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1
Kazimagomedov, Abdulla. Structure and function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1020430.
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The textbook covers the basic issues related to the activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. A short and accessible educational material presented on organizational bases of activities, operations and functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Additionally, to consolidate the knowledge the students are given control questions and tests.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of secondary professional education in the specialty 38.02.07 "Banking", approved by order of Ministry of education of Russia from 28.07.2014 No. 837.
For students and teachers, and anyone interested in issues related to the activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
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Blocher, Christoph. Switzerland and the Eizenstat report: Speech given at a function organized by the Young SVP of Switzerland, the Young SVP of the canton of Bern and the Young 'Future of Switzerland' (JZS) on June 21, 1997 in Bern. [Zurich: Schweizerische Volkspartei des Kantons, 1997.
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C.I.M.E. Summer School (2008 : Cetraro, Italy), ed. Holomorphic dynamical systems: Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, July 7-12, 2008. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
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Shishkin, Andrey. Introduction to the axiomatic theory of elementary functions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1209581.
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Contains an exposition of the basic concepts and theorems of the axiomatic theory of the basic elementary functions of real and complex variables. The textbook is written on the basis of lectures given by the author for a number of years at the Armavir State Pedagogical University, at the Slavyansk-on-Kuban State Pedagogical Institute and at the branch of the Kuban State University in Slavyansk-on-Kuban. It is intended for students of natural-mathematical profiles of preparation of the direction "Pedagogical education". It can be used in the study of mathematical analysis, the theory of functions of a real variable, the theory of functions of a complex variable, etc.
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Warburton, Darren E. R., Lindsay Nettlefold, K. Ashlee McGuire y Shannon S. D. Bredin. Cardiovascular function. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0007.
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The physiological adaptations to exercise training have been evaluated extensively in children and youth. In particular, considerable research has examined the changes in cardiovascular function that occur with aerobic exercise training. Various indicators of cardiovascular function have been assessed at rest and during exercise. Many of these measures have important implications from performance and health-related perspectives. Owing to the importance of oxygen (O2) transport for human performance and health, this chapter reviews comprehensively the varied non-invasive and invasive methods of assessing cardiac function including an in-depth evaluation of the limitations and strengths of each methodology. Specific reference is given to the applicability and ease of usage of each technology with young people. This chapter also deals extensively with the evaluation of cardiovascular regulation and vascular function owing to their role in optimal exercise performance and health.
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McManus, Alison M. y Neil Armstrong. Pulmonary function. Editado por Neil Armstrong y Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0010.
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The principles of pulmonary ventilation are the same for children and adults. Ventilation adjusts to alterations in metabolic demand in the child; but for a given exercise intensity there is a greater ventilation when expressed relative to body mass and a higher energetic cost of breathing in the child compared to the adult. Limited evidence suggests child-adult differences may be a result of immature chemoreception, a greater drive to breathe, differences in airway dimensions, and the mechanical work of breathing. There are few studies investigating the dynamic ventilatory response to moderate intensity exercise and none to heavy or very heavy intensity exercise in the child. Little attention has been devoted to the developmental pattern of ventilatory control, although there is evidence of altered chemoreceptive modulation of breathing in the child. Considerable research will be necessary before we have a full appreciation of pulmonary function during exercise in the child.
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Cappelen, Herman. On Appeals to a Concept’s Purpose or Function. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0016.
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This chapter considers defenders of conceptual engineering who have appealed to the idea that concepts have non-trivial functions, which ought to be preserved through the process of amelioration. Appeals to this idea in the work of Sally Haslanger, Ingo Brigandt, and Amie Thomasson are discussed. It is argued that although concepts might have interesting functions in a given context, the only invariant function of a concept is the trivial function of picking out its referent (i.e., the function of the concept of ‘tiger’ is to denote tigers). Hence, appeals to functions are not helpful for conceptual engineers.
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Ostrov, Jamie M., Sarah J. Blakely-McClure, Kristin J. Perry y Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco. Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0002.
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This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.
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Lancellotti, Patrizio y Bernard Cosyns. Assessment of the Left Ventricular Systolic Function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0004.
