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Ungvári, Csaba, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.57.
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Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.
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Mouli, K. Chandra, K. Jyothsna, V. Appalakonda, Muntadar Muhsen, and Vinod Balmiki. "Assessment of physiochemical properties of grey water." E3S Web of Conferences 564 (2024): 11016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456411016.
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Greywater, a type of domestic wastewater, is a potential solution to global water shortages, which are expected to affect 2.7 billion people by 2025. Greywater is safer to handle and treat than black water, making it suitable for non-potable uses like toilet flushing and landscaping. It also promotes ecologically sustainable development by reducing freshwater extraction, energy use, and chemical pollution. The process of processing greywater involves considering factors like biological oxygen demand, surfactants, oil and grease, and detergent residues. This study was evaluated greywater’s physical and chemical parameters in accordance with Indian standards.
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Sabara, Zakir, Aswariani Anwar, Setyawati Yani, Kusnul Prianto, Rahmad Junaidi, Rofiqul Umam, and Rizqi Prastowo. "Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021026.
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Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities, which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to 54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively, all of which exceed WHO wastewater quality standards. The use of a wastewater treatment installation comprising a combination of Activated Carbon (AC) and Coconut Coir (CC) with the incorporation of the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system as a greywater filter successfully reduced the city’s greywater pollution. In addition, the new BOD content fulfills the environmentally safe wastewater standards, while the new COD and TSS contents were 152 mg/L to 184 mg/L and 59.68 mg/L to 77.42 mg/L, respectively, which are close to the WHO domestic wastewater quality standards.
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Cecconet, Daniele, Silvia Bolognesi, Luca Piacentini, Arianna Callegari, and Andrea Capodaglio. "Bioelectrochemical Greywater Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse and Energy Recovery." Water 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030295.
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Greywater normally represents the largest fraction of wastewater generated in buildings and may be suitable for non-potable reuse after on-site treatment. Conventional technologies for greywater treatment include sequencing batch reactors, membrane filtration, and membrane biological reactors. Even though these can be very effective, they are highly energy consuming and may negatively impact the energy balance of the building where they are installed. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a sustainable technology for contaminant removal and energy production from a variety of substrates. In this study, the application of MFCs for greywater treatment is reported, with a particular focus on the analysis of energy losses, in view of non-potable reuse. MFCs were fed with different types of greywater, characterized by either high or low conductivity, because greywater’s conductivity may greatly differ based on its origin; in either case, organic matter (chemical oxygen demand; COD) removal was higher than 85% and not influenced by the influent conductivity, coupled with a maximum power production of 0.46 mW L−1 and 0.38 mW L−1. Electrolyte overpotentials were dramatically higher in the case of low conductivity greywater (20% vs. 10%, compared to high conductivity influent); these overpotentials are related to the conductivity of the influent, showing that low conductivity hindered energy generation, but not COD removal. Polarization and power curves showed higher internal resistance in the case of low conductivity, confirming the overpotentials’ analysis. Results showed the feasibility of the use of MFCs in greywater treatment, with potential to reduce the energy demand connected to its reuse compared to conventional technologies; coupling with a disinfection stage would be necessary to fully comply with most non-potable reuse regulations.
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Abeer, Albalawneh, and Chang Tsun-Kuo. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 3, no. 12 (August 25, 2017): 16–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848574.
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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater. However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classified into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these. Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufficient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and flow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance. Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses. Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.
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Albalawneh, Abeer, and Tsun-Kuo Chang. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i12.2015.2882.
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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater. However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classified into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these. Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufficient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and flow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance. Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses. Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.
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Lanchipa-Ale, Teresa, Ana Cruz-Baltuano, Nahuel Molero-Yañez, Samuel Chucuya, Bertha Vera-Barrios, and Edwin Pino-Vargas. "Assessment of Greywater Reuse in a University Building in a Hyper-Arid Region: Quantity, Quality, and Social Acceptance." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (April 8, 2024): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073088.
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Since Tacna is a hyper-arid region, greywater is a potential alternative water source. This study aimed to quantify and characterize greywater in a university building with 732 students, as well as assess their perception of greywater reuse. Water meters were used to calculate greywater quantity. To assess untreated greywater quality, physical–chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to measure students’ acceptance regarding greywater reuse using a Likert scale. The greywater quantity recorded in this study was 426.85 L/d, which is less than reported in previous global research. The greywater quality showed relatively low values regarding physical–chemical parameters; however, microbial contamination was higher compared to international permissible limits for wastewater reuse. Furthermore, it was found that the generated greywater has little biodegradability (0.38). Students disclosed a lower acceptance of reusing untreated greywater compared to a 77.05% acceptance of reusing treated greywater for green areas. According to the greywater characterization, biological treatment will not be enough to ensure environmental protection and user health; thus, physical–chemical treatment will also be needed. The produced greywater quantities would generate a 12.67% water saving if used for toilet flushing. The greywater volume fulfills the whole demand for watering green areas or green roofs. Students would assent to the reuse of treated greywater.
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Nondlazi, Sinoyolo, Nosiphiwe Ngqwala, Bongumusa M. Zuma, Paul K. Mensah, and Roman Tandlich. "Effect of fly ash-lime treatment on the acute toxicity of greywater towards Daphnia magna." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2019-0008.
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Abstract Acute toxicity of raw and treated greywater towards Daphnia magna was assessed in this study. Treatment was performed with exposure of greywater to the fly-lime mixture After 48 h of exposure, 100 % mortality of D. magna was recorded when testing the following volumetric fractions of the raw greywater streams in the tested liquid medium (%; v/v): 10 % for kitchen greywater, 5 – 10 % for bathroom greywater and 1.25 – 10 % for laundry greywater. After greywater treatment with the fly-ash-lime mixture with pH adjustment to 7.0, 80 % of neonates of D. magna survived after exposure to treated laundry greywater in all dilutions at 48 h. At the same time, 100 % of neonates survived exposure to treated bathroom and kitchen greywater at all volumetric fractions. Therefore greywater had acute toxicity to D. magna, i.e. greywater treatment was required before its discharge or reuse. Values of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the chemical components of the raw greywater and treated greywater and the survival of D. magna indicated a lack of statistically significant correlation at 5 % level of significance (p-value > 0.05 in all cases), i.e. the survival of D. magna was independent of the concentration of chemical constituents in greywater samples tested. Further studies will have to be conducted on the chronic toxicity of the greywater effluent after treatment with the fly-lime mixture. Experiments from this study will have to be re-run for the fully scaled-up version of the fly-lime mixture-based greywater treatment systems.
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092.
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The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different sources within and between households. Greywater samples were collected from the kitchen, laundry and bathing facilities within each of the households. The samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, turbidity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). There was a significant difference in the parameters analysed between the greywater from the kitchen compared with the greywater from the bathtub/shower and laundry. It was also observed that the characteristics of greywater from the different households varied considerably. The characteristics of the greywater obtained in this study suggest that the greywater generated cannot be easily treatable using biological treatment processes and/or technologies due to the very low mean BOD : COD ratio (<0.5).
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Al-Mefleh, Naji K., Yahia A. Othman, Maher J. Tadros, Amani Al-Assaf, and Samer Talozi. "An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia." Horticulturae 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030038.
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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.
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Filali, Hanen, Narcis Barsan, Dalila Souguir, Valentin Nedeff, Claudia Tomozei, and Mohamed Hachicha. "Greywater as an Alternative Solution for a Sustainable Management of Water Resources—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020665.
