Artículos de revistas: "Geranios"

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Ohashi, Yuka, Shuai Huang, and Isamu Maeda. "Biosyntheses of geranic acid and citronellic acid from monoterpene alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 6 (2021): 1530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab039.

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ABSTRACT Geraniol is one of the important aromatic ingredients in alcoholic beverages. Bioconversions of geraniol to other terpenoids and genes involved in the oxidation of geraniol were investigated. Geranic acid and citronellic acid were detected in yeast culture, where geraniol or nerol was added. Addition of citral, a mixture of geranial and neral, resulted in the production of geranic acid and citronellic acid, whereas the addition of citral or citronellal resulted in the production of citronellic acid, suggesting that citronellic acid might be produced through the conversion of citral to citronellal followed by the oxidation of citronellal. Consumption of geraniol and production of geranic acid, citronellic acid, and citronellol were affected in adh1Δ, adh3Δ, adh4Δ, and sfa1Δ yeast strains, which possess single deletion of a gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase. This is the first report of the bioconversion of monoterpene alcohols, geraniol and nerol, to geranic acid and citronellic acid in yeast culture.

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Lüddeke, Frauke, Annika Wülfing, Markus Timke, et al. "Geraniol and Geranial Dehydrogenases Induced in Anaerobic Monoterpene Degradation by Castellaniella defragrans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 7 (2012): 2128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07226-11.

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ABSTRACTCastellaniella defragransis aBetaproteobacteriumcapable of coupling the oxidation of monoterpenes with denitrification. Geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH) activity was induced during growth with limonene in comparison to growth with acetate. The N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme directed the cloning of the corresponding open reading frame (ORF), the first bacterial gene for a GeDH (geoA, forgeranioloxidation pathway). TheC. defragransgeraniol dehydrogenase is a homodimeric enzyme that affiliates with the zinc-containing benzyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the superfamily of medium-chain-length dehydrogenases/reductases (MDR). The purified enzyme most efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of perillyl alcohol (kcat/Km= 2.02 × 106M−1s−1), followed by geraniol (kcat/Km= 1.57 × 106M−1s−1). ApparentKmvalues of <10 μM are consistent with anin vivotoxicity of geraniol above 5 μM. In the genetic vicinity ofgeoAis a putative aldehyde dehydrogenase that was namedgeoBand identified as a highly abundant protein during growth with phellandrene. Extracts ofEscherichia coliexpressinggeoBdemonstratedin vitroa geranial dehydrogenase (GaDH) activity. GaDH activity was independent of coenzyme A. The irreversible formation of geranic acid allows for a metabolic flux from β-myrcene via linalool, geraniol, and geranial to geranic acid.

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Höschle, Birgit, and Dieter Jendrossek. "Utilization of geraniol is dependent on molybdenum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for different metabolic routes for oxidation of geraniol and citronellol." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (2005): 2277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27957-0.

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Mini-Tn5-induced mutants with defects in utilization of linear terpenes such as citronellol, geraniol, citronellate and/or geranylate were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One mutant was unable to utilize geraniol but showed wild-type growth with the three other acyclic terpenes tested. The Tn5 insertion site of the mutant was determined by DNA sequencing. Comparison with the P. aeruginosa genome sequence revealed that PA3028, an ORF with high similarity on the amino acid level to molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein A2 (encoded by moeA2), was the target of mini-Tn5 in the mutant. Disruption of moeA2 in P. aeruginosa PAO1 wild-type by insertion mutagenesis resulted in the same geraniol-minus phenotype. The ability to utilize geraniol was restored to the mutant by conjugative transfer of PCR-cloned wild-type moeA2 on a broad-host-range plasmid. Growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 on geraniol and geranial, but not on citronellol, citronellate or geranylate, was inhibited by the presence of 10 mM tungstate, a molybdenum-specific inhibitor. Inhibition by tungstate was prevented by addition of molybdate. The results indicate that at least one step in the oxidation of geraniol to geranic acid (geranial oxidation) is a molybdenum-dependent reaction in P. aeruginosa and is different from the molybdenum-independent oxidation of citronellol to citronellate.

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Chong Jun Weng, Daniel, Jalifah Latip, Siti Aishah Hasbullah, and Harjono Sastrohamidjojo. "Separation of Geraniol from Citronellol by Selective Oxidation of Geraniol to Geranial." Sains Malaysiana 44, no. 8 (2015): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4408-15.

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Doimo, Luigino, Darren C. Mackay, Gavin B. Rintoul, Bruce R. D’Arcy, and Robert J. Fletcher. "Citronellol: geraniol ratios and temperature in geranium (Pelargonium hybrid)." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 74, no. 4 (1999): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511147.

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김유정, SanghyunLee, and HyeJin Kwon. "Analysis of Geraniol Content in Geranium Essential Oils for Aromatherapy." Journal of Investigative Cosmetology 6, no. 3 (2010): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15810/jic.2010.6.3.001.

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Alonso, M., M. Borja, S. Herrero, J. Ferré, P. Ellul, and V. Moreno. "GERANIUM BRONZE TOLERANCE IN DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID ORNAMENTAL GERANIUMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 651 (June 2004): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.651.20.