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Evaluation of ventricular systolic function and cavity dimensions is an essential part of the echocardiographic examination. Treatment strategy and decisionmaking for a patient’s condition is affected by systolic function. Echocardiography plays a major in monitoring the effects of therapy. Appropriate knowledge about how to assess left ventricular size, shape and function is thus crucial. This chapter demonstrates left chamber quantification through various measurements of left ventricular size and dimensions, left ventricular mass, left ventricularglobal function, regional wall motion, left ventricular segmentation, global left ventricular remodelling, and left atrial measurements. Techniques, advantages, and limitations of different methods and echocardiographic examinations are given throughout.
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Payne, Andrew. Justice, Function, and Partnerships in Republic 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799023.003.0003.
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This chapter traces the concepts fundamental to Plato’s functional teleology of action, as this will appear in the later books of the Republic. A close analysis is given of the refutation of Polemarchus and the concepts of craft and partnership. Socrates compares justice to a craft and criticizes Polemarchus’ suggestion that engaging in partnerships is the action in which the just person is beneficial. This section of the Republic begins the investigation of the function or characteristic activity which is the context for being just and which justice by its operation makes good. This is the activity of forming and engaging in partnerships.
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Hummer, Hans. The Made and the Given, the Carnal and the Spiritual. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0005.
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This chapter outlines an alternative approach to kinship that is free of modern biogenetic biases and is derived from Karl Schmid’s concept of “self-consciousness” and recent anthropological work on kinship by Janet Carsten, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, among others. It surveys David Schneider’s classic critique of kinship studies, anthropologists’ rejection of kinship as a primordial or base form regulating a society, the shift to meaning over function, and the critique of constructionism. It emphasizes the need to take the new kinship studies into account if one wishes to illuminate indigenous social ontologies and understand what kinship meant in medieval Europe.
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt y Marielle Butters. The Emergence of Functions in Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844297.001.0001.
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Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Spectral Properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0008.
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The spectral properties of the nonequilibrium Green’s functions are explored. Causality and sum rules are shown to be completed by the extended quasiparticle picture. The off-shell motion is seen to become visible in satellite structures of the spectral function. Different forms of ansatz to reduce the two-time Green’s function to a one-time reduced density matrix are discussed with respect to the consistency to other approximations. We have seen from the information contained in the correlation function that the statistical weight of excitations with which the distributions are populated are given by the spectral function. This momentum-resolved density of state can be found by the retarded and advance functions.
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Hall, Peter. Principal component analysis for functional data. Editado por Frédéric Ferraty y Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.8.
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This article discusses the methodology and theory of principal component analysis (PCA) for functional data. It first provides an overview of PCA in the context of finite-dimensional data and infinite-dimensional data, focusing on functional linear regression, before considering the applications of PCA for functional data analysis, principally in cases of dimension reduction. It then describes adaptive methods for prediction and weighted least squares in functional linear regression. It also examines the role of principal components in the assessment of density for functional data, showing how principal component functions are linked to the amount of probability mass contained in a small ball around a given, fixed function, and how this property can be used to define a simple, easily estimable density surrogate. The article concludes by explaining the use of PCA for estimating log-density.
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Allen, Michael P. y Dominic J. Tildesley. How to analyse the results. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0008.
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In this chapter, practical guidance is given on the calculation of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical quantities from simulation trajectories. Program examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of the radial distribution function and a time correlation function using the direct and fast Fourier transform methods. There is a detailed discussion of the calculation of statistical errors through the statistical inefficiency. The estimation of the error in equilibrium averages, fluctuations and in time correlation functions is discussed. The correction of thermodynamic averages to neighbouring state points is described along with the extension and extrapolation of the radial distribution function. The calculation of transport coefficients by the integration of the time correlation function and through the Einstein relation is discussed.
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Charles T, Kotuby y Sobota Luke A. Epilogue: General Principles of Law and International Due Process as a Function of Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0004.
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Private international law usually does its part to resolve transnational disputes by pointing parties to the proper forum and the proper law. Its rules are adjectival and rarely provide the ultimate solution to a dispute. But in order to play a more meaningful role in aiding the resolution of modern transnational disputes, the authorities that encompass the rules of private international law might also play a role in determining the substance of the applicable municipal law. In this vein, the “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” may provide a rich reserve of normative principles on which private international law may draw to interpret, define, and even correct the governing municipal law. These principles are, after all, borne from a distillation and consensus of municipal laws, and they have been fashioned as positive law to function on the international plane. In a transnational case, involving litigants from differing legal traditions, a solution premised on international rather than municipal principles should be preferred given the competing interests of the two foreign parties to the dispute. Private international law scholars and municipal judges might be best suited to explicate and elevate this source of law with the rigor that is needed to ensure its vitality and applicability to modern transnational disputes.
