 Memoirs, as the scientific texts were usually referred to that time. This dissertation presents a contextual analysis of those Memoirs taking into consideration the historical and scientific situation of that period. lts preeminent objective is to show how the geoscientific studies were carried out in colonial Brazil
Mestrado
Educação Aplicada as Geociencias
Mestre em Educação Aplicada as Geociencias
Asun, Maringer Maite Rayen. "Análisis del registro histórico de catástrofes geológicas: Evaluación del peligro remociones en masa para Taltal, Región de Antofagasta". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146692.
Texto completoDurante el 24, 25 y 26 de Marzo del 2015, un frente de mal tiempo desarrolló abundantes e intensas lluvias en las regiones de Coquimbo, Atacama y Antofagasta, siendo Taltal una de las ciudades afectadas por los aluviones que se generaron durante este evento climático. El presente trabajo pretende mostrar que la historia de las catástrofes o de los daños que han afectado la zona urbana de Taltal, debido a procesos de remociones en masa, puede ser usada como herramienta elemental para elaborar una evaluación y una zonificación de peligro de la zona urbana actual. Para realizar la evaluación de peligro se estudiaron las cuencas aportantes a distintas escalas según su magnitud y morfología. En una primera instancia, se elaboró un catastro de eventos de remociones en masa, inundaciones, sismos y maremotos con daños en la zona urbana de Taltal, que permitió reconocer los procesos más recurrentes que han ocurrido en la ciudad, estimar su frecuencia y en algunos casos, determinar su alcance y distribución espacial. Luego, se evaluó la susceptibilidad a escala local e intermedia, considerando la caracterización de los factores condicionantes en el área de estudio y la superposición de los mismos en un mapa. Por último, se evaluó el peligro a partir la elaboración de un mapa de frecuencia para el área de estudio, utilizando la recaracterización de los eventos del catastro, mediante sus descripciones y su contextualización en la ciudad. Como resultado de este estudio se reconoció dos procesos generadores de daños en la ciudad de Taltal: caídas y flujos o inundaciones, que son principalmente desencadenados por precipitaciones. También se estimaron los distintos efectos de estos procesos según la intensidad y el área de influencia de las precipitaciones, asociándolos a un grado de intensidad de daños y a una estimación del período de retorno. Además, se observó una correlación de las fechas de los eventos con la Oscilación de El Niño y la Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico, que valida los períodos estimados.