Artículos de revistas:

1

Coombs, Amy. "Glycerin bioprocessing goes green". Nature Biotechnology 25, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2007): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0907-953.

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2

Santos, Willian Pereira, Beatriz Ferreira Carvalho, Carla Luiza Silva Ávila, Gilson Sebastião Dias Júnior, Marcos Neves Pereira y Rosane Freitas Schwan. "Glycerin as an additive for sugarcane silage". Annals of Microbiology 65, n.º 3 (29 de octubre de 2014): 1547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0993-x.

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3

Sousa, Marylane, Juliana Rabelo Sousa, Vânia Maria Maciel Melo y Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves. "Screening of bacillus strains for biosurfactants production using glycerin as carbon source". Journal of Biotechnology 150 (noviembre de 2010): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.229.

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4

da Silva, Sabrina Roberta Santana, Thayza Christina Montenegro Stamford, Wendell Wagner Campos Albuquerque, Esteban Espinosa Vidal y Tânia Lúcia Montenegro Stamford. "Reutilization of residual glycerin for the produce β-carotene by Rhodotorula minuta". Biotechnology Letters 42, n.º 3 (14 de enero de 2020): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02790-8.

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5

Walter, Erhard y Peter Kohlerz. "Ringversuch f�r die enzymatische Bestimmung von Glycerin". Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 180, n.º 2 (febrero de 1985): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01042635.

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6

Sousa, J. R., J. A. C. Correa, J. J. L. Martins, V. M. M. Melo, A. J. G. Cruz y L. R. B. Gonçalves. "A Kinetics Studies of the Production Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LAMI from Glycerin". Journal of Biotechnology 150 (noviembre de 2010): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.510.

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7

Chiu, Chuang-Wei, Michael J. Goff y Galen J. Suppes. "Distribution of methanol and catalysts between biodiesel and glycerin phases". AIChE Journal 51, n.º 4 (2005): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10385.

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8

Santo, Alessandra Argolo Espirito, Bethania Felix Ramos, Leila Cristiane De Souza, Marcelo Embiruçu De Souza, Milton Abreu Roque, José Assunção Ribeiro, Diene Oliveira Novais, Elias Ramos De Souza y Paulo Fernando Almeida. "Production of xanthan using sucrose, glycerin, vegetables leftovers in oil water effluent". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22 (septiembre de 2011): S60—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.169.

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9

Sattler, K. "Studien zur Intensivierung der Umwandlung von Glycerin in Dihydroxyaceton durch Acetobacter suboxydans". Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie 5, n.º 2 (24 de enero de 2007): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.19650050208.

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10

Kijeński, Jacek. "Biorefineries - from biofuels to the chemicalization of agricultural products". Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 9, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2007): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-007-0051-6.

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Biorefineries - from biofuels to the chemicalization of agricultural products The recent research into the viable economy in sustainable energy from renewable sources has prompted a review into the potentials of Polish-oriented raw material sources as a catalyst for technological advance, product diversification and consumer satisfaction. The elongation of the process chain in vegetable (rape seed, potato), alcohol additives and glycerin processing has been found to drastically improve energy balances for the short processing methods adopted presently and can make Poland self sustainable in the future.

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11

Lovato, Giovanna, Roberta Albanez, Lucas Stracieri, Letícia Scudeler Ruggero, Suzana Maria Ratusznei y José Alberto Domingues Rodrigues. "Hydrogen production by co-digesting cheese whey and glycerin in an AnSBBR: Temperature effect". Biochemical Engineering Journal 138 (octubre de 2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.007.

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12

Wang, Xinyu, Shuguang Li, Hailiang Chen, Qiang Liu, Guangyao Wang y Yunyan Zhao. "Compatibility of Temperature Sensor and Polarization Filter Based on Au Film and Glycerin Selectively Infilling Photonic Crystal Fibers". Plasmonics 11, n.º 5 (25 de enero de 2016): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0170-5.

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13

Triyono, Joko, Raasyid Alfiansyah, Heru Sukanto, Dody Ariawan y Yohanes Nugroho. "Fabrication and characterization of porous bone scaffold of bovine hydroxyapatite-glycerin by 3D printing technology". Bioprinting 18 (junio de 2020): e00078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00078.

