Tesis: "Global and local optimizations"

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Ding, Baoyan. "A parametric solution for local and global optimization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21341.pdf.

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2

Shiao, Cheng-Mu. "Resolution of kinematic redundancy through local and global optimization /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487597424137831.

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3

Wang, Le Yi. "Normed double algebras, local and global optimization, and slow H00 adaptation." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74258.

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A normed space of input-output mappings equipped with two products, one global and the other local, called a normed double algebra (NDA), is introduced for the frozen-time analysis of stabilization and optimization of a class of slowly time-varying systems. Local-global relations within a normed double algebra are established, in the time and frequency domains, in systems which vary slowly. The local-global relations, applied to system properties such as stability, coprime factorization and optimization, enable global properties to be deduced from the local ones, especially in the frequency domain, by methods which are computationally tractable, at least in principle. Classical frozen-time stability is reinterpreted in terms of a relation between local and global resolvents in the NDA. Relations between local and global coprime factorizations and their implications to local and global robust stability are obtained. An explicit double algebraic expression for adaptive BIBO sensitivity reduction is established. Notions of adaptive and robust (non-adaptive) sensitivity minimization are applied to an example involving rejection of narrowband disturbances of uncertain bandwidth and center frequency. The double algebra symbolism is employed to show that adaptive minimization can give better sensitivity than $H sp infty$ optimal robust minimization. To implement a design strategy of global sensitivity optimization using local $H sp infty$ interpolation, Lipschitz continuity of optimal $H sp infty$ interpolants on data is investigated. While optimal $H sp infty$ interpolants in general do not depend Lipschitz continuously on data, $ delta$-suboptimal interpolants based on AAK's maximal entropy solutions satisfy an appropriate Lipschitz continuity condition. These, applied to slowly time-varying systems, achieve approximations to the globally optimal interpolants, which become accurate as the rates of variation approach zero.

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4

Ragon, Scott Alan II. "Development of a Global/Local Approach and a Geometrically Non-linear Local Panel Analysis for Structural Design." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30761.

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A computationally efficient analysis capability for the geometrically non-linear response of compressively loaded prismatic plate structures was developed. Both a "full" finite strip solution procedure and a "reduced" solution procedure were implemented in a FORTRAN 90 computer code, and comparisons were made with results available in the technical literature. Both the full and reduced solution procedures were demonstrated to provide accurate results for displacement and strain quantities through moderately large post-buckling loads. The full method is a non-linear finite strip analysis of the semi-analytical, multi-term type. Individual finite strips are modeled as balanced and symmetric laminated composite materials which are assumed to behave orthotropically in bending, and the structure is loaded in uniaxial or biaxial compression. The loaded ends of the structure are assumed to be simply supported, and geometric shape imperfections may be modeled. The reduced solution method makes use of a reduced basis technique in conjunction with the full finite strip analysis. Here, the potentially large set of non-linear algebraic equations produced by the finite strip method are replaced by a small set of system equations. In the present implementation, the basis vectors consist of successive derivatives of the non-linear solution vector with respect to a loading parameter. Depending on the nature of the problem, the reduced solution procedure is capable of computational savings of up to 60%+ compared to the full finite strip method. The reduced method is most effective in reducing the computational cost of the full method when the most significant portion of the cost of the full method is factorization of the assembled system matrices. The robustness and efficiency of the reduced solution procedure was found to be sensitive to the user specified error norm which is used during the reduced solution procedure to determine when to generate new sets of basis vectors. In parallel with this effort, a new method for performing global/local design optimization of large complex structures (such as aircraft wings or fuselages) was developed. A simple and flexible interface between the global and local design levels was constructed using response surface methodology. The interface is constructed so as to minimize the changes required in either the global design code or the local design codes(s). Proper coupling is maintained between the global and local design levels via a "weight constraint" and the transfer of global stiffness information to the local level. The method was verified using a simple isotropic global wing model and the local panel design code PASCO. Ph. D.

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5

Huynh, Vu Anh. "Combining local and global optimization for planning and control in information space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45281.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-102). This thesis presents a novel algorithm, called the parametric optimized belief roadmap (POBRM), to address the problem of planning a trajectory for controlling a robot with imperfect state information under uncertainty. This question is formulated abstractly as a partially observable stochastic shortest path (POSSP) problem. We assume that the feature-based map of a region is available to assist the robot's decision-making. The POBRM is a two-phase algorithm that combines local and global optimization. In an offline phase, we construct a belief graph by probabilistically sampling points around the features that potentially provide the robot with valuable information. Each edge of the belief graph stores two transfer functions to predict the cost and the conditional covariance matrix of a final state estimate if the robot follows this edge given an initial mean and covariance. In an online phase, a sub-optimal trajectory is found by the global Dijkstra's search algorithm, which ensures the balance between exploration and exploitation. Moreover, we use the iterative linear quadratic Gaussian algorithm (iLQG) to find a locally-feedback control policy in continuous state and control spaces to traverse the sub-optimal trajectory. We show that, under some suitable technical assumptions, the error bound of a sub-optimal cost compared to the globally optimal cost can be obtained. The POBRM algorithm is not only robust to imperfect state information but also scalable to find a trajectory quickly in high-dimensional systems and environments. In addition, the POBRM algorithm is capable of answering multiple queries efficiently. We also demonstrate performance results by 2D simulation of a planar car and 3D simulation of an autonomous helicopter. by Vu Anh Huynh. S.M.

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6

Gogolashvili, Davit. "Global and local Kernel methods for dataset shift, scalable inference and optimization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS363v2.pdf.

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Dans de nombreux problèmes du monde réel, les données de formation et les données de test ont des distributions différentes. Cette situation est communément appelée " décalage de l'ensemble de données ". Les paramètres les plus courants pour le décalage des ensembles de données souvent considérés dans la littérature sont le décalage des covariables et le décalage des cibles. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les modèles nonparamétriques appliqués au scénario de changement d'ensemble de données. Nous développons un nouveau cadre pour accélérer la régression par processus gaussien. En particulier, nous considérons des noyaux de localisation à chaque point de données pour réduire les contributions des autres points de données éloignés, et nous dérivons le modèle GPR découlant de l'application de cette opération de localisation. Grâce à une série d'expériences, nous démontrons la performance compétitive de l'approche proposée par rapport au GPR complet, à d'autres modèles localisés et aux processus gaussiens profonds. De manière cruciale, ces performances sont obtenues avec des accélérations considérables par rapport au GPR global standard en raison de l'effet de sparsification de la matrice de Gram induit par l'opération de localisation. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour estimer le minimiseur et la valeur minimale d'une fonction de régression lisse et fortement convexe à partir d'observations contaminées par du bruit aléatoire In many real world problems, the training data and test data have different distributions. The most common settings for dataset shift often considered in the literature are covariate shift and target shift. In this thesis, we investigate nonparametric models applied to the dataset shift scenario. We develop a novel framework to accelerate Gaussian process regression. In particular, we consider localization kernels at each data point to down-weigh the contributions from other data points that are far away, and we derive the GPR model stemming from the application of such localization operation. We propose a new method for estimating the minimizer and the minimum value of a smooth and strongly convex regression function from the observations contaminated by random noise

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7

Steffens, Michael J. "A combined global and local methodology for launch vehicle trajectory design-space exploration and optimization." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51884.

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Trajectory optimization is an important part of launch vehicle design and operation. With the high costs of launching payload into orbit, every pound that can be saved increases affordability. One way to save weight in launch vehicle design and operation is by optimizing the ascent trajectory. Launch vehicle trajectory optimization is a field that has been studied since the 1950’s. Originally, analytic solutions were sought because computers were slow and inefficient. With the advent of computers, however, different algorithms were developed for the purpose of trajectory optimization. Computer resources were still limited, and as such the algorithms were limited to local optimization methods, which can get stuck in specific regions of the design space. Local methods for trajectory optimization have been well studied and developed. Computer technology continues to advance, and in recent years global optimization has become available for application to a wide variety of problems, including trajectory optimization. The aim of this thesis is to create a methodology that applies global optimization to the trajectory optimization problem. Using information from a global search, the optimization design space can be reduced and a much smaller design space can be analyzed using already existing local methods. This allows for areas of interest in the design space to be identified and further studied and helps overcome the fact that many local methods can get stuck in local optima. The design space included in trajectory optimization is also considered in this thesis. The typical optimization variables are initial conditions and flight control variables. For direct optimization methods, the trajectory phase structure is currently chosen a priori. Including trajectory phase structure variables in the optimization process can yield better solutions. The methodology and phase structure optimization is demonstrated using an earth-to-orbit trajectory of a Delta IV Medium launch vehicle. Different methods of performing the global search and reducing the design space are compared. Local optimization is performed using the industry standard trajectory optimization tool POST. Finally, methods for varying the trajectory phase structure are presented and the results are compared.

