Literatura académica sobre el tema "Gongyi Shi (China)"

Since 1999, falun gong has been one of the most burning and sensitive political and religious issues in China, brought to the attention of the public around the world by demonstrations and media reports. Until Maria Hsia Chang's book, Falun Gong: The End of Days, was released this spring, no balanced book-length account of the facts surrounding falun gong was available. Chang's book provides the general public with an informative summary of the development of falun gong, its basic beliefs, the history of its repression by the Chinese state, and its connection with millenarian and sectarian traditions in Chinese religious history. However, the journalistic style and sources of the book underline the need for a thorough academic study of the phenomenon.Chapter one, “A religious sect defies the state,” outlines the story of falun gong from its foundation in 1992 to its continued repression today following the Zhongnanhai demonstration of 1999. In chapter two, “Chinese religions and millenarian movements,” Chang summarizes the history of Chinese religions, secret societies, and millennial and apocalyptic movements, including the Eight Trigram, Taiping and Boxer rebellions, and argues that the Chinese Communists tapped into China's millenarian tradition in order to gain power. She then stresses that falun gong, contrary to its claims that it is not a religion, draws heavily from Chinese religion, and particularly its millennial and apocalyptic strands. Falun gong teachings are described in chapter three, “Beliefs and practices,” in which falun gong's cosmology, theology and eschatology are outlined with ample reference to the writings of Li Hongzhi. The next chapter, “The state vs. falun gong,” goes through the Chinese state's charges against falun gong. Chapter five, “The persecution of other faiths,” begins with a critique of the “rule of law” purportedly called on by the CCP to deal with falun gong, and argues that the accusations made against falun gong could just as well be made against the CCP itself. It then discusses the vast social dislocations in contemporary China that create a fertile soil for the emergence of apocalyptic movements such as falun gong, and describes how the persecution of falun gong is part of a larger policy to eradicate underground religious groups, several of which are presented. Finally, Chang concludes that, in the face of widespread social dissatisfaction, the fear of millenarian uprisings is the main motivation for the CCP's fierce suppression of falun gong – but its intolerance of “heterodox” faiths only reinforces their politicization into oppositional movements, increasing the likelihood of the CCP “reaping the fate” it so dreads.

Liu, Kit Ying.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-138).
Abstracts in English and Chinese; some text in Chinese.
Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Background of Ningbo --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Trading and Development --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.2 --- "Characters as ""semi-treaty port""" --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Shifting Idea of Public of Ningbo --- p.9
Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Study of physical public space in Chinese cities --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ningbo --- p.13
Chapter 1.5 --- Framework of the study --- p.21
Chapter 2 --- The Idea of Gong --- p.23
Chapter 2.1 --- The idea of gong and collective identity --- p.24
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Social structure of Chinese society --- p.25
Chapter 2.2 --- The Case of Ling Bridge --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Patronage and management --- p.30
Chapter 2.3 --- The idea of gong in Ningbo --- p.33
Chapter 3 --- Perception of City --- p.37
Chapter 3.1 --- Imperial City --- p.38
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Social structure --- p.38
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Environment integrity and landmarks --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- City in 1910s-20s --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Communal Associations --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Municipal Concept- public health --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Municipal Concept- Infrastructure construction --- p.54
Chapter 3.3 --- The KMT city --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Practical city --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Ideology of good city form --- p.71
Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.81
Chapter 4 --- Physical Space --- p.84
Chapter 4.1 --- City Layout --- p.85
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Imperial city --- p.85
Chapter 4.1.2 --- After 1910s --- p.93
Chapter 4.2 --- Public buildings and constructions --- p.98
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Gongshu in Qing --- p.99
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Public constructions in KMT period --- p.101
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Communal temples and communal associations --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Charities and communal services --- p.107
Chapter 4.3 --- Regulated Street and Neighborhood --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Ceremonies and festivals --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Street as public facilities --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Changing neighborhood --- p.126
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.126
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.128
Bibliography --- p.131

鄭會欣.
本論文於1997年10月呈交.
論文(博士)--香港中文大學歷史學部, 1998.