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14

Yanagiya, Shin-ichiro, Aiko Takahashi y Nobuo Goto. "Mechanical Properties of Stratum Corneum in Glycerin Solution by Atomic Force Microscopy". e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 13 (2015): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2015.461.

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15

Rodríguez-Abalde, Á., M. Guivernau, F. X. Prenafeta-Boldú, X. Flotats y B. Fernández. "Characterization of microbial community dynamics during the anaerobic co-digestion of thermally pre-treated slaughterhouse wastes with glycerin addition". Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 42, n.º 7 (6 de abril de 2019): 1175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-019-02115-8.

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16

Hirokado, Rina, Seiji Noma, Nobuaki Soh, Noriyuki Igura, Mitsuya Shimoda y Nobuyuki Hayashi. "Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Spores by Carbonation with Glycerin Fatty Acid Esters". Food Science and Technology Research 24, n.º 3 (2018): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.24.455.

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17

Lovato, Giovanna, Lia P. P. Batista, Marina B. Preite, Jessica N. Yamashiro, Ana L. S. Becker, Maria F. G. Vidal, Nathalia Pezini, Roberta Albanez, Suzana M. Ratusznei y José A. D. Rodrigues. "Viability of Using Glycerin as a Co-substrate in Anaerobic Digestion of Sugarcane Stillage (Vinasse): Effect of Diversified Operational Strategies". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 188, n.º 3 (24 de enero de 2019): 720–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-019-02950-1.

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18

Murakami, Takahide, Ichiro Hijikuro, Kota Yamashita, Shigeru Tsunoda, Kenjiro Hirai, Takahisa Suzuki, Yoshiharu Sakai y Yasuhiko Tabata. "Antiadhesion effect of the C17 glycerin ester of isoprenoid-type lipid forming a nonlamellar liquid crystal". Acta Biomaterialia 84 (enero de 2019): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.009.

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19

Lovato, Giovanna, Roberta Albanez, Letícia Scudeler Ruggero, Lucas Stracieri, Suzana Maria Ratusznei y José Alberto Domingues Rodrigues. "Energetic feasibility of a two-stage anaerobic digestion system compared to a single-stage system treating whey and glycerin". Biochemical Engineering Journal 161 (septiembre de 2020): 107653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107653.

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20

Lovato, G., C. Z. Lazaro, M. Zaiat, S. M. Ratusznei y J. A. D. Rodrigues. "Biohydrogen production by co-digesting whey and glycerin in an AnSBBR: Performance optimization, metabolic pathway kinetic modeling and phylogenetic characterization". Biochemical Engineering Journal 128 (diciembre de 2017): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2017.09.011.

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21

Glasauer, S., S. Langley y T. J. Beveridge. "Sorption of Fe (Hydr)Oxides to the Surface of Shewanella putrefaciens: Cell-Bound Fine-Grained Minerals Are Not Always Formed De Novo". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 5544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5544-5550.2001.

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ABSTRACT Shewanella putrefaciens, a gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, is active in the cycling of iron through its interaction with Fe (hydr)oxides in natural environments. Fine-grained Fe precipitates that are attached to the outer membranes of many gram-negative bacteria have most often been attributed to precipitation and growth of the mineral at the cell surface. Our study of the sorption of nonbiogenic Fe (hydr)oxides revealed, however, that large quantities of nanometer-scale ferrihydrite (hydrous ferric oxide), goethite (α-FeOOH), and hematite (α-Fe2O3) adhered to the cell surface. Attempts to separate suspensions of cells and minerals with an 80% glycerin cushion proved that the sorbed minerals were tightly attached to the bacteria. The interaction between minerals and cells resulted in the formation of mineral-cell aggregates, which increased biomass density and provided better sedimentation of mineral Fe compared to suspensions of minerals alone. Transmission electron microscopy observations of cells prepared by whole-mount, conventional embedding, and freeze-substitution methods confirmed the close association between cells and minerals and suggested that in some instances, the mineral crystals had even penetrated the outer membrane and peptidoglycan layers. Given the abundance of these mineral types in natural environments, the data suggest that not all naturally occurring cell surface-associated minerals are necessarily formed de novo on the cell wall.