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8

Paudel, Danda Pani. "Local and global methods for registering 2D image sets and 3D point clouds." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS077/document.

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Pas de résumé In this thesis, we study the problem of registering 2D image sets and 3D point clouds under threedifferent acquisition set-ups. The first set-up assumes that the image sets are captured using 2Dcameras that are fully calibrated and coupled, or rigidly attached, with a 3D sensor. In this context,the point cloud from the 3D sensor is registered directly to the asynchronously acquired 2D images.In the second set-up, the 2D cameras are internally calibrated but uncoupled from the 3D sensor,allowing them to move independently with respect to each other. The registration for this set-up isperformed using a Structure-from-Motion reconstruction emanating from images and planar patchesrepresenting the point cloud. The proposed registration method is globally optimal and robust tooutliers. It is based on the theory Sum-of-Squares polynomials and a Branch-and-Bound algorithm.The third set-up consists of uncoupled and uncalibrated 2D cameras. The image sets from thesecameras are registered to the point cloud in a globally optimal manner using a Branch-and-Prunealgorithm. Our method is based on a Linear Matrix Inequality framework that establishes directrelationships between 2D image measurements and 3D scene voxels

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9

Cafieri, Sonia. "From local to global and back : a closed walk in mathematical programming and its applications." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979273.

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Ce document propose un parcours de mes travaux de recherche en optimisation, en passant par l'optimisation mixte en variables entières, l'optimisation non-linéaire continue locale et le clustering dans les réseaux (graphes). Le premier chapitre traite de la programmation non linéaire mixte en variables entières et de l'optimisation globale déterministe. Il présente des contributions relatives à des investigations théoriques ainsi que des applications à des problèmes concrets. Nous discutons principalement de relaxations convexes et de reformulations automatiques de problèmes de programmation mathématique, dans le but d'améliorer l'efficacité des algorithmes de Branch-and-Bound. Dans le cadre de la programmation polynomiale, nous avons étudié des relaxations convexes pour les monômes multilinéaires et la génération de relaxations compactes de problèmes polynomiaux basés sur une technique spécifique de reformulation-linéarisation (RLT). Parmi les applications, une attention particulière est portée à des problèmes qui se posent dans la gestion du trafic aérien. Nous avons proposé de nouveaux modèles mathématiques et des approches de résolution basées d'une part sur l'optimisation mixte en variables entières et d'autre part sur le contrôle optimal. Deux thèmes de l'optimisation continue non-linéaire sont décrits au deuxième chapitre. Des méthodes de point intérieur pour la programmation quadratique et leurs noyaux d'algèbre linéaire (systèmes KKT) sont d'abord discutées. L'accent est mis sur les méthodes itératives pour les systèmes KKT et sur des questions connexes, telles que les techniques de préconditionnement et les propriétés de convergence. L'autre sujet discuté concerne, encore une fois, des problèmes de trafic aérien. Il porte sur les approches déjà mentionnées de contrôle optimal qui conduisent à des problèmes non-linéaires. Le troisième chapitre présente mes principaux résultats dans le domaine du clustering dans les réseaux. Le problème de l'identification de clusters dans les réseaux peut être formulé en utilisant la programmation mathématique et conduit généralement à un problème d'optimisation combinatoire. Mes contributions concernent les critères de classification et les méthodes de clustering correspondantes. Une attention particulière est portée aux méthodes exactes utilisées pour résoudre l'ensemble du problème d'optimisation ou, localement, les sous-problèmes survenant dans des heuristiques hiérarchiques, ou enfin dans le raffinement des solutions obtenues précédemment par d'autres méthodes.

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Seresta, Omprakash. "Buckling, Flutter, and Postbuckling Optimization of Composite Structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26401.

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This research work deals with the design and optimization of a large composite structure. In design of large structural systems, it is customary to divide the problem into many smaller independent/semi-independent local design problems. For example, the wing structure design problem is decomposed into several local panel design problem. The use of composite necessitates the inclusion of ply angles as design variables. These design variables are discrete in nature because of manufacturing constraint. The multilevel approach results into a nonblended solution with no continuity of laminate layups across the panels. The nonblended solution is not desirable because of two reasons. First, the structural integrity of the whole system is questionable. Second, even if there is continuity to some extent, the manufacturing process ends up being costlier. In this work, we develop a global local design methodology to design blended composite laminates across the whole structural system. The blending constraint is imposed via a guide based approach within the genetic algorithm optimization scheme. Two different blending schemes are investigated, outer and inner blending. The global local approach is implemented for a complex composite wing structure design problem, which is known to have a strong global local coupling. To reduce the computational cost, the originally proposed local one dimensional search is replaced by an intuitive local improvement operator. The local panels design problem arises in global/local wing structure design has a straight edge boundary condition. A postbuckling analysis module is developed for such panels with applied edge displacements. A parametric study of the effects of flexural and inplane stiffnesses on the design of composite laminates for optimal postbuckling performance is done. The design optimization of composite laminates for postbuckling strength is properly formulated with stacking sequence as design variables. Next, we formulate the stacking sequence design (fiber orientation angle of the layers) of laminated composite flat panels for maximum supersonic flutter speed and maximum thermal buckling capacity. The design is constrained so that the behavior of the panel in the vicinity of the flutter boundary should be limited to stable limit cycle oscillation. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the tradeoff between designs for thermal buckling and flutter. In an effort to include the postbuckling constraint into the multilevel design optimization of large composite structure, an alternative cheap methodology for predicting load paths in postbuckled structure is presented. This approach being computationally less expensive compared to full scale nonlinear analysis can be used in conjunction with an optimizer for preliminary design of large composite structure with postbuckling constraint. This approach assumes that the postbuckled stiffness of the structure, though reduced considerably, remains linear. The analytical expressions for postbuckled stiffness are given in a form that can be used with any commercially available linear finite element solver. Using the developed approximate load path prediction scheme, a global local design approach is developed to design large composite structure with blending and local postbuckling constraints. The methodology is demonstrated via a composite wing box design with blended laminates. Ph. D.

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Liu, Qiang. "EBF3GLWingOpt: A Framework for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Wings Using SpaRibs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49665.

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A global/local framework for multidisciplinary optimization of generalized aircraft wing structure has been developed. The concept of curvilinear stiffening members (spars, ribs and stiffeners) has been applied in the optimization of a wing structure. A global wing optimization framework EBF3WingOpt, which integrates the static aeroelastic, flutter and buckling analysis, has been implemented for exploiting the optimal design at the wing level. The wing internal structure is optimized using curvilinear spars and ribs (SpaRibs). A two-step optimization approach, which consists of topology optimization with shape design variables and size optimization with thickness design variables, is implemented in EBF3WingOpt. A local panel optimization EBF3PanelOpt, which includes stress and buckling evaluation criteria, is performed to optimize the local panels bordered by spars and ribs for further structural weight saving. The local panel model is extracted from the global finite element model. The boundary conditions are defined on the edges of local panels using the displacement fields obtained from the global model analysis. The local panels are optimized to satisfy stress and buckling constraints. Stiffened panel with curvilinear stiffeners is implemented in EBF3PanelOpt to improve the buckling resistance of the local panels. The optimization of stiffened panels has been studied and integrated in the local panel optimization. EBF3WingOpt has been applied for the optimization of the wing structure of the Boeing N+2 supersonic transport wing and NASA common research model (CRM). The optimization results have shown the advantage of curvilinear spars and ribs concept. The local panel optimization EBF3PanelOpt is performed for the NASA CRM wing. The global-local optimization framework EBF3GLWingOpt, which incorporates global wing optimization module EBF3WingOpt and local panel optimization module EBF3PanelOpt, is developed using MATLAB and Python programming to integrate several commercial software: MSC.PATRAN for pre and post processing, MSC.NASTRAN for finite element analysis. An approximate optimization method is developed for the stiffened panel optimization so as to reduce the computational cost. The integrated global-local optimization approach has been applied to subsonic NASA common research model (CRM) wing which proves the methodology's application scaling with medium fidelity FEM analysis. Both the global wing design variables and local panel design variables are optimized to minimize the wing weight at an acceptable computational cost. Ph. D.

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Menard, Corentin. "Imagerie ultrasonore dans des aciers anisotropes dont les propriétés élastiques sont incertaines : application au contrôle des assemblages soudés du domaine nucléaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG027.