參考文獻: p. 174-184.
中英文摘要.
Ben lun wen yu 1997 nian 10 yue cheng jiao.
Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Zheng Huixin.
Lun wen (Bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue li shi xue bu, 1998.
Can kao wen xian: p. 174-184.
Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

本文主要考察社会主义中国的文化政策经历了怎样的发展变化，并试图回答自1949年以来中国共产党是如何介入与领导当代中国的文化，其文化治理的理论与实践又是如何发展与转变，对文化领域又产生了怎样的影响。
与只对政策文件进行解读的传统政策研究不同，本研究采用文化的政治经济学和文化社会学取经，结合宏观与微观、观念与实践两个层面，对上述问题进行考察与分析，从而梳理出中国文化政策发展变化的历史脉络。除了对中共制订的政策文件及主要思想理论进行梳理与分析外，本文选取了代表中国社会主义国家特色的上海市工人文化宮及其话剧生产为个案研究对象，通过文献研究、实地考察、深度访谈、历史比较分析等方法，具体深入地考察文化主体与文化政策之间的关系，尤其是在后毛泽东时代的发展变化，以此勾勒出社会主义中国文化政策从思维到实践的运动轨迹。
本文希望通过这一研究可以在以下三个方面有所贡献：（1）梳理出一种社会主义中国的文化政策的历史脉络；（2）试图通过个体深访和个体口述史，来考察社会主义中国文化政策与个体的关系，从而在微观上提供关于社会主义中国文化政策的重要实证数据。并且，（3）在中观和宏观的层面上建议一种关于社会主义中国文化政策研究的理论框架，作为今后这一研究课题发展的一个基础；（4）通过比较中国与西方发达资本主义国家之间文化政策发展与运动趋势的异同，反思中国文化政策的转型，从而为推进中国文化政策的发展与进步建言。最后，希望本论文可以对社会主义国家或发展中国家的文化政策研究提供中国经验的参考与启发。需要强调的是，本文并非急于给社会主义中国文化政策的历史变迁下定论，限于历史资料收集的有限性和文化政策历时研究的复杂性，本文主要是通过现有的史料和相关数据，来做一项关于社会主义中国文化政策领域的开拓性的基础研究，也是为日后中国文化政策研究的发展做一种铺垫。
The thesis project attempts to answer the questions about how the Chinese Communist Party governs the cultural domain in Contemporary China, and how the cultural governance develops and influences cultural production in China since 1949.
This research tries systematically explores the development of the cultural policy of Socialist China by focusing on Shanghai Municipal Workers Palace of Culture and its cultural production, which is an understudied topic in Chinese Studies. Through investigating the CCP’s theories, thoughts and policies in cultural sphere, the ways and rules of producing literature and art, it will systematically analyze the relationship of the Chinese party-state and culture in different historical periods, and illustrate the development of the CCP’s cultural policy from theory to practice.
The study mainly adopts Cultural Political Economy and Sociology of Culture approaches. Different from traditional cultural policy studies, it is a historical and comparative empirical inquiry with an integrated macro and micro perspective. The study introduces qualitative methods including archive analysis, field study, in-depth interview, oral history, participant observation, and historical comparative analysis and etc, to answer the research questions and support the thesis arguments.
The purpose of the thesis is (1) to map the historical path of cultural policy in the People’s Republic of China; (2) to provide empirical data of Socialist China’ cultural policy from micro perspective through subject’s in-depth interview and oral history; and (3) to suggest a theoretical framework for Chinese cultural policy studies at a meso- and macro-level; and (4) to bring critical reflection on the transition of cultural policy in today’s China, through comparing it with the shift and trend of the Western. Furthermore, the line of research also aims provide the Chinese model as a reference for cultural policy studies on socialist states or developing countries. To be noted, our goal is not to draw a hasty conclusion about the transformation of cultural policy in PRC or to predict its future directions. Instead, our humble task is, to do an exploratory study through the Shanghai case study and based on the limited materials that we collect, and, to pave the way for the future development of Chinese Cultural Policy Stuies.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
胡霽荣.