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Nonaka, Gen-ichiro, Satoshi Morimoto, and Itsuo Nishioka. "Elaeocarpusin, a proto-type of geraniin from Geranium thunbergii." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 34, no. 2 (1986): 941–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.34.941.

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9

Starman, Terri Woods, and Shane Abbitt. "Evaluating Genetic Relationships of Geranium Using Arbitrary Signatures from Amplification Profiles." HortScience 32, no. 7 (1997): 1288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1288.

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Our objective was to distinguish between eight cultivars of two geranium species, Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey (cutting and seed geranium) and Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait. (ivy geranium), and evaluate their genetic relationships using the nucleic acid scanning techniques of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) and/or arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP). Cultivars used in the study represented three commercial types: cutting, seed, and ivy geranium. Two seed geranium cultivars from each of the Dynamo and Orbit series were included. Cutting geranium cultivars were `Designer Lilac Chiffon' and `Starburst Red' and the ivy geraniums were `Bernardo Guiber' and `Vinco Guivin'. The ASAP amplification protocol used one of two arbitrary octamer primers, followed by reamplification with one of four different minihairpin primers. ASAP profiles were complex, with 66% of bands being polymorphic and useful in distinguishing between cultivars. Genetic relationships were evaluated by principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis based on the Jaccard distance estimator. This analysis grouped cultivars by species according to commercial type, i.e., seed geraniums were in one large group, the cutting geraniums were grouped together, and the ivy geraniums were a separate branch.

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Starman, Terri Woods, and Shane Abbitt. "DNA Amplification Fingerprinting Used to Distinguish Series of Cutting, Seedling, and Ivy Leaf Geranium." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 565c—565. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.565c.

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The objective was to distinguish between series of cultivars of Pelargonium xhortorum (zonal geranium), Pelargonium hybrids (seed geranium), and Pelargonium peltatum (ivy leaf geranium) using DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) demonstrating the utility of DAF for patent protection to prevent infringement of inventor's rights. Leaf tissue of 10 plants of each cultivar of seedling geranium was bulked for DNA extraction, and cutting and ivy geranium cultivars were bulks of five plants of each cultivar. Isolated DNA from different cultivars of a series were bulked together in their respective series. Seedling geranium series included Dynamo, Glamour, Multibloom, Orbit, Pinto, and Ringo 2000. Cutting geranium series included Designer and Showcase. Ivy geraniums were from the Guillou group. Amplification was with one of two octamer primers, followed by reamplifying with one of four different mini hairpin primers. Gels were visually scored for presence or absence of bands. The four primers generated 336 bands. The average number of bands (_1000 bp) per primer was 40. Twenty percent of bands were polymorphic and distinguished between each series of cultivars. Genetic relationships were evaluated by SAHN cluster analysis based on the distance estimator of Dice using the NTSYS-pc program (Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 1.8). Series were grouped according to species. Seedling geraniums were in one large group, the two cutting geraniums were grouped together and the ivy leaf geraniums were a separate branch.

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Watanabe, H., K. Namiki, S. Nemoto, M. Tajima, E. Ono, and W. Amaki. "EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITIES ON GERANIIN PRODUCTION OF GERANIUM THUNBERGII." Acta Horticulturae, no. 907 (September 2011): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.907.13.

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da Costa, Andréa Santos, Maria de Fátima Arrigoni-Blank, José Luiz Sandes de Carvalho Filho, et al. "Chemical Diversity in Basil (Ocimumsp.) Germplasm." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/352638.

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The present study aimed to chemically characterize 31 accessions and seven cultivars of basil. The percentage composition of the essential oils of the accessions and cultivars was based on the 14 most abundant constituents: 1,8-cineole, linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, nerol, geraniol, geranial, methyl cinnamate,β-bourbonene, methyl eugenol,α-trans-bergamotene, germacrene-D,epi-α-cadinol, andδ-cadinene. The genetic materials were classified into eight clusters according to the chemical composition of the essential oils: Cluster 1—mostly linalool and 1,8-cineole; Cluster 2—mostly linalool, geraniol, andα-trans-bergamotene; Cluster 3—mostly linalool, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, andβ-bourbonene; Cluster 4—mostly linalool, methyl chavicol,epi-α-cadinol, andα-trans-bergamotene; Cluster 5—mainly linalool, methyl eugenol,α-trans-bergamotene, andepi-α-cadinol; Cluster 6—mainly linalool, geraniol, andepi-α-cadinol; Cluster 7—mostly linalool and methyl chavicol; Cluster 8—mainly geranial and neral.

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Moreno, Erika, Juan A. Gayosso, José R. Montejano, et al. "Geraniin is a diuretic by inhibiting the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter NKCC2." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 314, no. 2 (2018): F240—F250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2017.

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Geranium seemannii Peyr is a perennial plant endemic to central Mexico that has been widely used for its diuretic effect, but the responsible compound of this effect is unknown as well as the mechanism by which the diuretic effect is achieved. Geraniin is one of the compounds isolated from this kind of geranium. This study was designed to determinate whether geraniin possesses diuretic activity and to elucidate the mechanism of action. Geraniin was extracted and purified from Geranium seemannii Peyr. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) Control, 2) 75 mg/kg of geraniin, 3) 20 mg/kg of furosemide, and 4) 10 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. Each treatment was administered by gavage every 24 h for 7 days. The urinary excretion of electrolytes and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were determined. To uncover the molecular target of geraniin, Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with cRNAs encoding the Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) and the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter NKCC2 to functionally express these cotransporters. Geraniin significantly increased diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis to a similar extent as was observed in the furosemide-treated rats. Consistent with the furosemide-like effect, in X. laevis oocytes, geraniin significantly reduced the activity of NKCC2, with no effect on NCC activity. In contrast to furosemide, the effect of geraniin on NKCC2 was irreversible, apparently due to its inhibitory effect on heat shock protein 90. Our observations suggest that geraniin could have a potential role in the treatment of hypertension or edematous states.