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22

Pfeiffer, Peter y Ferdinand Radler. "Hochleistungsfl�ssigchromatographische Bestimmung von organischen S�uren, Zuckern, Glycerin und Alkohol im Wein an einer Kationenaustauschers�ule". Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 181, n.º 1 (julio de 1985): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01124802.

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23

Uchimoto, Takeaki, Yasunori Iwao, Kana Takahashi, Shoko Tanaka, Yasuyoshi Agata, Takeru Iwamura, Atsuo Miyagishima y Shigeru Itai. "A comparative study of glycerin fatty acid ester and magnesium stearate on the dissolution of acetaminophen tablets using the analysis of available surface area". European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 78, n.º 3 (agosto de 2011): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.014.

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24

Fujikawa, T., S. Imamura, M. Tokumaru, T. Ando, Y. Gen, S. H. Hyon y C. Kubota. "43 Cryopreservation of Bovine Sperm Using Antifreeze Polyamino-Acid". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, n.º 1 (2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv30n1ab43.

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Carboxylated poly-l-lysine (CPLL), an ampholytic polymer compound, is reported to have a cryoprotective property similar to that of antifreeze proteins. We previously reported the effectiveness of CPLL as cryoprotective material for bovine sperm (43rd Annual Conference of International Embryo Technology Society, Austin, TX, USA; http://www.iets.org/2017/IETS_2017_Program_Book_FINAL.pdf). In this research, we investigated additional aspects of CPLL for bovine sperm. The conventional cryopreservation medium used for Control group consisted of 6.5% (v/v) glycerin, and the cryopreservation medium used for the CPLL group consisted of 3.25% (v/v) glycerin and 0.5% CPLL (w/v). In experiment 1, sperm motility was measured 1, 3, and 6 h after thawing. The post-thaw motility was assessed by using Sperm Motility Analysis System (DITECT Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The CPLL treatment yielded better motility rate at 6 h (Control v. CPLL; 23.7% v. 38.5%; P < 0.01), average path velocity (μm s−1) at 1 and 3 h (Control v. CPLL; 49.8 v. 57.7, 35.8 v. 42.8; P < 0.01), straight-line velocity (μm s−1) at 1 h (Control v. CPLL; 35.2 v. 45.7; P < 0.01), and curvilinear velocity (μm/s) at 1 and 3 h (Control v. CPLL; 93.7 v. 106.2, 59.9 v. 68.4; P < 0.01) than the Control. In experiment 2, sperm membrane integrity was assessed by using the LIVE/DEAD Sperm Viability Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K., Kanagawa, Japan). The CPLL group yielded greater sperm membrane integrity rate than control (Control v. CPLL; 49.6% v. 60.6%; P < 0.01). In experiment 3, AI was carried out on 111 cows (Control v. CPLL; 49 v. 62) and the conception rate of the CPLL group was significantly higher than that of the control group (53.1% v. 79.0%; P < 0.01). Previously, we reported the effectiveness of CPLL for bovine sperm. In this study, we clarified how CPLL works to improve the conception rate of AI: CPLL maintains post-thaw motility and protects the sperm membrane. These results suggest that CPLL has potential as a new cryoprotective material for bovine sperm.

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25

de Albuquerque, Juliane Nogueira, Ana Paula Paulinetti, Giovanna Lovato, Roberta Albanez, Suzana Maria Ratusznei y José Aberto Domingues Rodrigues. "Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactors Co-digesting Whey and Glycerin as a Possible Solution for Small and Mid-size Dairy Industries: Environmental Compliance and Methane Production". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 192, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2020): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03372-0.

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26

Imran, Muhammad, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Yaseen y Naser Rasheed. "Application of Glycerin and Polymer Coated Diammonium Phosphate in Alkaline Calcareous Soil for Improving Wheat Growth, Grain Yield and Phosphorus Use Efficiency". Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 21, n.º 5 (diciembre de 2018): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-018-0126-0.

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27

Gao, Haidi, Jia-Hui Liu, Victoria Arantza León Anchustegui, Yulin Chang, Jichuan Zhang y Yiyang Dong. "The Protective Effects of Graphene Oxide Against the Stress from Organic Solvent by Covering Hela Cells". Current Nanoscience 15, n.º 4 (20 de marzo de 2019): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413714666180821112731.