"2013年3月".
"2013 nian 3 yue".
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 348-359).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in Chinese and English.
Hu Jirong.
导言 --- p.1
Chapter 一、 --- 选题由来 --- p.1
Chapter 二、 --- 研究视角与分析框架 --- p.7
Chapter 1、 --- 文化政策研究 --- p.7
Chapter 2、 --- 本文的研究视角：政治经济学与文化社会学 --- p.11
Chapter 三、 --- 研究方法 --- p.12
Chapter 1、 --- 分析框架 --- p.12
Chapter 2、 --- 研究方法 --- p.13
Chapter 四、 --- 研究目的 --- p.22
Chapter 五、 --- 行文结构 --- p.23
Chapter 第一章 --- 工人阶级的政治影响与社会主义中国文化政策的关系 --- p.25
Chapter 一、 --- 工人阶级与中国共产党的关系 --- p.25
Chapter 二、 --- 中共的革命斗争与工人运动 --- p.27
Chapter 三、 --- 中共的文化政策理论与社会主义中国文化政策的形成 --- p.30
Chapter 1、 --- 中共文化治理思想的理论基础与本土化发展 --- p.31
Chapter 2、 --- 中共文艺意识形态的原则与标准 --- p.33
Chapter 3、 --- 共产党的文化领导权与新中国文化格局的确立 --- p.35
Chapter 小结 --- p.39
Chapter 第一部分 --- 上海市工人文化宮：文化组织的历史与转型 --- p.41
Chapter 第一章 --- 毛时代的工人文化宮 --- p.41
Chapter 一、 --- 工人文化宮的建立 --- p.41
Chapter 1、 --- 工会立法及政策文件出台 --- p.43
Chapter 2、 --- 行政管理结构与制度设计 --- p.49
Chapter 3、 --- 经济结构与经费资产管理 --- p.51
Chapter 4、 --- 服务对象与主体 --- p.53
Chapter 二、 --- 工人文化宮的定位与功能 --- p.55
Chapter 1、 --- 文化启蒙 --- p.56
Chapter 2、 --- 提供文化体育休闲服务 --- p.59
Chapter 3、 --- 组织业余文艺活动与培养工人文艺人才 --- p.60
Chapter 4、 --- 文化交流与对外展示 --- p.64
Chapter 5、 --- 毛时代工人文化宮功能的变动 --- p.65
Chapter 三、 --- 工人文化宮与城市空间生产 --- p.69
Chapter 1、 --- 上海市工人文化宮的建宮史 --- p.70
Chapter 2、 --- 毛时代上海市宮的集体记忆 --- p.75
Chapter 小结 --- p.83
Chapter 第二章 --- 市场经济条件下的工人文化宮 --- p.84
Chapter 一、 --- 体制基础与政策环境的变化 --- p.85
Chapter 1、 --- 国家文化政策的市场化导向 --- p.86
Chapter 2、 --- 工会对工人文化宮的政策导向 --- p.87
Chapter 二、 --- 工人文化宮的市场化转型 --- p.89
Chapter 1、 --- 经济结构转型与经费来源的改变 --- p.89
Chapter 2、 --- 权力结构的变化与企业化自主发展 --- p.92
Chapter 三、 --- 工人文化宮空间的异化与工人主体的消逝 --- p.98
Chapter 1、 --- 被掏空和异化的工人文化宮 --- p.98
Chapter 2、 --- 工人文化宮社会认同感的消逝 --- p.102
Chapter 3、 --- 被遗忘和被取代的工人文化宮 --- p.104
Chapter 四、 --- 文化宮的职能失范与主要原因 --- p.106
Chapter 1、 --- 经济独立、收租为生与重商主义 --- p.107
Chapter 2、 --- 权力结构松散、体制资源匮乏与政治地位下降 --- p.110
Chapter 3、 --- 精英主义、形式主义与公益性丧失 --- p.115
Chapter 4、 --- 法律约束力薄弱、社会监管缺乏与滥用职权 --- p.122
Chapter 本部分小结 --- p.126
Chapter 第二部分 --- “工人文艺生产的沿革与嬗变：以上海市工人文化宮的话剧生产为例 --- p.128
Chapter 第一章 --- 毛时代的“工人文艺生产 --- p.130
Chapter 一、 --- “工人文艺生产的文化政策与文化体制保障 --- p.131
Chapter 1、 --- “工人文艺的政策要求与发展 --- p.131
Chapter 2、 --- “工人文艺生产的文化制度保障 --- p.135