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Yu, Liangli, Mario Morales, and James E. Simon. "Essential Oil of Leaves and Flowers of `Sweet Dani': A Lemon Basil (Ocimum basilicum)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 689c—689. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.689c.

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Hydro-distilled essential oils from fresh and dry leaves and fresh and dry flowers of `Sweet Dani', a new ornamental lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivar with potential as a source of natural citral, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil contents were 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.30%, 0.28% w/w on a fresh weight basis of fresh and dry leaves, and fresh and dry flowers, respectively. Oils from leaves and flowers differed significantly in content and composition. The major constituents in dry leaf oil were neral 21.8% and geranial 33.5%. The major constituents in dry flower oil included: nerol 11.5%, neral 12.9%, geraniol 7.6%, and geranial 17.7%. Nerol (1.6%), and geraniol (0.4%) were very low in dry leaf oil. As citral is a combination of neral and geranial, the relative leaf and flower citral content is 55.3% and 30.6% of the total oil, respectively. Linalool and octanol were detected in flower oils only.

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Calzada, Fernando, Roberto Cedillo-Rivera, Robert Bye, and Rachel Mata. "Geranins C and D, Additional New Antiprotozoal A-Type Proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum1." Planta Medica 67, no. 7 (2001): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-17358.

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Gerez, Thierry, Michèle Besson, Catherine Pinel, Jean-Michel Joerger, and Vivien Henryon. "Catalytic Transfer Dehydrogenation of Geraniol to Geranial Over Palladium and Copper Supported Catalysts." Topics in Catalysis 57, no. 17-20 (2014): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-014-0324-2.

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Vojnich, Viktor József, and Adrienn Szarvas. "Comparison of the geranium (Pelargonium) pathological results of 2016-2017." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/5749.

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The research was carried out in a Gyenes Flower gardening between 2016 and 2017 in Kecskemét. The gardening was founded in 1978. Initially, the main plants were gerbera (Gerbera) and yucca (Yucca), later replaced by the geranium (Pelargonium) cultivation as a result of market demand. In horticulture, there are about than 80 variety geranium of the standing, running, semi-trailer types and English gnawing. The Pelargonium had different sizes and colors. The study was set up in 1,000–1,000 pieces of geraniums each year. The following pathogens have damaged the geranium stock: Botrytis cinerea, Pythium debaryanum, with a rare occurrence of Alternaria porri, Phytophthora cryptogea. The greatest destruction was caused by botrytis (Botrytis cinerea). In the first experimental year, 42% of the 1,000 geraniums tested were infected with fungal diseases (30% B. cinerea, 8% P. debaryanum, 4% other fungi). In 2017, fungal infections were detected on 380 geraniums in the 1,000 tested geraniums (290 Botrytis cinerea, 70 Pythium and 20 other fungal diseases). In addition to the use of fungicides, we increased the spatial position of geraniums, early irrigation and frequent ventilation to ensure successful control. By 2017, we were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens by 4 percent.

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Usami, Atsushi, Masahito Ishikawa, and Katsutoshi Hori. "Gas-phase bioproduction of a high-value-added monoterpenoid (E)-geranic acid by metabolically engineered Acinetobacter sp. Tol 5." Green Chemistry 22, no. 4 (2020): 1258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03478a.

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Ngadiwiyana, Ngadiwiyana, Bayu Refindra Fitriadi, and Ismiyarto Ismiyarto. "Pemanfaatan Geraniol Dari Minyak Sereh Sebagai Senyawa Penarik Lebah Madu." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 11, no. 1 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.11.1.1-5.

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Produksi minyak sereh di Indonesia merupakan salah satu yang terbesar di dunia. Akan tetapi, pemanfaatan dari minyak sereh masih sangat kurang. Minyak sereh diisolasi dari daun sereh wangi Jawa (Cymbopogon Winterianus Jowwit). Minyak sereh ini mengandung bermacam senyawa, salah satunya senyawa geraniol. Senyawa ini memiliki struktur yang sama dengan feromon yang digunakan oleh lebah madu (A. Mellifera) dalam berkomunikasi dengan lebah madu lain. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengisolasi minyak sereh dari daun sereh adalah metode distilasi uap. Pengkayaan kandungan geraniol dalam minyak sereh digunakan refluks. Distilasi fraksinasi vakum dilakukan untuk mengisolasi geraniol dari minyak sereh. Minyak sereh yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diisolasi dari 10 kg daun sereh wangi dengan distilasi uap dan menghasilkan minyak sereh sebanyak 42,5 mL (0,373%) dengan warna kuning bening mengkilat bau khas sereh. Data kromatogram GC-MS minyak sereh menunjukkan kandungan geraniol sebanyak 65,34%. Kandungan geraniol dalam minyak sereh meningkat menjadi 81,96% setelah direfluks dengan larutan NaOH dalam etanol akibat terjadinya reaksi hidrolisis geranil asetat menjadi geraniol. Geraniol diperoleh dari minyak sereh dengan distilasi fraksinasi vakum pada tekanan 110 mmHg. Geraniol yang diperoleh terbukti mampu menarik lebah madu.Kata kunci: Minyak sereh, geraniol, feromon, lebah madu

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Tanovic, Brankica, Ivana Potocnik, G. Delibasic, M. Ristic, M. Kostic, and Mirjana Markovic. "In vitro effect of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants on mushroom pathogens: Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa, and Cladobotryum sp." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 2 (2009): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0902231t.