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En contrôle non-destructif par ultrasons, la qualité de l’imagerie échographique repose sur l’adéquation entre le modèle direct de propagation des ondes élastiques et la propagation dans le milieu physique. C’est notamment le cas des structures anisotropes, comme les soudures en acier du domaine nucléaire, où la méconnaissance de l’anisotropie au moment de l’inspection peut conduire à des images très dégradées et inexploitables. Cette dégradation est d’autant plus marquée que l’anisotropie d’une soudure est fortement inhomogène en raison de la croissance dendritique de la matière au moment de son refroidissement. La fiabilité des diagnostics en imagerie ultrasonore requiert alors de bien connaître les propriétés du matériau au moment de l’inspection.Dans cette thèse, une méthode adaptative basée sur une procédure d’optimisation est étudiée pour améliorer l’imagerie des soudures anisotropes du domaine nucléaire. On s’intéresse notamment à l’imagerie TFM (Total Focusing Method) dont l’intérêt principal est que le mode d’acquisition des signaux ne présuppose aucun a priori sur les propriétés du matériau. Dans la procédure d’optimisation, une première image est calculée à partir d’un modèle de reconstruction isotrope. Si l’image fait apparaître une indication au-dessus du niveau de bruit, un algorithme d’optimisation itère le calcul des images en faisant varier les paramètres du modèle de soudure jusqu’à maximiser l’amplitude de l’écho d’intérêt. Dans ce travail, l’optimisation est validée statistiquement avec des échos simulés, en s’appuyant sur des outils d’apprentissage machine qui permettent d’accélérer les temps de calcul. La procédure est également évaluée expérimentalement sur diverses soudures de complexité croissante. Dans chacun des cas, la procédure produit une image avec un rapport signal/bruit satisfaisant, tout en minimisant les erreurs de localisation des défauts In non-destructive ultrasound testing, the quality of the imaging relies on the adequacy between a direct model of elastic wave propagation and the propagation in the physical medium. This is particularly the case for anisotropic structures, such as nuclear-domain welds, for which not knowing the anisotropy at the time of inspection can lead to severly degraded and unusable images. This degradation is all the more marked as the anisotropy of a weld is highly inhomogeneous, due to the dendritic growth of the material during its cooling. The reliability of an array imaging diagnosis therefore requires a good knowledge on the material at the time of inspection.In this thesis, an adaptive method based on an optimization procedure is studied in order to improve the imaging in nuclear anisotropic welds. We are especially interested in TFM (Total Focusing Method) imaging, whose acquisition principle does not rely on any foreknowledge on the material properties. In the optimization procedure, a first image is computed with an isotropic reconstruction model. If the image shows an indication above the noise level, an optimization algorithm iterates image computations by varying the parameters of the model that describes the structure, until the amplitude of the echo of concern is maximized. The optimization is statistically validated with simulated data, using machine learning tools to speed up computation times. This method is also evaluated experimentally on different welds of increasing complexity. In each case, the procedure produces an image with a high level of signal-to-noise ratio, while minimizing the defect localization error

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13

Malleypally, Vinaya. "Parallelizing Tabu Search Based Optimization Algorithm on GPUs." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7638.

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There are many combinatorial optimization problems such as traveling salesman problem, quadratic-assignment problem, flow shop scheduling, that are computationally intractable. Tabu search based simulated annealing is a stochastic search algorithm that is widely used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Due to excessive run time, there is a strong demand for a parallel version that can be applied to any problem with minimal modifications. Existing advanced and/or parallel versions of tabu search algorithms are specific to the problem at hand. This leads to a drawback of optimization only for that particular problem. In this work, we propose a parallel version of tabu search based SA on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) platform. We propose two variants of the algorithm based on where the tabu list is stored (global vs. local). In the first version, the list is stored in the global shared memory such that all threads can access this list. Multiple random walks in solution space are carried out. Each walk avoids the moves made in rest of the walks due to their access to global tabu list at the expense of more time. In the second version, the list is stored at the block level and is shared by only the block threads. Groups of random walks are performed in parallel and a walk in a group avoids the moves made by the rest of the walks within that group due to their access to shared local tabu list. This version is better than the first version in terms of execution time. On the other hand, the first version finds the global optima more often. We present experimental results for six difficult optimization functions with known global optima. Compared to the CPU implementation with similar workload, the proposed GPU versions are faster by approximately three orders of magnitude and often find the global optima.

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14

Wang, Mengchao. "Sensitivity analysis and evolutionary optimization for building design." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16282.

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In order to achieve global carbon reduction targets, buildings must be designed to be energy efficient. Building performance simulation methods, together with sensitivity analysis and evolutionary optimization methods, can be used to generate design solution and performance information that can be used in identifying energy and cost efficient design solutions. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the design variables that have the greatest impacts on the design objectives and constraints. Multi-objective evolutionary optimization is used to find a Pareto set of design solutions that optimize the conflicting design objectives while satisfying the design constraints; building design being an inherently multi-objective process. For instance, there is commonly a desire to minimise both the building energy demand and capital cost while maintaining thermal comfort. Sensitivity analysis has previously been coupled with a model-based optimization in order to reduce the computational effort of running a robust optimization and in order to provide an insight into the solution sensitivities in the neighbourhood of each optimum solution. However, there has been little research conducted to explore the extent to which the solutions found from a building design optimization can be used for a global or local sensitivity analysis, or the extent to which the local sensitivities differ from the global sensitivities. It has also been common for the sensitivity analysis to be conducted using continuous variables, whereas building optimization problems are more typically formulated using a mixture of discretized-continuous variables (with physical meaning) and categorical variables (without physical meaning). This thesis investigates three main questions; the form of global sensitivity analysis most appropriate for use with problems having mixed discretised-continuous and categorical variables; the extent to which samples taken from an optimization run can be used in a global sensitivity analysis, the optimization process causing these solutions to be biased; and the extent to which global and local sensitivities are different. The experiments conducted in this research are based on the mid-floor of a commercial office building having 5 zones, and which is located in Birmingham, UK. The optimization and sensitivity analysis problems are formulated with 16 design variables, including orientation, heating and cooling setpoints, window-to-wall ratios, start and stop time, and construction types. The design objectives are the minimisation of both energy demand and capital cost, with solution infeasibility being a function of occupant thermal comfort. It is concluded that a robust global sensitivity analysis can be achieved using stepwise regression with the use of bidirectional elimination, rank transformation of the variables and BIC (Bayesian information criterion). It is concluded that, when the optimization is based on a genetic algorithm, that solutions taken from the start of the optimization process can be reliably used in a global sensitivity analysis, and therefore, there is no need to generate a separate set of random samples for use in the sensitivity analysis. The extent to which the convergence of the variables during the optimization can be used as a proxy for the variable sensitivities has also been investigated. It is concluded that it is not possible to identify the relative importance of variables through the optimization, even though the most important variable exhibited fast and stable convergence. Finally, it is concluded that differences exist in the variable rankings resulting from the global and local sensitivity methods, although the top-ranked solutions from each approach tend to be the same. It also concluded that the sensitivity of the objectives and constraints to all variables is obtainable through a local sensitivity analysis, but that a global sensitivity analysis is only likely to identify the most important variables. The repeatability of these conclusions has been investigated and confirmed by applying the methods to the example design problem with the building being located in four different climates (Birmingham, UK; San Francisco, US; and Chicago, US).

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15

Jrad, Mohamed. "Multidisciplinary Optimization and Damage Tolerance of Stiffened Structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52276.