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Background: In recent years, new nanomaterials have received great attention due to their widespread use in agriculture, food safety and pharmacy. Among them, graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are emerging as promising nanomaterials, which may have far-reaching effects on pharmacy and health. Objective: In this paper, the living Hela cells were covered by GO (Hela@GO) and the cell viability, reactive oxygen species, membrane integrity and apoptosis of them were compared with the control Hela cells, especially under the stress from four kinds of organic solvent, including dimethyl sulphoxide, ethanol, acetone, and glycerin. Results: It was suggested that the GO may protect cells by covering the cells, keeping their membrane integrity, reducing the ROS and decreasing the apoptosis. Conclusion: GO has attracted the tremendous attention of their bioapplications. In this research, the GO adhered to Hela cells. It was observed that the Hela@GO grew well. Besides, it was suggested that the GO would play a protective role to Hela cells against four organic solvents, by maintaining the cell membrane integrity, reducing ROS, and inhibiting the apoptosis.

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28

de Oliveira, Marcelo Firmino, Andressa Tironi Vieira, Antônio Carlos Ferreira Batista, Hugo de Souza Rodrigues y Nelson Ramos Stradiotto. "A Simple and Fast Method for the Production and Characterization of Methylic and Ethylic Biodiesels from Tucum Oil via an Alkaline Route". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/238474.

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A simple, fast, and complete route for the production of methylic and ethylic biodiesel from tucum oil is described. Aliquots of the oil obtained directly from pressed tucum (pulp and almonds) were treated with potassium methoxide or ethoxide at 40°C for 40 min. The biodiesel form was removed from the reactor and washed with 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution. A simple distillation at 100°C was carried out in order to remove water and alcohol species from the biodiesel. The oxidative stability index was obtained for the tucum oil as well as the methylic and ethylic biodiesel at 6.13, 2.90, and 2.80 h, for storage times higher than 8 days. Quality control of the original oil and of the methylic and ethylic biodiesels, such as the amount of glycerin produced during the transesterification process, was accomplished by the TLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR techniques. The results obtained in this study indicate a potential biofuel production by simple treatment of tucum, an important Amazonian fruit.

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29

Habe, Hiroshi, Tokuma Fukuoka, Dai Kitamoto y Keiji Sakaki. "Biotransformation of glycerol to d-glyceric acid by Acetobacter tropicalis". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 81, n.º 6 (enero de 2009): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1737-2.

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30

HABE, Hiroshi, Yuko SHIMADA, Tokuma FUKUOKA, Dai KITAMOTO, Masayuki ITAGAKI, Kunihiro WATANABE, Hiroshi YANAGISHITA y Keiji SAKAKI. "Production of Glyceric Acid byGluconobactersp. NBRC3259 Using Raw Glycerol". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 73, n.º 8 (23 de agosto de 2009): 1799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90163.

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31

Kumar, Ashish, Mamta Belwal, Varun Mohan, Radha Raman Maurya y Venkataraman Vishwanathan. "Catalytic Vapor Phase Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceric Acid Over Activated Carbon Supported Gold Nanocatalysts". International Journal of Nanoscience 19, n.º 06 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 2050007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x20500076.

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A series of activated carbon (AC) supported Au nanocatalysts with different loadings of Au were prepared by using the homogeneous deposition–precipitation (HDP) method. The samples were characterised with myriad techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO-chemisorption, N2 adsorption–desorption measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural and textural properties in detail. The catalysts were tested for the vapour phase oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid under base-free medium in an aerobic condition at normal atmospheric pressure. The Au/AC nanocatalysts with smaller size Au particles ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm) showed higher glycerol conversion and selectivity for glyceric acid, and also a longer catalyst life. While the larger Au particles ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm) showed less activity and selectivity. Among all the nanocatalysts tested, the 1.0[Formula: see text]wt.% Au/AC sample having smaller particle size of Au showed the best catalytic performance in terms of glycerol conversion and glyceric acid selectivity. These results suggest that the oxidation activities of Au/AC nanocatalysts are strongly influenced by the size of Au nanoparticle, nature of the support material and through a metal-support interaction.