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Lavender, anise, chamomile, fennel, geranium, oregano, parsley, and sage essential oils were tested for their effectiveness against mushroom pathogens: Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa, and Cladobotryum sp. Isolates were exposed to the volatile phase of the oils and then ventilated in order to determine if the effect of the oil was lethal to the pathogen. Oregano and geranium oils were the most toxic, having a fungicidal effect at 0.02-0.08 ?l/ml of air, depending on the pathogen. Oregano oil was characterized by high content of carvacrol and thymol, while citranelol and geraniol were the main components of geranium oil.

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Niculau, Edenilson dos Santos, Péricles Barreto Alves, Paulo Cesar de Lima Nogueira, et al. "Chemical Profile and Use of the Peat as an Adsorbent for Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Leaves of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit)." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214923.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from leaves of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit) were extracted by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P) as adsorbent and peat, a novel adsorbent in the extraction of plant volatiles, analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization (GC/FID), and the results were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation (HD). The yield volatiles changed with the extraction method. HD was more efficient for extracting linalool (11.19%) and citronellyl formate (9.41%). Citronellol (28.06%), geraniol (38.26%) and 6,9-guaiadiene (9.55%) and geranyl tiglate (8.21%) were the major components identified by dynamic headspace using peat (HSD-T), while citronellol (16.88%), geraniol (13.63%), 6,9-guaiadiene (16.98%) and citronellyl formate (6.95%) were identified by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P). Furthermore, this work showed, for the first time, that in natura peat is useful to extract VOCs from leaves of geranium.

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Youn, Kumju, and Mira Jun. "In Vitro BACE1 Inhibitory Activity of Geraniin and Corilagin from Geranium thunbergii." Planta Medica 79, no. 12 (2013): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328769.

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Bergman, Matthew E., Mridula Bhardwaj, and Michael A. Phillips. "Cytosolic geraniol and citronellol biosynthesis require a Nudix hydrolase in rose‐scented geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens )." Plant Journal 107, no. 2 (2021): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15304.

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Petrović, Andjeljko, Željko Tomanović, Nickolas Kavallieratos, Petr Starý, and Vladimir Žikić. "Aphidius geranii sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Southeast Europe – a new member of the Aphidius urticae s. str. group." Entomologica Fennica 20, no. 4 (2019): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84483.

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Aphidius geranii Tomanovic and Kavallieratos, sp. n., is described as an additional member of the Aphidius urticae s. str. group from high-mountain habitats of Southeast Europe. The new species was reared from Amphorophora sp./Geranium coeruleatum associations. Parasitoid guilds associated with G. coeruleatum are discussed. Key for identification Aphidius spp. on Geranium plants in Europe is given.

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Behe, Bridget, Robert Nelson, Susan Barton, Charles Hall, Charles D. Safley, and Steven Turner. "Consumer Preferences for Geranium Flower Color, Leaf Variegation, and Price." HortScience 34, no. 4 (1999): 740–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.4.740.

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Researchers often investigate consumer preferences by examining variables consecutively, rather than simultaneously. Conjoint analysis facilitates simultaneous investigation of multiple variables. Cluster analysis facilitates development of actionable market segments. Our objective was to identify relative importance and consumer preferences for flower color, leaf variegation, and price of geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bail.) and to identify several actionable market segments. We also evaluated the desirability of a hypothetical blue geranium. Photographic images were digitized and manipulated to produce plants similar in flower area, but varying in flower color (red, lavender, pink, white, and blue), leaf variegation (plain green, dark green zone, and white zone), and price ($1.39 to $2.79). Conjoint analysis revealed that flower color was the primary consideration in the purchase decision, followed by leaf variegation and price. A cluster analysis that excluded blue geraniums yielded four actionable consumer segments. When preferences for the blue geranium were included, six consumer segments were identified.

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Gbolade, A. A., and G. B. Lockwood. "Selective Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Cell Suspensions of Petroselinum crispum." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 11-12 (1989): 1066–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-11-1232.

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Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman cultivars “Paramount” and “Plain-leaved” were capable of biotransforming exogenously supplied geraniol largely into nerol and minor quantities of neral and geranial. Maximal conversions into nerol (32-36%); and neral: < 1% (cult. “Plain-leaved”), <5% (cult. “Paramount”) were usually recorded by 24 h. Over the incubation period a low proportion of the substrate, 32-40% was involved in biotransformation. Cyclic and other acyclic monoterpenoids were not biotransformed.