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The structural optimization of a cantilever aircraft wing with curvilinear spars and ribs and stiffeners is described. The design concept of reinforcing the wing structure using curvilinear stiffening members has been explored due to the development of novel manufacturing technologies like electron-beam-free-form-fabrication (EBF3). For the optimization of a complex wing, a common strategy is to divide the optimization procedure into two subsystems: the global wing optimization which optimizes the geometry of spars, ribs and wing skins; and the local panel optimization which optimizes the design variables of local panels bordered by spars and ribs. The stiffeners are placed on the local panels to increase the stiffness and buckling resistance. The panel thickness, size and shape of stiffeners are optimized to minimize the structural weight. The geometry of spars and ribs greatly influences the design of stiffened panels. During the local panel optimization, the stress information is taken from the global model as a displacement boundary condition on the panel edges using the so-called "Global-Local Approach". The aircraft design is characterized by multiple disciplines: structures, aeroelasticity and buckling. Particle swarm optimization is used in the integration of global/local optimization to optimize the SpaRibs. The interaction between the global wing optimization and the local panel optimization is usually computationally expensive. A parallel computing technology has been developed in Python programming to reduce the CPU time. The license cycle-check method and memory self-adjustment method are two approaches that have been applied in the parallel framework in order to optimize the use of the resources by reducing the license and memory limitations and making the code robust. The integrated global-local optimization approach has been applied to subsonic NASA common research model (CRM) wing, which proves the methodology's application scaling with medium fidelity FEM analysis. Both the global wing design variables and local panel design variables are optimized to minimize the wing weight at an acceptable computational cost. The structural weight of the wing has been, therefore, reduced by 40% and the parallel implementation allowed a reduction in the CPU time by 89%. The aforementioned Global-Local Approach is investigated and applied to a composite panel with crack at its center. Because of composite laminates' heterogeneity, an accurate analysis of these requires very high time and storage space. In the presence of structural discontinuities like cracks, delaminations, cutouts etc., the computational complexity increases significantly. A possible alternative to reduce the computational complexity is the global-local analysis which involves an approximate analysis of the whole structure followed by a detailed analysis of a significantly smaller region of interest. We investigate here the performance of the global-local scheme based on the finite element method by comparing it to the traditional finite element method. To do so, we conduct a 2D structural analysis of a composite square plate, with a thin rectangular notch at its center, subjected to a uniform transverse pressure, using the commercial software ABAQUS. We show that the presence of the thin notch affects only the local response of the structure and that the size of the affected area depends on the notch length. We investigate also the effect of the notch shape on the response of the structure. Stiffeners attached to composite panels may significantly increase the overall buckling load of the resultant stiffened structure. Buckling analysis of a composite panel with attached longitudinal stiffeners under compressive loads is performed using Ritz method with trigonometric functions. Results are then compared to those from ABAQUS FEA for different shell elements. The case of composite panel with one, two, and three stiffeners is investigated. The effect of the distance between the stiffeners on the buckling load is also studied. The variation of the buckling load and buckling modes with the stiffeners' height is investigated. It is shown that there is an optimum value of stiffeners' height beyond which the structural response of the stiffened panel is not improved and the buckling load does not increase. Furthermore, there exist different critical values of stiffener's height at which the buckling mode of the structure changes. Next, buckling analysis of a composite panel with two straight stiffeners and a crack at the center is performed. Finally, buckling analysis of a composite panel with curvilinear stiffeners and a crack at the center is also conducted. ABAQUS is used for these two examples and results show that panels with a larger crack have a reduced buckling load. It is shown also that the buckling load decreases slightly when using higher order 2D shell FEM elements. A damage tolerance framework, EBF3PanelOpt, has been developed to design and analyze curvilinearly stiffened panels. The framework is written with the scripting language PYTHON and it interacts with the commercial software MSC. Patran (for geometry and mesh creation), MSC. Nastran (for finite element analysis), and MSC. Marc (for damage tolerance analysis). The crack location is set to the location of the maximum value of the major principal stress while its orientation is set normal to the major principal axis direction. The effective stress intensity factor is calculated using the Virtual Crack Closure Technique and compared to the fracture toughness of the material in order to decide whether the crack will expand or not. The ratio of these two quantities is used as a constraint, along with the buckling factor, Kreisselmeier and Steinhauser criteria, and crippling factor. The EBF3PanelOpt framework is integrated within a two-step Particle Swarm Optimization in order to minimize the weight of the panel while satisfying the aforementioned constraints and using all the shape and thickness parameters as design variables. The result of the PSO is used then as an initial guess for the Gradient Based Optimization using only the thickness parameters as design variables. The GBO is applied using the commercial software VisualDOC. Ph. D.

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16

Vujic, Nikola. "Software caching techniques and hardware optimizations for on-chip local memories." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83598.

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Despite the fact that the most viable L1 memories in processors are caches, on-chip local memories have been a great topic of consideration lately. Local memories are an interesting design option due to their many benefits: less area occupancy, reduced energy consumption and fast and constant access time. These benefits are especially interesting for the design of modern multicore processors since power and latency are important assets in computer architecture today. Also, local memories do not generate coherency traffic which is important for the scalability of the multicore systems. Unfortunately, local memories have not been well accepted in modern processors yet, mainly due to their poor programmability. Systems with on-chip local memories do not have hardware support for transparent data transfers between local and global memories, and thus ease of programming is one of the main impediments for the broad acceptance of those systems. This thesis addresses software and hardware optimizations regarding the programmability, and the usage of the on-chip local memories in the context of both single-core and multicore systems. Software optimizations are related to the software caching techniques. Software cache is a robust approach to provide the user with a transparent view of the memory architecture; but this software approach can suffer from poor performance. In this thesis, we start optimizing traditional software cache by proposing a hierarchical, hybrid software-cache architecture. Afterwards, we develop few optimizations in order to speedup our hybrid software cache as much as possible. As the result of the software optimizations we obtain that our hybrid software cache performs from 4 to 10 times faster than traditional software cache on a set of NAS parallel benchmarks. We do not stop with software caching. We cover some other aspects of the architectures with on-chip local memories, such as the quality of the generated code and its correspondence with the quality of the buffer management in local memories, in order to improve performance of these architectures. Therefore, we run our research till we reach the limit in software and start proposing optimizations on the hardware level. Two hardware proposals are presented in this thesis. One is about relaxing alignment constraints imposed in the architectures with on-chip local memories and the other proposal is about accelerating the management of local memories by providing hardware support for the majority of actions performed in our software cache. Malgrat les memòries cau encara son el component basic pel disseny del subsistema de memòria, les memòries locals han esdevingut una alternativa degut a les seves característiques pel que fa a l’ocupació d’àrea, el seu consum energètic i el seu rendiment amb un temps d’accés ràpid i constant. Aquestes característiques son d’especial interès quan les properes arquitectures multi-nucli estan limitades pel consum de potencia i la latència del subsistema de memòria.Les memòries locals pateixen de limitacions respecte la complexitat en la seva programació, fet que dificulta la seva introducció en arquitectures multi-nucli, tot i els avantatges esmentats anteriorment. Aquesta tesi presenta un seguit de solucions basades en programari i maquinari específicament dissenyat per resoldre aquestes limitacions.Les optimitzacions del programari estan basades amb tècniques d'emmagatzematge de memòria cau suportades per llibreries especifiques. La memòria cau per programari és un sòlid mètode per proporcionar a l'usuari una visió transparent de l'arquitectura, però aquest enfocament pot patir d'un rendiment deficient. En aquesta tesi, es proposa una estructura jeràrquica i híbrida. Posteriorment, desenvolupem optimitzacions per tal d'accelerar l’execució del programari que suporta el disseny de la memòria cau. Com a resultat de les optimitzacions realitzades, obtenim que el nostre disseny híbrid es comporta de 4 a 10 vegades més ràpid que una implementació tradicional de memòria cau sobre un conjunt d’aplicacions de referencia, com son els “NAS parallel benchmarks”.El treball de tesi inclou altres aspectes de les arquitectures amb memòries locals, com ara la qualitat del codi generat i la seva correspondència amb la qualitat de la gestió de memòria intermèdia en les memòries locals, per tal de millorar el rendiment d'aquestes arquitectures. La tesi desenvolupa propostes basades estrictament en el disseny de nou maquinari per tal de millorar el rendiment de les memòries locals quan ja no es possible realitzar mes optimitzacions en el programari. En particular, la tesi presenta dues propostes de maquinari: una relaxa les restriccions imposades per les memòries locals respecte l’alineament de dades, l’altra introdueix maquinari específic per accelerar les operacions mes usuals sobre les memòries locals.

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17

GALUZZI, BRUNO GIOVANNI. "MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ACOUSTIC FULL WAVEFORM INVERSION IN SEISMIC EXPLORATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/545844.

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Full Waveform Inversion has become an important research field in the context of seismic exploration, due to the possibility to estimate a high-resolution model of the subsurface in terms of acoustic and elastic parameters. To this aim, issues such as an efficient implementation of wave equation solution for the forward problem, and optimization algorithms, both local and global, for this high non-linear inverse problem must be tackled. In this thesis, in the framework of 2D acoustic approximation, I implemented an efficient numerical solution of the wave equation based on a local order of approximation of the spatial derivatives to reduce the computational time and the approximation error. Moreover, for what concerns the inversion, I studied two different global optimization algorithms (Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms) on analytic functions that represent different possible scenarios of the misfit function to estimate an initial model for local optimization algorithm in the basin of attraction of the global minimum. Due to the high number of unknowns in seismic exploration context, of the order of some thousands or more, different strategies based on the adjoint method must be used to compute the gradient of the misfit function. By this procedure, only three wave equation solutions are required to compute the gradient instead of a number of solutions proportional to the unknown parameters. The FWI approach developed in this thesis has been applied first on a synthetic inverse problem on the Marmousi model to validate the whole procedure, then on two real seismic datasets. The first is a land profile with two expanding spread experiments and is characterized by a low S/N ratio. In this case, the main variations of the estimated P-wave velocity model well correspond to the shallow events observed on the post-stack depth migrated section. The second is a marine profile extracted from a 3D volume where the local optimization, based on the adjoint method, allows to estimate a high-resolution velocity model whose reliability has been checked by the alignment of the CIGs computed by pre-stack depth migration.

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18

Bauman, Zygmunt. "Local Orders, Global Chaos." Universität Potsdam, 1999. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2378/.

