Tesis sobre el tema "Gravimetrisk metod"

Fukt i byggnader är vanligt och kan leda till skador. Fukten kan ge upphov till mögel och röta, vilket inte är bra för människors hälsa. Fukten kan också påverka olika egenskaper hos byggnadsmaterialen såsom hållfasthet, värmeisoleringsförmåga och ge dimensionsförändringar. Eftersom höga fukthalter kan ha en stor påverkan på materialen är det viktigt att upptäcka och fastställa problemet i ett tidigt skede. Syfte och mål med den här rapporten är att se om det finns ett samband mellan radarsignaler och fukthalt och avgöra om radarteknik är en användbar metod för att mäta fukthalt i ett byggnadselement. I det här arbetet har litteraturstudier, mätningar och analyser gjorts. Materialet som använts är lättbetong som byggts upp till fyra väggar i två olika tjocklekar, två stora och två små väggar. De stora testväggarna användes för radarmätningar och de små som provväggar till den gravimetriska metoden. Väggarna byggdes upp i ett tält där relativa luftfuktigheten (RF) och temperatur kunde styras. I början av experimentet var RF i tältet inställt på 98-99 % och temperaturen på 22 °C som därefter reglerats för att torka ut väggarna. Mätningar har utförts med radar och den gravimetriska metoden parallellt, där den sistnämnda gjorts genom att väga provväggarnas lättbetongblock vid samma tillfällen som radarmätningarna. Provväggarnas lättbetongblock torkades därefter i torkningsugn i 105 °C för att fastställa dess torrdensitet. Insamlade data från radarmätningarna har bearbetats av Radarbolagets personal. Resultaten för de olika metoderna har därefter analyserats och jämförts för att se om det finns ett samband. Resultaten från studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan fukthalt och signalerna från radarmätningarna. Fukthalten kan bestämmas på en lättbetongvägg med en felmarginal på ± 4 kgH20/m3 material, vilket motsvarar cirka 4 %. Det går att få ett bra resultat med radarmätning, metoden är däremot komplicerad men det kan finnas värde för fortsatta studier på flerskiktade konstruktioner för att avgöra om tekniken kan vara användbar för befintliga byggnadskonstruktioner.
Moisture in buildings is common and can lead to damage. The moisture can cause moldand rot, which is not good for human health. The moisture can also affect different properties of the building materials such as strength, thermal insulation and dimensional changes. Because high moisture levels can have a major impact on the materials, it is important to detect and fix the problem at an early stage. The purpose and aim of this report is to see if there is a correlation between radar and moisture content and determine whether radar technology is a useful method of measuring moisture contentin a building element. In this work, literature studies, measurements and analyzes have been made. The material used is lightweight concrete that is built up to four walls in two different thicknesses, two large and two small walls. The large test-walls were used for radar measurements and the small ones as sample-walls for the gravimetric method. The walls were built in a tent where relative humidity (RF) and temperature could be controlled. At the beginning of the experiment, the RF in the tent was set to 98-99 % and the temperature of 22 °C, which was then regulated to dry out the walls. Measurements have been made with radar and the gravimetric method in parallel, where the latter was made by weighing the sample-walls light concrete blocks at the same time as the radar measurements. The blocks of the sample walls were then dried in an oven at 105 °C to determine drydensity. The collected data from the radar measurements have been processed by the Radarbolaget’s personnel. The results for the different methods have then been analyzed and compared to see if there is a relationship. The results from the study show that there is a connection between moisture content and the signals from the radar measurements. The moisture content can be determined on a light concrete wall with a margin of error of ± 4 kgH20/m3material, which corresponds to about 4 %. It is possible to get a good result with radar measurement. However, the method is complicated, but there may be value for further studies on multilayered structures to determine whether the technology can be useful for existing building constructions.