Chapter 二、 --- “工人文艺的生产逻辑与文化景观：以1958年至1960年上海工人话剧运动为例 --- p.138
Chapter 1、 --- 由上而下的意识形态动员机制 --- p.138
Chapter 2、 --- “工人文艺的生产机制与方法 --- p.141
Chapter 3、 --- 作为意识形态审查机制的“工人文艺 --- p.146
Chapter 4、 --- “工人文艺生产中的矛盾与问题 --- p.149
Chapter 三、 --- 上海工人文艺经验的自述 --- p.154
Chapter 小结 --- p.163
Chapter 第二章 --- 国家文艺政策转折与上海市宮话剧生产的新开端 --- p.166
Chapter 一、 --- 话剧《于无声处》与国家转折 --- p.167
Chapter 二、 --- 《于无声处》的成功与后毛时代上海市宮话剧生产的关系 --- p.177
Chapter 第三章 --- 走向八十年代：政策变动中“工人话剧的变 --- p.180
Chapter 一、 --- 两种文艺治理观的冲突与阶级话语被取消 --- p.181
Chapter 二、 --- 由计划到市场过渡时期的“工人话剧生产 --- p.188
Chapter 1、 --- 文艺生产机制的通变与守循 --- p.189
Chapter 2、 --- 文艺意识形态的分歧与裂痕 --- p.197
Chapter 小结 --- p.201
Chapter 第四章 --- 文化宮转型以来的“工人话剧生产 --- p.202
Chapter 一、 --- 新的文艺政策环境 --- p.203
Chapter 1、 --- 国家文艺政策的新目标 --- p.204
Chapter 2、 --- 国家文艺资助方式的转变 --- p.205
Chapter 3、 --- 国家对主流价值观的维护与诱导机制 --- p.207
Chapter 二、 --- 市场经济条件下“工人话剧生产的转型与边缘化 --- p.210
Chapter 1、 --- 市宮话剧生产的新定位 --- p.210
Chapter 2、 --- “工人话剧生产方式的变革 --- p.212
Chapter 3、 --- 创作主体的转型与文化精神被颠覆 --- p.220
Chapter 本部分小结 --- p.223
Chapter 第三部分 --- 转型后的问题：工人文化宮如何走向公共文化? --- p.226
Chapter 第一章 --- 新的政策要求与工人文化宮发展的新方向 --- p.226
Chapter 一、 --- 走向“公益性文化事业：工人文化宮发展的新政策要求 --- p.227
Chapter 二、 --- 上海市工人文化宮的新变化与新目标 --- p.229
Chapter 1、 --- “职工艺术博览汇展馆的新建 --- p.229
Chapter 2、 --- 上海市宮未来的初步规划与憧憬 --- p.231
Chapter 3、 --- 对“职工艺术博览汇的实地考察：以“黄浦区职工书画 --- p.234
Chapter 第二章 --- 重新思考工人文化宮：走向以工人为主体的公共参与 --- p.247
Chapter 一、 --- 工人文化宮应该去向何方？ --- p.248
Chapter 二、 --- 今后工人文化宮的构建主体是谁？ --- p.250
Chapter 讨论与总结 --- p.259
Chapter 一、 --- 研究发现 --- p.259
Chapter 二、 --- 社会主义中国文化政策发展的历史脉络与思维逻辑 --- p.266
Chapter 三、 --- 解读社会主义中国文化政策的发展与转型 --- p.282
Chapter 四、 --- 走向“文化政策生产的研究 --- p.286
Chapter 附录1： --- “工人剧作家的个人口述史 --- p.289
Chapter 一、 --- 宗福先 --- p.290
Chapter 二、 --- 贾鸿源 --- p.316
Chapter 三、 --- 曲信先 --- p.336
Chapter 附录2： --- 上海市工人文化宮历届和现任主任名单 --- p.347
Chapter 图示1： --- 毛时代工人文化宮的工人阶级文化与空间生产 --- p.260
Chapter 图示2： --- 市场经济至现阶段工人文化宮的文化与空间生产 --- p.262
Chapter 图示3： --- 今后文化宮的文化与空间生产有可能的发展趋势 --- p.264
Chapter 图1： --- 社会主义中国文化政策的场域与思维逻辑 --- p.267
Chapter 图2： --- 社会主义中国成立之前的中共文化政策理念 --- p.269
Chapter 图3： --- 计划经济时期中国文化政策的思维逻辑 --- p.271
Chapter 图4： --- 市场经济时期（至现阶段）中国文化政策的思维逻辑 --- p.276
Chapter 图5： --- 市场经济条件下中国文化政策潜在与可能的发展趋势 --- p.278
参考文献 --- p.348

Chan, Yuen Lai.