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Mann, Peter. Classical Path-Integrals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0029.
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The purpose of this chapter is to formalise functions and set theory. It is often handy to partition a collection of numbers into one package for neatness. This is the idea of a set; it is itself an object. A function is like a number-crunching box: numbers are fed into the function and another number comes out; it is a mapping from a set of numbers to another set of numbers and there are several ways to write it. A functional is a box that takes a function and gives out a number; it is a function of a function of a variable. A real-valued function is a scalar field when it has a scalar quantity as its output; it is called a vector field when the output is a vector. Other concepts associated with sets and functions are discussed, providing background to the other chapters in the book.
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Kyrana, Eirini. Liver function tests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0051.
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Dierdorf, Stephen F. Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia. Editado por Matthew D. McEvoy y Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0038.
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Calcium is critical to many vital physiologic functions. These functions include cardiac rhythm and contractility, neuromuscular transmission, and skeletal muscle contractility. 45% of the calcium in the blood is ionized, which is more revalent to the physiologic function of calcium as opposed to the fraction that is bound. Serum ionized calcium levels are closely regulated by the parathyroid gland via calcium-sensing receptors and parathormone secretion. Low or high levels of calcium can result in life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias and skeletal muscle weakness leading to respiratory failure. The anesthesiologist must be aware of the clinical conditions that place patients at risk for calcium abnormalities. This will allow for early recognition of the signs and symptoms, so that measurements can take place and rapid treatment can be given.
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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington y Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Normal renal function. Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0155.
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The kidney is a vital organ with multiple functions. Without kidney function, death will occur in a matter of days. Fortunately, several forms of effective renal replacement therapy are available. This chapter gives a concise introduction to basic urinary tract structure, kidney/glomerulus/tubular function and assessment of kidney function.
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Bäumer, Dirk. Normal neurological function. Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0219.
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A basic understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system function is necessary to understand and diagnose neurological disease. This chapter will give a brief outline of those aspects of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology which are helpful in daily clinical practice and form the basis of the clinical neurological method outlined in Chapter 220.
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Keshav, Satish y Palak Trivedi. Acute liver failure. Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0209.
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Acute liver failure (ALF) is the term given to a potentially reversible condition characterized by rapid deterioration in hepatocyte function, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy in the absence of preexisting liver disease.
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Mills, Kerry R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0014.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been exploited to advance knowledge of corticospinal physiology and, in a number of conditions, to aid diagnosis and quantify corticospinal abnormalities. The basic physics of magnetic stimulation is described along with the effects of stimulating coils with different dimensions and shape. The effects of single TMS pulses over motor cortex to cause a descending volley of D and I waves, and their effects on spinal motor neurons resulting in a motor evoked potential (MEP) are described. Guidelines for the safe use of TMS are given. Methods to estimate useful clinical measures of corticospinal function, such as threshold, MEP amplitude, central motor conduction time, silent period and input:output relation are given, as is the means to quantify corticospinal conduction using the triple stimulation technique. The clinical utility of TMS in neurodegenerations, central demyelinating diseases, stroke, spinal cord disease, movement disorders, and functional disorders is discussed.
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Schlieter, Jens. The Religious Functions of Near-Death Experiences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888848.003.0022.
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This final chapter secures the result of the survey by discussing the religious functions of near-death experiences for affected individuals, but also the functions of the reports for the audience. It outlines (a) ontological, (b) epistemic, (c) intersubjective, and (d) moral aspects. It has been argued that experiencers feel closer to God, are less attracted to religion, and are significantly more inclined to believe in life after death. A function of the narratives consists in the claim that, in atheistic and secular times, individual religious experience is still possible. Several reports argue with a copresence of life and death. Discussing cognitivist approaches, the chapter finally concludes that, given the Latin etymology of “experience,” harboring, among others, the meaning of “being exposed to danger” or “passing a test,” near-death experiences can be seen as a match for conceptions of religious experience as a transformative, gained by surviving a life-threatening danger.