A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida conforme a norma 103 do Programa de Pós Graduação em Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que prevê a submissão da dissertação de mestrado em forma de artigo, antecedido de estado da arte do tema proposto. Na região sudeste da Bacia do Paraná estão localizados depósitos de carvão economicamente importantes nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Esses depósitos são frequentemente muito alterados por intrusões vulcânicas. O objetivo principal desse estudo é mapear essas intrusões ígneas que afetam o nível de alteração térmica do carvão (rank) da Jazida carbonífera Morungava-Chico Lomã no RS. A Jazida Morungava-Chico Lomã foi descoberta no século passado e nunca foi minerada. É caracterizada por rochas orgânicas do Permiano, carvão e folhelho betuminoso, na porção sul da Bacia do Paraná. A aquisição gravimétrica foi realizada na área do depósito Morungava e na área do depósito Chico-Lomã. Para ambas a escolha dos locais de aquisição foi baseada em furos de sondagem anteriormente realizados. Com os dados dos furos de sondagem foram elaborados seguintes mapas temáticos: profundidade da primeira ocorrência de carvão; espessura cumulativa do carvão; profundidade da primeira ocorrência de diabásio; espessura cumulativa do diabásio; espessura cumulativa do diabásio na Formação Irati e espessura cumulativa do diabásio na Formação Rio Bonito. Na elaboração do artigo submetido foi realizada a sobreposição das isolinhas das espessuras cumulativa do carvão e do diabásio nos mapas de anomalia Bouguer filtrados. Essas sobreposições apresentaram correlações e auxiliaram na interpretação dos dados gravimétricos. A orientação preferencial predominante das anomalias foi NE-SW e uma orientação subsidiária de direção NW-SE, o que sugeriu um controle estrutural sobre a ocorrência de diques e/ou soleiras, sob os altos gravimétricos. Em Chico Lomã a ocorrência de uma extensa anomalia Bouguer positiva formando um trend de orientação NE-SW foi correlacionada a unidades geológicas da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul: altos gravimétricos caracterizaram a Barreira I e baixos gravimétricos, os Sistemas Lagunares I e II. O método gravimétrico se mostrou eficaz para a caracterização da jazida por meio da correlação de anomalias gravimétricas positivas com as ocorrências de diabásio.
The present dissertation was developed according to standard 103 of the Graduate Program in Geosciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, which provides for the submission of the dissertation in the form of article, predates by state of the art proposed theme. In the southeastern region of the Paraná Basin are located economically important coal deposits in the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. These deposits are often much altered by volcanic intrusions. The objective of this study is to map the igneous intrusions affecting the thermal change of level of coal (rank) of the coal deposit Morungava-Chico Lomã in RS. The coal deposit Morungava-Chico Lomã was discovered in the last century and has never been mining. It is characterized by organic rocks of the Permian, coal and bituminous shale, in the southern portion of the Paraná Basin. The gravimetric acquisition was carried in área of the deposit Morungava and in the area of the deposit Chico-Lomã. For both areas the choice of acquisition locations was based on previously conducted drilling holes. With data from the holes drilling were prepared these thematic maps: depth of the first occurrence of coal; cumulative thickness of coal; depth of the first occurrence of diabase; cumulative thickness of diabase; cumulative thickness of diabase in Irati Formation and cumulative thickness of the diabase in Rio Bonito Formation. In the elaboration of article submitted the overriding of the isolines of cumulative thickness of coal and diabase in the filtered Bouguer anomaly maps was performed. These overrides presented correlations and assisted in the interpretation of gravity data. The predominant preferential orientation of the anomalies was NE-SW and a subsidiary orientation NW-SE direction, suggesting a structural control on the occurrence of dikes and/or sills, on gravimetric high. In Chico Lomã the occurrence of an extensive positive Bouguer anomaly forming a trend of NE-SW orientation was correlated with geological units of Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain: gravimetric characterized the high Barrier I and low gravimetric, Systems Lagunar I and II. The gravimetric method proved efficient for the characterization of the deposit through the correlation of positive gravity anomalies with occurrences of diabase.

In order to be able to use the operational Moldavian GNSS Positioning System MOLDPOS efficiently for the determination of normal heights in surveying engineering, e.g. during the construction of a road, an accurate quasigeoid model is needed. The main goal of this thesis is to present a new gravimetric quasigeoid model for Moldova (Mold2012), which has been determined by applying the Least Squares Modification of Stokes’ formula with Additive corrections (LSMSA), also called the KTH method. Due to limited coverage of gravity data, the integration area is often limited to a small spherical cap around the computation point, which leads to a truncation error for geoid height. Molodensky et al. (1962) showed that the truncation error can be reduced by the modification of Stokes’ formula, where the measured gravity data are combined with the low-frequency component of the geoid from a Global Gravitational Model (GGM). The LSMSA technique combines the GGM and the terrestrial data in an optimum way. In order to find the most suitable modification approach or cap size it is necessary to compare the gravimetric height anomalies with the GPS/levelling derived height anomalies, and for this purpose we use a GPS/levelling dataset that consists of 1042 points with geodetic coordinates in the MOLDREF99 reference system and normal heights at the same points given in the height system Baltic 77. The magnitude of the additive corrections varies within an interval from -0.6 cm to -4.3 cm over the area of Moldova. The quasigeoid model which results from combining the ITG-Grace02s solution (with n = M = 170, ψ0 = 3° and σΔg = 10 mGal) and the solution obtained from the modified Stokes’ formula together with the additive correction gives the best fit for the GPS/levelling data with a standard deviation (STD) of ±7.8 cm. The evaluation of the computed gravimetric quasigeoid is performed by comparing the gravimetric height anomalies with the GPS/levelling derived height anomalies for 1042 points. However, the above heterogeneous data include outliers, and in order to find and eliminate these, a corrector surface model is used. This surface provides a connection to the local vertical when the GNSS technique is used. After the elimination of the suspicious outliers (170 points) according to a 2-RMS test, a new corrective surface was computed based on the remaining 872 GPS/levelling points, and the STD of residuals became ±4.9 cm. The STD value for the residuals according to the order of the levelling network for the Mold2012 fitted to the local vertical datum is 3.8 cm for the I-order, 4.3 cm for the II-order, 4.5 cm for the III-order and 5.0 cm for the IV-order levelling network. But the STD of the residuals for the 18 control points indicates a better result where the STD is 3.6 cm and RMS is 3.9 cm and the min and max value of residuals is -5.3 cm and 9.0 cm, respectively. As the STD of the differences in height anomaly are not just the standard error of the height anomalies (quasigeoid model), but it contains also the standard errors of GPS heights and of normal heights. Assuming that the latter STDs are 3 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively, the STD of Mold2012 is estimated to 1.7 cm.