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In this paper, a comprehensive review on greywater is presented. Emphasis is given to the techniques used to treat and recover greywater, and special emphasis is placed on the risk of the existence of the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2” in greywater and the possibility of its spread via the reuse of this water. In general, greywater is considered wastewater collected from domestic sources, with the exclusion of toilet water (which is considered as blackwater). Greywater represents 50 to 80% of the total volume of wastewater all over the world. This review provides various aspects related to greywater, such as origins, characteristics, and existing guidelines for greywater proper treatment and reuse. Several approaches and techniques have been developed to study the performance of different greywater treatment systems. These methods are critically discussed in this article. In the context of sustainable development, water management, and taking into account the scarcity of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, the use of treated greywater is one of the alternatives methods that can reduce the burden of withdrawals from the resource. In addition, some successful examples of greywater valuation experiences in Tunisia were examined.
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Nyagatare, Guillaume, Christian Shingiro, and Claire Nyiranziringirimana. "Effect of domestic greywater reuse for irrigation on soil physical and chemical characteristics and tomatoes growth." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 115, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-12069.
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This study aimed at determining the effect of laundry greywater on the growth of tomatoes and physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam Perrox in the Eastern province of Rwanda, Kayonza district, Mwiri sector. The experimental design consisted of plots planted with tomatoes (Lepersicon Esculantum) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four treatments. Treatment 1: Tomatoes irrigated with pure greywater; Treatment 2: Tomatoes irrigated with a mixture of tap water and greywater at 1:1 ratio; Treatment 3: Alternation of greywater and tap water in a consecutive manner; and Treatment 4: only tap water serving as a control. Results showed that the following soil chemical parameters were significantly increased with greywater application: pH, EC, Av P, Na and SAR. Conversely, soil concentration in Mg and Ca significantly decreased with increase in greywater application. With the exception of soil bulk density, other measured physical properties such as soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were significantly reduced with greywater application. The highest values for soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were found for soil irrigated with tap water which ranged between 1.01 to 2.1 times higher than that of greywater, mixed or alternated with tap water. The alternate application of greywater and tap water did not affect significantly the stem height and weight of tomatoes. We concluded that the absence of positive growth effect of application of greywater was due to low concentration in essential plant nutrients in greywater, and induced adverse effects on soil chemical, physical, and biological properties. However, alternate application of the greywater and tap water preserved approximately the same soil physico-chemical characteristics as with application of tap water. Thus, among the irrigation treatments involving greywater, the latter should be considered as the most environmentally friendly. We propose combination of greywater with various forms of composts as the one of the most promising investigations on the reuse of greywater in irrigation.
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Newcomer, Evan, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez, and Rochelle Holm. "Reducing the burden of rural water supply through greywater reuse: a case study from northern Malawi." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (January 10, 2017): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.004.
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Greywater reuse has potential for non-potable applications that conserve freshwater resources in water-stressed areas especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of reusing greywater for domestic activities in a rural area of Malawi, Africa, was evaluated from microbiological and public acceptance perspectives. Median Escherichia coli concentrations for eight domestic greywater sources (handwashing, laundry, runoff from a tap apron, bathing, cleaning a home/kitchen, cleaning a water collection container, washing plates and soaking vegetables) ranged from 100 to >20,000 colony forming units (cfu)/100 ml. Twenty-four of 47 greywater samples tested (51%) met the World Health Organization guideline for unrestricted use of greywater for irrigation. Pertinently, 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5) of greywater samples from handwashing stations and bathing had E. coli less than the WHO guideline. Users reported greatest acceptance of reusing greywater for growing food and washing clothes, especially when the greywater source was bathing. Acceptance was closely tied to a household's economic standing, geographic location, and first-hand knowledge of reusing greywater. Greywater reuse practices in rural areas, especially targeting bathing water as suitable from bacteriological and user perception criteria, can help mitigate the impacts of water stress in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Itzhari, Daniella, Weitao Shuai, Erica M. Hartmann, and Zeev Ronen. "Heterogeneous Antibiotic Resistance Gene Removal Impedes Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for Effective Greywater Treatment." Antibiotics 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040315.
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Microorganisms carrying antimicrobial resistance genes are often found in greywater. As the reuse of greywater becomes increasingly needed, it is imperative to determine how greywater treatment impacts antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Using qPCR and SmartChip™ qPCR, we characterized ARG patterns in greywater microbial communities before, during, and after treatment by a recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland. In parallel, we examined the impact of greywater-treated irrigation on soil, including the occurrence of emerging micropollutants and the taxonomic and ARG compositions of microbial communities. Most ARGs in raw greywater are removed efficiently during the winter season, while some ARGs in the effluents increase in summer. SmartChip™ qPCR revealed the presence of ARGs, such as tetracycline and beta-lactam resistance genes, in both raw and treated greywater, but most abundantly in the filter bed. It also showed that aminoglycoside and vancomycin gene abundances significantly increased after treatment. In the irrigated soil, the type of water (potable or treated greywater) had no specific impact on the total bacterial abundance (16S rRNA gene). No overlapping ARGs were found between treated greywater and greywater-irrigated soil. This study indicates ARG abundance and richness increased after treatment, possibly due to the concentration effects of the filter beds.
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Anangadan, Shaheeda Marakkar, Snigdhendubala Pradhan, Jayaprakash Saththasivam, Gordon McKay, and Hamish Robert Mackey. "Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183.
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Green walls and roofs are sustainable building systems with several benefits. However, the irrigation requirements of these building systems conflict with water sustainability goals in water-scarce places. This study investigates using greywater directly to irrigate ornamental species for such situations by examining the effects of freshwater and greywater irrigation on Ruellia tuberosa growth, plant health and soil characteristics. Five replicates for each condition were grown for 91 days. Greywater irrigation led to a 15% higher plant growth height, a 31% higher plant biomass (p = 0.065), and a 71% increase in stem biomass (p < 0.001) compared to freshwater irrigation. However, greywater-irrigated plants had reduced chlorophyll content (10.7%, p < 0.001), and increased leaf chlorosis (p = 0.003), likely caused by stress from laundry and detergent chemicals. Greywater irrigation led to greater mineral content in greywater-irrigated plant biomass and soil for all minerals tested, most notably boron, which was deficient in the soil. Greywater-irrigated soil also had a higher organic content according to FTIR and electron dispersive spectroscopy. Greywater irrigation improved nutritional and soil conditions, including phosphate, which helped Ruellia tuberosa flourish. This study suggests raw greywater can replace freshwater in water-scarce climates for green wall irrigation instead of high-energy onsite greywater treatment systems.
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Shamim, S. K. "A Study of Characteristics of Greywater Generated from Different Sources of Residential Buildings." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (July 26, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220058.
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The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which is due to body fluids. The presence of food particles gives a high level of total suspended solids in the greywater coming from the kitchen. The greywater generated from brushing has a low pollution level and lower quantity of total solids, total suspended solids and total hardness as compared to greywater from other sources. The BOD levels for the greywater samples collected are in the range of 2.5 -20.25 mg/L and their quality is also affected by the quality of tap water. These findings show that greywater generated in residential buildings of Jeddah can be reused for non-potable purposes with simple and inexpensive physical treatment at individual buildings.