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Amin, Annie y Thomas W. Cutter. Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies
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(Editor), Joan Bybee, John Haiman (Editor) y Sandra A. Thompson (Editor), eds. Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to T. Givon. John Benjamins Publishing Co, 1997.
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Mann, Peter. Noether’s Theorem for Fields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0028.
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This is a unique chapter that discusses classical path integrals in both configuration space and phase space. It examines both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations before qualitatively discussing some interesting features of gauge fixing. This formulation is then linked to superspace and Grassmann variables for a fermionic field theory. The chapter then shows that the corresponding operatorial formulation is none other than the Koopman–von Neumann theory. In parallel to quantum theory, the classical propagator or the transition amplitude between two classical states is given exactly by the phase space partition function. The functional Dirac delta is discussed, and the chapter closes by briefly mentioning Faddeev–Popov ghosts, which were introduced earlier in the chapter.
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McDuff, Dusa y Dietmar Salamon. Generating functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses generating functions in more detail. It shows how generating functions give rise to discrete-time analogues of the symplectic action functional and hence lead to discrete variational problems. The results of this chapter form the basis for the proofs in Chapter 11 of the Arnold conjecture for the torus and in Chapter 12 of the existence of the Hofer–Zehnder capacity. The final section examines generating functions for exact Lagrangian submanifolds of cotangent bundles.
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Weber, Miriam T. Cognitive Changes in Pregnancy. Editado por Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell y Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0008.
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Subjective memory complaints are commonly reported in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Given the frequency of such complaints, there is great interest in understanding the effects of pregnancy and the postpartum period on objectively measured cognitive function in healthy women, as well as the potential clinical significance of subjective memory complaints (SMC) in this population. In this chapter, we review the literature examining objective cognitive function in pregnant and postpartum women. We focus on studies that employed neuropsychological tests of memory and other domains of cognitive function, discuss the literature on contributions to cognitive changes in pregnancy and postpartum, and outline a care pathway for practitioners encountering pregnant women with cognitive concerns.
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Gugino, Laverne D., Rafael Romero, Marcella Rameriz, Marc E. Richardson y Linda S. Aglio. TMS in the perioperative period. Editado por Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann y Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0020.
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Two stimulation approaches developed for selectively exciting descending motor pathways are, transcranial electrical (TES) and transcranial magnetic (TMS) stimulation. This article highlights the comparison between electrical and magnetic transcranial stimulation. Magnetic stimulation is relatively painless; therefore it is the more preferred technique. The article reviews the use of TMS for monitoring the functional integrity of the descending motor systems during surgery and discusses the potential role of TMS in the preoperative period for conscious patients planning to undergo neurosurgical procedures involving the cerebral cortex. Selective monitoring of spinal cord motor function involves acquisition of TMS-induced epidural and/or myogenic responses. As patients are generally given anesthesia before spinal cord surgeries, this article discusses the effect of general anesthetic agents on the myogenic responses.
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Woldstad, Christopher, Michael Boska y Howard E. Gendelman. Neurological Complications of HIV in The Central Nervous System. Editado por Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding y Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0026.
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This chapter serves to highlight both the research advances made in understanding the effects of HIV on the nervous system and what lies ahead. Particular focus is given to both the effects HIV can play on the nervous system at the molecular and cellular levels and the comorbid conditions that affect neural function. Attention is also given to specific biomarkers to be used for increasing the effectiveness and availability of therapies. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is comparable to that of several other neurodegenerative disorders, and their mechanistic similarities are also discussed in detail. With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy the life expectancy of persons with HIV has increased, with a concomitant decrease in the incidence of severe dementia. There has been a remarkable improvement in cognitive function with almost a complete reversal of associated symptoms of disease. Past and present disease manifestations and the implications for treatment are outlined in the chapter.
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Mihailova, Tatyana, ed. Mis-, semi- and over communication. Grammar of Unreal-4. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1765.978-5-317-06511-9.
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The conference is devoted to the different problems of communication, including misunderstanding and ‘over-understanding'. A special attention is given to the destiny of new personages and images and their function in the legendary tradition. The used data belong to the examples of Medieval Germanic and Celtic narrative tradition, but a modern Scandinavian material is also involved.