QC 20121127

This study work deals with the determination of the gravimetric geoid model for Kazakhstan by using the KTH-method. A number of data sets were collected for this work, such as the gravity anomalies, high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) and GPS/Levelling data. These data has been optimally combined through the KTH approach, developed at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. According to this stochastic method, Stokes’ formula is being used with the original surface gravity anomaly, which combine with a GGM yields approximate geoid heights. The corrected geoid heights are then obtained by adding the topographic, downward continuation, atmospheric and ellipsoidal corrections to the approximate geoid heights. To compute the geoid model for Kazakhstan as accurately as possible with available data set different numerical tests have been performed: Choice of the best fit geopotential model in the computation area Investigations for the best choice of the initial condition for determination of the least-squares parameters Selection of the best parametric model for reducing the effect of the systematic error and data inconsistencies between computed geoid heights and GPS/Levelling heights.  Finally, 5'x5' Kazakh gravimetric geoid (KazGM2010) has been modelled.

The main objective of this study is to compute a new gravimetric geoid model of Sudan using the KTH method based on modification of Stokes’ formula for geoid determination. The modified Stokes’ formula combines regional terrestrial gravity with long-wavelength gravity information provided by the global gravitational model (GGM). The collected datasets for this study contained the terrestrial gravity measurements, digital elevation model (DEM), GPS/levelling data and four global gravitational Models (GGMs), (EGM96, EIGEN-GRACE02S, EIGEN-GL04C and GGM03S). The gravity data underwent cross validation technique for outliers detection, three gridding algorithms (Kriging, Inverse Distance Weighting and Nearest Neighbor) have been tested, thereafter the best interpolation approach has been chosen for gridding the refined gravity data. The GGMs contributions were evaluated with GPS/levelling data to choose the best one to be used in the combined formula. In this study three stochastic modification methods of Stokes’ formula (Optimum, Unbiased and Biased) were performed, hence an approximate geoid height was computed. Thereafter, some additive corrections (Topographic, Downward Continuation, Atmospheric and Ellipsoidal) were added to the approximated geoid height to get corrected geoid height. The new gravimetric geoid model (KTH-SDG08) has been determined over the whole country of Sudan at 5′ x 5′ grid for area ( 4 ). The optimum method provides the best agreement with GPS/levelling estimated to 29 cm while the agreement for the relative geoid heights to 0.493 ppm. A comparison has also been made between the new geoid model and a previous model, determined in 1991 and shows better accuracy. 􀁄 ≤φ ≤ 23􀁄 , 22􀁄 ≤ λ ≤ 38􀁄 Keywords: geoid model, KTH method, stochastic modification methods, modified Stokes’ formula, additive corrections.

The main purpose of this study is to compute a gravimetric geoid model of Greeceusing the least squares modification method developed at KTH. In regional gravimetricgeoid determination, the modified Stokes’s formula that combines local terrestrial datawith a global geopotential model is often used nowadays.In this study, the optimum modification of Stokes’s formula, introduced by ProfessorSjöberg, is employed so that the expected mean square error (MSE) of all possiblesolutions of the general geoid model is minimized. According to this stochasticmethod, the Stokes’s formula is being used with the original surface gravity anomalywhich combined with a GGM yields an approximate geoid height. The corrected geoidheight is then obtained by adding the topographic, downward continuation,atmospheric and ellipsoidal corrections to the approximate geoid height.The dataset used for the computations, consisted of terrestrial gravimetricmeasurements, a DEM model and GPS/Levelling data for the Greek region. Threeglobal geopotential models (EGM96, EIGEN-GRACE02S, EIGEN-GL04C) weretested for choosing the best GGM to be combined into the final solution. Regarding theevaluation and refinement of the terrestrial gravity measurements, the cross-validationtechnique has been used for detection of outliers.The new Greek gravimetric geoid model was evaluated with 18 GPS/Levelling pointsof the Greek geodetic network. The absolute agreement between the gravimetric andthe GPS/Levelling geoid height was estimated at 27 cm while the relative agreement at0.9 ppm. In a case of study the absolute accuracy of the model was estimated at 14 cm.The geoid model computed in this study was also compared with some previous Greekgeoid models, yielding better external accuracy than them.