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Gupta, Ritika, G. R. Mallavarapu, S. Banerjee, and Sushil Kumar. "Characteristics of an isomenthone-rich somaclonal mutant isolated in a geraniol-rich rose-scented geranium accession ofPelargonium graveolens." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 16, no. 5 (2001): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1002.

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&NA;. "Geraniol/neomycin." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1217 (2008): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812170-00050.

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Romaguera, C., F. Grimalt, and J. Vilaplana. "Geraniol dermatitis." Contact Dermatitis 14, no. 3 (1986): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01208.x.

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Senthil Kumar, K. J., M. Gokila Vani, Chung-Shuan Wang, et al. "Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells." Plants 9, no. 6 (2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060770.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic disease that has been declared as modern history’s gravest health emergency worldwide. Until now, no precise treatment modality has been developed. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a host cell receptor, has been found to play a crucial role in virus cell entry; therefore, ACE2 blockers can be a potential target for anti-viral intervention. In this study, we evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effects of 10 essential oils. Among them, geranium and lemon oils displayed significant ACE2 inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. In addition, immunoblotting and qPCR analysis also confirmed that geranium and lemon oils possess potent ACE2 inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis displayed 22 compounds in geranium oil and 9 compounds in lemon oil. Citronellol, geraniol, and neryl acetate were the major compounds of geranium oil and limonene that represented major compound of lemon oil. Next, we found that treatment with citronellol and limonene significantly downregulated ACE2 expression in epithelial cells. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivative compounds are valuable natural anti-viral agents that may contribute to the prevention of the invasion of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 into the human body.

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Báez, Disnelys, Jorge A. Pino, and Diego Morales. "Floral Scent Composition of Plumeria Tuberculata Analyzed by HS-SPME." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700134.

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The headspace volatile compounds of the flowers of Plumeria tuberculata Lodd. were analyzed by solid phase microextraction coupled with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-five compounds were identified, representing 100% of the total composition. The volatile fraction was characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes (79.6%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (8.4%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (7.6%), and benzenoid esters (2.6%). The major components were geraniol (34.9%), citronelol (21.5%) and geranial (16.2%), and they were found to make the major contribution to the typical scent of this flower.

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32

Li, Xiaoguang, Xinting Lai, Longzhan Gan, et al. "Streptomyces geranii sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from root of Geranium carolinianum L." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68, no. 8 (2018): 2562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002876.

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El-Garawani, Islam, Sobhy Hassab El Nabi, Ebtesam Nafie, and Samar Almeldin. "Foeniculum Vulgare and Pelargonium Graveolens Essential Oil Mixture Triggers the Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 9 (2019): 1103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666190326115116.

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Background: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) oils are known for their various biological effects including anticancer properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer mechanism of fennel and geranium oils combined treatment on MCF-7 cells. Methods: The GC-MS method for essential oil characterization as well as the in vitro cytotoxicity, morphological changes, real-time PCR and immunocytochemical investigation for apoptosis-related markers, in addition, to flow cytometric cell cycle distribution analysis were done. Results: The major constituents of both essential oils were anethole (55.33 %) and estragole (11.57 %) for fennel essential oil. However, cintronellol (34.40 %) and geraniol (8.67 %) were identified in geranium oil. The results revealed an IC50 of 220±5.7 and 60±2.1µg/ml for fennel and geranium oils, respectively. The mechanistic anticancer properties were investigated throughout the 70, 50, and 25µg/ml of oils mixture. The marked apoptotic morphology and the flow cytometric cell cycle distribution analysis in addition to the levels of apoptosisrelated makers such as p53, caspase-3, mir-21, mir-92a, Bcl-2, and ki-67 confirmed that fennel and geranium oils combination induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the oils mixture did not exert any significant (P<0.01) toxicity on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Conclusion: The findings showed that the mixture of oils exerted selective cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis which may be triggered by the synergistic effect between the active ingredients of fennel and geranium oils.

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34

Kim, Eunhee, and Richard H. Mattson. "501 Viewing Red-flowering Geraniums Altered Fast-beta Brain Wave Activity and Improved Positive Attention of Low-attentive Female College Students." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 531E—531. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.531e.

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Psychophysiological responses to geranium visual stimuli were analyzed on female college students with low attentiveness. Alpha and fast-beta brain wave activities, electrodermal activities, and skin temperature were measured continuously during a 5-min baseline, a 10-min induced stressor, and a 5-min treatment. Each of 75 female college students viewed a film of a stressful human situation—an induced stressor, then was exposed to a randomly assigned treatment: red-flowering geraniums, nonflowering geraniums, or no plants. Based on responses to the induced stressor, students were placed into non-, mild-, and high-induced stress groups. Regression models of psychophysiological responses to each treatment were developed for over-all stress levels. Non-induced stress female students exposed to red-flowering geraniums in contrast to nonflowering geraniums and no-plants showed greater fast-beta brain wave activity. Greater fast-beta of non-induced stress female students exposed red-flowering geraniums was associated with increased positive attention and not because of increased stressful tension. This conclusion was supported by more positive emotional states self-reported using the Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions. Conclusive findings from over-all stress levels suggest that benefits of viewing red-flowering geraniums occur to both nonstress and high stress female college students; red-flowering geraniums improve positive attention of female students with no stress (low attentiveness) and enhance stress recovery of female students with high stress (tension).