Thesis submitted in: December 2007.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133).
Abstracts in English and Chinese ; some text in appendix also in Chinese.
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- PAINTER'S EXPERIENCE IN LANDSCAPE --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Bodily experience and body metaphor of place from western philosophy --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.2 --- "Jing, Guo Xi 226}0ةs three distances, and body as mountain and water" --- p.5
Chapter 1.2 --- QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH MATERIALS --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Forms, words and images" --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Research materials --- p.11
Chapter 1.4 --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.11
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Study of gardens from paintings --- p.11
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Research methodology --- p.14
Chapter 1.5 --- OUTLINE OF THESIS --- p.14
Chapter 2 --- LANDSCAPED GARDEN FROM LANDSCAPE PAINTING --- p.17
Chapter 2.1 --- WAYS OF LANDSCAPE DEPICTION --- p.17
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Early landscape depictions --- p.17
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cultivated garden in natural landscape from Six Dynasties --- p.18
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Monumental landscape in Northern Song --- p.19
Chapter 2.2 --- EARLY QING NANJING --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Geographical settings: Mountain, water and city" --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Garden culture --- p.21
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Artistic milieu --- p.23
Chapter 2.3 --- CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.26
Chapter 3 --- GONG XIAN: HALF-ACRE GARDEN ON THE MOUNTAIN OF PURE COOLNESS --- p.32
Chapter 3.1 --- GONG XIAN THE LITERATI PAINTER --- p.32
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Major Iiteratures on Gong Xian --- p.32
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Gong Xian as an 'individualist' painter --- p.34
Chapter 3.2 --- HALF-ACRE GARDEN ON MOUNTAIN OF PURE COOLNESS --- p.38
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Mountain of Pure Coolness as a historical site --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Half-acre garden set within Mountain of Pare Coolness --- p.41
Chapter 3.2.3 --- A glimpse through half-acre garden --- p.43
Chapter 3.3 --- PERMEABLE GARDEN SPACE --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Ambiguous boundary --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Everyday social encounters --- p.49
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Narrated landscape of the past --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Imaginary landscape of the mind --- p.53
Chapter 3.4 --- CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.54
Chapter 4 --- YUAN JIANG: ZHAN YUAN [OUTLOOK GARDEN] --- p.60
Chapter 4.1 --- YUAN JIANG THE PROFESSIONAL PAINTER --- p.60
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Major literatures on Yuan Jiang --- p.61
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Yuan Jiang as a jiehua painter --- p.62
Chapter 4.2 --- ZHAN YUAN --- p.67
Chapter 4.2.1 --- The evolutionary fame and popularity of the garden and its designations --- p.68
Chapter 4.2.2 --- West Garden of Prince Zhongshan in early Ming --- p.68
Chapter 4.2.3 --- West Nursery of Weigong in Ming Wanli reign --- p.69
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Zhan Yuan during Qing --- p.70