This study is devoted to the determination of a high resolution gravimetric geoid model for Uganda based on the optimal combination of terrestrial and satellite gravity anomalies using the method of Least Squares Modification of Stokes’ formula with additive corrections. Specifically the study investigates the current status of the existing Uganda Vertical Network relative to the requirements of a modern height datum and includes a detailed evaluation and validation of terrestrial gravity data, several digital elevation models and some recent global geopotential models. Finally a new height datum based on a gravimetric quasigeoid model and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/levelling is proposed. In this thesis, the Uganda Gravimetric Geoid Model 2014 (UGG2014) is computed from several datasets which, include 7839 terrestrial gravity data points from the International Gravimetric Bureau, the 3 arc second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model and a recent Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer-only global geopotential model. To compensate for the missing gravity data in the target area, the surface gravity anomalies extracted from the World Gravity Map 2012 were used. Outliers in the terrestrial gravity data were detected using the cross-validation technique which, also estimated the accuracy of the remaining terrestrial gravity data as 9 mGal. Based on 12 GNSS/levelling data points distributed over Uganda, the root mean square fit of UGG2014 before and after the 4-parameter fit is 16 cm and 9 cm, respectively. The study has revealed that the heights of the Uganda Vertical Network are normal-orthometric heights for which the quasigeoid is the closest approximation to the zero reference surface. Consequently, the Uganda Gravimetric Quasigeoid Model 2014 (UGQ2014) was derived from the UGG2014 with the quasigeoid-geoid separation computed from the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 complete to degree/order 2160 of spherical harmonics. The root mean square fit of UGQ2014 versus GNSS/levelling is 15 cm and 8 cm before and after the 4-parameter fit, respectively, which shows that the quasigeoid model fits GNSS/levelling better than the geoid model. Thus a new height datum based on UGQ2014 and GNSS/levelling was determined as a practical solution to the determination of heights directly from GNSS. Evaluated with 4 independent GNSS/levelling points, the root mean square fit of the new height datum is 5 cm better than using the quasigeoid model alone. With an average parts-per-million of 29 in the relative test, the new height datum satisfies the precision and accuracy requirements of third order precise levelling. Overall, the results show that UGG2014 and UGQ2014 agree considerably better with GNSS/levelling than any other recent regional/global gravimetric geoid models. Therefore, both gravimetric solutions are a significant step forward in the modelling of a “1-cm geoid” over Uganda given the poor quality and quantity of the terrestrial gravity data used for computation.

QC 20150831

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 78 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).

Nell’ambito del presente lavoro sperimentale sono state prese in considerazione differenti tecniche, tradizionali ed innovative, per la determinazione del contenuto di acqua presente negli oli extravergine di oliva. Seppur presente nell'olio in quantità limitata, l'acqua é in grado di favorire la dissoluzione e veicolare componenti minori idrofilici (come le molecole a struttura fenolica e polifenolica) all'interno di micelle inverse che si creano nella matrice lipidica quando alla superficie acqua-olio si aggregano composti anfifilici (come i digliceridi, i monogliceridi, gli acidi grassi liberi, i fosfolipidi etc.) che danno luogo alla formazione di aggregati colloidali. I risultati ottenuti su un set di 60 campioni hanno evidenziato come esistano correlazioni positive e soddisfacenti tra le diverse metodiche analitiche tradizionali quali la titolazione titrimetrica di Karl Fisher e quelle gravimetriche per essiccamento in stufa o mediante termobilancia. La migliore correlazione in termini di R2 con valore pari a circa 0,82 è stata ottenuta tra i metodi Karl Fisher ed essiccamento in stufa, mentre per esempio quella tra i due metodi gravimetrici (stufa e termobilancia) ha fatto registrare un valore inferiore (0,70). Pur essendosi verificate delle soddisfacenti correlazioni tra le tre tecniche tradizionali, i valori del contenuto in acqua dei campioni si sono presentati variabili in funzione dell'utilizzo di una modalità di misurazione rispetto all'altra. Tale variabilità é funzione di diversi fattori: la difficoltà di determinare l'acqua fortemente legata nel caso dei metodi per essiccamento; la perdita in peso causata anche da altri componenti in grado di volatilizzare alle condizioni analitiche adottate; la possibilità di formazione di composti non originariamente presenti come risultato di modificazioni chimiche indotte dall'elevata temperatura. Il contenuto di acqua è stato quindi stimato anche mediante una tecnica innovativa a basso costo basata su misure dielettriche. Considerato che l’olio extravergine di oliva è noto essere un ottimo isolante, il fenomeno dielettrico osservato risulta essere di natura capacitiva. Il risultato di correlazione ottenuto su un set di 23 oli extravergini di oliva applicando in parallelo questa tecnica rapida e la misura gravimetrica con stufa (che é un metodo ISO), è da considerarsi soddisfacente, con un R2 pari anche in questo caso a 0,82. In conclusione, le tecniche attualmente utilizzate per la determinazione del contenuto di acqua in oli extravergine di oliva risultano tra loro correlate. Considerando che tali tecniche tradizionali sono dispendiose o in termini di tempo (gravimetrico mediante stufa) o in termini di consumo di reagenti e solventi (titrimetrico con reattivo di Karl Fischer), il nuovo approccio sperimentato mediante misure capacitive può essere considerato molto interessante anche se, sicuramente, sarà da applicare ad un numero più ampio di campioni per rendere l'evidenza sperimentale più robusta.