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Khotimah, Siti Nurul, Nur Anisa Mardhotillah, Nur Arifaini, and Sumiharni. "Karakterisasi Limbah Cair Greywater pada level Rumah Tangga Berdasarkan Sumber Emisi." JURNAL SAINTIS 21, no. 02 (November 2, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/saintis.2021.vol21(02).7876.
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[ID] Limbah cair greywater merupakan limbah cair hasil aktivitas dapur, pencucian pakaian dan kamar mandi. Produksi limbah greywater rumah tangga sekitar 70–75% dari total produksi limbah cair rumah tangga dengan kandungan polutan yang rendah. Terkait dengan tingginya volume produksi limbah cair greywater, limbah greywater berkontribusi sekitar 70-80% dalam pencemaran badan air. Namun demikian, volume produksi limbah greywater yang tinggi ini justru dapat dijadikan sumber alternatif baru air bersih jika dilakukan pengolahan limbah dengan baik dan tepat. Di dalam pengolahan limbah greywater ini dibutuhkan data karakteristik agar pengolahanya menjadi tepat. Permasalahannya ketersediaan data karakteristik greywater sangat minim, karena itulah dilakukan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan karakterisasi limbah cair greywater berdasarkan sumber emisinya dengan parameter yang dilihat adalah BOD, COD, TSS, DO, temperature, pH dan turbidity dari masing-masing sumber limbah cair greywater dan juga kondisi limbah yang sudah tercampur dari ketiga sumber limbah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel sebanyak 12 sampel dari suatu rumah tangga. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa limbah dapur merupakan limbah dengan kandungan yang terberat dibandingkan limbah lainnya dari greywater. Kandungan BOD dan COD Dapur menduduki nilai tertinggi dengan nilai 250-1000 mg/L untuk BOD dan 840-3430 mg/L untuk COD. Kandungan BOD dan COD limbah greywater terendah berasal dari limbah kamar mandi dengan kandungan BOD 6-100 mg/L sedangkan kandungan COD 19,4-143 mg/L. Keseluruhan rasio BOD/COD menunjukkan nilai berkisar 0,2-0,5 yang artinya limbah adalah biodegradable. Kadar pH dari keduabelas sampel berkisar dari 4,2-6,5. Kandungan TSS tertinggi berasal dari dapur dengan nilai 202 – 620 mg/L.
 [EN] Greywater is wastewater generated from kitchen, laundry and bath activities. Its production is about 70–75% of the total household wastewater. Related to the high volume of greywater production, greywater contributes around 70-80% in polluting water bodies. By appropriate treatment, the high volume of greywater production can be used as a new alternative of water source. Unfortunately, the availability of greywater characteristic data is very limited in existence. This study aims to characterize greywater effluent based on its emission source with focus parameters were BOD, COD, TSS, DO, temperature, pH and turbidity from each source of greywater effluent and also the mixed waste conditions from the three waste sources. The study was conducted by taking 12 samples from a household. The results of the study show that kitchen waste is the heaviest pollutant content compared to other waste from greywater. The content of BOD and COD in the kitchen occupies the highest value with a value of 250-1000 mg/L for BOD and 840-3430 mg/L for COD. The lowest BOD and COD content of greywater came from bathroom waste with a BOD content of 6-100 mg/L while the COD content was 19.4-143 mg/L. The overall BOD/COD ratio shows a value ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, which means that the waste is biodegradable. The pH levels of the twelve samples ranged from 4.2-6.5. The highest TSS content comes from the kitchen with a value of 202 – 620 mg/L.
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Dwumfour-Asare, Bismark, Kwabena B. Nyarko, Helen M. K. Essandoh, Esi Awuah, Kofi K. A. Anim, and Archibald Quaye. "Greywater in the drains of a sewered community in Ghana." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.103.
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Abstract With less than 5% sewerage coverage and abysmal greywater management, Ghana's environment could be highly polluted, especially water resources. The few sewered communities may be guilty of pollution from greywater discharge into stormwater drains. In this study, Asafo, Ghana, was used as a case study to assess greywater characteristics in the major drains in a sewered community. The approach involved desk study reviews and laboratory analysis of greywater samples. The findings showed some inhabitants discharge greywater into neighbourhood drains instead of sewers. Most greywater sources from reviews and sampled drains failed the discharge limits for major contaminants including turbidity (39.4–2,880 NTU), BOD5 (64–700 mg/L), COD (207–2,308 mg/L), TSS (70–4,720 mg/L), TDS (420–2,860 mg/L), nutrients – TKN, NH3-N, NO3−-N, NO2−-N (0–218.5 mg/L), total P and PO43−(1.24–26.18 mg/L), elemental species – Na, K, Mg, etc (0–1.6 mg/L), and microbiological – total and faecal coliforms, and E. coli (2.95–10.4 log CFU/100 ml). High strength greywater accounted for odour emissions where flows stagnated. Greywater characteristics are highly variable but have potential for biological treatment as the BOD5:COD ratios ≥0.5. Ghanaian greywater, including flows from a sewered community, is untreated and polluted, and our environment is unsafe.
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Radin Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira, Adel Al-Gheethi, Nasradeen A. Khalifa, Nurina Fitriani, Abdurrahman Adeleke, Ibraheem Yakubu Ebenehi, and Siti Asmah Bakar. "Greywater Treatment using Pottery Waste Ceramic Filter." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-12.
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Most village houses in Malaysia discharged lots of significant portion of greywater into stream or drains without any treatment. This phenomenon of direct disposal of greywater into the environment caused environmental risk, especially to water body. This study aimed to assess the quality and treatment of greywater discharge using pottery waste ceramic filter (PWCF) for safe disposal. Greywater samples were collected from 27 village households located at Kampung Parit Sempadan, Parit Raja using grab sampling method. Greywater was treated by using PWCF. The effectiveness of the PWCF was optimized using different sizes (0.25, 0.60, and 1.18 mm) of ceramic filter media at different hydraulic retention times (HRT: 1, 2, and 3 h). The t-test analysis showed significant differences between greywater from the two drainage distances. The results revealed that a distance within 81–100 m was significant to the influence of gender and the number of household occupants of the greywater discharged. The results of this study highlight that PWCF reduced the concentration of COD, BOD and TSS in greywater by 99.4%, 74.3 and 100% respectively using particle size of 0.25 mm and HRT of 3 hours. Finally, it deduced that the use of PWCF was effective and can enhance the quality of greywater for safe disposal.
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Malaza, Ntokozo, Simamnkele Magaba, and Philani Mpungose. "Remarks on sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater in an informal urban settlement, Cape Town, South Africa." Open Research Europe 4 (October 25, 2024): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17775.1.
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Background The disposal of greywater is a challenge for informal urban settlements that do not have a reticulation system to collect the wastewater they generate. Greywater, which includes domestic wastewater, represents a potential resource that can alleviate water stress if efficiently managed. This study aimed to provide sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater produced using informal settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Greywater has the potential to contribute significantly to food security in such settlements by providing a source of both irrigation water and toilet flushing. Methods A combination of desktop research and interviews was employed to gather and analyze the data. A total of 69 questionnaires were administered in the study, and greywater management practices were investigated. Results The findings showed deficiencies in the sustainable disposal of greywater from households. To understand the volumes of greywater generated from a household, a model has been proposed in the study, as there has been a lack of focus on making predictions that quantify the volume of greywater recovered from these households. Conclusions In the context of sustainable development, water management, and considering the scarcity of water resources, particularly in semi-arid regions, the use of treated greywater is an alternative method that can reduce the burden of withdrawals. The study has demonstrated that socio-economic status and education level has reciprocal outcomes on the communities’ understanding of environmental issues. Eliminating inappropriate disposal and providing means to sustainable reuse of greywater effluent is the key.