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32

Habe, Hiroshi, Yuko Shimada, Toshiharu Yakushi, Hiromi Hattori, Yoshitaka Ano, Tokuma Fukuoka, Dai Kitamoto et al. "Microbial Production of Glyceric Acid, an Organic Acid That Can Be Mass Produced from Glycerol". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, n.º 24 (16 de octubre de 2009): 7760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01535-09.

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ABSTRACT Glyceric acid (GA), an unfamiliar biotechnological product, is currently produced as a small by-product of dihydroxyacetone production from glycerol by Gluconobacter oxydans. We developed a method for the efficient biotechnological production of GA as a target compound for new surplus glycerol applications in the biodiesel and oleochemical industries. We investigated the ability of 162 acetic acid bacterial strains to produce GA from glycerol and found that the patterns of productivity and enantiomeric GA compositions obtained from several strains differed significantly. The growth parameters of two different strain types, Gluconobacter frateurii NBRC103465 and Acetobacter tropicalis NBRC16470, were optimized using a jar fermentor. G. frateurii accumulated 136.5 g/liter of GA with a 72% d-GA enantiomeric excess (ee) in the culture broth, whereas A. tropicalis produced 101.8 g/liter of d-GA with a 99% ee. The 136.5 g/liter of glycerate in the culture broth was concentrated to 236.5 g/liter by desalting electrodialysis during the 140-min operating time, and then, from 50 ml of the concentrated solution, 9.35 g of GA calcium salt was obtained by crystallization. Gene disruption analysis using G. oxydans IFO12528 revealed that the membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase (mADH)-encoding gene (adhA) is required for GA production, and purified mADH from G. oxydans IFO12528 catalyzed the oxidation of glycerol. These results strongly suggest that mADH is involved in GA production by acetic acid bacteria. We propose that GA is potentially mass producible from glycerol feedstock by a biotechnological process.

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33

Benito, Santiago. "Combined Use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in Winemaking: A Review". Microorganisms 8, n.º 5 (30 de abril de 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050655.

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The combined use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a new winemaking biotechnology that aims to solve some modern industrial oenology problems related to warm viticulture regions. These areas are characterized for producing musts with high levels of sugar that can potentially be converted into wines with elevated ethanol contents, which are usually associated with high pH levels. This biotechnology was reported for the first time in 2015, and since then, several scientific articles have been published regarding this topic. These reported scientific studies follow an evolution similar to that performed in the past for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni; they start by reporting results for basic winemaking parameters at the beginning, later continuing with more advanced parameters. This review compares the results of different researchers that have applied this new biotechnology and have studied wine quality parameters such as ethanol, glycerol, malic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, aroma compounds, or anthocyanins. It is shown that the new biotechnology is repeatedly reported to solve specific winemaking problems such as the lack of acidity, biogenic amines, ethyl carbamate, or undesirable color losses. Such results highlight this biotechnology as a promising option for warm viticulture areas.

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34

Mitchell, Daniel E., Alice E. R. Fayter, Robert C. Deller, Muhammad Hasan, Jose Gutierrez-Marcos y Matthew I. Gibson. "Ice-recrystallization inhibiting polymers protect proteins against freeze-stress and enable glycerol-free cryostorage". Materials Horizons 6, n.º 2 (2019): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00727f.

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35

HABE, Hiroshi, Yuko SHIMADA, Tokuma FUKUOKA, Dai KITAMOTO, Masayuki ITAGAKI, Kunihiro WATANABE, Hiroshi YANAGISHITA, Toshiharu YAKUSHI, Kazunobu MATSUSHITA y Keiji SAKAKI. "Use of aGluconobacter frateuriiMutant to Prevent Dihydroxyacetone Accumulation during Glyceric Acid Production from Glycerol". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 74, n.º 11 (23 de noviembre de 2010): 2330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100406.

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36

Poblete‐Castro, Ignacio, Christoph Wittmann y Pablo I. Nikel. "Biochemistry, genetics and biotechnology of glycerol utilization in Pseudomonas species". Microbial Biotechnology 13, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13400.

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37

Schuch, Ricardo y Kumar D. Mukherjee. "Radiochemical Methods for Studying Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification of Lipids". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, n.º 11-12 (1 de diciembre de 1987): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-11-1223.