This thesis deals with the temperature-moisture assessment of members in truss with above-rafter thermal insulation. Within this system it focuses on the details of creating a roof overhang because that is where the timber elements are under the greatest amount of moisture stress. Different variations of this detail are presented including the extent to which thermo-technical requirements and requirements surrounding the built-in timber elements are satisfied. Theoretical calculations are then compared with measurements which were performed on a real building. This task of measurement involved developing a new measuring device. The development of this device is also described in this paper.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica
The objective of this work was the measuring of adsorption equilibrium, by the gravimetric method. Experimental results are presented for the adsorption equilibrium of the series of n-alkanes, ethylene, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in two microporous materials, the metal-organic framework, MIL-53(Al) and zeolite 5A. Both of them have desirable characteristics for adsorption processes, such as the capture and storage of carbon dioxide, natural gas storage, separation of components of biogas, and separation of olefin/paraffin. The determination of the equilibrium of the pure components (ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, carbon dioxide and nitrogen) covers a wide range of thermodynamic conditions; temperatures between 303.15K and 373.15K, as well as pressure values between 0 and 50 bar. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed through the global adjustment for each adsorbate/adsorbent system, using the Sips and Toth models. The isosteric heat was also determined. The experimental data of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen were correlated successfully by the potential theory of adsorption collapsing into a single characteristic curve, independent of temperature. This analysis allows the extrapolation of adsorption data for other gases, for which no experimental data is still known. The adsorption capacity is generally higher in MIL-53(Al) than in zeolite 5A, and in the two adsorbents, the preferred adsorption capacity for carbon dioxide is a good indication that these materials have a strong potential in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide, in the purification of biogas or purification of methane from natural gas.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Ce mémoire traite de la mise au point et des applications d’un fluxmètre gazeux à pression constante, instrument de référence primaire pour la mesure de très faibles débits gazeux, couramment utilisé par les Laboratoires nationaux de métrologie. Il intervient dans la traçabilité des basses pressions absolues, via la méthode d’expansion continue, et celle des fuites d’hélium, liées aux applications dans le domaine du vide. De plus, nous avons montré que le fluxmètre à pression constante du Laboratoire commun de métrologie (LCM) permettait le raccordement des mesures de micro-débits, sous-domaine de la débitmétrie. Outre les points clés de la conception et la caractérisation métrologique, ce mémoire décrit l’étude de l’expansion continue ainsi que les travaux de comparaison du fluxmètre gazeux à pression constante avec les méthodes de référence employées au LCM, en particulier la méthode de gravimétrie dynamique
This dissertation concerns the development and applications of a constant pressure gas flowmeter, the primary reference instrument used by National metrology laboratories to measure very low gas flows. It guarantees the traceability of low absolute pressures, via the continuous expansion method, and that of helium leaks, both related to applications in the field of vacuum. In addition, we have shown that the Laboratoire commun de métrologie (LCM) constant pressure flowmeter is well suited to micro-flow measurements, a sub-field of flow metering. Besides key points of the design and metrological characterization, this document describes the study of the continuous expansion method and work on comparisons of the constant pressure gas flowmeter with reference methods used at LCM, in particular the dynamic gravimetric method

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho utiliza um protótipo de escala laboratorial do medidor primário pipe prover de modo a avaliar a sua conformidade com os requisitos estabelecidos por normas técnicas e examinar a incerteza da medição da vazão realizados, além de verificar a reprodutibilidade das medições, testes com esferas de diferentes diâmetros, a influência de parâmetros operacionais tais como a variação da pressão de operação e comparação com o teste gravimétrico. O protótipo é feito de tubos plástico com dimensões definidas estatisticamente. Dentro do tubo, uma esfera de elastômero interferente é impulsionada por um escoamento fornecido por uma bomba centrífuga. O sistema de detecção usa sensores de luz infravermelha capaz de detectar a passagem das esferas sem causar interferência ou bloqueio na tubulação. O sistema de aquisição de dados é automático e registra o tempo de trânsito da esfera através de cada pulso de sinal detectado bem como os pulsos gerados por um medidor calibrado tipo turbina, como comparação da avaliação das incertezas de processo utilizando o desempenho da técnica dos sensores infravermelhos
The work uses a laboratory scaled prototype of primary pipe prover flowmeter in order to assess conformity with the requirements established by technical standards and examine the uncertainties of flow measurement performed, besides to check the reproducibility of measurements, tests with spheres of different diameters, the influence of operating parameters such as operating pressure variation and comparison with gravimetric test. The prototype is plastic tubing and considering statically defined dimensions. Inside tubing, an interfering elastomer sphere is driven by flow provided by a centrifugal pump. The detection system uses infrared light sensors able to detect the spheres passage causing pipeline interference or blockage. The acquisition data system is automatic and records the sphere transit time through each pulse signal detected as well as the pulses generated by a calibrated turbine meter, as comparison of the evaluation of process uncertainties using the technique performance with infrared sensors