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Quick, Laura. The Comparative Method in Scripture and Inscription. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810933.003.0003.
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This chapter considers the comparative method, arguing that scholars concerned with parallels between ancient Near Eastern and biblical literature have frequently operated without considering the crucial means of the transmission of the traditions, encompassing the availability of the texts in questions to the biblical scribe, and the linguistic competence of that scribe to read and translate Akkadian texts. This sets the stage for a new examination of the means of the transmission of Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties to Deuteronomy, with a study of cuneiform culture in Iron II Judah. By showing that the evidence for the existence of such a tradition is essentially lacking, it will be proposed that Aramaic may have served an intermediary function between the literatures of East and West, given that the language functioned as a lingua franca during this period.
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Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque y Timothy Watts. Endocrinology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0016.
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This chapter provides background information on fetal and neonatal renal development, physiology, and function. Detailed information is given on management of common, antenatally diagnosed, renal anomalies (renal pelvis dilatation/hydronephrosis); post-natal diagnoses (hypospadius, hydrocele); posterior urethral valves; polycystic kidney disease; and rarer diagnoses. There is a guideline on the management of acute renal failure in the newborn, and information on dialysis.
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Street, Brian. Multi-parameter Carnot-Carath´eodory Geometry. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162515.003.0003.
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This chapter develops the theory of multi-parameter Carnot–Carathéodory geometry, which is needed to study singular integral operators. In the case when the balls are of product type, all of the results are simple variants of results in the single-parameter theory. When the balls are not of product type, these ideas become more difficult. What saves the day is the quantitative Frobenius theorem given in Chapter 2. This can be used to estimate certain integrals, as well as develop an appropriate maximal function and an appropriate Littlewood–Paley square function, all of which are essential to our study of singular integral operators.
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MacNamara, Annmarie y K. Luan Phan. Neurocircuitry of Affective, Cognitive, and Regulatory Systems. Editado por Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel y Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a review and synthesis of the neurocircuitry involved in affect and cognition and their interactions as it relates to regulatory functions. Cognition and emotion are considered together taking a more integrated, functional perspective. The chapter first gives an overview regarding structure and function of key brain regions, that is, prefrontal and cingulate regions, insula, and subcortical regions, as well as other temporal-parietal-occipital regions. Following this overview, the chapter proceeds with summarizing key neuroscientific findings as organized by cognitive processes and their relevance for emotion. The choice of processes reflects the key stages involved in responding to a stimulus, from the time of sensory input to behavioral response/output, namely perception, learning and memory central executive functions, cognitive appraisal, and reappraisal. The overall aim of the chapter is to provide a better understanding of cognitive-emotional interactions at the neurocircuit level.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Declarations and Status Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0012.
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Chapter 12 evaluates, in the light of the analysis of status functions in previous chapters, a recent claim by Searle that all institutional facts, and so all status functions, are created by declarative speech acts. An example of a declaration is an employer saying “You’re fired” to an employee and thereby making it the case that he is fired. The chapter argues that while declarations are often used, given background conventions in a community, to impose status functions on objects, they are not necessary, and that more generally the idea that status functions are imposed by representing that object as having them is mistaken, in the light of the earlier analysis of collective acceptance as a matter of members of a community having appropriate we-intentions or conditional we-intentions directed at the relevant things.
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Hoffman, Ronald L. y Leyla Muedin. Optimum Macronutrition for Sexual Health (DRAFT). Editado por Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0007.
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The importance of nutrition in sexual health cannot be overemphasized. Given the prevalence of obesity in America and its associated morbidities such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, sadly, sexual dysfunction is on the rise. Some—usually men —confronting a sexual problem may seek to consume commercial supplements or specific foods traditionally believed to improve sexual performance. However, the scientific evidence makes it clear that oysters, asparagus, or supplements are far less relevant than optimizing one's daily diet. Macronutrition impacts sexual function in many ways and as a consequence of specific dietary regimens, habits, and health practices. Nutritional patterns negatively affect testosterone, nitric oxide, cortisol, and inflammatory pathways and have other impacts. This chapter sets out what science says about macronutrition's key role in sexual function and dysfunction and advocates the best nutritional strategies for improved sexual function, vitality, and overall health.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Deep Impurities with Collision Delay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0017.