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Gross, A., N. Azulai, G. Oron, Z. Ronen, M. Arnold, and A. Nejidat. "Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0251.
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There is an increasing trend to use greywater for irrigation in households. This is partly due to the notion that greywater is of better quality than wastewater and therefore does not need extensive treatment beyond addressing public health issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact and health risks associated with the use of greywater for irrigation on a small private farm. Over a three-year period, each of three plots on a farm was irrigated with either freshwater, fertilized water, or greywater. Irrigation water and soil from the plots were analyzed for a wide range of chemical and microbial variables. Results suggest that greywater may be of similar quality to wastewater in several parameters such as BOD and faecal coliforms. For some other variables such as boron and surfactants, greywater may even be of worse quality than wastewater. Long-term irrigation of arid loess soil with greywater may result in accumulation of salts, surfactants and boron in the soil, causing changes in soil properties and toxicity to plants. Faecal coliforms did not survive in the soil. Treating greywater before using it for irrigation is recommended, even in places where this is not a requirement.
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Kordana-Obuch, Sabina, Mariusz Starzec, Michał Wojtoń, and Daniel Słyś. "Greywater as a Future Sustainable Energy and Water Source: Bibliometric Mapping of Current Knowledge and Strategies." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020934.
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The use of greywater reduces the consumption of many resources and is an effective tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. In order to assess the rationality of its use as an alternative source of energy and water in buildings, a holistic literature review was carried out based on a bibliometric analysis of publications in these fields. The main bibliographic source was the Web of Science database. This review contributed to a better understanding of the analyzed research field. It also revealed trends in greywater energy recovery and recycling research, indicating that these are developing fields. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of publications on the most popular ways of using greywater in buildings, with the territorial scope of research carried out in the greywater recycling domain being considerably larger than research on greywater energy recovery. The analysis revealed poor cooperation between different universities, especially in the field of greywater energy recovery. In light of previous literature reviews, some important research gaps and further proposals for future research were also identified. They concern, in particular, the simultaneous use of greywater as an alternative source of energy and water. Together with the findings of other researchers and people related to the subject matter, this review can contribute to the further development of greywater energy recovery systems and greywater recycling systems.
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Mahzan, Norhidayatul Hikmee, Muhammad Faiz Amrie Ibrahim, Ahmad Jamalludin, and Shaiful Bakhtiar Hashim. "Prototype of Greywater Treatment using Arduino Uno." EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology 9, no. 2 (November 3, 2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol9.2.6.2022.
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Water is one of our most precious resources and as much as wanted it to be, it is not an infinite resource. Water not only supports human life and activities but also helps to maintain the ecological structure. Water was used for everyday household purposes, such as bathing, dishes, flushing toilets, and washing machine. These activities are producing greywater. This project aims to develop the prototype of greywater treatment to conserve water and convert contaminated water from the washing machine (greywater) into clean water that can be used for watering the plants. Arduino Uno, pH sensor, ultrasonic sensor, solenoid valve, servo motor, and potassium alum are components and materials used in this project. This project was achieved by chemical filtration of the greywater using Arduino Uno. The greywater will be collected and identify the pH level by using a pH sensor. The quantity of potassium alum inserted in greywater was based on the accumulated pH value. The potassium alum was inserted into the greywater to eliminate the detergent in that greywater. The pH sensor was used once again to ensure the greywater are eliminated. The treated water was stored in a tank so that it can be used for the irrigation system, while the ultrasonic sensor was used to determine the level of treated water in the tank.
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Leiva, Eduardo, Carolina Rodríguez, Rafael Sánchez, and Jennyfer Serrano. "Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas." Water 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243637.
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Water scarcity is causing a great impact on the population. Rural areas are most affected by often lacking a stable water supply, being more susceptible to the impact of drought events, and with greater risk of contamination due to the lack of appropriate water treatment systems. Decentralized greywater treatment systems for water reuse in rural areas can be a powerful alternative to alleviate these impacts. However, the economic feasibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. This study reports an economic analysis carried out on the viability of greywater reuse considering scenarios with light greywater or dark greywater to be treated. For this, data obtained from the assembly and monitoring of greywater treatment systems located in the north-central zone of Chile, supplemented with data obtained from the literature were used. The results showed that both scenarios are not economically viable, since the investment and operating costs are not amortized by the savings in water. In both evaluated cases (public schools), the economic indicators were less negative when treating light greywater compared with the sum of light greywater and dark greywater as the inlet water to be treated. The investment and operating costs restrict the implementation of these water reuse systems, since in the evaluation period (20 years) a return on the initial investment is not achieved. Even so, our results suggest that the best alternative to reuse greywater in small-scale decentralized systems is to treat light greywater, but it is necessary to consider a state subsidy that not only supports capital costs but also reduces operating and maintenance costs. These findings support the idea that the type of water to be treated is a factor to consider in the implementation of decentralized greywater treatment systems for the reuse of water in rural areas and can help decision-making on the design and configuration of these systems.
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Romali, N. S., M. I. Jemail, N. A. A. Artino, and I. A. Mohamed. "Evaluating the potential of green roofs for greywater treatment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1444, no. 1 (January 1, 2025): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1444/1/012001.
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Abstract Greywater, comprising household wastewater excluding toilet waste, represents a significant portion of daily wastewater. Effective greywater treatment is crucial to mitigate environmental pollution, especially when greywater flows directly into water bodies without clear controls, discharge limits, and treatment requirements. Nature-based solution (NBS) approaches, such as green roofs, are gaining popularity for their urban benefits and potential for greywater treatment. However, in Malaysia, the application and literature on green roofs are limited, primarily focusing on stormwater management. The potential for greywater treatment remains understudied, despite numerous successful implementations worldwide. Hence, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of green roofs in improving greywater quality. Two green roof models were constructed: one using commercial materials and the other using recycled coconut waste. Greywater samples from washing and kitchen activities were tested, with influent and effluent samples analyzed for key water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS, TN, and TP. Both green roof models demonstrated notable effectiveness in reducing BOD concentrations, achieving removal efficiencies between 12% to 33%. The resulting BOD levels ranged from 21 to 25 mg/L, which is slightly above the limit of Standard A but compliant with Standard B of the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974. While green roofs show potential in reducing BOD from greywater, their effectiveness in treating other water quality parameters remains limited. Addressing these shortcomings through system enhancements and integrated treatment approaches can lead to more robust and reliable greywater treatment solutions.
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Pratama, Moh Bara Wahyu, Eva Olivia Hutasoit, and Wahyu Satyaning Budhi. "Desain Ulang Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Greywater dan Sistem Penyaluran Air Limbah (SPAL) Domestik Pada Rusunawa Gunung Anyar Surabaya." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan 8, no. 03 (December 26, 2023): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsil.8.03.203-212.