SILVA, Ilda de Oliveira. Desenvolvimento de um sensor capacitivo para o monitoramento de umidade do solo. 2006. 85 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.
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The development of a capacitive sensor based on dielectric characteristics of soil was carried through this work. The sensor was designed as a probe. A fiberglass circuit board was chosen to simulate a parallel plate capacitor. To simulate a capacitor with characteristics similar to the ones commercially sold, within electrical isolation, the plates were isolated by varnish of the type used for isolation of car engines. A value of 106 W of the insulation was measured by a multimeter. The sensor was part of an oscillator RC provided by an integrated circuit to perform the oscillator, the 74LS122 a multivibrating oscillator which gave better responses. The RC circuit output was the input of a frequency divider. The IC TC4040 and HEF4040 both similar counters were used in order to verify the output wave forms. The second one provided a uniform and square waveform, although the first one provided an output waveform tending to triangular. The circuit was printed on the plate of the sensor in order to minimize the influence inherent wire capacitance. The data acquisition, monitoring and the probe calibration had been acquired daily, four times a day and with three readings for sixty three days. The temperature also was monitored this way for both systems. The first one installed in a 2" PVC pipe filled with air dry soil, the water drainage was monitored by weighting. In another system had been installed three sensors in a box full filled by humid soil. The calibration of the sensor was supplied by the strain gage. The time response was obtained using the PVC system, whose water was drained, the soil submitted to saturation again and data were acquired by a microprocessor-based system of data acquisition supplying an output of seconds. The factors that had influenced the sensor output had been evaluated, concluding that the temperature influences however not in so significant way as moistures. The moisture significance levels had been of up to 0,01 % contrasting with the ones of the temperature 7 %. This was valid for all the sensors and also strain gage. The statistical models that more fitted the sensors output were the multiple regression followed by the polynomial regression.
O objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sensor capacitivo de umidade e a calibração do mesmo utilizando o método gravimétrico e a célula de carga. Para simular um capacitor com características próximas às dos comercialmente vendidos, isolaram-se as placas com verniz bi-componente, do tipo utilizado para isolamento de motores de carro. A isolação alcançada, medida pelo multímetro, foi da ordem de 106 W. O sensor fez parte de um oscilador RC implementado utilizando-se o circuito integrado (CI) 74LS122 como “multivibrador”. A saída do circuito RC foi inserida em um divisor de freqüência. Foi feito uso do contador de pulsos TC4040 e de um similar HEF4040, a fim de verificar as respectivas formas de onda de saída. O segundo apresentou uma resposta mais uniforme e a forma de onda quadrada, já o primeiro apresentou uma forma de onda de saída um pouco discrepante, tendendo para uma onda triangular, mas não uniformemente. O circuito foi instalado na placa do sensor com o intuito de minimizar a influência da capacitância inerente aos cabos. O monitoramento dos dados e a calibração do sensor foram efetuados durante sessenta e três dias, sendo verificados quatro vezes ao dia e com três leituras. A temperatura foi também monitorada dessa forma. Para tal, foram empregados dois sistemas. O primeiro foi instalado em um tubo de PVC de 2", contendo solo seco ao ar posteriormente saturado, e monitorou-se a drenagem de água por meio da pesagem em uma balança de precisão. No segundo sistema, foram instalados três sensores em uma caixa contendo solo úmido e a calibração do sensor foi obtida por intermédio da célula de carga. O tempo de resposta foi conseguido usando o sistema de PVC, cuja água foi drenada; efetuou-se novamente a saturação do sistema com água, e verificou-se com um sistema de aquisição de dados a resposta do sensor, que foi da ordem de segundos. Os fatores que influenciaram a resposta do sensor foram avaliados, concluindo-se que a temperatura influencia, porém não de maneira tão significativa quanto a umidade do solo. Os níveis de significância para a umidade foram de até 0,01 % contrastando com os da temperatura de somente 7 %. Válido para todos os sensores, inclusive a célula de carga. O modelo estatístico que mais se adequou à resposta dos sensores foi a regressão múltipla polinomial.