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Reactions involving lipase-catalyzed interesterification of lipids, which are of commendable interest in biotechnology, have been monitored and assayed by radiochemical methods using 14C-labeled substrates. Medium chain (C12 plus Cu) triacylglycerols were reacted in the presence of an immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei and hexane at 45 °C with methyl [1-14C]oleate. [1-14C]oleic acid, [carboxyl-14C]trioleoylglycerol. [1-14C)octadecenyl alcohol, and [U-14C)glycerol, each of known specific activity. The reactions were monitored and the rate of interesterification determined by radio thin layer chromatography from the incorporation of radioactivity into acyl moieties of triacylglycerols (from methyl oleate, oleic acid, and trioleoylglycerol), alkyl moieties of wax esters (from octadecenyl alcohol), and into glycerol backbone of monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols (from glycerol).

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38

Heinrich, Daniel, Björn Andreessen, Mohamed H. Madkour, Mansour A. Al-Ghamdi, Ibrahim I. Shabbaj y Alexander Steinbüchel. "From Waste to Plastic: Synthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxypropionate) in Shimwellia blattae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, n.º 12 (29 de marzo de 2013): 3582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00161-13.

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ABSTRACTIn recent years, glycerol has become an attractive carbon source for microbial processes, as it accumulates massively as a by-product of biodiesel production, also resulting in a decline of its price. A potential use of glycerol in biotechnology is the synthesis of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [poly(3HP)], a biopolymer with promising properties which is not synthesized by any known wild-type organism. In this study, the genes for 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (dhaT) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldD) ofPseudomonas putidaKT2442, propionate-coenzyme A (propionate-CoA) transferase (pct) ofClostridium propionicumX2, and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase (phaC1) ofRalstonia eutrophaH16 were cloned and expressed in the 1,3-propanediol producerShimwellia blattae. In a two-step cultivation process, recombinantS. blattaecells accumulated up to 9.8% ± 0.4% (wt/wt [cell dry weight]) poly(3HP) with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, the engineered strain tolerated the application of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production, yielding a cell density of 4.05 g cell dry weight/liter in a 2-liter fed-batch fermentation process.

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39

Poladyan, A. A. "ETHANOL SUPPLEMENTATION AS A NEW APPROACH TO REGULATE GROWTH AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION OF $ \textit{ESCHERICHIA COLI} $ UPON GLYCEROL FERMENTATION". Proceedings of the YSU B: Chemical and Biological Sciences 54, n.º 2 (252) (17 de agosto de 2020): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/pysu:b/2020.54.2.138.

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Molecular hydrogen (H2) and ethanol are the main by-products of glycerol fermentation by Escherichia coli. In this study, the growth of E. coli BW25113 was investigated with the addition of small amounts (0.05 to 2 %) of ethanol alone and in a combination with glycerol The bacterial growth, the kinetic of the redox potential, and the H2 production in peptone medium, pH 7.5, were investigated upon various amounts of ethanol supplementation. In the presence of any amount of ethanol, but upon the absence of other sources of carbon, no H2 production was observed. Whereas ethanol (0.3 to 1 %) with a combination of glycerol stimulated both bacterial growth and H2 production, pH 7.5. A correlation was observed between the redox potential and stimulated by ethanol bacterial growth. The obtained results can be applied to regulate fermentation processes in biotechnology.

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Villanova, Valeria, Antonio Emidio Fortunato, Dipali Singh, Davide Dal Bo, Melissa Conte, Toshihiro Obata, Juliette Jouhet et al. "Investigating mixotrophic metabolism in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n.º 1728 (17 de julio de 2017): 20160404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0404.

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Diatoms are prominent marine microalgae, interesting not only from an ecological point of view, but also for their possible use in biotechnology applications. They can be cultivated in phototrophic conditions, using sunlight as the sole energy source. Some diatoms, however, can also grow in a mixotrophic mode, wherein both light and external reduced carbon contribute to biomass accumulation. In this study, we investigated the consequences of mixotrophy on the growth and metabolism of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum , using glycerol as the source of reduced carbon. Transcriptomics, metabolomics, metabolic modelling and physiological data combine to indicate that glycerol affects the central-carbon, carbon-storage and lipid metabolism of the diatom. In particular, provision of glycerol mimics typical responses of nitrogen limitation on lipid metabolism at the level of triacylglycerol accumulation and fatty acid composition. The presence of glycerol, despite provoking features reminiscent of nutrient limitation, neither diminishes photosynthetic activity nor cell growth, revealing essential aspects of the metabolic flexibility of these microalgae and suggesting possible biotechnological applications of mixotrophy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.