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Rusunawa Gunung Anyar merupakan salah satu rumah susun 5 lantai yang dikelola oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Pada Rusunawa Gunung Anyar terdapat permasalahan IPAL yaitu greywater dari kamar mandi langsung dialirkan ke drainase yang berdampak pada peningkatan pencemaran lingkungan. Selain itu juga terdapat penyumbatan pada pipa yang menyebabkan air meluap melalui kloset. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran volume tampung, dimensi unit pengolahan, minimum kemiringan dan beda elevasi dari hasil redesign instalasi pengolahan limbah greywater pada Rusunawa Gunung Anyar. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan perhitungan debit limbah greywater, volume tampung greywater, dimensi unit pengolahan sistem reaktor anaerob bersekat (SRAB), dan kemiringan serta beda elevasi dengan menggambar ulang sistem saluran greywater menuju unit pengolahan dengan mengacu pada SNI 8455:2017 dan SNI 8153:2015. Hasil yang didapatkan berupa besaran volume tampung greywater sebesar 6,8 m3 dan dimensi unit pengolahan greywater bak pengendap dengan ukuran 2 m x 1,1 m x 1 m, serta unit pengolahan SRAB berukuran 1,45 m x 1,1 m x 2 m. Selain itu didapatkan hasil kemiringan sistem penyaluran limbah greywater menuju unit pengolahan yaitu 1,1%. Beda elevasi jalur a-b dengan selisih 0,31 m, jalur b-c dengan selisih 0,73 m, jalur d-e dengan selisih 0,34 m, dan yang terakhir jalur e-f dengan selisih 0,43 m. Hasil redesign tersebut sudah sesuai standar yang diacu dan dapat menjadi alternatif instalasi pengolahan limbah greywater agar memenuhi baku mutu air limbah domestik.
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Nel, N., and H. E. Jacobs. "Investigation into untreated greywater reuse practices by suburban households under the threat of intermittent water supply." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.055.
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Abstract Untreated greywater reuse at the household level is an accessible water source to supplement non-potable water requirements in times of emergency water curtailments but poses various risks to the consumer, the wider community, infrastructure and the environment. Little information is known about unregulated, untreated greywater reuse practices under emergency conditions in suburban communities where consumers have become accustomed to reliable potable water supplied via a pressurised, piped distribution system. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the sources of greywater used, collection methods, storage and distribution of greywater, the application points, the level of treatment (if any) and the perceived risks associated with the greywater reuse. The City of Cape Town was selected as a case study site for research into greywater reuse under the threat of ‘Day Zero’ and stringent water restrictions, implemented during the 2017/2018 summer season. A consumer survey and analysis of relevant online forums was conducted in order to obtain the necessary information. Greywater reuse practices from a sample group of 351 consumers were identified and classified. Untreated greywater reuse was found to be common, mainly for garden irrigation and toilet flushing. The results point to high-risk activities in the study group.
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Dwumfour-Asare, Bismark, Philomina Adantey, Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko, and Eugene Appiah-Effah. "Greywater characterization and handling practices among urban households in Ghana: the case of three communities in Kumasi Metropolis." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 4 (May 5, 2017): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.229.
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Greywater management in Ghana receives little or no attention although untreated greywater is associated with environmental and public health risks. This paper assesses greywater characteristics and handling practices among urban households in three selected communities in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. The study involved in-depth surveys (interviews and observations) with 90 households, and collection of 18 greywater samples from nine greywater sources for laboratory analysis. Average greywater generation is 43.36 ± 17 litres per capita per day, equivalent to 36% of average water consumption. Greywater is untreated before disposal (≈99%), and disposal is mainly (89%) into drains and onto streets. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels are high but give very low BOD/COD ratios (0.20 ± 0.07) indicating a very low biodegradability potential. Nutrient levels are high: 12 times (P) and 30 times (N) in excess of standard discharge limits. Other contaminants detected are heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd), microbes (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.), and organic micropollutants – benzalkonium chloride, parabens (methyl and propyl), sodium benzoate and hypochlorite – and details of the levels are discussed in the paper. Greywater reuse could be useful for biomass production, but it also presents a challenge and threat to natural biological processes and water sources.
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Sinclair, M., J. O'Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi, and K. Leder. "Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.022.
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Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which included 3 years of severe drought with stringent restrictions on outdoor tap water use. Greywater was most frequently collected from the laundry and bathroom, and generally used within 24 hours. Garden watering was the most common end use, and treatment of greywater to reduce microbial contamination was very rare. Volume estimates by householders suggest that on average around 10% of tap water used in the home was being collected for reuse. When drought conditions and water restrictions eased, over 40% of user households discontinued greywater use. Widespread adoption of permanent greywater collection, treatment and storage systems by households would be required to achieve a lasting effect on urban water consumption.
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Boros, N., A. Petrányi, D. Kocsis, and I. Bodnár. "Characterization of greywater sources on the base of organic content and microbial quality." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.1.4.
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Abstract The recycling of greywater for non-potable water applications, such as toilet flushing or irrigation, is a potential solution to reduce potable water consumption. To estimate the quality of raw greywater samples, we measured several physical, chemical and biological parameters. We used Hygiene Monitor test kits to determine microbiological presence in the samples. The greywater samples showed a high variability for all the measured parameters. In general, we found that greywater sources had lightly alkaline character with a considerable inorganic and organic content. About half of the analyzed samples can be characterized as highly contaminated water source with organic substance. The average BOD5 and DOC values of greywater samples were 429 ± 410 mg l−1 and 341 ± 348 mg l−1. The samples showed high similarity concerning the total plate counts parameter (range from 5 to 6 log10 cfu ml−1). Among the three greywater sources, the samples from dish sources showed the lowest coliform content (3.9 log10 cfu ml−1) and the bath samples were contaminated with coliforms to the highest degree (4.9 log10 cfu ml−1). The results of E. coli contamination tests proved that all greywater sources can be contaminated with pathogen bacteria, consequently the treatment before reuse of greywater is indispensable.
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Asmal, Idawarni, Edward Syarif, Samsuddin Amin, and Muhammad A. Walenna. "The Impact of the Environment and People’s Attitudes on Greywater Management in Slum Coastal Settlements." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-12-05.
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The rapid population growth in many countries will ultimately impact the provision of essential services and engender many challenges, such as inadequate sanitation. Indonesia has an extensive coastline and densely populated coastal areas that have grown sporadically, creating slums. These areas have long been associated with poor greywater management. Greywater is dumped into beaches, roads, and yards without pre-treatment, thus harming the environment and society. This study aims to identify various factors influencing community actions to manage and overcome greywater-related problems in coastal slum areas. Using methods by combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The influential factors in the physical condition of the built environment, the natural environment, community activities, and government involvement related to greywater were analyzed qualitatively, while the public understanding of greywater management was assessed quantitatively. The results showed that these four factors significantly influenced people's attitudes towards wastewater treatment. The findings show that these four factors affect people's mind-set about handling greywater, which becomes an obstacle to changing their attitudes and views on greywater. The four factors have the same level and cannot be separated in dealing with greywater. Treatment strategies are in accordance with coastal nature, settlements physical conditions and communities are then chosen Treatment Horizontal Flow. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-12-05 Full Text: PDF
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in a low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.076.
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The benefits of greywater reuse have been identified to include the protection of water resources, recovery of nutrients for agriculture, savings in fresh water usage, reduction in volumes of wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment works, groundwater recharge and sustainable water resource management. An understanding of public attitude and perceptions towards the reuse of greywater will help to facilitate a positive reaction to the promotion of such concepts. The study involved administering of structured questionnaires to residents within the community through field visits. The questionnaire addressed issues related to attitudes towards the reuse of greywater, perceived advantages related to the reuse of greywater and concerns related to public health issues regarding the reuse of greywater. A total number of 346 questionnaires were administered and respondents were aged from less than 19 to over 60 years. Of the respondents, 55% were female and 45% male. The findings revealed a complex and shifting relationship between attitudes towards and perception of the reuse of greywater. This paper thus presents the findings and assesses certain aspects of greywater reuse.
