Bibliografías temáticas / Global Dimming and Brightening

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 19 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

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Wild, Martin. "Enlightening Global Dimming and Brightening". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00074.1.

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Tanaka, Katsumasa, Atsumu Ohmura, Doris Folini, Martin Wild y Nozomu Ohkawara. "Is global dimming and brightening in Japan limited to urban areas?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n.º 21 (11 de noviembre de 2016): 13969–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13969-2016.

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Abstract. Worldwide observations indicate secular trends of all-sky surface solar radiation on a decadal time scale, termed global dimming and brightening. Accordingly, the observed surface radiation in Japan generally shows a strong decline until the end of the 1980s and then a recovery until around 2000. Because a substantial number of measurement stations are located within or close to populated areas, one may speculate that the observed trends are strongly influenced by local air pollution and are thus not of large-scale significance. This hypothesis poses a serious question as to what regional extent the global dimming and brightening are significant: are the global dimming and brightening truly global phenomena, or regional, or even only local? Our study focused on 14 meteorological observatories that measured all-sky surface solar radiation, zenith transmittance, and maximum transmittance. On the basis of municipality population time series, historical land use maps, recent satellite images, and actual site visits, we concluded that eight stations have been significantly influenced by urbanization, with the remaining six stations being left pristine. Between the urban and rural areas, no marked differences were identified in the temporal trends of the aforementioned meteorological parameters. Our findings suggest that global dimming and brightening in Japan occurred on a large scale, independently of urbanization.
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Stanhill, Gerald. "A perspective on global warming, dimming, and brightening". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, n.º 5 (30 de enero de 2007): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo050007.

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Hatzianastassiou, Nikolaos, Eleftherios Ioannidis, Marios-Bruno Korras-Carraca, Maria Gavrouzou, Christos D. Papadimas, Christos Matsoukas, Nikolaos Benas, Angeliki Fotiadi, Martin Wild y Ilias Vardavas. "Global Dimming and Brightening Features during the First Decade of the 21st Century". Atmosphere 11, n.º 3 (21 de marzo de 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030308.

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Downward surface solar radiation (SSR) trends for the first decade of the 2000s were computed using a radiative transfer model and satellite and reanalysis input data and were validated against measurements from the reference global station networks Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) and Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). Under all-sky conditions, in spite of a somewhat patchy structure of global dimming and brightening (GDB), an overall dimming was found that is weaker in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere (−2.2 and −3.1 W m−2, respectively, over the 2001–2009 period). Dimming is observed over both land and ocean in the two hemispheres, but it is more remarkable over land areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The post-2000 dimming is found to have been primarily caused by clouds, and secondarily by aerosols, with total cloud cover contributing −1.4 W m−2 and aerosol optical thickness −0.7 W m−2 to the global average dimming of −2.65 W m−2. The evaluation of the model-computed GDB against BSRN and GEBA measurements indicates a good agreement, with the same trends for 65% and 64% of the examined stations, respectively. The obtained model results are in line with other studies for specific world regions and confirm the occurrence of an overall solar dimming over the globe during the first decade of 21st century. This post-2000 dimming has succeeded the global brightening observed in the 1990s and points to possible impacts on the ongoing global warming and climate change.
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Wang, Kaicun, Robert E. Dickinson, Qian Ma, John A. Augustine y Martin Wild. "Measurement Methods Affect the Observed Global Dimming and Brightening". Journal of Climate 26, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2013): 4112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00482.1.

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Abstract Surface incident solar radiation G determines our climate and environment, and has been widely observed with a single pyranometer since the late 1950s. Such observations have suggested a widespread decrease between the 1950s and 1980s (global dimming), that is, at a rate of −3.5 W m−2 decade−1 (or −2% decade−1) from 1960 to 1990. Since the early 1990s, the diffuse and direct components of G have been measured independently, and a more accurate G has been calculated by summing these two measurements. Data from this summation method suggest that G increased at a rate of 6.6 W m−2 decade−1 (3.6% decade−1) from 1992 to 2002 (brightening) at selected sites. The brightening rates from these studies were also higher than those from a single pyranometer. In this paper, the authors used 17 years (1995–2011) of parallel measurements by the two methods from nearly 50 stations to test whether these two measurement methods of G provide similar long-term trends. The results show that although measurements of G by the two methods agree very well on a monthly time scale, the long-term trend from 1995 to 2011 determined by the single pyranometer is 2–4 W m−2 decade−1 less than that from the summation method. This difference of trends in the observed G is statistically significant. The dependence of trends of G on measurement methods uncovered here has an important implication for the widely reported global dimming and brightening based on datasets collected by different measurement methods; that is, the dimming might have been less if measured with current summation methods.
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Wang, Y. W. y Y. H. Yang. "China's dimming and brightening: evidence, causes and hydrological implications". Annales Geophysicae 32, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2014): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-41-2014.