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19

Hernandez, Rodrigo, and Andréas Andersson. "Global spirituality - local development." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27836.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamics between spirituality and development. The point of departure for the study took place in Rishikesh and Dharamsala, in India. Our main object was to examine the role of the Divine Life Society (DLS), in Rishikesh and the Tibetan government in exile, in Dharamsala, in terms of local development. To achieve a solid platform regarding the theoretical framework, relevant studies were made in Hinduism and Buddhism. The study shows that there is a connection between religion and development. Nevertheless, this connection is not unequivocal, hence, in comparison, the results shows differences between the two objects studied. The conclusion of this study is that although there is a connection between spirituality and local development, spirituality in itself doesn’t mean development.

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20

Silva, Rogério Silvestre da. "From local to global." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/103219.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T03:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 252105.pdf: 288002 bytes, checksum: 7be0987660fe3fb5c34a5e8556c2a4d7 (MD5) This study discusses the trajectory of Dionne Brand's poetry in its political engagement with the issues of diaspora, post-colonialism, the Multiculturalism Act in Canada, and struggles of visible minorities. The poet's political discourse is mainly analyzed in light of the intersections between race, class, gender and sexuality. The analysis shows that Brand explores a multitude of voices, that is, a polyphonic discourse in which the poet articulates her political views in order to represent the experience of otherness. Findings also show that Brand's poetic act of resistance expresses her hybrid language which subverts the dominant discourse. The poet also discusses her experience with racism, her vision about the notion of national identity, and her criticism against the media regarding the manipulation of violence and cultural destruction.

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21

Lê, Thi Hoai An. "Analyse numérique des algorithmes de l'optimisation D. C. . Approches locale et globale. Codes et simulations numériques en grande dimension. Applications." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES047.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse qualitative et quantitative de l'optimisation d. C. (différence de deux fonctions convexes). Le chapitre I est destiné à l'étude générale de la théorie et des algorithmes de l'optimisation d. C. - approche locale. Dans le chapitre II nous nous intéressons à la fois à l'étude théorique (la dualité lagrangienne, conditions d'optimalité) et algorithmique (algorithmes globaux, DCA) du problème de minimisation d'une forme quadratique sur une boule ou une sphère euclidienne. Nous présentons dans le chapitre III deux nouvelles méthodes (méthode globale de type branch and bound et DCA) pour la minimisation d'une forme quadratique indéfinie sur un polyèdre convexe. La résolution du problème d'optimisation multicritère par DCA via la pénalité exacte et par un algorithme global de type branch and bound fait l'objet du chapitre IV. Le chapitre V concerne le traitement du problème multidimensionnel des tableaux de dissimilarités (MDS) par DCA. La résolution du problème de calcul des valeurs propres extrêmes d'une matrice réelle symétrique par DCA est étudiée dans le chapitre VI. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre nous étudions une méthode globale d'optimisation d. C. Et son application à la résolution d'un problème industriel d'optimisation non convexe de Pool carburant

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22

Yencken, Daniel Egil Ferdinand. "Local uses of global media." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91200.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T19:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 251709.pdf: 8526235 bytes, checksum: 89333c6b26dd765f2f5f895e13a870ce (MD5) Against the backdrop of the increasing accessibility of media production technologies and the growth in the usage of Internet video websites, this thesis investigates the video work published on the activist media website Centro de Mídia Independente (CMI), in order to explore the uses being made of Internet video in a local context. The thesis looks at a number of new paradigms of the global in order to provide a theoretical context from which to consider the technology on which this use of video is based, the new social movements from which the videos are emerging, and how the videos are positioned in relation to the globalized networked environment of the Internet. The context for the textual analysis is provided by a discussion of narrative forms in journalistic texts, documentary and new media, and particularly, of documentary modes, tensions between journalism and documentary, the impact of digital media on documentary, and properties of digital and new media. The analysis takes the video production from Florianópolis posted to the CMI in 2005 as a case study, exploring the range of documentary modes suggested by the videos, additional styles and strategies that they make use of, and the integration of the videos with the hypertext environment in which they are posted. The thesis argues that a significant dimension of the videos is the diversity of styles and perspectives that they represent. It also argues that locality can be considered in the videos through the shared contexts of their subject matter and of the way in which they are posted to the CMI website. The thesis concludes that the multiplicity of forms of expression encountered in the videos and the multiplicity of perspectives that they provide on their subjects points to the democratic potential of websites such as the Centro de Mídia Independente. Tendo com pano de fundo o crescente acesso às tecnologias de produção de mídia e o crescimento no uso de websites relacionados ao uso de vídeo na Internet, esta dissertação investiga os trabalhos em vídeo publicados no website de mídia ativista, Centro de Mídia Independente (CMI), para explorar os usos de vídeo na Internet em um contexto local. A dissertação aborda novos paradigmas 'do global' para oferecer um contexto teórico onde são considerados a tecnologia usada por estes vídeos, os novos movimentos sociais de onde os vídeos estão surgindo e a forma como os vídeos são posicionados em relação ao ambiente globalizado e em rede da Internet. O contexto da análise textual é constituído por uma discussão do discurso jornalístico, do documentário e das novas mídias, e particularmente, de modos documentários, de tensões entre jornalismo e documentário, do impacto de mídia digital no documentário, e das propriedades de mídias novas e digitais. A análise traz como estudo de caso a produção de vídeos em Florianópolis de 2005, disponibilizada no website do CMI, e explora a variedade de modos documentários sugeridos pelos vídeos, estilos e estratégias utilizadas por estes e a integração dos vídeos com o ambiente onde estão disponibilizados. A dissertação argumenta que um aspecto significativo dos vídeos é a diversidade de estilos e perspectivas que eles representam. É argumentado ainda que a questão de localidade pode ser considerada nos vídeos a partir dos contextos compartilhados dos seus assuntos e da maneira que estes estão disponibilizados no website do CMI. Conclui-se que a multiplicidade das formas de expressão encontradas nos vídeos e a multiplicidade de perspectivas que oferecem em relação a seus sujeitos apontam o potencial democrático de websites como o Centro de Mídia Independente.

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23

Algeri, Carla. "O Local e o global." Florianópolis, SC, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95303.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Jornalismo, Florianópolis, 2011 Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T23:54:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 294490.pdf: 5528678 bytes, checksum: df429fb46dd5b7f503b9889c793ac616 (MD5) A evolução tecnológica, econômica e cultural vem alterando as dimensões de espaço e tempo na sociedade contemporânea. O desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação muda as relações sociais básicas, onde a interação não se dá mais somente pela proximidade física, mas também pelas afinidades e interesses dos indivíduos. Em um momento em que a noção de espaço está cada vez mais desvinculada de um território geográfico, torna-se pertinente discutir a importância do jornalismo local frente à globalização dos meios de comunicação. Assim, procurou-se analisar o que é pauta em jornais locais, cuja principal característica é a forte ligação com a territorialidade. Abordou-se o conceito de noticiabilidade, entendido a partir de três níveis: a) nos valores substantivos das notícias, os valores-notícia; b) no tratamento dos fatos, como as características dos meios de comunicação e c) na visão dos fatos, a partir dos critérios éticos e deontológicos que norteiam a atividade jornalística. A análise centrou-se em dois jornais locais do Oeste catarinense, o Diário do Iguaçu, de Chapecó, e o Diário do Oeste Catarinense, de Concórdia. A região foi escolhida por ser a mais distante da capital e apresentar características econômicas e culturais distintas. O desenvolvimento da imprensa em Santa Catarina, bem como as características de formação do Oeste catarinense também foram abordadas. Utilizou-se a metodologia de análise de conteúdo e entrevistas com 14 jornalistas e três proprietários dos jornais pesquisados. Uma imprensa engajada em questões comunitárias e ao mesmo tempo preocupada com as pressões decorrentes da proximidade foi uma das conclusões encontradas na pesquisa.

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24

Andersson, Jenny, and Julia Borgvall. "Securing the global brand strategy : – global standardization or local adaptation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13036.

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Master thesis in Business Administration, 15hp, School of Business and Economics, LinnaeusUniversity, Växjö, Marketing, 4FE02E, spring 2011 Authors: Jenny Andersson and Julia Borgvall Tutor: Engelbert Weiss Company contact person: Peter Samuelsson, Gunnebo AB Title: Securing the global brand strategy – global standardization or local adaptation Background: The infrastructure available today provides opportunities for companies allaround the world to transcend national boarders easily and to operate on the global market. During the preceding decades, brand management in the international environment hasbeen frequently discussed. The choice of a clear branding strategy and clear goals of what acompany wants to achieve is of great importance. Furthermore, companies that act in a globalenvironment need to decide upon whether to be standardized across these markets or to adaptto each specific market. Purpose: To reach an understanding of the factors influencing the choice of internationalbranding strategy by global standardization or local adaptation. Methodology: A case study has been used in this research in order to meet the purpose. Sincethis thesis is of a qualitative character the empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews within three respondent segments in the case organization: management,communication and sales. Conclusion: A conclusion drawn from this research is the importance of internalcommunication, when it comes to the formulation and implementation of brand strategies. - Factors influencing the decision of a global standardize brand strategy can be; the possibilityto become a strong global player, decreased expenses of marketing, economics of scale. - Factors influencing the decision of a local adaptation strategy can be; cultural differences,history and heritage, better knowledge of the local market. Suggestions for further research: Further research could be to conduct a more thoroughstudy with more respondents from different multinational companies and also to look at thecustomers' point of view.