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The linearised nonlocal kinetic equation is solved analytically for impurity scattering. The resulting response function provides the conductivity, plasma oscillation and Fermi momentum. It is found that virial corrections nearly compensate the wave-function renormalizations rendering the conductivity and plasma mode unchanged. Due to the appearance of the correlated density, the Luttinger theorem does not hold and the screening length is influenced. Explicit results are given for a typical semiconductor. Elastic scattering of electrons by impurities is the simplest but still very interesting dissipative mechanism in semiconductors. Its simplicity follows from the absence of the impurity dynamics, so that individual collisions are described by the motion of an electron in a fixed potential.
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Isett, Philip. Bounds for the Corrections. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0022.
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This chapter derives the bounds for the correction terms, starting with bounds for the velocity correction. Based on V of the form V = Δ x W, it introduces a proposition for estimating the spatial derivatives of W. Since the number of Wsubscript I supported at any given region of ℝ x ³ is bounded by a universal constant, it suffices to estimate Wsubscript I uniformly in I. For an individual wave, it is easy to see that the estimate will hold. During repeated differentiation, the derivative hits either the oscillatory factor, the phase direction, or the amplitude wsubscript I or one of its derivatives. In any case, the largest cost happens when differentiating the phase function. The chapter also gives estimates for derivatives of the coarse scale material derivative of W and concludes with bounds for the pressure correction.
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Thomas, Unger. Part II The Right to Know, A General Principles, Principle 5 Guarantees to Give Effect to the Right to Know. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0009.
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Principle 5 outlines guarantees that States must take to give effect to the right to know, including judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. This principle focuses on courts, truth commissions and archives, and gives a privileged position to criminal justice. It follows a clear human rights understanding on how guarantees should look like in the fight against impunity. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 5 before discussing its theoretical framework and some practical trends regarding the guarantees designed to give effect to the right to know. It highlights a number of limitations of Principle 5 and proposes a revised version, calling for a more dynamic functional approach that creatively looks at what kind of existing and new interventions could take on the function of guarantees to give effect to the right to know.
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Chatburn, Robert L. y Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila. Design and function of mechanical ventilators. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0092.
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This chapter presents a new approach to understanding the design and function of mechanical ventilators. Mechanical ventilators have become so complex that a practical classification system or taxonomy is required to compare and contrast treatment options. This chapter describes the 10 fundamental maxims from which we construct a taxonomy to describe each mode of mechanical ventilation. This method provides a framework for the comparison of published studies of mechanical ventilation, gives consistency in education and clinical practice. It also allows comparisons between different ventilator manufacturers and, most importantly, it provides a framework to match modes to specific patient needs.
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Wüstholz, Gisbert y Clemens Fuchs, eds. Arithmetic and Geometry. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193779.001.0001.
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This book presents highlights of recent work in arithmetic algebraic geometry by some of the world's leading mathematicians. Together, these 2016 lectures—which were delivered in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the annual summer workshops in Alpbach, Austria—provide an introduction to high-level research on three topics: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings heights and L-functions. The book consists of notes, written by young researchers, on three sets of lectures or minicourses given at Alpbach. The first course contains recent results dealing with the local Langlands conjecture. The fundamental question is whether for a given datum there exists a so-called local Shimura variety. In some cases, they exist in the category of rigid analytic spaces; in others, one has to use Scholze's perfectoid spaces. The second course addresses the famous Pell equation—not in the classical setting but rather with the so-called polynomial Pell equation, where the integers are replaced by polynomials in one variable with complex coefficients, which leads to the study of hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians. The third course originates in the Chowla–Selberg formula and relates values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. It proves the Gross–Zagier formula on Shimura curves and verifies the Colmez conjecture on average.
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Franklin, Deborah Julie y Andrea L. Cheville. Medical rehabilitation and the palliative care patient. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0415.