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Abstract. There is growing evidence that, corresponding to global dimming and brightening, surface solar radiation and sunshine hours over China have undergone decadal fluctuations during the 1960s–2000s. The results of a number of these analyses are, however, very different. In this study, we synthesize reliable results and conclusively address recent advances and insufficiencies in studies on dimming and brightening in China. A temporally and spatially prevalent dimming trend is noted in surface solar radiation, direct solar radiation and sunshine hours since the 1960s. Meanwhile, the changing trend in diffuse solar radiation is less pronounced. Increasing anthropogenic aerosol loading is regarded as the most plausible explanation for China's dimming. The brightening trend since 1990, which mainly occurs in southeastern China and in the spring season, is weak and insignificant. The reverse in the solar radiation trend is associated with climate change by cloud suppression and slowdown in anthropogenic emissions. The future solar radiation trend in China could largely depend on the development of air quality control. Other potential driving factors such as wind speed, water vapor and surface albedo are also non-negligible in specific regions of China. Hydrological implications of dimming and brightening in China lack systematic investigation. However, the fact that solar radiation and pan evaporation trends in China track a similar curve in 1990 further suggests that the pan evaporation paradox could be partly resolved by changes in solar radiation.
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Ohring, George, Shabtai Cohen, Joel Norris, Alan Robock, Yinon Rudich, Martin Wild y Warren Wiscombe. "Global Dimming and Brightening: International Workshop of the Israel Science Foundation on Global Dimming and Brightening; Ein Gedi, Israel, 10-14 February 2008". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 89, n.º 23 (3 de junio de 2008): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo230008.

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Liepert, Beate, Martin Wild y Ellsworth Dutton. "Comment on “A perspective on global warming, dimming, and brightening”". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, n.º 45 (6 de noviembre de 2007): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo450011.

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Parding, Kajsa M., Beate G. Liepert, Laura M. Hinkelman, Thomas P. Ackerman, Knut-Frode Dagestad y Jan Asle Olseth. "Influence of Synoptic Weather Patterns on Solar Irradiance Variability in Northern Europe". Journal of Climate 29, n.º 11 (24 de mayo de 2016): 4229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0476.1.

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Abstract Observations have revealed strong variability of shortwave (SW) irradiance at Earth’s surface on decadal time scales, referred to as global dimming and brightening. Previous studies have attributed the dimming and brightening to changes in clouds and atmospheric aerosols. This study assesses the influence of atmospheric circulation on clouds and SW irradiance to separate the influence of “natural” SW variability from direct and, to some extent, indirect aerosol effects. The focus is on SW irradiance in northern Europe in summer and spring because there is little high-latitude SW irradiance during winter. As a measure of large-scale circulation the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) dataset, a daily classification of synoptic weather patterns, is used. Empirical models of normalized SW irradiance are constructed based on the GWL, relating the synoptic weather patterns to the local radiative climate. In summer, a temporary SW peak in the 1970s and subsequent dimming is linked to variations in the synoptic patterns over Scandinavia, possibly related to a northward shift in the North Atlantic storm track. In spring, a decrease of anticyclonic and increase of cyclonic weather patterns over northern Europe contributes to the dimming from the 1960s to 1990. At many sites, there is also a residual SW irradiance trend not explained by the GWL model: a weak nonsignificant residual dimming from the 1950s or 1960s to around 1990, followed by a statistically significant residual brightening. It is concluded that factors other than the large-scale circulation (e.g., decreasing aerosol emissions) also play an important role in northern Europe.
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Lin, Jia Lin y Tao Tao Qian. "Solar Energy and Global Climate Change". Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (febrero de 2014): 1767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1767.