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35

Sonboli, Ali, Mehran Mojarrad, Abbas Gholipour, Samad Nejad Ebrahimi, and Mitra Arman. "Biological Activity and Composition of the Essential Oil of Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Grown in Iran." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 9 (2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300930.

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The biological activity and composition of the essential oil of the aerial flowering parts of D. moldavica have been investigated. The oil analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. Thirteen compounds were identified, representing 99.8% of the oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes (96.3%) were found to be the principal group of compounds, of which neral, geranial, geranyl acetate and geraniol with 32.1, 21.6, 19.9 and 17.6% of the total oil were the main constituents, respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and its main components, citral, geraniol and geranyl acetate, showed that all of the tested microorganisms were highly inhibited by the essential oil with inhibition zones ranged from 15 – 41 mm for bacteria and 29 – 30 mm for fungi. The most sensitive microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis with the lowest MIC values of 0.9 mg/mL. Considering sensitivity screening, it is conceivable that the activity of the oil from D. moldavica could be attributed mainly to the presence of citral.

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36

Iijima, Miu, Hiromichi Kenmoku, Hironobu Takahashi, et al. "Characterization of 12-Oxophytodienoic Acid Reductases from Rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 12 (2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101201.

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Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér, also referred to as rose geranium, is a popular herbal plant with typical rosy fragrance largely based on the blend of monoterpenoid constituents. Among them, citronellol, which is biosynthesized from geraniol via double bond reduction, is the most abundant scent compound. In this study, three 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductases (PgOPR1–3) have been cloned from P. graveolens, as possible candidates for the double-bond reductase involved in citronellol biosynthesis. The bacterially expressed recombinant PgOPRs did not reduce geraniol to citronellol, but stereoselectively converted citral into ( S)-citronellal in the presence of NADPH. Thus, the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the substrate is essential for the catalytic activity of PgOPRs, as reported for OPRs from other plants and structurally related yeast old yellow enzymes. PgOPRs promiscuously accepted linear and cyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl substrates, including methacrolein, a typical reactive carbonyl compound. The possible biotechnological applications for PgOPRs in plant metabolic engineering, based on their catalytic properties, are discussed herein.

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37

Buck, J. W. "Potential Risk of Commercial Geranium to Infection by Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-1031-02-rs.

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Outbreaks of rust caused by the fungus Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis on geraniums can result in large losses due to the plants' reduced aesthetic value and eradication efforts. To assess the potential risk of a rust outbreak in geranium production facilities, 77 commercial varieties of geranium were inoculated with a mixture of two isolates of P. pelargonii-zonalis. All but one variety (98.7%) developed at least one sporulating lesion and 72.7% developed rust lesions on more than 20% of the leaves. Six varieties had lesions on fewer than 10% of the leaves and one variety did not develop visible lesions. These data indicate that the potential for geranium rust to spread throughout commercial greenhouses is very high if an accidental introduction should occur. While fungicides are available to manage the disease, including products with curative properties, minimizing risk by using disease-free cuttings, maintaining clean stock plants, and avoiding leaf wetness is essential to limit losses to geranium rust. Accepted for publication 16 July 2007. Published 31 October 2007.

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38

Hagvall, Lina, Magnus Bruze, Malin Engfeldt, et al. "Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol." Contact Dermatitis 82, no. 1 (2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.13404.

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Maruyama, Naho, Toshio Takizawa, Hiroko Ishibashi, et al. "Protective Activity of Geranium Oil and Its Component, Geraniol, in Combination with Vaginal Washing against Vaginal Candidiasis in Mice." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31, no. 8 (2008): 1501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1501.

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40

Saxena, Gauri, Suchitra Banerjee, Ritika Gupta, et al. "Composition of the Essential Oil of a New Isomenthone-Rich Variant of Geranium Obtained from Geraniol-Rich Cultivar ofPelargoniumSpecies." Journal of Essential Oil Research 16, no. 2 (2004): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698658.

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41

Kaufmann*, Pauline H., and P. Allen Hammer. "Response of Zonal and Ivy Geraniums to Root Medium pH." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 766E—767. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.766e.

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In 2002 the USDA reported potted geraniums accounted for $150 million in wholesale value, more than any other bedding or garden plant surveyed. Despite the importance of the geranium in floriculture production, little published research data is available pertaining to the media pH requirements of zonal and ivy geraniums. Current recommendations suggest zonal geraniums be grown at pH 5.7-6.6 and ivy geraniums at pH 5.0-6.2. The wide range in root medium pH recommendations for both zonal and ivy geraniums and the lack of research data prompted this research. Also, the basis for recommending a lower medium pH for ivy geraniums could not be found in published literature. The research objectives were to investigate the effect of medium pH on plant growth and to determine more precise recommendations for both species. The growth of 3 cultivars each of zonal and ivy geraniums growing in 8 medium pH treatments were evaluated. Limestone and hydrated lime were incorporated at increasing rates into a 1:1:1 peat, perlite and bark mix to achieve a medium pH ranging from pH 4.0-7.5. Plants were harvested at weeks 3, 6, and 11 and plant dry weight and media pH were determined. Leaf luminance, chroma and hue were evaluated at week 10. Plant dry weight was greatest at pH 6.55 or higher for both zonal and ivy geraniums at week 11. Leaves of plants grown at pH 6.55 or higher had significantly lower luminance and chroma and greater hue in all cultivars, corresponding to leaves that were darker, less vivid, and deeper green in color. This study shows a root medium pH greater than pH 6.5 results in greatest plant dry weight accumulation and quality of leaf color for both zonal and ivy geraniums. This study also shows ivy geraniums can be grown at the same media pH as zonal geraniums.