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Maintaining function, specifically independent function, is a key determinant of quality of life for patients receiving palliative care and their caregivers. Techniques, interventions, and strategies from the field of rehabilitation can be adapted to meet the needs of patients with advanced disease. This chapter explores aspects of rehabilitation medicine that are of greatest value for patients requiring palliative care. The first section describes pertinent rehabilitation services available in hospitals, outpatient settings, as well as home-based programmes. The next section reviews the timing of rehabilitation interventions with an emphasis on distinctive features of rehabilitation goal setting for palliative care patients. Some in-depth examples of specific rehabilitation interventions are given that can improve function for patients with advanced disease processes, including the important areas of caregiver training and support. The final section examines current barriers to the effective use of rehabilitation strategies in palliative care medicine and outlines some emerging approaches for improving outcomes.
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Kortgen, Andreas y Michael Bauer. The effect of acute hepatic failure on drug handling in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0197.
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Impaired hepatic function is a common event in intensive care unit patients and as the liver plays a central role in drug metabolism and excretion this may lead to profound changes in pharmacokinetics. Underlying mechanisms are altered enzyme function of phase I and phase II metabolism, altered transporter protein function together with cholestasis and hepatic perfusion disorders. Moreover, multidrug therapy may lead to induction and inhibition of these enzymes and transporter proteins. In addition, changes in plasma protein binding and volumes of distribution of drugs are common. Altogether, these changes may not only lead to sometimes unpredictable plasma levels of xenobiotics, but also to drug-induced liver injury when hepatocellular accumulation of noxious substances occurs. Concomitant renal dysfunction may further complicate this situation. Pharmacodynamic alterations might also occur. In conclusion, the clinician must carefully evaluate medication given to patients with hepatic failure. Therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed wherever available to guide therapy.
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Schellenberg, Susanna. Perceptual Capacities, Knowledge, and Gettier Cases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0005.
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I will exploit the basic commitments of capacitivism to develop a distinctive externalist view of perceptual knowledge. The basic idea of capacitivism is that perception is constitutively a matter of employing perceptual capacities that function to discriminate and single out particulars in our environment. It is because a given subject is employing perceptual capacities with a certain function that her mental states have epistemic force. Employing such perceptual capacities constitutes a mental state that provides us with phenomenal evidence, and employing such capacities in the good case also provides us with knowledge-worthy factive evidence. Capacitivism is an externalist view that does not invoke reliability, remains steadfastly naturalistic, and by recognizing a metaphysically substantive common element between perception and hallucination avoids any commitment to disjunctivism.
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Barras, Amélie. Secularism in France. Editado por Phil Zuckerman y John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.9.
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This chapter explores how the meaning given to French laïcité differs in function of sociopolitical and historical contexts and who is using this discourse. It highlights how discourses of laïcité are intimately linked to the religious and its definition, paying special attention to the different meanings given to three concepts around which this discourse is articulated: separation of religion and politics, neutrality, and gender equality. By putting the emphasis on the evolving dimension of this discourse, the chapter also discusses how this has implications for the production of the category “religion” and, more specifically, for delimiting what is religiously acceptable in France. These arguments are explored by paying particular attention to the relation between laïcité and Islam in contemporary France.
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Eriksson, Olle, Anders Bergman, Lars Bergqvist y Johan Hellsvik. Density Functional Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788669.003.0001.
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Density functional theory (DFT) has established itself as a very capable platform for modelling from first principles electronic, optical, mechanical and structural properties of materials. Starting out from the Dirac equation for the many-body system of electrons and nuclei, an effective theory has been developed allowing for materials specific and parameter free simulations of non-magnetic and magnetic solid matter. In this Chapter an introduction will be given to DFT, the Hohenberg-Kohn theorems, the Kohn-Sham equation, and the formalism for how to deal with non-collinear magnetism.
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Hatfield, Anthea. The kidney. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0022.
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Renal failure after surgery does occur and carries a high mortality. The immediate postoperative management of the patient’s fluids is an important part of their recovery. This chapter will teach you the physiology of kidney function, how and why things go wrong, and how to anticipate and prevent renal failure from developing. Conditions that can lead to renal problems are discussed and also the effects of the drugs given to the patients during and after the operation.
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Pencavel, John H. Further Implications of the Augmented Production Functions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0005.
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In this chapter, the author uses the output–hours findings presented in the previous chapter to interpret the research on the relative productivity of part-time and full-time workers. Examples are given of prior research that corroborate the author’s findings. Additionally, the productivity of hours of overtime are considered. Finally, the author applies the theory to macroeconomics.