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Previous studies have shown that the solar energy input to the earth system underwent significant decadal variations at individual surface energy budget stations, with a global dimming from 1950s to 1980s, but a global brightening from 1980s to 2000s, and a mixed tendency at different locations thereafter. Here we use a new global gridded solar irradiance dataset to show that the previous results from individual stations represent well the regional means but not the global mean or hemisphere means. The global mean has a decadal variation that is quite different from the individual station results reported in previous studies, which comes from the fact that the southern hemisphere mean has an opposite trend with the northern hemisphere mean. No long-term global dimming trend is found associated with global warming
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Tesis sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

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Marquês, João Carlos de Carvalho Branco Perdigão. "Global and direct solar radiation at surface over Iberian Peninsula: variability, trends and forecasting". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29807.

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Besides being the key to Earth's climate, global solar radiation at the surface ( ) is one of the most valuable renewable resources. This way, an adequate knowledge of the solar resource is critical as an assessment for a strategic planning of projects related to the production of solar energy. Therefore, the main goals of this thesis is to analyze past changes and variability of solar radiation fluxes in Portugal and Iberia Peninsula (IP) using observational available measurements, ERA−40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets and, predict and characterize the solar radiation at the surface over Iberian Peninsula based on numerical weather prediction models. In a first part, this study is dedicated to the analysis of temporal and spatial variability of  based on ground-based stations, as well as in ERA−40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Parametric and non-parametric tests are applied to detect trends in both reanalysis and ground-based observations. Cloud cover obtained from reanalysis is also used to examine the possible causes of the observed long-term changes in . In a second stage, is presented an assessment of the  W model at high resolution ( 5 ) against observations and with another configuration. After a bias removal process, a  and cloud cover climatology was obtained for IP (1950−2010 period). Finally, the performance of IFS/ECMWF is evaluated to predict Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) over Évora city at very short (1 hour) and short term (1 to 3 days), for one year period. It is also described a new methodology to compute DNI attenuation using in situ observational data in order to estimate the transparency of the atmosphere in the absence of cloud cover datasets. To improve IFS/ECMWF outputs is also tested a bias correction methodology; Resumo: A Radiação Solar Global e Direta à Superfície na Península Ibérica: Variabilidade, Tendências e Previsão A radiação solar é um dos recursos energéticos renováveis mais valiosos. Na Península Ibérica (PI) estão em instalação muitos sistemas comerciais e de investigação para o aproveitamento da energia solar. Neste contexto, o conhecimento do fluxo de radiação solar que incide na superfície terrestre e da sua evolução torna-se de extrema importância. Pretende-se com este trabalho estudar a distribuição espacial, a variabilidade e as tendências da radiação solar de pequeno comprimento de onda ( ) à superfície, na PI e em Portugal, a partir de dados observacionais e das reanálises ERA−40/NCEP assim como, prever e caracterizar a radiação com base em modelos de previsão numérica do tempo. Na primeira parte deste estudo, efetua-se uma análise da variabilidade temporal e espacial da radiação  recorrendo a estações terrestres, bem como a dados de reanálise ERA−40 e NCEP/NCAR. Para o efeito utilizam-se testes paramétricos e não paramétricos a fim de detetar tendências nas séries em estudo. A cobertura de nuvens obtida a partir das reanálises é também usada para avaliar as possíveis causas da variabilidade da radiação  observada. Numa segunda etapa do estudo, obteve-se uma climatologia a 5 de resolução da radiação solar à superfície com base em simulações com o modelo regional − , para a PI, e para o período 1950−2010. Os resultados das simulações foram validados recorrendo a estações de observação e a uma outra simulação , com outra configuração, previamente validada. Na construção da climatologia  e de nuvens foi aplicado um método de pós-processamento para remoção do viés. Finalmente, avalia-se o desempenho do modelo IFS, do ECMWF na previsão da radiação DNI a curto e médio prazo, sobre a região. Propõe-se uma nova metodologia para estimar a transparência da atmosfera e testa-se uma metodologia de correção de viés.
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Yildirim, Ugur. "Analysis Of Sunshine Duration Between 1970 And 2010 For Turkey". Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615424/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, 41 years of bright sunshine duration (SD) data of 192 meteorological stations in Turkey were analyzed. The main objective is to determine the trends of SD data and the importance of such analyses is the high correlation between SD data and solar irradiation reaching the surface of the earth. Because of the missing value problems, only the data set for 72 stations were examined. After imputing missing values of these stations by expectation maximization algorithm, to test the homogeneity Kruskal Wallis test (K-W) and Wald-Wolfowitz runs test for randomness were applied. Only 36 of the stations passed from these homogeneity tests therefore, trend analysis was carried out for these locations. To exclude the data sets which did not pass from the tests was important to reach more accurate trend analysis of the data in hand. Results of the trend analysis showed that the change of SD over the 41 years are in agreement with the globally identified surface solar radiation dimming and brightening time periods all over the world. The dimming period is mainly between the years 1970 and about 1990 while the brightening period is from about 1990 to 2010. The yearly averages of SD data sets of 27 locations out of 36, for the years in the dimming period, were in a good agreement with the global dimming trends. However, for the brightening period the agreement was not as clear as it was in the dimming period. Nevertheless, during the brightening period, the data set of most of the locations had zero trends or noticeably reduced rates of decrease of SD. The dimming might be attributed to the increase in air pollution and this might be an indication of human induced climate change. Larger amounts of negative trends during winter months supported this conclusion. However, to reach a concrete conclusion more accurate of different climatic parameters should be analyzed. Satellites images may be helpful for further clarifications of such conclusions on climate change issues.
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Ceconi, Márcio. "Variabilidade do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens sobre o Brasil e sua relação com os fenômenos de solar dimming e brightening". Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2013. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2013/09.02.13.29.