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42

Norman, David J., Qi Huang, Jeanne M. F. Yuen, Arianna Mangravita-Novo, and Drew Byrne. "Susceptibility of Geranium Cultivars to Ralstonia solanacearum." HortScience 44, no. 5 (2009): 1504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1504.

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Sixty-one cultivars of geraniums, including zonal, regal, ivy, and scented, were tested for susceptibility to three strains of Ralstonia solanacearum: a race 1, biovar 1 (R1B1) strain P597 isolated from tomato in Florida, a R1B1 strain P673 obtained from pothos originated from Costa Rica, and a race 3, biovar 2 (R3B2) strain UW551 isolated from geranium imported from Kenya. These three strains represent populations of R. solanacearum found in the United States or imported with infected plant propagative material. A genomic comparison of the geranium cultivars was also done using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Both R1B1 strains were more virulent than the R3B2 strain, producing wilt symptoms on most cultivars of zonal, regal, and ivy types. Variation in susceptibility of geranium cultivars to the two R1B1 strains was observed. The R3B2 strain UW551 had a much more restricted host range and was not able to infect most regal geranium cultivars when applied as a soil drench. Many of the scented cultivars were found to be resistant to all three strains of R. solanacearum when tested using the drench inoculation method. However, most scented cultivars were found to be susceptible when plants were wound-inoculated. The greatest variation in type of resistance was observed between the scented geranium cultivars and specific strains of R. solanacearum.

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43

Nam, Hyeon Hwa, and Byung Kil Choo. "Geranium koreanum, a medicinal plant Geranii Herba, ameliorate the gastric mucosal injury in gastritis-induced mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 265 (January 2021): 113041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113041.

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Fernández-Cervantes, Marcos, and María José Pérez-Alonso. "Investigando los remedios populares elaborados a partir de especies vegetales: infusión de ajenjo ('Artemisia absinthium L.')." Botanica Complutensis 43 (December 11, 2019): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/bocm.66771.

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Con el fin de profundizar en el conocimiento relativo a las plantas medicinales y a los remedios tradicionales que de ellas se derivan, se ha analizado la composición química de la planta de ajenjo (Artemisia absinthium L.) y de su infusión. Tanto en la planta como en la infusión se ha determinado la presencia de fenoles, taninos, flavonoides y terpenoides mediante ensayos cualitativos. Los análisis llevados a cabo mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) han permitido identificar (Z)-β-epoxiocimeno (8,2%), isobutirato de nerilo (7,53%), β-tuyona (7,20%), isobutirato de geranilo (6,85%), butirato de geranilo (6,53%) y acetato de trans-crisantemilo (5,19%) como los componentes mayoritarios del aceite esencial de la planta, y, por otro lado, α-bisabolol (11,87%), (Z)-β-epoxiocimeno (10,82%), camazuleno (9,72%), geraniol (8,67%), nerol (8,29%) y espatulenol (7,46%) como mayoritarios en la infusión. La presencia de estos volátiles en la infusión de ajenjo se ha confirmado por primera vez en este trabajo.

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45

Gupta, Suphla, Pankaj Pandotra, Gandhi Ram, et al. "Composition of a Monoterpenoid-rich Essential Oil from the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale from North Western Himalayas." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 1 (2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600122.

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The chemical composition of the essential oil from the rhizome of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), collected from Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India, was determined by gas chromatography and GC-MS. Fifty-one compounds, representing 95.1% of the oil, were identified. The oil was characterized by relatively large amounts of the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole (10.9%), linalool (4.8%), borneol (5.6%), α-terpineol (3.6%), neral (8.1%), geraniol (14.5%), geranial (9.5%), trans-dimethoxy citral (5.0%) and geranyl acetate (6.3%). Five compounds, namely trans-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide acetate, ( Z)-dimethoxycitral, ( E)-dimethoxy citral and epi-zingiberenol are reported for the first time in oil of ginger.

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Laime Soto, Susan. "Crema dental a base de las propiedades medicinales y terapéuticas del aceite esencial del geranio (Pelargonium x bortorum)." Ciencia y Desarrollo 9 (December 1, 2008): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/cyd.v9i0.1183.

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Dada la importancia del geranio (Pelargonim x hortorum) en nuestra región, por ser una planta que crece abundantemente todo el año y su cultivo no necesita mayores cuidados, y presentar propiedades terapéuticas y farmacológicas excepcionales, se realizó su estudio fitoquímico para comprobar y determinar sus principios activos, los mismos que tienen efectos terapéuticos sobre la salud.El estudio comprende la purificación de los metabolitos secundarios de la planta, dentro de ellos los aceites esenciales, a través de marchas fitoquímicas para evidenciar y detectar los mismos mediante pruebas fisicoquímicas y farmacológicas. El aceite esencial del geranio, una vez aislado y purificado, se usó en la preparación de una crema dental, extractos y colutorios, los cuales tendrían la propiedad de evitar las caries dental y las enfermedadesperiodontales, sobre todo en las personas de menores recursos, por ser un producto muy económico.Se realizaron bioensayos para determinar la actividad de sus principios activos. También se realizaron análisis microbiológicos para evidenciar el efecto antibacteriano del geraniol (aceite esencial del geranio).Se comprobó que el extracto oleoso tiene un poder de inhibición considerable sobre el crecimiento bacteriano, especialmente sobre los gérmenes que causan la placa bacteriana y la caries dental. En el experimento realizado de las diez placas en estudio, nueve inhibieron por completo el crecimiento bacteriano en las zonas tratadas, y solo una no lo hizo.El control de calidad analítico se realizó partiendo de la muestra, y comprendió todas las etapas de los análisis fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos.Palabras clave: metabolitos, aceites esenciales, geraniol.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/CienciayDesarrollo.2008.v9.09