Chapter 4.3 --- TRANSFIGURED GARDEN --- p.77
Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Survey on the garden 226}0ةs sceneries, and courtly and paradisiac symbols" --- p.77
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Garden portraiture as courtly and paradisiac landscape --- p.80
Chapter 4.4 --- CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.82
Chapter 5 --- SUMMARY AND POSSIBILITIES: PAINTER'S PERCEPTION OF GARDEN SPACES --- p.90
Chapter 5.1 --- JING OF AN EXPERIENCED GARDEN --- p.90
Chapter 5.2 --- TWO GARDEN READINGS FROM TWO ART TRADITIONS --- p.90
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Garden boundary and conception --- p.90
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Archetypal garden readings --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Themes of the memorable and the historical past --- p.92
Chapter 5.3 --- INSIGHTS AND POSSIBILITIES --- p.92
Append --- p.ix
Bibliography

本文主要針對清代杭州城一棟性質在天后宮與天主堂之間多次轉化的宗教建築，探討其對清代杭州城社會生活與公共空間的影響。
除緒論、結論外，全文共包括四章。緒論介紹論文結構，並簡單梳理近來中國城市史研究的進展和相關議題。另外，在緒論中特別提到了韓書瑞（SusanNaquin）關於廟宇與明清北京城市歷史與生活的專著。此書透過宗教建築的變遷和作為城市公共場所的功能來看其對城市歷史的反映以及對城市生活的影響，對本文的研究視角和取徑產生了重要的指導作用。
第一章介紹清代杭州城內政治、經濟與宗教文化等不同區位的形成以及城市管理概況，以說明數座天后宮在杭州城內原本坐落的不同位置以及其後的主要變化。第二章以明末清初到雍正八年之間天主教在杭州的發展歷史為線索，介紹杭州天主堂的建立以及之後因為禁教而改做武林門天后宮的背景，藉以分梳政府宗教政策以及地方宗教管理實務之間的複雜互動。第三章探究武林門天后宮在雍正八年以後的發展，並特別著重討論官員、文人與紳商家族的各種互動關係。第四章討論由鴉片戰爭到太平天國軍隊撤離杭州的道光、咸豐、同治期間，武林門天后宮如何又在戰爭與外交局勢變動過程中而再回天后宮改為天主堂的歷史。結論強調：基於宗教建築不斷變化其性質、功能、以及在城市公共生活中扮演的不同角色，人們可以從中了解國家的對內與對外政策以及地方行政管理如何實際影響著城市的面貌，而變化的城市面貌，又將影響城市的歷史與公共生活。
This thesis examines the urban history of Qing dynasty Hangzhou by closely analyzing the religious architecture of one Tianhou temple and one Catholic Church. This examination summarizes the evolution of these features and offers some thoughts on the influence that those changes made to social life and public spaces in Hangzhou.
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this thesis consists of four chapters. The introduction briefly reviews works Chinese urban history by scholars from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China and abroad. It then surveys the types of historical material used in the project. In particular, it reviews the contributions in Susan Naquin’s work on Beijing’stemples in Ming and Qing China as a major source of inspiration for the perspective taken in this work, as it draws upon Naquin’s perspective on religious architecture as a part of a city’s public space in order to combine an analysis on social life and urban history.
The first chapter discusses the history of Hangzhou’s administration and its political, economic, cultural and religious development in the Qing Dynasty. It then outlines the history of the locations and major changes to the Tianhou temples dedicated to the goddess Mazu throughout the city.
The second chapter begins at the end of Ming Dynasty and ends in 1730. Over this period of time, Catholicism became more popular in Hangzhou, and people built a glamorous Catholic church in the city. In 1730, provincial governor Liwei turned Hangzhou Catholic Church into the Wulin Men (the Gate of Wulin) Tianhou temple because of the Yongzheng Emperor’s prohibition of Catholicism. The case study in this chapter allows the author an opportunity to discuss the complicated interaction between governmental religious policy and local administration.
Chapter three concerns the development of Wulin Men Tianhou temple in the following century. This chapter pays special attention to the interaction of local government officials, literati, and gentry-merchant families.