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Nikita, Rajpal, Divya Neetu, Sharma Shalini, J. Balasubramani K., and Kumar Ratan Jatinder. "Treatment of greywater using consortium of Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus equi and Aspergillus niger." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 97, Mar 2020 (March 1, 2020): 478–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654737.
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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Punjab, India Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Bangalore-560 067, India <em>E-mail</em>: kumarj@nitj.ac.in, drjkratan@gmail.com <em>Manuscript received online 08 November 2019, revised and accepted 10 January 2020</em> Greywater is a domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste. Greywater treatment and its reuse can contribute to the reduction of pressure on water resources, and lowering the demand for portable water for purposes that do not require water of high quality. The present study investigated the performance of individual bacterial strain; <em>M. luteus</em> and <em>R. equi</em>, and fungus strain; <em>A. niger</em> for treatment of greywater. In addition, consortium of these three strains has been developed, and further studied for treatment of greywater. The greywater treatment performance of individual strains and consortium was compared in terms of reduction in objectionable physical as well as chemical parameters of greywater. It has been observed that the consortium has shown much better results for treatment of greywater in comparison to individual strains.
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Ukwubile, Cletus Anes. "Microbial Analysis of Greywater from Local Bathrooms and Its Health Implications in Bali Local Government Area Taraba State Nigeria." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v2i1.5048.
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Due to reckless ways of disposing water from the baths in Nigerians Northern towns in Bali LGA Taraba State, which was caused by poor bathrooms occasioned by poverty, many lives had been lost from deaths caused by pathogenic microbes in these recklessly exposed used waters (greywater).
 Objective: This research was conducted in order to determine microbial contaminants of greywaters from local bathrooms in Bali LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria, and their potential threat to the lives of people in this LGA. Methods: Greywaters from bathrooms in ten (10) communities in Bali LGA were collected and analyzed for microbial contaminants. The communities are Bali, Garba-Chede, Pamgri, Garbabi, Maihula, Suntai, Jamtari, Mayokam, Daka, and Kungana, twenty areas were sampled in each of these communities. Simple Stain was done using 5 ml methylene blue solution by adding into the specimen bottles to know if there bacteria in the samples. Acid-fast Stain was done using 5 ml Ziehl Nielsen stain each added to the labeled bottles to identify Mycobacterium sp. in the greywater samples. Stains for Cellular Features cellular features such as presence of capsule, spores and flagella were screened using India ink stain which creates a clear zone around the bacteria cell in gram negative strains, and Malachite stain which stains spores green and bacteria cell red. Differential Staining (Gram Staining Procedures) was done in which the bacteria were first stained with crystal violet and then treated with mordant in order to fix the stain inside the cell. Identification of microbial organisms down to species level was done using molecular biology technique by cleavage of microbial DNA Sequence using restriction enzymes (RE).
 Results: Results showed that most of the greywaters from these local bathrooms were mainly gram negative bacteria. The most disseminated species are Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriea, according to various restriction enzymes specific to each bacterium. The RE obtained at Collaborative Research Inc. 1365, Main Street, Massachusetts, USA; do show any abnormal cleavage pattern of the DNA sequence during electrophoresis and RE DNA digestion. Most species of the microbes were highly present in greywater from local bathrooms in Maihula, Mayokam and Garbabi. It was however not high in Bali and Suntai. Highest percentage of contamination was seen in Garbabi, Garba-Chede, Jamtari and Daka; with Campylobacter jejuni the dominant bacterium species present.
 Conclusion: The results showed that in areas sampled, the greywaters from local bathrooms contained mainly gram negative pathogenic bacteria with potential threat to lives, and Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, and E. coli were the dominant organisms.
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Mumuni, Adejumo. "Knowledge and Perception on the Usage of Greywater for Backyard Cultivation of Native Herbs Among Residents of Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of Health and Environmental Research 11, no. 1 (March 18, 2025): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20251101.12.
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Water scarcity is a growing concern in many metropolitan area, especially in Nigeria. As a result, non-potable uses like irrigation are increasingly depending on alternative water sources. A potential resource for urban gardening is greywater, which is wastewater from domestic tasks like laundry, bathing, and dishwashing. This is especially true when it comes to growing indigenous herbs that have nutritional, therapeutic, and cultural significance. Despite its potential, the acceptance and awareness of greywater reuse for irrigation remains limited. Therefore, this study documents knowledge and perception on the usage of greywater for backyard cultivation of native herbs among residents of Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. A 3-stage random sample techniques was used in this cross-sectional study to select wards/communities, households and 312 respondents to participate. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge (14-point scale) and perception (12-point Likert’s Scale) on the use of greywater for cultivation of local herbs in a backyard garden. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test at α=0.05. Participants’ age was 43.7±16.3 years, 64.4% were male while 39.7% had completed tertiary education. Several (40.4%) of the participants reported that they had heard about use of herbal medicine to control various ailments. The three major herbs mentioned were lemongrass (65.0%), miracle leaf (51.3%) and basil (32.5%). Only 8% of the participants reported they had used greywater in their compound/residence. The mean knowledge score was 6.4±1.8 and 70.7% had poor knowledge about greywater and its use for cultivating local herbs. About twenty percent (19.9%) affirmed that irrigating garden with greywater could save cost while 25.6% agreed that they do not have the expertise to run a garden with the use of greywater for irrigation. The mean perception score was 6.4±1.9 while 61% had the negative perception about greywater and its use for cultivating local herbs. Majority (70.8%) of public servants had negative perception about greywater and its use for cultivating local herbs against the minority – traders, retirees and students. Participants were aware about the use of herbal medicine to control various ailment. However, majority had poor knowledge and negative perception about greywater and its use for cultivating local herbs. Efforts should be made to increase public awareness about greywater and its reuse in order to encourage appropriate management and the adoption of greywater systems for native herbs cultivation.
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Maiga, Ynoussa, David Moyenga, Ken Ushijima, Mariam Sou, and Amadou Hama Maiga. "Greywater Characteristics In Rural Areas of the Sahelian Region for Reuse Purposes: The Case of Burkina Faso." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021981ar.
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Abstract The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kologoudiessé”. Despite these low rates, the average quantity of greywater production varied from 67 to 344 L•concession‑1•d‑1 during the dry season. This greywater can be collected to provide additional water for irrigation in home gardens of size varying from 10 to 43 m2. Shower activity is the major contributor of greywater with up to 56% in “Barkoundba” and 70% in “Kologoudiessé”. The qualitative assessment of the greywater streams showed that every source is contaminated with chemicals and microbial pollutants at levels not suitable for direct reuse in agriculture. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the greywater before its use for irrigation purposes. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) reuse guidelines, the treatment system should be able to remove bacteria by more than 2 log units and 4 log units if restricted and unrestricted irrigation are considered respectively. Since shower greywater is directly poured onto the ground, the treatment unit should be adapted to the shower room to allow shower greywater collection, in order to collect the required quantities for gardening. A slanted soil treatment system could be investigated. Hazards of a direct reuse are discussed for soils, plants and human health on the basis of the various qualitative parameters. However, an accurate risk assessment would require further investigations with the evaluation of the interannual variability of greywater quality.
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Nyika, Joan, and Megersa Dinka. "THE PROGRESS IN USING GREYWATER AS A SOLUTION TO WATER SCARCITY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY." Water Conservation & Management 6, no. 2 (2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2022.89.94.