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Mooranian, Armin, Corina Mihaela Ionescu, Susbin Raj Wagle, Bozica Kovacevic, Daniel Walker, Melissa Jones, Jacqueline Chester et al. "Chenodeoxycholic Acid Pharmacology in Biotechnology and Transplantable Pharmaceutical Applications for Tissue Delivery: An Acute Preclinical Study". Cells 10, n.º 9 (16 de septiembre de 2021): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092437.

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Introduction. Primary bile acids (PBAs) are produced and released into human gut as a result of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. A predominant PBA is chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), which in a recent study in our laboratory, showed significant excipient-stabilizing effects on microcapsules carrying insulinoma β-cells, in vitro, resulting in improved cell functions and insulin release, in the hyperglycemic state. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the applications of CDCA in bio-encapsulation and transplantation of primary healthy viable islets, preclinically, in type 1 diabetes. Methods. Healthy islets were harvested from balb/c mice, encapsulated in CDCA microcapsules, and transplanted into the epididymal tissues of 6 syngeneic diabetic mice, post diabetes confirmation. Pre-transplantation, the microcapsules’ morphology, size, CDCA-deep layer distribution, and physical features such as swelling ratio and mechanical strength were analyzed. Post-transplantation, animals’ weight, bile acids’, and proinflammatory biomarkers’ concentrations were analyzed. The control group was diabetic mice that were transplanted encapsulated islets (without PBA). Results and Conclusion. Islet encapsulation by PBA microcapsules did not compromise the microcapsules’ morphology or features. Furthermore, the PBA-graft performed better in terms of glycemic control and resulted in modulation of the bile acid profile in the brain. This is suggestive that the improved glycemic control was mediated via brain-related effects. However, the improvement in graft insulin delivery and glycemic control was short-term.

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Medina, Víctor Guadalupe, Marinka J. H. Almering, Antonius J. A. van Maris y Jack T. Pronk. "Elimination of Glycerol Production in Anaerobic Cultures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Engineered To Use Acetic Acid as an Electron Acceptor". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, n.º 1 (13 de noviembre de 2009): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01772-09.

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ABSTRACT In anaerobic cultures of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glycerol production is essential to reoxidize NADH produced in biosynthetic processes. Consequently, glycerol is a major by-product during anaerobic production of ethanol by S. cerevisiae, the single largest fermentation process in industrial biotechnology. The present study investigates the possibility of completely eliminating glycerol production by engineering S. cerevisiae such that it can reoxidize NADH by the reduction of acetic acid to ethanol via NADH-dependent reactions. Acetic acid is available at significant amounts in lignocellulosic hydrolysates of agricultural residues. Consistent with earlier studies, deletion of the two genes encoding NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1 and GPD2) led to elimination of glycerol production and an inability to grow anaerobically. However, when the E. coli mhpF gene, encoding the acetylating NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.10; acetaldehyde + NAD+ + coenzyme A ↔ acetyl coenzyme A + NADH + H+), was expressed in the gpd1Δ gpd2Δ strain, anaerobic growth was restored by supplementation with 2.0 g liter−1 acetic acid. The stoichiometry of acetate consumption and growth was consistent with the complete replacement of glycerol formation by acetate reduction to ethanol as the mechanism for NADH reoxidation. This study provides a proof of principle for the potential of this metabolic engineering strategy to improve ethanol yields, eliminate glycerol production, and partially convert acetate, which is a well-known inhibitor of yeast performance in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, to ethanol. Further research should address the kinetic aspects of acetate reduction and the effect of the elimination of glycerol production on cellular robustness (e.g., osmotolerance).

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Janek, Tomasz, Eduardo J. Gudiña, Xymena Połomska, Piotr Biniarz, Dominika Jama, Lígia R. Rodrigues, Waldemar Rymowicz y Zbigniew Lazar. "Sustainable Surfactin Production by Bacillus subtilis Using Crude Glycerol from Different Wastes". Molecules 26, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2021): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123488.