Chapter four covers wars and changing diplomatic situations happened from the Opium War to the early years of the Tongzhi Reign. This chapter relates the lifting of the taboo on Catholicism in the late Qing and the transformation of the Wulin Men Tianhou temple back into a church.
The conclusion emphasizes: From the changing nature of religious buildings, as well as attention to its shifting functions and roles in urban life, one may understand something about how the internal and external policies of the government combined in local administration and development. This perspective can change our perspective on our city, which will in turn influence its history and public life.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
楊歌.
Parallel title from English abstract.
Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-158).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Yang Ge.

(−)-α-Kainic acid 3 is widely used in neuropharmacological studies. En route to 3, Takashi Ohshima of Kyushu University found (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 3937) that the intramolecular ene cyclization of 1 delivered 2 with high diastereocontrol. Karl A. Scheidt of Northwestern University set (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6900) the absolute configuration of 5 and so of serpentine 6 by the organocatalyzed cyclization of 4. This is the first total synthesis of that alkaloid. Yanxing Jia of Peking University prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6255) the benzofuran 8 by the Pd-mediated cyclization of the alkyne 7. An organo­catalyzed intermolecular Michael addition set the absolute configuration of (−)-galanthamine 9. Liu-Zhu Gong of the University of Science and Technology of China assem­bled (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 8389) (+)-trigolutes B 13 by the organocatalyzed addition of 10 to 11 to give 12. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University employed (Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 349) a similar strategy in a synthesis of (−)-perophoramidine (not illustrated). Satoshi Yokoshima and Tohru Fukuyama of Nagoya University showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7367) that on deprotection, 14 was converted to an eight-membered cyclic nitrone, that further cyclized to 15. This set the stage for the synthesis of sarain A 16. Patrick G. Harran of UCLA has extensively studied the complex alkaloid (−)-diazonamide A (not illustrated). Structural simplification and optimization of antimitotic activity led to the macrolactam DZ-2384 18. It is exciting that 18 could be prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4818) on a multigram scale by selective electrochemical oxidation of the much simpler precursor 17.

Developments in organocatalysis have turned toward the enantioselective construction of lactones. Shi-Wei Luo and Liu-Zhu Gong of the University of Science and Technology of China have found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 71, 9905) that catalyzed addition of acetone to an α-hydroxy acid 1 proceeded with high ee. Esterification of the addition product followed by reduction and acid work-up delivered the lactone 4 with high dr and ee. In a complementary approach, Jean-Marc Vincent and Yannick Landais of the University Bourdeaux-1 showed (Chem. Commun. 2007, 4782) that catalyzed condensation of an aldehyde with an α-hydroxy acid 5 delivered the tetronic acid 8 in high ee. It may be that 8 could also be reduced with useful selectivity. Cong-Gui Zhao of the University of Texas, San Antonio has devised conditions (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 2745) for the condensation of the keto phosphonates such as 10 with aldehydes to give, after oxidation, the δ-lactone 12. Carbohydrates such as glucose 13 are inexpensive, molecularly-complex starting materials. Subhash Chandra Taneja of the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, has found conditions (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 8965) for the single-step I2 -catalyzed transformation of 13 to 14, in which each of the alcohols have been differentiated. In a complementary approach described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6389) by Tushar Kanti Chakraborty of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Ti-mediated reduction of 15 was shown to be highly diastereoselective, setting the two new stereogenic centers (marked by*) in 16. Building on work by Mead, Daniel Romo of Texas A&M has shown (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 9053) that reductive cyclization of 18 also proceeded with high diastereocontrol, to give 19. As illustrated by the conversion of 20 to 21 reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7351) by Zsuzsa Juhász and László Somsák of the University of Debrecen, six-membered ring cyclic ethers can also be formed from carbohydrate precursors. Richard E. Taylor of the University of Notre Dame has taken advantage (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6874) of the “chemical chameleon” nature of a sulfone, using it both the stablilize the anion for intramolecular alkylation, to form 23, and as a leaving group, leading to 24.