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A radiação solar apresenta-se como recurso de importância primária para a manutenção da vida na Terra e para atividades humanas como agricultura e aproveitamento de energia. Neste escopo, o conhecimento das mudanças que a disponibilidade de radiação solar em superfície pode sofrer tem grande relevância na mitigação das consequências ambientais e socioeconômicas que podem surgir. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado, ao longo das últimas décadas, que de fato a radiação solar que chega à superfície terrestre não permanece inalterada em escalas de tempo decadais, porém sofre aumentos e diminuições conhecidos como solar brightening e solar dimming, respectivamente. Entretanto, a escassez de dados de radiação solar medidos em superfície em longo prazo no Brasil ainda é um problema para a avaliação da ocorrência desses fenômenos. Diante disso, este estudo propôs-se a avaliar as tendências da nebulosidade, principal fator modulador da radiação solar, através do estudo da variabilidade espaço-temporal do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens, determinado através de imagens de satélite. Para tanto, desenvolveram-se métodos de estimativa das radiâncias de céu claro e encoberto, necessárias à estimativa do coeficiente de cobertura efetiva de nuvens. A radiância de céu claro é determinada através do histograma de frequências da radiância visível medida pelos satélites, atribuindo-se a ela o valor mais frequente observado em uma determinada área das imagens no período de um trimestre. A radiância de céu encoberto, por sua vez, é determinada através de um ajuste que relaciona a textura do topo das nuvens, através do desvio padrão da radiância visível cuja medida de infravermelho seja superior a 280 K, com a geometria Sol-pixel-satélite. O coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens foi estimado para todas as imagens dos satélites GOES-8, GOES-10 e GOES-12 dos horários 1145, 1445, 1745 e 2045 GMT no período de 1999 a 2012, e foram então avaliadas as tendências do mesmo através do emprego do teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall, com nível de significância de 5\%. Encontraram-se tendências significativas de aumento do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens predominantes no Brasil entre 1999 e 2005, seguidas por uma inversão da tendência entre 2006 e 2012 sobre a maior parte do país, com exceção de uma área estendendo-se do Sul do Brasil até o oeste da Bahia, onde não se observam tendências significativas. Para o período completo (1999 a 2012), essas são as mesmas áreas que apresentam tendências significativas de aumento do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens, enquanto no restante do país prevalecem tendências de redução do mesmo. As tendências do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens no período de 2006 a 2012 apresentam boa concordância com as tendências da irradiação solar global observadas em algumas das estações da rede SONDA, assim como com as tendências regionais estimadas pelo Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar. A confiabilidade das estimativas do coeficiente de cobertura de nuvens foi avaliada através de sua comparação com a razão entre a irradiação solar global e a irradiação incidente no topo da atmosfera, para a qual se encontraram coeficientes de determinação entre 0,53 e 0,71, e com as normais climatológicas de nebulosidade publicadas pelo INMET.
Solar radiation is a feature of primary importance for maintenance of life on Earth and for human activities like agriculture and energy use. Therefore, the knowledge of the changes of surface solar radiation has great relevance in mitigating the environmental and socioeconomic possible consequences. Over the last decades, several studies have demonstrated that surface solar radiation does not remain unchanged at decadal time scales. Instead, it suffers increases and decreases known as solar brightening and dimming. However, the lack of long term surface solar radiation data measurements in Brazil hampers the assessment of these phenomena. This study aimed at to evaluate trends in cloudiness, the principal cause of changes in the incident solar irradiation. This study is based on the analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of the cloud cover coefficient obtained by satellite images. For this, we developed methods for estimating of clear and cloud sky radiances, necessary for estimation of the effective cloud cover. Clear sky radiance was obtained by frequency histograms to determine the most frequently visible radiance in a particular area of the satellite images in a trimester period. Cloudy sky radiance is determined by a curve fitting to the relationship between sun-pixel-satellite geometry and cloud top textures (standard deviation of visible radiances whose infrared measurements exceed 280 K). Cloud cover coefficient was estimated for GOES-8, GOES-10 and GOES-12 satellite images of 1145, 1445, 1745 and 2045 GMT in the period 1999-2012, and temporal trends were evaluated by employing the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test, with a significance level of 5\%. It was found significant trends of increasing of the cloud cover coefficient in Brazil between 1999 and 2005, followed by a reduction trend between 2006 and 2012 for most of the country. Exception was an area extending from Southern of Brazil to the west of Bahia, where no significant trends were found. For the entire period (1999-2012), these are the same areas that presented significant trends of increasing of the cloud cover coefficient, while in the rest of the country there were decreasing trends. Trends of the cloud cover coefficient over the period 2006-2012 are in good agreement with the trends of global solar irradiation observed in some SONDA stations, as well as trends estimated by the Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy. Reliability of cloud cover coefficients were evaluated by comparing them with INMETs cloudiness climatology data and with the ratios between the global solar radiation at surface with the radiation at the top of atmosphere, for which we found determination coefficients between 0.53 to 0.71.
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4