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Most biosurfactants are obtained using costly culture media and purification processes, which limits their wider industrial use. Sustainability of their production processes can be achieved, in part, by using cheap substrates found among agricultural and food wastes or byproducts. In the present study, crude glycerol, a raw material obtained from several industrial processes, was evaluated as a potential low-cost carbon source to reduce the costs of surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis #309. The culture medium containing soap-derived waste glycerol led to the best surfactin production, reaching about 2.8 g/L. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing surfactin production by B. subtilis using stearin and soap wastes as carbon sources. A complete chemical characterization of surfactin analogs produced from the different waste glycerol samples was performed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the surfactin produced in the study exhibited good stability in a wide range of pH, salinity and temperatures, suggesting its potential for several applications in biotechnology.

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Sato, Shun, Naoki Morita, Dai Kitamoto, Toshiharu Yakushi, Kazunobu Matsushita y Hiroshi Habe. "Change in product selectivity during the production of glyceric acid from glycerol by Gluconobacter strains in the presence of methanol". AMB Express 3, n.º 1 (2013): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-3-20.

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Remize, F., L. Barnavon y S. Dequin. "Glycerol Export and Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, but Not Glycerol Phosphatase, Are Rate Limiting for Glycerol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Metabolic Engineering 3, n.º 4 (octubre de 2001): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mben.2001.0197.

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Sun, Shangde, Fei Qin, Yanlan Bi, Jingnan Chen, Guolong Yang y Wei Liu. "Enhanced transesterification of ethyl ferulate with glycerol for preparing glyceryl diferulate using a lipase in ionic liquids as reaction medium". Biotechnology Letters 35, n.º 9 (21 de mayo de 2013): 1449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1222-6.

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Heistinger, Lina, Brigitte Gasser y Diethard Mattanovich. "Microbe Profile: Komagataella phaffii: a methanol devouring biotech yeast formerly known as Pichia pastoris". Microbiology 166, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2020): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000958.

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Methylotrophic yeasts of the genus Komagataella are abundantly found in tree exudates. Their ability to utilize methanol as carbon and energy source relies on an assimilation pathway localized in largely expanded peroxisomes, and a cytosolic methanol dissimilation pathway. Other substrates like glucose or glycerol are readily utilized as well. Komagataella yeasts usually grow as haploid cells and are secondary homothallic as they can switch mating type. Upon mating diploid cells sporulate readily, forming asci with four haploid spores. Their ability to secrete high amounts of heterologous proteins made them interesting for biotechnology, which expands today also to other products of primary and secondary metabolism.

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Zheng, Yu, Li Zhao, Jianguo Zhang, Haiyi Zhang, Xingyuan Ma y Dongzhi Wei. "Production of glycerol from glucose by coexpressing glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphatase in Klebsiella pneumoniae". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 105, n.º 5 (mayo de 2008): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.105.508.

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Rittmann, Doris, Steffen N. Lindner y Volker F. Wendisch. "Engineering of a Glycerol Utilization Pathway for Amino Acid Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, n.º 20 (29 de agosto de 2008): 6216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00963-08.

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ABSTRACT The amino acid-producing organism Corynebacterium glutamicum cannot utilize glycerol, a stoichiometric by-product of biodiesel production. By heterologous expression of Escherichia coli glycerol utilization genes, C. glutamicum was engineered to grow on glycerol. While expression of the E. coli genes for glycerol kinase (glpK) and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpD) was sufficient for growth on glycerol as the sole carbon and energy source, additional expression of the aquaglyceroporin gene glpF from E. coli increased growth rate and biomass formation. Glutamate production from glycerol was enabled by plasmid-borne expression of E. coli glpF, glpK, and glpD in C. glutamicum wild type. In addition, a lysine-producing C. glutamicum strain expressing E. coli glpF, glpK, and glpD was able to produce lysine from glycerol as the sole carbon substrate as well as from glycerol-glucose mixtures.

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Wang, Zhengxiang, Jian Zhuge, Huiying Fang y Bernard A. Prior. "Glycerol production by microbial fermentation". Biotechnology Advances 19, n.º 3 (junio de 2001): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-9750(01)00060-x.

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