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Increased production of greywater prompted by the rise of urbanization and increased population in the industrial era is a growing environmental concern exacerbating the apparent water insecurity. Treatment and reuse of greywater is a promising solution to this problem since it will divert the use of limited freshwater resources to unavoidable consumptive uses. This study reviewed the various methods used to treat greywater and the progress made in taking up the practice in Kenya. Findings showed a variety of physicochemical treatment methods such as filtration, adsorption, coagulation and photocatalytic oxidation used to decontaminate greywater. Biological approaches such as the use of reactors and constructed wetland systems were discussed. Case study applications of the treatment approaches in Kenya to manage greywater were also highlighted. However, it was noted that appropriate policies, adequate funding and better designing of greywater treatment systems should be adopted to support the enhanced practices in Kenya.
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Turull, Marta, Gianluigi Buttiglieri, Valeria Vazquez, Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, and Lúcia H. M. L. M. Santos. "Analytical upgrade of a methodology based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in greywater." Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 2, no. 3 (2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.37.
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A multi-residue analytical methodology for the determination of 25 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), encompassing various chemical classes (hormones, antimicrobials, preservatives, plasticizers, stimulants, alkylphenolic compounds, anticorrosives, and organophosphorus flame retardants), has been upgraded for the analysis of greywater. The methodology is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The optimized methodology achieved recoveries between 63% and 146% for all compounds, with MDLs ranging from 0.3 to 141 ng/L. Most of the compounds showed a pronounced signal suppression in the laundry greywater tested, and therefore, quantification was performed with a matrix-matched calibration curve to surpass the matrix effects observed (between -100% and 106%). Additionally, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filters were selected among several filter types as the most suitable for greywater filtration. The upgraded methodology allowed the detection of 14, four and four EDCs in laundry, kitchen and shower/sink greywater, respectively. Caffeine was the only compound detected in all types of greywater, showing the highest concentrations (> 40,000 ng/L in kitchen greywater, and 2,360 ng/L in laundry greywater), followed by methylparaben and 1H-benzotriazole (1,607 and 776 ng/L, respectively, in laundry greywater). This analytical methodology constitutes an important tool for monitoring different families of contaminants in greywater, a poorly studied matrix, which is nowadays being considered as a future source of freshwater, contributing to overcoming problems of water scarcity. Water monitoring thus helps to guarantee water quality in water reuse practices and to understand EDC exposure patterns and their potential environmental impact.
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Veatch-Blohm, Maren E., Ellen Roussel, Eliana Marzullo, and Adeline Nagle. "Greywater as a Viable Alternative for Irrigation of 10 Fall-planted Spring-flowering Geophytes Forced for Early Spring Flowering." HortScience 58, no. 9 (September 2023): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17247-23.
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The world population has topped 8 billion and water scarcity is rising because of the effects of climate change. The addition of plants to interior and exterior spaces has positive emotional, but questionable environmental, benefit when potable water sources are used for maintenance. To preserve potable water for human use, nonpotable resources, such as greywater, may be used as an alternative for the growth of ornamental plants. The purpose of the study was to determine the viability of using greywater for production of 10 fall-planted geophytes forced for early spring flowering. With very few exceptions, the application of greywater did not affect biomass accumulation, nutrient profile, or visual quality of the plant. Only fresh biomass of Allium and Hyacinthus was negatively affected by greywater, with no impacts on dry biomass or visual quality. There were also no negative impacts on plant survival, number of flowers, and flower duration as measured by time to flower senescence. There was an inconsistent effect of greywater irrigation on flowering time but was observed in only 1 of the 3 years for each of the cultivars affected. In the first year, greywater irrigation delayed flowering in Narcissus ‘Dutch Master’ and Tulipa ‘Parade’ an average of 7 and 6 days, respectively, whereas in year 3, greywater irrigation promoted flowering in Iris ×hollandica ‘Sapphire Beauty’ an average of 10 days earlier. Greywater appears to be a viable alternative for container-grown spring-flowering geophytes. This study adds to the body of research showing that greywater should be considered a serious alternative to freshwater for plant growth.
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Lós, Réka, Andrea IzbékinéSzabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Investigations of Detergents and Metal Components for Supporting the Effective Treatment of Greywater." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.20.
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Abstract The aim of our research was to investigate the detergent content and several micro and macro elements in greywater samples, a necessary step in determining the water quality for the further reuse of the greywater. We determined the anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater with a two-phased titration method prepared in laboratory conditions. The current study leads to a new suggestion for a more accurate and reliable titrimetric method for determination of anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater samples. Following these investigations, we also examined the metal content of synthetic bath water. We wanted to highlight how detergents in greywater influence the micro and macro element content of the given synthetic bath water samples.
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Wurochekke, A. A., R. M. S. Mohamed, A. A. Al-Gheethi, Hauwa Atiku, H. M. Amir, and H. M. Matias-Peralta. "Household greywater treatment methods using natural materials and their hybrid system." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 914–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.054.
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Discharge of household greywater into water bodies can lead to an increase in contamination levels in terms of the reduction in dissolved oxygen resources and rapid bacterial growth. Therefore, the quality of greywater has to be improved before the disposal process. The present review aimed to present a hybrid treatment system for the greywater generated from households. The hybrid system comprised a primary stage (a natural filtration unit) with a bioreactor system as the secondary treatment combined with microalgae for greywater treatment, as well as the natural flocculation process. The review discussed the efficiency of each stage in the removal of elements and nutrients. The hybrid system reviewed here represented an effective solution for the remediation of household greywater.
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Wurochekke, Anwaruddin Ahmed, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Siti Asmah binti Lokman Halim, Amir Hashim bin Mohd Kassim, and Rafidah binti Hamdan. "Sustainable Extensive On-Site Constructed Wetland for some Bacteriological Reduction in Kitchen Greywater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1199.
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Malaysia is experiencing water pollution crisis recently. In particular, greywater discharge directly to drains. Therefore, a greywater treatment system was designed to overcome this drain pollution. To investigate the operation and performance of the treatment system, constructed wetland was designed and builds for a small single household. Lepironia Articulata was chosen for populating wetland. The wetland was supplied with kitchen greywater. The selected house is appropriate because it lacks proper drainage system. This study evaluates the characteristic of kitchen greywater before and after treatment. The quality parameters of greywater that involve in this study are Total Coliform and E-coli. The range for reduction efficiency for Total Suspended Solid was 16.02 to 60.56, E.coli was 26% to 51% and Total Coliform was 5% to 63%. Generally, this study showed improved kitchen greywater quality before discharging to the nearest water body. The findings can be used significantly to enhance the knowledge in constructed wetland where it can serve as effective and integrated solutions for managing greywater discharging using control at source approach. A constructed wetland was best chosen due to its good visual impact, removal efficiency of organic material and other pollutant, as well economical.
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Budeli, Phumudzo, and Linda Lunga Sibali. "Greywater Reuse: Contaminant Profile, Health Implications, and Sustainable Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 5 (May 7, 2025): 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050740.