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25

Porporino, Mafalda. "Developmental differences in global and local perception : is global perception more attention demanding than local perception." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30796.

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The primary purpose of the present study was to examine various aspects of local and global perception in groups of children and young adults with average ages of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 22 years. The aspects examined included developmental differences in RT for local and global visual information, the influence of filtering on global and local perception, and role of distracter congruency and compatibility on processing local and global stimuli. At a general level, the findings revealed that participants processed global faster than local stimuli. With the presence of distracters, 6 and 8-year-old participants demonstrated slower RTs for global targets relative to local targets. Distracter congruency or compatibility did not differentially affect global and local processing. However, congruency did appear to be related to differential performance for 6-year old males versus females. These results indicate that the underlying processes involved in global and local perception may be separate, with global perception relying on attentional mechanisms to a greater extent than local perception.

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26

Fellner, Gerlinde, and Gabriele K. Lünser. "Cooperation in local and global groups." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/256/1/document.pdf.

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Multiple group memberships are the rule rather than the exception. Locally operating groups frequently offer the advantage of providing social recognition and higher marginal benefits to the individual, whereas globally operating groups may be more beneficial from a social perspective. Within a voluntary contribution environment we experimentally investigate the tension that arises when subjects belong to a smaller local and a larger global group. When the global public good is more efficient individuals first attempt to cooperate in the global public good. However, this tendency quickly unravels and cooperation in the local public good builds up. (author´s abstract) Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Dutra, Juliana Noronha [UNESP]. "RAP: identidade local e resistência global." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95121.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_jn_me_ia.pdf: 979481 bytes, checksum: 6f8cea0f672dff4491ad607593766bdc (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Poderia a globalização, a maneira do que ocorre com a disseminação da tecnologia, promover uma dissolução das identidades culturais locais em uma única cultura global? No processo mais ou menos avassalador do capitalismo globalizado, alguns vêem como certa a morte das culturas e tradições locais de longa herança histórica e que conseguiram sobreviver alheias aos apelos da cultura moderna. Outros acreditam que as culturas locais tendem a integrar os elementos da cultura globalizada dentro de suas próprias perspectivas e, como resultado, novas formas de hibridismo cultural irão surgir em lugar de uma mera assimilação passiva da cultura dominante. O rap como um fenômeno cultural surgido no contexto da globalização pode servir como referencial para balizar essa discussão. O rap é um gênero musical criado por jovens negros e imigrantes de Nova Iorque que se colocou como uma forma de resistência ao modelo massificador da Indústria Cultural. A partir dos anos 80, o rap, assim como o Hip Hop, tomou uma expressão global se desenvolvendo também no Brasil. Nossa hipótese é que o rap não é simplesmente uma reprodução de um gênero musical, mas que ao ser produzido em determinada localidade adquire particularidades que são expressão de uma identidade local. Nesse trabalho pretendemos analisar a produção do grupo Trovadores criado por jovens da periferia de Diadema e verificar se teria um significado de resistência à globalização a partir da construção de uma identidade local. Could the globalization, like what it with the dissemination of the technology, to promote a breakup of the local cultural identities in an only global culture? In the most overpowering process of the globalizated capitalism, some see as right the death of the cultures and local traditions of long historical inheritance and that got to survive strange to the appeals of the modern culture. Other people believe that the local cultures tend to integrate the elements of the globalizated culture inside of its own perspectives and, as result, new forms of cultural hybridism will appear instead of a mere passive assimilation of the dominant culture. The rap as a cultural phenomenon appeared in the context of the globalization can be good as reference to beacon that discussion. The rap is a musical gender created by black youths and immigrants from New York that it was placed as a resistance form to the model massificated of the Cultural Industry. Starting from the eighties, the rap, as well as Hip Hop, took a global expression if also developing in Brazil. Our hypothesis is that the rap is not simply a reproduction of a musical gender but that acquires particularities that are expression of a local identity when being produced at certain place. In this work we intended to analyze the production of the group Trovadores created for youths of the periphery of Diadema and to verify if they would have a resistance meaning to the globalization starting from the construction of a local identity.

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SANTOS, FILHO Jaime César dos. "Fibrações: do local para o global." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/25571.

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Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-07T20:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Jaime Cesar dos Santos Filho.pdf: 1395048 bytes, checksum: 542a6da865bc12ef04ba7f560ccccee8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-15T19:34:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Jaime Cesar dos Santos Filho.pdf: 1395048 bytes, checksum: 542a6da865bc12ef04ba7f560ccccee8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:34:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Jaime Cesar dos Santos Filho.pdf: 1395048 bytes, checksum: 542a6da865bc12ef04ba7f560ccccee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-12 CAPES Fibrações: do Local para o Global coloca toda a teoria das fibrações dentro do contexto de espaços sobre uma base. Isso possibilita desenvolver de forma completa (no sentido de ser autocontida) a teoria tanto do ponto de vista de reobter os resultados principais de forma sistemática, quanto do ponto de vista de generalizá-los. O foco desse trabalho está nos resultados de localização. Para isso é fundamental entender a importância da Propriedade de Extensão de Seção (abreviada do inglês por SEP) e sob quais hipóteses podemos dizer que esta propriedade é local (Localização da SEP). Com a ajuda da SEP provamos que a Propriedade de Levantamento de Homotopias (CHP) é local (Teorema de Uniformização de Hurewicz). Por fim, caracterizamos localmente as fibrações. No capítulo dois introduzimos os nossos objetos de estudos, os espaços sobre uma base, damos vários exemplos e definimos produto fibrado. Definimos também o que chamamos de B-homotopia e B-equivalência homotópica. No capítulo três trabalhamos com a Propriedade de Extensão de Seção (SEP), mostrando que a SEP é uma propriedade local sob certas hipóteses gerais. Mostramos também que essa propriedade é hereditária. No capítulo quatro definimos as fibrações de Hurewicz e a Propriedade de Levantamento de Homotopias (CHP) e mostramos que são propriedades essencialmente equivalentes. Mostramos que estas propriedades são locais. No capítulo cinco definimos uma fibração fraca de modo mais geral que as fibrações de Hurewicz. Reobtemos resultados semelhantes aos obtidos para fibrações, inclusive o análogo ao Teorema da Uniformização de Hurewicz. No fim do capítulo caracterizamos localmente as fibrações fracas. property is hereditary. In chapter four we define the Hurewicz Fibrations and the Covering Homotopy Property (CHP) and show them to be essentially equivalent properties. We have shown that these properties are local. In chapter five we define a weak fibration more generally than the Hurewicz fibrations. We obtain similar results to those obtained for fiber, including the analogue to the Hurewicz Uniformization Theorem. At the end of the chapter we characterize weak fiber locally. Fibrações: do Local para o Global puts the entire theory of fiber within the context of spaces on a basis. This makes it possible to develop fully (in the sense of being self-contained) the theory both from the point of view of retrieving the main results in a systematic way, and from the point of view of generalizing them. The focus of this work is on localization results. For this it is fundamental to understand the importance of Section Extension Property (SEP) and under what hypotheses we can say that this property is local (SEP localization). With the help of SEP we prove that the Covering Homotopy Property (CHP) is local (Hurewicz Uniformization Theorem). Finally, we characterize the localities. In chapter two we introduce our objects of study, the spaces on a base, we give several examples and define bundled product. We also define what we call B-homotopy and B-homotopic equivalence. In chapter three we work with the Section Extension Property (SEP), showing that the SEP is a local property under certain general assumptions. We also show that this property is hereditary. In chapter four we define the Hurewicz Fibrations and the Covering Homotopy Property (CHP) and show them to be essentially equivalent properties. We have shown that these properties are local. In chapter five we define a weak fibration more generally than the Hurewicz fibrations. We obtain similar results to those obtained for fiber, including the analogue to the Hurewicz Uniformization Theorem. At the end of the chapter we characterize weak fiber locally.

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29

Dutra, Juliana Noronha. "RAP : identidade local e resistência global /." São Paulo : [s.n], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95121.