In this thesis I present a geophysical study that aims to define the structure and petrological nature of the main geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian basin, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in their formation. The geophysical data used in this thesis was acquired during the MEDOC (2010) survey within the framework of the MEDOC project, which was designed to improve our understanding of the origin and evolution of rifted margins. The present work is based on the analysis, processing, modeling, and interpretation of coincident Wide-Angle Seismic (WAS), Multichannel Seismic (MCS), and gravity data corresponding to the two longest transects acquired during the MEDOC survey in the Central Tyrrhenian basin, the southern Line GH/MEDOC-6 (~450 km) and the northern Line EF/MEDOC-4 (~400 km). Both lines run across the Central Tyrrhenian basin from Sardinia to the Campania margin. The processing of MCS data provides the tectonic structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins, whereas the modeling of WAS data from travel-time tomography provides 2D seismic velocity models from which the velocity distribution of the crust and uppermost mantle, and the geometry of the crust-mantle boundary are inferred. The WAS models are then converted to density models using existing empirical relationships for different lithologies in order to test which of the different hypothesis concerning the petrological nature of the basement (e.g. continental/oceanic crust or exhumed mantle) explain better the observed gravity data. The results obtained together with the integration of geological data from rock sampling of the seabed reveals the existence of three geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian, that is: continental crust, magmatic crust, and exhumed mantle. The comparison between the results of Line EF/MEDOC-4 (northern line) with those of the Line GH/MEDOC-6 (southern line) reveals that the velocity and tectonic structure of the three geological domains differ in some regions from north to south. These differences are most likely attributed to the southward increase of extension that characterizes the Tyrrhenian basin. The basement configuration presented in this thesis led to a completely new definition of geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian. According to the presented distribution of the basement, rifting in the Central Tyrrhenian basin would have started with continental crust extension, continued with back-arc spreading leading to generation of magmatic back-arc crust, and followed by mantle exhumation intruded by later magmatic episodes. The interpretation of these results differ from current conceptual models of the formation of rifting systems involving mantle exhumation and indicate that the response of the continental lithosphere to extension processes may be more complex than previously assumed. Finally, to explain the mechanism involved in the formation of these domains, I examine the modes of back-arc basin formation proposed to explain the formation of the western Pacific basins [Martinez et al., 2007; Dunn and Martinez, 2011], as well as the causes that may have led to mantle exhumation [Pérez-Gussinyé, et al., 2006]. In summary, the proposed conceptual model is based on a slab rollback and depleted mantle setting, in which production of extension-related melting is limited, thus, crustal accretion is attributed to hydrous flux melting. The model presents 5 stages of opening that includes: (I) a normal subduction scenario followed by (II) development of the back-arc rift, (III) initiation of back-arc spreading, (IV) mantle exhumation, and finally (V) emplacement of large volcanic edifices in the central parts of the basin.
La tesis que presento se centra en el estudio de la estructura cortical y de los procesos de formación de la cuenca del Tirreno, con el principal propósito de ampliar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la evolución de márgenes divergentes. Para ello, en esta tesis se realiza el procesado, análisis, modelización, e interpretación geológica de dos perfiles geofísicos adquiridos durante la campaña de sísmica marina MEDOC (2010) en el mar Tirreno. Ambos perfiles geofísicos incluyen datos de sísmica de gran ángulo (SGA), de reflexión multicanal (SRM) y de gravimetría, a partir de los cuales he obtenido los resultados siguientes: 1.Dos modelos de velocidad de propagación de ondas P (Vp) y de la geometría del Moho. 2.Análisis estadístico de incertidumbre de los parámetros de cada modelo de velocidad. 3.Modelado gravimétrico a partir de la conversión a densidad de los modelos de Vp. Con este método se pretende constreñir la petrología de los diferentes dominios geológicos a partir del empleo de diferentes relaciones empíricas de velocidad-densidad para diferentes tipos de roca. 4.Dos perfiles de SRM stackados y migrados en tiempo, de los cuales procesé uno de ellos (MEDOC 4). La interpretación conjunta de estos resultados junto con un análisis exhaustivo de las velocidades de los modelos, e información geológica de las rocas del lecho marino, han permitido caracterizar la naturaleza cortical (continental/oceánico) de los principales dominios geológicos en la cuenca del Tirreno central, los cuales incluyen: corteza continental, corteza de retroarco de carácter magmático y manto exhumado. Estos resultados junto con observaciones de la geomorfología de la batimetría, han dado paso a la discusión de la distribución en planta de dichos dominios geológicos en toda el área de estudio. Finalmente, propongo un modelo de apertura de cuenca en el cual se especula sobre la formación de los diferentes dominios geológicos identificados anteriormente. Dicho modelo se basa en los modos de apertura de cuencas de retroarco propuestos para las cuencas del Pacífico occidental, y en estudios de modelización numérica realizados para explicar la exhumación del manto en los márgenes pasivos del Atlantico Norte.

La valorisation des réservoirs gaziers compacts, dits Tight Gas Reservoirs (TGR), dont les découvertes sont importantes, permettrait d’augmenter significativement les ressources mondiales d’hydrocarbures. Dans l’objectif d’améliorer la production de ces types de réservoirs, nous avons mené une étude ayant pour but de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre l’endommagement et les propriétés de transport des géomatériaux. L’évolution de la microstructure d’éprouvettes qui ont été soumises préalablement à des chargements dynamiques est étudiée. Une estimation de leurs perméabilités avec l’endommagement est tout d’abord présentée à l’aide d’un modèle de pores parallèles couplant un écoulement de Poiseuille avec la diffusion de Knudsen. Nous avons ensuite mené des travaux expérimentaux afin d’estimer l’évolution de la perméabilité avec l’endommagement en relation avec l’évolution de la distribution de tailles de pores. Les mesures de perméabilité sont effectuées sur des cylindres en mortier similaire aux roches tight gas, soumis à une compression uniaxiale. La caractérisation des microstructures des mortiers endommagés est réalisée par porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure. Afin d’estimer l’évolution de la perméabilité, un nouveau modèle hiérarchique aléatoire est présenté. Les comparaisons avec les données expérimentales montrent la capacité de ce modèle à estimer non seulement les perméabilités apparentes et intrinsèques mais aussi leurs évolutions sous l’effet d’un chargement introduisant une évolution de la distribution de taille de pores. Ce modèle, ainsi que le dispositif expérimental employé, ont été étendus afin d’estimer à l’avenir les perméabilités relatives de mélanges gazeux. Le dernier chapitre présente une étude de l’adsorption de méthane dans différents milieux fracturés par chocs électriques. Les résultats, utiles pour l’estimation des ressources en place, ont montré que la fracturation permet de favoriser l’extraction du gaz initialement adsorbé
The valorization of compact gas reservoirs, called tight gas reservoirs (TGR), whose discoveries are important, would significantly increase the global hydrocarbon resources. With the aim of improving the production of these types of gas, we have conducted a study to achieve a better understanding of the relationship between damage and the transport properties of geomaterials. The microstructure evolution of specimens, which were submitted beforehand to dynamic loading, has been investigated. An estimation of their permeability upon damage is first presented with the help of a bundle model of parallel capillaries coupling Poiseuille flow with Knudsen diffusion. Then, we have carried out an experimental work to estimate the permeability evolution upon damage in relation to the evolution of the pore size distribution in uniaxial compression. The measurements of permeability have been performed on mortar cylinders, designed to mimic typical tight rocks that can be found in tight gas reservoirs. Microstructural characterization of damaged mortars has been performed with the help of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). To estimate the permeability evolution, a new random hierarchical model has been devised. The comparisons with the experimental data show the ability of this model to estimate not only the apparent and intrinsic permeabilities but also their evolutions under loading due to a change in the pore size distribution. This model and the experimental set up have been extended to estimate the relative permeabilities of gas mixtures in the future. The final chapter presents a study of the adsorption of methane on different porous media fractured by electrical shocks. The results, concerning the estimation of the in-place resources, have shown that fracturing can enhance the extraction of the initial amount of adsorbed gas