Riihimaki, Laura 1979. "Evaluating long-term changes and their causes in surface solar irradiance in Oregon". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8451.

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xv, 165 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
The amount of solar radiation at the earth's surface is modulated by fluctuations in aerosol density and cloud optical depth--two uncertain factors in climate change studies. The University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Lab has collected five-minute resolution surface shortwave irradiance measurements at three sites in Oregon since 1980 or earlier. Direct normal surface solar irradiance has increased 4-5% per decade (8-11 W/m 2 per decade) at these three sites since 1980 (1979 in Eugene). Total solar irradiance has likewise increased by 1-2% per decade (2-3 W/m 2 per decade). This unusually long direct normal time series was used to examine the causes of trends because of its high sensitivity to scattering and high instrumental accuracy. The strongest factor causing direct normal irradiance trends was found to be the high stratospheric aerosol concentrations after the volcanic eruptions of El Chichà à à à ³n (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo (1991). Removing the four years most impacted by each volcanic eruption (1982-1985 and 1991-1994) reduces the trend in annual average direct normal irradiance by 20-55%, depending on the site. All measurement sites show low irradiance values before the volcanic eruption of El Chichà à à à ³n in 1982 compared to later periods of relatively low volcanic aerosols (1989- 1990, and 2000-2007). These low values are visible both in all-sky and clear-sky monthly averages, suggesting high aerosol loads as a likely cause. Clear-sky direct normal irradiance measurements from high solar zenith angles (6575à à à à °) are analyzed to test the hypothesis that the increase in irradiance comes from a reduction of anthropogenic aerosols since the late 1980s. No change in anthropogenic aerosols between 1987 and 2007 is detectable within the noise of the data. Even after removing the four years most heavily impacted by volcanic eruptions, the continued reduction of volcanic aerosol loads causes over half of the clear-sky direct normal irradiance increase since 1987. The remaining increase could be accounted for by a 20-year decrease in 550 nm aerosol optical depth of .005 à à à à ± .005, or 6% à à à à ± 6%, but considerable statistical uncertainty exists.
Adviser: Gregory Bothun
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Marafiga, Eduardo Bonnuncielli. "Pesquisa sobre o efeito de fenômenos solares no potencial energético solar-eólico". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3697.