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Resumo: Poderia a globalização, a maneira do que ocorre com a disseminação da tecnologia, promover uma dissolução das identidades culturais locais em uma única cultura global? No processo "mais ou menos avassalador" do capitalismo globalizado, alguns vêem como certa a morte das culturas e tradições locais de longa herança histórica e que conseguiram sobreviver alheias aos apelos da cultura moderna. Outros acreditam que as culturas locais tendem a integrar os elementos da cultura globalizada dentro de suas próprias perspectivas e, como resultado, novas formas de hibridismo cultural irão surgir em lugar de uma mera assimilação passiva da cultura dominante. O rap como um fenômeno cultural surgido no contexto da globalização pode servir como referencial para balizar essa discussão. O rap é um gênero musical criado por jovens negros e imigrantes de Nova Iorque que se colocou como uma forma de resistência ao modelo massificador da Indústria Cultural. A partir dos anos 80, o rap, assim como o Hip Hop, tomou uma expressão global se desenvolvendo também no Brasil. Nossa hipótese é que o rap não é simplesmente uma reprodução de um gênero musical, mas que ao ser produzido em determinada localidade adquire particularidades que são expressão de uma identidade local. Nesse trabalho pretendemos analisar a produção do grupo Trovadores criado por jovens da periferia de Diadema e verificar se teria um significado de resistência à globalização a partir da construção de uma identidade local. Abstract: Could the globalization, like what it with the dissemination of the technology, to promote a breakup of the local cultural identities in an only global culture? In the most "overpowering process of the globalizated capitalism, some see as right the death of the cultures and local traditions of long historical inheritance and that got to survive strange to the appeals of the modern culture. Other people believe that the local cultures tend to integrate the elements of the globalizated culture inside of its own perspectives and, as result, new forms of cultural hybridism will appear instead of a mere passive assimilation of the dominant culture. The rap as a cultural phenomenon appeared in the context of the globalization can be good as reference to beacon that discussion. The rap is a musical gender created by black youths and immigrants from New York that it was placed as a resistance form to the model massificated of the Cultural Industry. Starting from the eighties, the rap, as well as Hip Hop, took a global expression if also developing in Brazil. Our hypothesis is that the rap is not simply a reproduction of a musical gender but that acquires particularities that are expression of a local identity when being produced at certain place. In this work we intended to analyze the production of the group Trovadores created for youths of the periphery of Diadema and to verify if they would have a resistance meaning to the globalization starting from the construction of a local identity. Orientador: Marcos Fernandes Pupo Nogueira Coorientador: Mario Fernando Bolognesi Mestre

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30

Schultz, Steven Peter. "Attentional Window and Global/Local Processing." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6383.

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How does the focus of attention influence the encoding of information? Research has shown that size and allocation of the attentional window has an influence on what information is attended to or missed. The size-scale of features also effects processing of visual information. Previous research involving hierarchical stimuli suggests precedence for global features. In the present experiment, I investigated the influence of attentional window size on accuracy of encoding hierarchical stimuli at the global and local level. Here I introduce a new method for manipulating the size of the attentional window and for collecting unconstrained responses. At the start of each trial, observers tracked a dashed-line rectangular box, which either broadened or narrowed in size after onset. This sequence was immediately followed by a brief presentation of two hierarchical letters presented simultaneously on the left and right sides of the screen. The box preceding the hierarchical letters either broadened to a size large enough to include both letters at the global level, or narrowed to a size small enough to include a maximum of two letters at the local level at either side of the screen. Observers reported all letters they were able to identify. Results from two experiments indicate an overall precedence of global letters. However, a narrow attentional window reduced global precedence, as would be expected with more focused attention. The narrow windows also produced more same-side identifications of both global and local letters. The second experiment also showed that reducing the processing time decreased the global advantage.

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31

Acciaro, Vincenzo Carleton University Dissertation Computer Science. "Local global methods in number theory." Ottawa, 1995.

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32

Godelier, Éric. "Usinor-Arcelor : du local au global /." Paris : Hermes science publications-Lavoisier, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40191322w.

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33

Makri, Aikaterini, Karolos-Konstantinos Papadas, and Bodo B. Schlegelmilch. "Global-local consumer identities as drivers of global digital brand usage." Emerald Publishing Limited, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2018-0104.

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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to represent the first empirical attempt to explore global-local consumer identities as drivers of global digital brand usage. Specifically, this study considers a unique category of digital products, social networking sites (SNS), and develops a set of hypotheses to assess the mechanism through which location-based identities influence the actual usage of global SNS (Facebook and Instagram). Moreover, cross-country variations are investigated under the lens of developed vs developing countries. Design/methodology/Approach: Cross-country surveys in a developed (Austria) and a developing country (Thailand) were conducted. Data collected from 425 young adults were analyzed using SEM techniques in order to test a set of hypotheses. Findings: Results show that in Thailand, users with a global identity enjoy participating in global SNS more than their counterparts in Austria. In addition, consumers with a local identity in Thailand demonstrate less pleasure when participating in global SNS than their counterparts in Austria, and consequently are less inclined to use global SNS. Practical implications: Findings provide digital marketers with useful insights into important strategic decisions regarding the selection and potential adaptation of global digital brands according to the country context. Originality/value: This research is the first to extend the location-based identity research in the context of global digital brands, explain how global-local identities predict SNS usage through an engagement mechanism and investigate cross-country variations of this mechanism.

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34

Rubinsson, Sebastian. "Global marketing through collaboration of local marketing agencies : How can local marketing agencies work together for global clients?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41110.

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Background: The world becomes more connected as technology advances and with the internet as a distribution channel more companies internationalises. However, there are still cultural differences around the world that marketers must take into consideration. The marketing industry faces difficult challenges in adaptation to international marketing, as collaboration between local marketing agencies could be a solution. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute with understanding of how local marketing agencies can work together for global clients, and how these agencies can adapt local marketing for these clients. In order to understand how marketing agencies can work together, this study will contribute with understanding of this collaboration between local marketing agencies and how they can help each other grow their businesses. Method: This study uses a qualitative method with unstructured interviews of five people operational within a network of local marketing agencies. Theory: The theoretical framework for this study consists of theories in international marketing, collaboration and learning. Results and conclusions: By collaborating in a network, local marketing agencies get access to international markets and can support global clients. By having multiple local agencies working together for global clients, these agencies all provide local knowledge and create local communication. The collaboration in a network is most effective if the competition is eliminated, which can be done through shared ownership and personal connection within the network.

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35

Edwards, Evan B. "Internetworking : automated local and global network monitoring /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA321635.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996. Thesis advisor(s): D.P. Brutzman, Lou Stevens. "September 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-231). Also available online.

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36

Schinck, Amelie. "The local-global principle in number theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ64047.pdf.

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37

Scott, Guy Lindsay. "Local and global interpretation of moving images /." Brighton [East Sussex] : University of Sussex, School of Social Sciences, Cognitive Studies Programme, 1986. http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/17842732.

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38

Barra, Aleams. "Equivalence Theorems and the Local-Global Property." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/math_etds/5.

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In this thesis we revisit some classical results about the MacWilliams equivalence theorems for codes over fields and rings. These theorems deal with the question whether, for a given weight function, weight-preserving isomorphisms between codes can be described explicitly. We will show that a condition, which was already known to be sufficient for the MacWilliams equivalence theorem, is also necessary. Furthermore we will study a local-global property that naturally generalizes the MacWilliams equivalence theorems. Making use of F-partitions, we will prove that for various subgroups of the group of invertible matrices the local-global extension principle is valid.

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39

Liang, Yongqi. "Principe local-global pour les zéro-cycles." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630560.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude de l'arithmétique (le principe de Hasse, l'approximation faible, et l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin) des zéro-cycles sur les variétés algébriques définies sur des corps de nombres. Nous introduisons la notion de sous-ensemble hilbertien généralisé. En utilisant la méthode de fibration, nous démontrons que l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin est la seule au principe de Hasse et à l'approximation faible pour les zéro-cycles de degré 1; et établissons l'exactitude d'une suite de type global-local concernant les groupes de Chow des zéro-cycles, pour certaines variétés qui admettent une structure de fibration au-dessus d'une courbe lisse ou au-dessus de l'espace projectif, où les hypothèses arithmétiques sont posées seulement sur les fibres au-dessus d'un sous-ensemble hilbertien généralisé.De plus, nous relions l'arithmétique des points rationnels et l'arithmétique des zérocycles de degré 1 sur les variétés géométriquement rationnellement connexes. Comme application, nous trouvons que l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin est la seule au principe de Hasse et à l'approximation faible pour les zéro-cycles de degré 1 sur- les espaces homogènes d'un groupe algébrique linéaire à stabilisateur connexe,- certains fibrés en surfaces de Châtelet au-dessus d'une courbe lisse ou au-dessus de l'espace projectif (en particulier, les solides de Poonen).