Etude des groupes superficiels de l'alumine et des cites d'adsorption. Etude de l'adsorption des alcools sur l'alumine degussa c, des sites d'adsorption et de l'acidite induite. Donnees, enfin, sur les alumines modifiees par des ions na+ ou f-

碩士
國立中央大學
化學研究所
94
Standard gas mixtures containing 21 volatile organic compounds from C2-C12 at low parts per million level by volume (ppmv) was prepared by a gravimetric method developed in-house. Unlike conventional method with which a micro-balance is used for weighing minute amount of pure compounds and a large-scale balance is used for weighing filled cylinders, this under-developed method deliberately avoids the use of the large-scale balance owing to its high cost and inaccessibility to regular laboratories. To do so, one of the mixing compounds is chosen as the internal standard, dilution factor is then obtained by calibrating the internal standard with a commercially available single-compound standard, which is substantially less costly than purchasing a standard gas mixture. 21 target compounds were sealed in individual capillary tubes and weighed by a micro-balance accurate to 1×10-6 g before placing into a crusher connected to a 29.5 L evacuated aluminum cylinder and filling to approximately 1000 psi with high purity N2 as the balance gas. Dual cylinders of the same gas mixture were made to test for the reproducibility. Since the volatility of the 21 species vary drastically, the flushing from the crusher to the cylinder, termed “recovery” in this study, needs to be validated for all the species. A validation method based on equal-per-carbon-response as inherited by the flame ionization detector is applied. Gas chromatographic analysis of the gas mixtures confirmed an extremely uniform mixing for the more volatile compounds from C2-C8 as indicated by their highly agreeable per-carbon-response. For the other less volatile compounds from C9-C12 greater than expected values were obtained suggesting possible condensation near the cylinder head. Highly consistent results were observed between the two duplicate cylinders. Stability of the gas mixtures were tested by re-analyze the gas 5 months after the first analysis was performed, and no significant difference was found between the two analyses, proving the integrity of the mixture and applicability of the preparation method for compounds in C2-C8 range.

The aim of my thesis was to monitor and analyse the dynamics of soil moisture (Θ) through the gravimetric method using Kopecky's physical rollers (KFV) and the capacitance method using Theta Probe ML2x (FDR) and CS616 (TDR) sensors. The measurement took place in the cadastral areas of the village Vícemelice and Polkovice. I conducted 10 parallel measurement campaigns of KFV and Theta Probe in Vícemilice and 4 in Polkovice. CS616 sensors were located stationary in both locations throughout the whole period and provided continual time series Θ. In Vícemilice, Theta Probe undervalued by 11.4 % compared to the KFV. The CS616 undervalued by 6.5 % compared to KFV and overvalued by 3.9 % Theta Probe. In Polkovice, Theta Probe undervalued by 1 % compared to KFV. The CS616 sensors systematically overvalued compared to the other two methods. It overvalued by 40.9 % compared to KFV and by 42.1 % compared to Theta Probe. Furthermore, the overvaluation was higher with a greater depth, while it was only 11 % at the top layer. Lastly, a survey of the suction pressure of soil water in relation to Θ was conducted near Vícemilice and the results of Θ measured by CS616 sensors were compared to the values simulated by SoilClim model which is one of the tools used to monitor water supplies in soil, in particular the occurrence of drought at the national level. Based on the results obtained in the framework of the submitted thesis, it can be stated that the indirect methods, in particular the Theta Probe, have proven to be useful tools for monitoring soil moisture. Compared to the destructive method, they represent significant time savings and, due to their accuracy, they can be recommended for drought monitoring, calibration of mathematical models, satellite imaging, or testing of a variety of hypotheses related to the water balance in scientific experiments.