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This thesis analyzes the monthly data from historical series of the heat stroke cycles, solar radiation and average wind speeds in the 1961 and 2008 period to identify long-term inaccuracies in the location of both wind and solar sources. The state of Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil, was chosen as a case study, to estimate the behavioral trend of these variables and compare them with the measured data, testing the homogeneity of information. Therefore, it aims at improving the long-term prognosis in locating projects of solar power generation plants. The analysis of these climatic variables was carried out using ARIMA models (autoregressive integrated moving average models) as well as the Box & Jenkins methodology and seasonality studies with the X11 ARIMA models with 5% statistical significance. In this study, the period between 1961 and 2011 indicated that heat stroke rates were not enough to overcome the values recorded in the 1960s and 1970s, when the percentages were in most months 1% below the historical average. The observed heat stroke data suggest decreasing trends in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the presence of the phenomenon called "global dimming", which contributed to lower levels of solar radiation.!A possible structural break has been found in the wind series from August 2001 through the CUSUMQ test (cumulative sum of squares of recursive waste) and the Lane et al test. (2002), leading to higher values and overestimating the final prognosis of wind power. A decrease in the average wind speed was also observed from 2003 to 2011 during six months of these years.!The spring season, often with the highest wind potential had the highest mean decrease while the season with the lowest wind potential, fall, had the opposite behavior during the studied period. By spectral analysis, performed by Fourier method, the time series of sunshine and solar radiation also showed cycles with possible ranges of influence on measurements of the solar energy potential. Such temporal variations in the data, indicate that possible locations for the wind and photovoltaic plants may be seriously affected since longterm weather fluctuations can vary significantly even at the best location selected to generate electricity.
Esta tese analisa os dados mensais das séries históricas dos ciclos de insolação, radiação solar e velocidade média dos ventos para melhorar o prognóstico de longo prazo na localização de áreas para fontes eólicas e solares de geração de potência elétrica. Como estudo de caso, tomou-se o período de dados de 1961 a 2008 para definir imprecisões de longo prazo que podem ocorrer no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na estimativa da tendência comportamental das variáveis meteorológicas e compará-las com dados medidos, testando assim, a homogeneidade das informações. As análises das variáveis climáticas foram realizadas através de modelos ARIMA (modelos autorregressivos integrados de média móvel), por meio da metodologia Box & Jenkins e do estudo da sazonalidade com modelos X11 ARIMA em níveis de significância estatística de 5%. Neste estudo, o período entre 1961 e 2011 indicou que os índices de insolação não foram suficientes para superar os valores verificados nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, em que os percentuais foram na maioria dos meses da ordem de -1% abaixo da média histórica. Os dados observados da insolação sugerem tendências decrescentes nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, pela presença do fenômeno global dimming sobre o estado do Rio Grande do Sul contribuindo para menores níveis de radiação solar. Foi constatada também uma possível quebra estrutural na série eólica em agosto de 2001 através do teste CUSUMQ (soma acumulada dos quadrados dos resíduos recursivos) e do teste de Lane et al. (2002), conduzindo a valores maiores e superestimando o prognóstico final do potencial eólico. Também foi constatada, redução em seis dos doze meses do ano na velocidade média dos ventos no período de 2003 a 2011. A estação da primavera, geralmente com o maior potencial eólico, indicou uma maior média de redução enquanto a estação de menor potencial eólico, o outono, mostrou um comportamento inverso para este mesmo período. Através da análise espectral, realizada pelo método de Fourier, as séries históricas de insolação e radiação solar mostraram também ciclos com amplitudes possíveis de influenciar as mensurações do potencial energético solar. Com estas variações temporais nos dados, as previsões de localização de centrais eólicas e fotovoltaicas ficam seriamente prejudicadas, uma vez que as oscilações meteorológicas de longo prazo podem variar sensivelmente na melhor localização de áreas para geração de energia elétrica.
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Libros sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

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Anstis, Stuart. Adaptation to Brightness Change, Contours, Jogging, and Apparent Motion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0108.