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40

FARINAS, MAYTE SUAREZ. "THE LINEAR LOCAL-GLOBAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3694@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO Nesta tese apresenta-se o Modelo de Redes Neurais Globais- Locais (RNGL) dentro do contexto de modelos de séries temporais. Esta formulação abrange alguns modelos não- lineares já existentes e admite também o enfoque de Mistura de Especialistas. Dedica-se especial atenção ao caso de especialistas lineares, e são discutidos extensivamente aspectos teóricos do modelo: condições de estacionariedade, identificabilidade do modelo, existência, consistência e normalidade assintótica dos estimadores dos parâmetros. Considera-se também uma estratégia de construção do modelo e são discutidos os procedimentos numéricos de estimação, apresentando uma solução para o cálculo de valores iniciais. Finalmente, ilustra-se a metodologia apresentada em duas séries temporais reais, amplamente utilizada na literatura de modelos não lineares. In this thesis, the Local Global Neural Networks model is proposed within the context of time series models. This formulation encompasses some already existing nonlinear models and also admits the Mixture of Experts approach. We place emphasis on the linear expert case and extensively discuss the theoretical aspects of the model: stationary conditions, existence, consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimates, and model identifiability. A model building strategy is also considered and the whole procedure is illustrated with two real time-series.

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41

Scott, G. L. "Local and global interpretation of moving images." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373294.

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Carvalho, Edson Donizete de. "Estudo local e global de propriedades aritmeticas." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306497.

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Orientador: Antonio Jose Engler Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T04:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_EdsonDonizetede_M.pdf: 1652304 bytes, checksum: b1728435cc6db63fbfebbe9103f5eb8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 Resumo: No Capítulo 1, vimos os tipo de valorizações de um corpo (arquimediana e não-arquimediana) com destaques para a valorização exponêncial p-ádica e obtemos os corpos dos racionais p-ádicos através do completamento de Q por sequências de Cauchy p-ádicas. No capítulo 2, mostramos que o conjunto de valores, discriminante, e dimensão são invariantes na classe de equivalência de uma forma quadrática e que toda forma quadrática se decompõe como uma soma de formas quadráticas totalmente isotrópica, hiperbólica e anisotrópica. No capítulo 3 usamos o Símbolo de Legendre e a Lei de Reciprocidade Quadrática para determinarmos quando.um elemento de um corpo finito é um quadrado e mostramos que toda forma quadrática sobre corpos finitos com dimensão maior ou igual a 2 é universal e se a dimensco for maior ou igual a 3 será isotrópica. No capítulo 4 mostramos que toda forma quadrática sobre Qp com dimensão maior ou igual a 5 é isotrópica e vimos que condições devemos ter para que uma forma .quadrática independente de sua dimensão seja isotrópica e represente um elemento qualquer no corpo dos racionais p-ádicos. Já no capítulo 5, vimos que discutir. a isotropia de uma forma quadrática sobre Q equivale a verificar se esta mesma forma quadrática vista sobre os completamentos p-ádicos, para todo p(incluindo p = 8) é isotropia, do mesmo modo para um elemento racional seja representado por uma forma quadrática sobre Q, este elemento terá que ser representado por essa mesma forma quadrática visto nos completamentos p-ádicos. E para que duas formas quadráticas sejam equivalentes nos racionais, estas terão que ser equivalentes em cada completamento dos racionais p-ádicos. Por fim, fizemos algumas aplicações do que vimos em nosso trabalho. Abstract: Not informed Mestrado Mestre em Matemática

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43

Birnie, Steven James. "Local and global explorations through design research." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1788c181-878d-4f5b-9de7-2ad099a68e52.

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This doctoral thesis is a practice-led and corporate-grounded enquiry into the role of design research methods in a global technology company. The work aims to understand and communicate through a series of case studies how locally conducted participatory action research can be integrated into the processes of an in-house design team at the global NCR Corporation. It questions the current approaches taken in the design and development of consumer transaction technologies in the context of a global organisation and new markets. The thesis starts by introducing the reader to the global corporation in which the study is focused and author employed, the NCR Corporation. The contextual grounding of the corporate environment, its heritage, history and continued evolution will illustrate the dynamic yet traditional role design has played within the corporation. As a senior member of the Consumer Experience Design (Cx Design) team in the corporation the author is well placed to evaluate the role of design and how it can evolve. The immediate contextualisation is then followed by a broad examination of the literature in the field of design in a corporate culture, research methods and socially-led innovation. This will define the boundaries of interest and influence in the thesis. A participatory action research approach was taken to address the research questions. Informed by a series of hyperlocal and global community engagements framed and directed from within the corporate culture, the author defines an understanding of the levels of community engagement through design research. The resulting outputs are then applied within the context of the NCR Corporation where the impact and influence on such engagements can be understood. The author concludes that his contribution to new knowledge, the development of a Participatory Action Based Strategic Design Process, can be applied within a global technology company. The process adapts McNiff’s and Whitehead’s (2011) seven phases of action research reporting and Ravi Chhatpar’s strategic decision-making process. The thesis demonstrates the value and influence of design research methods in the design of consumer transaction technologies. The thesis provides an understanding of how design research methods have been applied in a corporate environment, how the insights are applied, and demonstrates how the research has influenced the author’s practice and therefore the wider Cx Design group.

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44

Barbakh, Wesam. "Local versus global interactions in clustering algorithms." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742762.

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45

Stewart, Chris G. "Incorporating global information into local nonlinear controllers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41900.

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46

Pilotto, Concetta Chandy K. Mani Chandy K. Mani. "Local-to-global in multi-agent systems /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2007. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05232007-084106.

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47

Paulin, Alexander. "Local to global compatability on the eigencurve." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498427.

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48

Zhang, Yue. "Design for Global Markets Balancing Unilateral Global Brands with Local Cultural Values." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1250534240.

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Thesis (Master of Design)--University of Cincinnati, 2009. Advisor: Craig M Vogel. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jan. 15, 2010). Includes abstract. Keywords: product design; culture; brand; international; globalization; localization; markets. Includes bibliographical references.

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49

Hlophe, Nthabiseng. "The role of local context in the local strategies of global brands." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29785.

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The greatest task of many international marketing practitioners in host organisations, entails understanding the factors that influence the localisation or standardisation of marketing programmes. The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the role of local context in the local strategies of global brands. This paper uses a qualitative case study design of two global brands.Findings – The findings show that the role that emerging macro-level factors of local context play in the local strategies of global brands is in determining the levels at which marketing programs will be standardised or localised.Micro-level factors of local context play the role of a) setting the preconditions for product development and b) determining the extant of productivity that can be achieved in the local contextThe strategic implications that must be considered at the local level when applying a global brand include brand identity standards as well as making specific choices about global or local consumer culture positioning.Practical implications- For practitioners, the practical implications encompass strategic considerations in the course of making decisions to standardise or localise marketing programs.Originality/value – This paper highlights new variations in contextual factors within-countries. It also provides an international perspective that is rooted in local context regarding global marketing intermediaries. Lastly, it explores the strategic implications considered when applying a global brand. Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) unrestricted

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50

Ahlbert, Gabriella. "Method Evaluation of Global-Local Finite Element Analysis." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hållfasthetslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78103.

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When doing finite element analysis upon the structure of Saab’s aeroplanes a coarse global model of mainly shell elements is used to determine the load distribution for sizing the structure. At some parts of the aeroplane it is however desirable to implement a more detailed analysis. These areas are usually modelled with solid elements; the problem of connecting the fine local solid elements to the coarse global model will shell elements then arises. This master thesis is preformed to investigate possible Global-Local methods to use for the structural analysis on Gripen. First a literature study of current methods on the market is made, thereafter a few methods are implemented on a generic test structure and later on also tested on a real detail of Gripen VU. The methods tested in this thesis are Mesh refinement in HyperWorks, RBE3 in HyperWorks, Glue in MSC Patran/Nastran and DMIG in MSC Nastran. The software is however not evaluated in this thesis, and a further investigation is recommended to find the most fitting software for this purpose. All analysis are performed with linear assumptions. Mesh refinement is an integrated technique where the elements are gradually decreasing in size. Per definition, this technique cannot handle gaps, but it has almost identical results to the fine reference model. RBE3 is a type of rigid body elements with zero stiffness, and is used as an interface element. RBE3 is possible to use to connect both Shell-To-Shell and Shell-To-Solid, and can handle offsets and gaps in the boundary between the global and local model. Glue is a contact definition and is also available in other software under other names. The global respectively the local model is defined as contact bodies and a contact table is used to control the coupling. Glue works for both Shell-To-Shell and Shell-To-Solid couplings, but has problem dealing with offsets and gaps in the boundary between the global and local model. DMIG is a superelement technique where the global model is divided into smaller sub-models which are mathematically connected. DMIG is only possible to use when the nodes on the boundary on the local model have the same position as the nodes at the boundary of the global model. Thus, it is not possible to only use DMIG as a Global-Local method, but can advantageously be combined with other methods. The results indicate that the preferable method to use for Global-Local analysis is RBE3. To decrease the size of the files and demand of computational power, RBE3 can be combined with a superelement technique, for example DMIG. Finally, it is important to consider the size of the local model. There will inevitably be boundary effect when performing a Global-Local analysis of the suggested type, and it is therefore important to make the local model big enough so that the boundary effects have faded before reaching the area of interest.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Global and local optimizations"

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