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Global water scarcity is becoming an increasingly critical issue; greywater reuse presents a promising solution to alleviate pressure on freshwater resources, particularly in arid and water-scarce regions. Greywater typically sourced from household activities such as laundry, bathing, and dishwashing, constitutes a significant portion of domestic wastewater. However, the reuse of greywater raises concerns about the potential risks posed by its complex composition. Despite the growing body of literature on greywater reuse, most studies only focus on specific contaminants, thus there is a limited understanding of the comprehensive profile of contaminants, health, and environmental effects associated with these pollutants. This review adds new knowledge through a holistic exploration of the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of greywater, with a focus on its organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, EDCs, emerging microplastics, nanoparticles, and microbial agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This review sheds light on the current state of knowledge regarding greywater pollutants and their associated risks while highlighting the importance of safe reuse. Additionally, this review highlights the removal of contaminants from greywater and the sustainable use of grey water for addressing water scarcity in affected regions.
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Gautam, Sneha, Lakshmi M. Makhitha, Anirudh Gupta, J. Brema, E. J. James, and Gajendran Chellaiah. "Treatment and Effective Utilization of Greywater: A Preliminary Case Study." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4010016.
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Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and biological parameters, was assessed to check non-potable reuse suitability. The reduction percentage of organics in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand was 64% and 42%, respectively. Similarly, the reduction percentage was obtained at 74% and 66% for turbidity and electrical conductivity. The removal efficiency was 57%, 77%, 48%, and 44% for total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, and total hardness. The pH of treated water samples was found in the neutral range suggesting its suitability for reuse. Hence, the proposed greywater treatment method is a cost-effective and straightforward approach to reuse greywater for irrigation, watering the lawns, and car washing. The greywater collected can be disinfected immediately and reused with minimal possibility of regrowth of microorganisms.
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Al Arni, Saleh, Mahmoud Elwaheidi, Alsamani A. M. Salih, Djamel Ghernaout, and Mohammed Matouq. "Greywater reuse: an assessment of the Jordanian experience in rural communities." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 6 (March 7, 2022): 1952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.080.
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Abstract Water conservation is a critical issue, particularly in arid countries and countries that suffer a lack of natural water resources. Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world; this fact has forced the search for alternative sustainable solutions. With the support of several regional and international organizations, tens of projects were implemented across the country over the past 30 years that aimed to reuse greywater in rural communities. The current review provides a wide overview of Jordan's experience in greywater treatment and its reuse for non-potable purposes in rural areas. To the best knowledge of the authors, the present review is the first to assess the Jordanian experience in this field. Many governmental authorities and non-governmental organizations have been involved in Jordan's experience. The greywater reuse systems were established to achieve advantageous environmental and socio-economic consequences on the rural communities. The strategy of greywater treatment was based on a local on-site greywater treatment system in households or the so-called ‘autonomous water management’. The applied greywater treatment technologies in households were found efficient in rendering greywater adequate for agricultural uses. However, further improvements and territorial expansion of the experiment are needed.
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Marwah, R. Rahmatiah, and S. Soedjono Eddy. "Study on Greywater Management Achievements in Sukolilo, Surabaya City." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 07, no. 07 (July 31, 2024): 3587–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13141844.
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Improper greywater management degrades environmental quality and public health. Community-based Total Sanitation (STBM) aims for 100% open defecation-free (ODF) status and 50% greywater management. In 2023, Surabaya achieved 100% ODF, but greywater management targets remain unmet, especially in the sanitation-prone Sukolilo District. This research assesses greywater management in Sukolilo, focusing on technical and social aspects, and offers strategy recommendations. Surveys and interviews were conducted for primary data, with secondary data from relevant literature and regional documents. Data analysis was descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative. The technical analysis revealed that greywater channels are not connected to infiltration wells or treatment systems. Social analysis showed low community awareness and behavior regarding greywater management. Improvement strategies include repairing channels to be closed, watertight, and connected to on-site treatment systems with infiltration wells or communal biofilter treatment, allowing the community to use treated water for irrigation. Enhancing public knowledge through continuous education by health workers and related parties and facilitating community efforts through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving community leaders, government, and experts is also essential.
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Alao, Femi, Ajayi Johnson Oloruntade, Adewoye Alade Olanipekun, Daniel Uwumarogie Idusuyi, John Igeimokhia Braimah, and Opeyemi Bayode. "Efficiency of Constructed Wetland (CW) Established with Common Reed aimed at Greywater Treatment in Akure, Nigeria." ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) 8, no. 1 (April 24, 2025): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.31-j.
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The growing scarcity of freshwater resources is becoming a significant concern in dry and semi-dry areas globally, underscoring importance of household greywater treatment to mitigate this issue. This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of a Constructed Wetland (CW) established with Phragmites australis for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater was obtained from the Jadesola female hostel at the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), and then underwent initial treatment in a 500-liter filtration reservoir that contained multiple layers of pebbles and fine sand. Following this initial treatment, greywater was transferred to a Vertical Flow Sub-Surface Constructed Wetland (CW) established with Phragmites australis for the main treatment phase. Both raw and treated greywater samples were analyzed for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and heavy metals. The results demonstrated that the CW effectively lowered all measured chemical factors, rendering the treated greywater suitable for irrigation by meeting local wastewater reuse standards. Notably, the CW achieved impressive reductions, with BOD decreasing by 91.4%, COD by 91.5%, and TDS by 38.7%, thereby proving its effectiveness in pollutants removal. The treated greywater complied with local standards for wastewater reuse, making it appropriate for irrigation and other outdoor applications. These outcomes are particularly beneficial for farmers who rely on irrigation during the dry season. Hence, additional studies should be carried out to explore the potential use of treated greywater effluents for irrigating certain types of vegetable crops.
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Al-Gheethi, A. A., R. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. N. Efaq, and M. K. Amir Hashim. "Reduction of microbial risk associated with greywater by disinfection processes for irrigation." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (December 21, 2015): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.220.
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Greywater is one of the most important alternative sources for irrigation in arid and semi-arid countries. However, the health risk associated with the microbial contents of these waters limits their utilization. Many techniques have been developed and used to generate a high microbiological quality of greywater. The main problem in the treatment of greywater lies in the nature of pathogenic bacteria in terms of their ability to survive during/after the treatment process. The present review focused on the health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria in greywater and the treatment technologies used for the disinfection processes.
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Thompson, Kyle A., R. Scott Summers, and Sherri M. Cook. "Development and experimental validation of the composition and treatability of a new synthetic bathroom greywater (SynGrey)." Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 3, no. 6 (2017): 1120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00304h.
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Hourlier, F., A. Massé, P. Jaouen, A. Lakel, C. Gérente, C. Faur, and P. Le Cloirec. "Membrane process treatment for greywater recycling: investigations on direct tubular nanofiltration." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.435.
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On-site greywater recycling and reuse is one of the main ways to reduce potable water requirement in urban areas. Direct membrane filtration is a promising technology to recycle greywater on-site. This study aimed at selecting a tubular nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its operating conditions in order to treat and reuse greywater in buildings. To do so, a synthetic greywater (SGW) was reconstituted in order to conduct experiments on a reproducible effluent. Then, three PCI NF membranes (AFC30, AFC40 and AFC80) having distinct molecular weight cut-offs were tested to recycle this SGW with a constant concentration at 25°C at two different transmembrane pressures (20 and 35 bar). The best results were obtained with AFC80 at 35 bar: the flux was close to 50 L m−2 h−1, retentions of 95% for chemical oxygen demand and anionic surfactants were observed, and no Enterococcus were detected in the permeate. The performances of AFC80 were also evaluated on a real greywater: fluxes and retentions were similar to those observed on SGW. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of direct nanofiltration to recycle and reuse greywater.