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Frisby and Stone have dubbed adaptation the “psychophysicist’s electrode” and John Mollon once famously said, “If it adapts, it’s there.” Psychologists piously hope that their many experiments on visual adaptation will tell physiologists where to look inside the brain. This chapter describes visual adaptation to temporal ramps, spatial edges, and apparent motion and touches on kinesthetic aftereffects from jogging. Sawtooth adaptation, a ramp aftereffect that is produced by gazing at a spatially uniform patch whose luminance is temporally modulated by a repetitive sawtooth, either gradually dimming and turning sharply back on (rapid-on) or gradually brightening and turning sharply back off (rapid-off), is discussed. Related concepts that are covered include pattern-specific contrast adaptation, contour adaptation, adaptation to apparent motion, and adapting to flicker, which changes apparent spatial frequency.
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The World Market for Synthetic Organic Fluorescent Brightening Agents or Luminophores: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Synthetic Organic Fluorescent Brightening Agents or Luminophores: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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The World Market for Synthetic Organic Fluorescent Brightening Agents or Luminophores, Color Lakes, and Their Preparations: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

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Wild, Martin. "Global Dimming and Brightening". En Global Environmental Change, 39–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_27.

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Korhonen, Hannele y Antti-Ilari Partanen. "Cloud Brightening and Climate Change". En Global Environmental Change, 777–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_50.

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Thakur, Monika. "Global Dimming and Global Warming: Dangerous Alliance". En SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, 61–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58415-7_5.

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Founda, D., F. Pierros y A. Sarantopoulos. "Evidence of Dimming/Brightening Over Greece from Long-Term Observations of Sunshine Duration and Cloud Cover". En Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences, 753–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_108.

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Ramanathan, V. "Global Dimming by Air Pollution and Global Warming by Greenhouse Gases: Global and Regional Perspectives". En Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 473–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_94.

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Ryel, Ronald J., Stephan D. Flint y Paul W. Barnes. "Solar UV-B Radiation and Global Dimming: Effects on Plant Growth and UV-Shielding". En UV Radiation in Global Climate Change, 370–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03313-1_13.

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"GLOBAL DIMMING". En The Complete Guide to Climate Change, 200–201. Routledge, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203888469-33.

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Monckton of Brenchley, Christopher. "Global Brightening and Climate Sensitivity". En Evidence-Based Climate Science, 317–33. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385956-3.10013-0.

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MONCKTON, CHRISTOPHER. "GLOBAL BRIGHTENING AND CLIMATE SENSITIVITY". En International Seminar On Nuclear War And Planetary Emergencies — 43rd Session, 87–103. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814365932_0010.

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"The Status of Ethics: Dimming the Future and Brightening the Past". En G. E. Moore's Ethical Theory, 78–92. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511498183.005.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Global Dimming and Brightening"

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Zhao, Na, Ji Liang y Yanping Chen. "Impact of Global Dimming and Brightening on Estimating Solar Radiation from Air Temperature in China". En 2015 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.185.

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Neukermans, Armand, Gary Cooper, Jack Foster, Lee Galbraith, Sudhanshu Jain y Bob Ormond. "Sub-micrometer salt aerosol production: Marine Cloud Brightening". En 2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713739.

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Tipper, David, Abdelmounaam Rezgui, Prashant Krishnamurthy y Peera Pacharintanakul. "Dimming Cellular Networks". En GLOBECOM 2010 - 2010 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2010.5683239.

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Nguyen, Trang, Mohamed Sufyan Islim y Harald Haas. "A Novel Index Modulation for Dimming in LiFi Systems". En GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322251.

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Lavole, Philippe, Sung-Kyu Lee, Suk-Ju Kang y Young Hwan Kim. "Dynamic clipping ratio determination for global backlight dimming in LCD". En 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2010.5537926.

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Wang, Tengjiao, Fang Yang, Ling Cheng y Jian Song. "Generalized Spatial Modulation Based Hybrid Dimming Scheme for Visible Light Communication". En GLOBECOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647623.

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Lo, Kyle Shih-Huang, Jia-Ying Lin y Chia-Hung Yeh. "A high-efficiency dynamic backlight dimming algorithm based on visual content analysis". En 2016 IEEE 5th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2016.7800397.

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Ying, Kai, Zhenhua Yu, Robert J. Baxley y G. Tong Zhou. "Constrained clipping for PAPR reduction in VLC systems with dimming control". En 2015 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globalsip.2015.7418414.

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Yang, Yujie, Yang Yang, Congcong Wang, Caili Guo y Hailun Xia. "Hybrid Dimming Scheme based on Transmit Antenna Selection and Precoding for MU MC VLC System". En GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322424.

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Chondro, Peter y Shanq-Jang Ruan. "Low order SSIM-based pixel dimming algorithm with weighted high frequency spectrum suppressor for AMOLED displays". En 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2017.8229186.

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