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Kim, Eunhee, and Richard H. Mattson. "Human Stress Recovery during Exposure to Geranium Visual Stimuli." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 505b—505. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.505b.

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Evaluating human psychophysiological responses to plant visual stimuli provides a clearer understanding of factors within plant environments that enhance or maximize recovery from stress. Advances in physiological monitoring technology allow continuous recording and more-refined data collection of human responses to environmental stimuli. The objective of this study was to compare effects on stress recovery by exposures to geranium visual stimuli following an induced stressor, by measuring changes in physiological indicators and emotional states. One-hundred-fifty college students were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: red-flowering geraniums, non-flowering geraniums, or no geraniums. Each student viewed a 10-min film of a stressful human situation following a 5-min baseline, then was exposed to an assigned treatment setting during a 5-min recovery period. Continuous physiological measurements were taken of brainwave activities (EEG), skin conductance (EDR), and finger skin temperature. Self-rating scores of subjects' feelings were taken using the Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions. Comparisons among treatment groups will be discussed based on gender and other demographic factors.

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48

Tavares, Matheus von Linsingen, Wanderson R. Giacomin-Junior, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Walter G. Chapman, and Marcos L. Corazza. "Phase-Equilibrium Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2 + Geraniol, CO2 + Geraniol + Acetic Acid, and CO2 + Geraniol + Ethyl Acetate." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 65, no. 4 (2020): 1721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b01060.

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Peters, Carinne, and Marla S. McIntosh. "Variation in Media pH and Electrical Conductivity in Geraniums." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1124C—1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1124c.

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Pour-through extraction can provide data indicating geranium container nutrient status for growers to diagnose nutritional problems and prevent plant loss. The objective of this study was to examine changes in growing media pH and electrical conductivity during the production cycle of 10 cultivars from each of the three geranium classes (zonal, ivy, and regal). Thirty cultivars of geraniums were grown in pots using standard commercial greenhouse production guidelines for 12 weeks. Pour-through extractions were performed every 5 d and media pH and electrical conductivity were determined on the collected leachate. While there was a significant reduction in media pH for zonal and ivy geraniums 36 d after transplanting plugs, only one regal cultivar exhibited a decrease in pH during the production cycle. Statistically significant differences for mean media pH and electrical conductivity were also observed among cultivars within each class at several sampling dates. The results of this study indicate that zonal, ivy, and one regal cultivar's media pH decreases rapidly from day 21 to day 36, and then returns to initial levels by day 46. Because of the importance of media pH to nutrient uptake, this study allows for a better understanding of nutritional problems that are linked to pH that frequently occur at the stage of growth. It also suggests that fertigation rates should be adjusted by cultivar and growth stage to address this pH variation.

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Kulkarni, Swaroop S., Nagawara S. Ravindra, Kalavagunta V. N. S. Srinivas, and Raghavendra N. Kulkarni. "A Somaclonal Variant of Rose-Scented Geranium (Pelargonium spp.) with Moderately High Content of Isomenthone in its Essential Oil." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 9 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700931.

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Rose-scented geranium ( Pelargonium spp.), which is highly valued for its essential oil, is exclusively propagated vegetatively. Hence no genetic improvement work is possible through conventional breeding. Somaclonal variation was generated with and without in vitro mutagenesis using N-nitroso- N-methyl urea (NMU) in an Indian cultivar ‘Bourbon’, and a clone ‘Narmada’. A somaclonal variant (N75) with a moderately high content of isomenthone in its essential oil was isolated from somaclones generated after treatment of internodal explants of clone, ‘Narmada’ with 0.25 mM NMU for 1 h. The contents of isomenthone in its essential oil were 26% and 35%, respectively, in SC2/VM2 and SC3/VM3 generations (second and third vegetative generations, respectively, after in vitro mutagen treatment) as compared with 0.7% and 0.3%, respectively, in the parental clone, ‘Narmada’. The contents of alcohols and their esters (linalool, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate and geranyl formate) in the essential oil of N75 in SC2/VM2 and SC3/VM3 generations were 49% and 35%, respectively, as compared with 69% and 63%, respectively, in the parental clone, ‘Narmada’. This is the first report on a chemovariant of rose-scented geranium with a moderately high content of isomenthone. All earlier reported isomenthone-rich variants of rose-scented geranium had quite high contents of isomenthone (64-71%) in their essential oils. The probable modes of origin of this somaclonal variant, its parental clone ‘Narmada’ (with very low content of isomenthone) and four earlier reported isomenthone-rich variants of Indian cultivars of geranium are discussed.

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